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eiS fl*l|7|# 7H^ Development of Nuclear Safety Regulation Technology
qxie tii^* ii(h ya Development of the Safety Regulation Technology for Digital Instrumentation and Control Systems
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Evaluation of Real Time Operating System
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V SUMMARY
I . Project Title
Evaluation of Real Time Operating System
II. Objective and Importance of the Project
According to a rapid progress of computers and information processing technology, digital technologies substitute analog ones in a broad area of industry. This trend is inevitably applied to nuclear power plants which have pursued only well-proven technologies, resulting that safety related instrumentation and control systems are now designed based on the digital technology. This kind of digital-based design has the advantages that it is superior in data transmission and processing, has less drifts, increased accuracy, reliability, flexibility, and can increase the resource usability by sharing various kinds of resources. Digital systems, however, are more sensitive to ambient environment (such as temperature, humidity, radiation, electromagnetic waves, smoke, etc.) than analog systems, are prone to design and programming errors, same-kinds of faults. Since, when it is applied especially to the safety system of a nuclear power plant, it can jeopardize the design requirements of redundancy because of common-type software errors, it becomes the safety concerns in digital-based instrumentation and control systems how to solve this problem. To solve this kinds of safety concerns and to support the safety evalauation for the licensing of nuclear power plant, regulation technologies have made an appearance. Consequently, many regulation guidelines (proposals) are now being suggested. In spite of these efforts, a clear evaluation scheme and regulation guidelines are not suggested in the field of real-time operating systems (RTOS) applying to the nuclear power plants. Currently, commercial RTOS's such as
vi VxWorks, OS-9, LynxOS and UniFLEX are used in the nuclear power plants, and an RTOS is now being developed for the Korea Nuclear I&C System (KNICS) under the control of the government. Operating systems are systems to control all operations of the computer subsystems such as memory, communication, scheduling, interfaces between hardware and applications, etc. Therefore, an RTOS is a system which directly affects major aspects of the real-time performance of a digital-based instrumentation and control system such as timing, deterministic execution time, task scheduling, etc. An RTOS has a mechanism to estimate the execution times of tasks. An hard RTOS must guarantee deadlines of tasks in a worst case scenario, while deadline misses are allowed in a limited range in soft RTOS's. Since, in case of protection and safety system of the nuclear power plant, it must respond within a predefined time when a safety parameter exceeds a setpoint, it must be designed using a hard RTOS. An hard RTOS used in the nuclear power plant must satisfy severe performance requirements even in a worst case scenario. Since operating systems are becoming more complecated, it is not an easy job to evaluate them. So, it becomes more important how to evaluate the RTOS's used in the nuclear power plants. The purpose of this work is to survey design examples and performance models of the RTOS's used in the nuclear power plants, and, based on this survey, develop a evaluation technologies.
III. Scope and Contents of the Project
This report first describes the architectures and application areas of general RTOS's, then analyses technical characteristics of the RTOS developed for the PTC. Based on the analysis, we investigate the evaluation issues of the RTOS for nuclear power plants, and based on this investigation, we devise symptoms, reasons, and dangerous results for each kernel service of the RTOS.
vii IV. Results and Recommendations for Applications
As the nucleur power plant instrumentation and control systems gradually apply digital technology, RIOS's have much more chances to be used in the system. At this point, to develop an evaluation technology of the RTOS for the nucleur power plant instrumentation and control systems seems to be vary timely, and the results can be used as a valuable backup to establish safety regulatory guides for the safety regulation of RTOS's. In other words, they can be directly used for security evaluation of the commercial or self-developed RTOS's for the Singori 1, 2 plants, next-generation power plant (APR-1400), and the Korea Nuclear I&C System (KNICS).
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RTOS4 4 4 7>9 7l#o] o%j? 9&4#4& zl 4*# 444 4 & yzz. # * 444 444 RTOS# 7}4* * 7}4 4^# # 9 4. 44# 444 4-0- 444 * 4444. 41 2 # ^4^ 4-4414# 4#r #4# #^414] ##[5] #44 4^# 4# #4144 444 44# 4* #444 44. # 4 4* 4# 44-4144 44 444 4# -0-4# 444 44 *49 44 4444 4 4. #44 4*^# 444 4*4 #4* 414*4# 9*94 #4^14 4* *, 4 4^4 *4* 4*#4 9 ***414 42:, #444 #4 4 ###44 *444, zz.4 jz. 9*z.efl4 444 444#4 444 #44 4 44.9 -M 44 *4 4## * 44 &4. 44 #4 44*# 414*9 4#4 #44 4*9# #94 #444 4-0-44 44. # #44* #44 #4* 4 4444 #44 #444# ###4 444 *4 ^ 44444 4 4#49 **44*# 4444. 44, #444 4444 #4 #4# #4* #*# ##44 444 #4 ^ 4444 444 *44* 7]9 # 4444 44# #4 44444 4*444 4** 94# 4494 4# *4*7], zl4jl *# *5]# (high reliability) 4 **44, 94*, #99# 44 9#49 ** #44 #9444 #4. #4, #9 # 4944 *94 ## #4** 7} #44^# a.## 4#*& #444 444 #4. 914, #99 4*9# ##9 4#94 499# #9444 #4. 44, 4*94 9**9#999# 4** 44 4 99%49"4 4### #4 99 o> 94 . 52 444, #44 #444# 444#43: &# #4-%^q]4 ### #44#4 4# 444 4# 4## 4#444 #3., ##4## 4--§_^ 4 #4# ##4# 44444 44 44 4 444 4## #-§-#4. 444, 4^4a 7l## 4444 #4. #44 #4## 4#447l 444 444 44^ 4444# 44 #44 # <344# 31#44(high reliability), 444, 31^ 444, 44 #44(hard real-time), 44 4 (safety-critical), 4314 (robustness), 4.44 (security), 7}# 4 (availability), ir4(maintainability) #4 #4# 4#44 4 4 4 44.44 #43&4 4#4 #4## 4431 444 #4. • 4443-4 44 * 444 #4#4 3%4#4 #3i4# 4# * ##4#^4 44^4 4-4 ^ #4#4 4# * #4#4 4444# 44# # 4# 44 414 # 4#4 4# ^=4^ #4# 4# 4^- # q-#q ^#7} 444 %)3i 4# 7}# - 4&|^E 4 41 3 4 ## /}#o,l qj^ #41 ^4 4 444# 444#43i4 44 4 44 43i^44 4# 3^^414 41## 4## 4, 444 # #4 #44 4#4 4# 4 4# 3i##4. 53 1. #xi]^4 44^4^44 4-# 7)]## 4#44 4^14# 4-#7|]## #44 # $1# 444 7]## 4^43 3 7] #4 ^144 4## 4^4# 447} $144 44. o]e]# 4#x]]#^ #4-4] m# #444 ##4 #4 #4# 44 $17] %4]#4 NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission)# IEEE 5Le]]$}# ##43 $14. o]o]] 44 4#7i]#4 ^#s]# #4 4# (& 5-2)4 4# 4, $14. (& 5-2 4#7i]## 4-8-47] 44 4, &#, 44) # # 4] # ' 10 CFR 21 : 4#^]## #o]oj] 44 4^] 4 " 10 CFR 50 Appendix B : #4]# • IEEE 7-43.2 - "IEEE Standard for Digital Computer in Safety a e Systems of Nuclear Power Generating Station", 1993 • EPRI NP-5652, "Guideline for the utilization of commercial grade items in nuclear safety related applications" • EPRI TR-106439, "Guideline on evaluation and acceptance of 4 4 commercial grade digital equipment for nuclear safety applications", 1996 • NUREG/CR-6421, "A proposed acceptance process for commercial off the shelf (COTS) software in reactor applications" 4# rE^m#4 4-8-71]# #444 44 ### 4^4, 4-8-7)] #4 44 44 _a_43#4 ^4, 444 #4# 4#444 44, #4, 4# 444 4444 445]4 444 4-3-, ^4], 44714# #44 444# 444 #4# 444 7l 44 4^4 #4 44# ##444 44. 44 01-2# xi]#^ /HIM 42^ ^a.zi^4 ^-# 4s# 47}#^ # R.#43 44. 444 & = E4M7]- m^4 444## #443, 444 4 44## #=844 44] ^2^47]- H#444 # 2, 444## #W # 4## 444 # 4# #4 7}## #4# #443, 444 ## # 44 4447]] #444 $1## ^.444 44. 54 <1- oj B4 K M o W it) r|o xf fjr nr tip F JU '3" F op ,, 4P o JU F o 3$ * ”r tip V F F x i§° *KP g %: F ti4 tip F op 73 F X X 780 JU op F F F F 2 '10 it 0 F W F F io x 7 (& 5-4 NUREG/CR-6421^4 #-m^ ^ ^-^-) IEC 1226 Category Example Systems • Reactor Protection System(RPS) A • Engineered Safety Features Actuation System(ESFAS) • Instrumentation essential for operator action • Reactor automatic control system • Control room data processing system B • Fire suppression system • Refueling system interlocks and circuits • Alarms, annunciators • Radwasting and area monitoring C • Access control system • Emergency communication system ^ 4 ^ ^-0- AM] zj]o]7]7](PLC) - KNICS 41M KNICS AM^ 7i]H.3].^g. 4^## C]^]# ^Aj-g. 7l]#3]-7|]6)]A] # ^ C]A]^ ^.^7]7] 7H#& 4»M m#7]^t] ^^7M 1. CMT@ 7j]o]7]7] C]^l^ JSL^TM# T|]o]7]7]^ JL Alg]^^ #4 ##4dw] 7]7]^]o]^# ^-oj] A}-§-5]4 ^zj]^ TIM##- Trip #A]A]7]^- M-. 2. 7]#3] # C]x]^ &^^]#o]] A}^-5]o] 4# 0]o]E] ^ BP-CP{1: ^43 ^ ^7^4]-#4 A}^-5]^ aj.^ ^6. 43 ^ 7]^o] ^]o]7]7] » TM7]7|^ 9343:^], Rack, 4^^-A], Power <>]##, AD/DA, #43^3, c] 56 4% I/O #33 #4 # 4444^ MIL9 444 ^4 ### 49 444934 15G ^1 94 494 99 9 93# Rack# 94493, 4# 4 Application Program# 449 9 49 Program Tool# #4194 IEC-113M 44 71199 , ##933 # ^4 449 7l## 4944, 4# 4^4 71-43 44 ## 44 44 9 44 7]9# 97 }, 499# 944 9 44^94 94# 944 #4 4 49#4 a4 94 # 3# RTOS 49(PCOS) - 3344 3# : 49 , Bins, 49^ 4^3 - 943 # - I/O 3# (4933 input #444 / 4933 output #4 44) - pSET : 44344, 44, 4444, 34, 44 4, 444, 49444 (39 5-1 4499 PLC 449) 3. 71)944 • 44 43 3# 3#4 49 449 3349 49494 #44 # 99 4 #3944 7l# 944 #4# #71-71-4 4 #4 #7}4# 7H#9 o » 43^ ### 49 44 4# 49 * ^^14 #944 4 5004 94 #944 &4 * 4944 44471-4 49 * 44 44 4494 7l#4 #4 9 94%4 • 7)4- Safety-critical 44(997]7) 44, 9449 9)44 71# 4934 57 4] 5 # 444 #44 #444 pCOS# #444 4# A#4# ^ 3g7H8-4 4: 3##^ 4. 1. pCOS 7%_& 44 (34 5-2)# #### PLC RTOS4 444 #4 33# #-4 #4. RTOS# 444 pC0S4 4 4 (Startup) zlb] jl Shell Diagnosis 4— 3, pSET 433(LoaderRxrdy 4—3., Loader_service 433. S. #44), Communication 433 #4 a]34 4334 -g-g- #3.34# 44 4 4 #3 User_task 4333. #444- RTOS# LoaderRxrdy 4334 Loader_Service 433# #44 pSETjAS.-t-b) 4 4& 44 4 pSET33. #4 & 4##4. RTOS# 444- 434 433 ^ Application 4334 # 4- #44 4-4- 4-3444- #3##4% Startup ( Diagnosis LoaderRxrdy (Communication) ------^ Hardware (3^ 5-2 pCOS4 #4^-3) 58 2. pCOS 4 7)144 7}. Bins BIHS(Basic Interrupt Handling System) -8: CPU Unit 4^411 4 4 RTOS 7] # & 4#44 7)4# 7M]J7 ^u)-. ZL 44 -9-^&4 444^^ #g) 444 4 Timer Interrupt 0, 44 444 44 44 Trap2, pSETT- ’f e) i>]]o] p) 444 4 #^_# INTO -e# $14. 4. RTOS Kernel 44 4 3L7l48Hz ##- 4^ 44(Startup) ^ 4^1^44 44^4. pCOSEr 444 4441^4# 5^4# 4" 44&4 4 aa4 444 44# ^4 444 E)j^a4 ^4 4 7}^oi) 444^? 44^4, EH^a44 4&a## 4# 444^4 4 4-4 44. 4. 4^4 EH^a #4-4^- PTC# pCOS 444 4444 E))^a.o)c).. 4^^ (Display) 7]4# #4 Shell EfliH, 7j-7)-44# 44 Diagnosis E|i3, pSET 44 4444 7]4# 44 LoaderRxrdy 47-h.e}. Loader_Service sfliH, 4 444 4-1 4Ei 3)41 a# 4444 Communication 4 y% zl7} 44. 4. User_task P)4EL 4-0-71-71- ^&aEH4 44 44 87)1 44 4 44 ^g.zi^4 4^44 ^4 4 aao]u}_ oM (& 5-5)4 PCOS471 ^.444 444 44Pla #4. (& 5-5 pCOS 44 A47}#) # 4 44 aT-71# til JL 1. H4 < 50us 2. A]^A)^ < lus 2. 4^ 4 44 4 < lOus 4. 44 ISR 44#4 #444 < lus 5. a ?)) # 3) A] Q < 20us G. 4^1 4444 < lOus 7. 4^1 4#44 < 25us 59 8. 9499 #&43 < 500us 8. 444 ISR 9 ®3 4 9 < lus 9 . 422 9949 < 45us 5 + 7 10. 94 99 4449 < 51us 1 + 2 11. 94 4m 9949 < 62us 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 12. 9499 4449 < 31us 5 + 6 + 9 44)4 94-9r ^-0-4 pCOS 9? .a.f/HM- 444 99494 4444 4# M4& 44 37} 94& 444 #4 9##94. 97} 944 4)2:24 399 44 994 9949 444 494 4^2 93, 4^4, 444 444& 49 44 494) 4#9 449 994 49, 499& 441 94#9r 4999# 4 4 (9 5-6)4 9 4 #9 4. (9 5-6 443 444141 97 } 9 #) 4 9 2 4: 4 4 4 9 9 4 29/97)# 9 4 # 7} 44471- 9444 #9 39 34) Deadline 449 944^ 494 #4 - 947}3"4 &4 4394 94 4.9 449 4 4994 422949 #(9^444497)-) 4227} 44 9413 944 23#3 S/W 2# 4999 94 ^9 39 &/144 449 39 94# 43)) #5.314 49 #7} Deadlock 444 49 43 422 4^1 2# 9 9 4 o] # 9994 49 444 99 -2-# 422 44 94 4 4#9# 9 9 &9 39 992# 2999 94 99 7j^-4 4 ##224 4# 94# S/W 2# 949# 4499 39 99494 9 94&S4 44 9419 S/W2# 9494 9# 34 94 9^44 99 39 492:34 4944 #494 444 2# 99494 94949 39 9494 9# 941 442=34 994449 49499 - 422 4^ 94 9W4 99 39 60 ##-9.4 #4 - 4^^) f 4§# 4# #44 M 7]-## 4444 ^L# #g.3:44 4^7] 44 #44^o] - #&# 4# #4^^ #44 p)].5L5]7}- “Stuck at all zeros ” 4 4# - 4&4 45-4 44^# ^.4#g-#4 4f #4 444 &7j# WDT/} 4# 44 ^#4# NMI 4^44 #7}- #44 44 WDT 44^^37)- 44444 4^a4 Efl^.3. 44 44 4^44 ## 4# 44 ^-# ### 44444 M3-?- AD 444-# 61 * ii e & 'M %^nm 44#-4# 4#4#4## #4 #4#4#^ #4# 4414# ## #4# 6## ##44 44, 446# 446# 444 444 4^4 444 4# 44444 44. 6#ji ##44## ##4 7l#4 ##4 44 44 4 #446 #64, 44-4444 441 44# ##44## 6 ### #7}4#4 #6# 7114464 44# 44 -§-444 4# 4444. 44 444 44 44 #-7l# 4#4#4#4 4#4# 444 ##444 44 #7j-##o] 4444 0.3. /ij#7j] 4446 #4-. 444 6441 4-0-44 44 #7H #44 4-0-46 ## #444, 4? 6#, 444444 64444 # 4^4# ##4# 4 4 #44 HU4 ## 64 4 #444, 4# #46 44 44# 4444 4#4 4-0-4# 444 #4444 44 #7M## 7H#4ji 4# 4463 444 # #44#4 44 ###4444 ##4 #64 4### 4^# ##421# 4 4. 4 66444# 444 #<3444 4444 67H4- 44 #446 4^4 4 4-0-4# 444 ##444 #64 4# 4#4##e 2:4-4#:!! 4-44 444 ##444 44 # #-§-### ### 4^###. #4#63 #4 444 6^4# 4444(PLC)44 ### 444 ##444 4## #4# #44634, #4 #4# ##44444 #71-### 2:44 64:64, 4* 646 #4# ##444 4# 446#3 66(^4), #4, 4^44# 6# 4 #4. ## ##446# 6## #7} ##& 646 #4 4 ##444 4-0-4 6 ## 4##7i-4e4- #44 #7} Aj.4# ^-4#o_g_4 ^44 4#^ # ## #71-4## 6#44 471-664- #7M#& 4446 #4 ##4 ol* 4#44# 444-. 62 □ [1] , NUREG-1709, "Selection of Sample Rate and Computer Wordlength in Digital instrumentation and Control System," U.S. NRC, August, 1999. [2] , NUREG/CR -5501, "Advanced Instrumentation and Maintenance Technologies for Nuclear Power Plant," U.S. NRC, August 1998. [3] . SECY-91 -292, "Digital Computer System for Advanced Light Water Reactors", September 16, 1991 [4] , ANSI/IEEE Std, 279-1971, "Criteria for Protection System for Nuclear Power Generation Station," Institute of Electrical and Elec tonics Engineers, 1971. [5] , ANSI/IEEE Std, 603-1991, "Criteria for Safety Systems for Nuclear Power Generating Stations," Institute of Electical and Electronics Engineers, 1971. [6] , ISA-S67.04-1982, "Setpoints for Nuclear Safety-Related Instrumentation Used in Nuclear Power Plants," International Society of Measurement and Control, 1982. [7] , NUREG-0800, "Standard Review Plan" BTP-21, "Guidance on Digital Computer Real-Time Performance." U.S. NRC, Revision 4, 1997. [8] , 10CFR 50, Appendix A, "General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants." [9] . NUREG/CR-6083, "Reviewing Real-Time Performance of Nuclear Reactor Safety System." Lawremce Livemore National Laboratoty, August, 1993. [10] . NUREG-CR-6082, "Data Communications." Lawrence Livermore National Laboratoty, August, 1993. [11] . 86-68200-DM-007, "Design Manual: Shutdown System No.l Part 7-Programmable Digital Comparator Hardware, "Revision 0, November, 1994. [12] . Hassan Gomaa, "Software Design Methods for Concurrent and Real-Time Systems." 1993, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. [13] . 00-68000- SWP-002, "Procedure for the Specification of Software Requirements for Safety Critical System," Software Work Practices, AECL, September, 1991. [14] . NUREG-CR-6101, "Software Reliability and Safety in Nuclear Reactor Protection Systems." Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, November, 1993. 63 [15] . Stuart Bennett, "Real-Time Computer Control." Second Edition, 1994, Prentice-Hall. [16] . STI911030, "Real-Time Operating Systems ^ 4^ ^-§-7]#." v[ [17] . Mathai Joseph, "Real-Time Systems: Specification, Verification and Analysis," 1996, Prentice-Hall. [18] . a-6], "vl ^-§-7]7](Commercial Grade Item) Iff71 ^ 3J7j # f 1997. [19] . "Titles /g4j7]^ 7]]#4 KAERRCM-018/93, 1994. [20] . 4^1^ ^1# ^^1^] 71^^", 7j] 2€, 4 53:, pplO- 15,1996,9 [21] . EPRI NP-5652, "Guideline for the utilization of commercial grade items in nuclear safety related applications", 1998 [22] . EPRI NP-106439, "Guidline on evaluation and acceptance of commercial grade digital equipment for nuclear safety applications", 1996. [23] . NUREG/CR-6421, "A proposed acceptance process for commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software in reactor application", 1996. [24] . SMART-MM-SR231-00, Revl, 1996. [25] . #^€^7]%, SMART-MM-SR242-00, Revl, 2000 64 fcd S §E| 4 #aA]oj] ### #4## 4344. /MA]?1: a] >1 Efl (Real Time System) : 4 a ai o] ^-e]4## 34 44 it#®]]0]1 4 4 ##43 443 4444 ##4 #444 34 334!; 33-7)- #34 # A^gj-g- ^#4, 34 dhSLK .$| 4(Startup Software) : ^35] 333 3:7]43 4## 4# 4 #^&a^3 4 444 44aa43 #4. 32]h]^ 33(Critical Section of Code) : 32]e]| 334 a 334 33# 4 #34343. 3333 S^44 4# 3334. 433 3444 334 334 3 33 #s]^E* w]#344a, a444 333 334 4&4 4 3434# #3 434 34. 43(Resource) : 4^37} A]~g-4# a# lit 4344 344, 443i£ &33, 32-4, V044, 34, 4^3 5# 3# 44 443 434. 4443(Shared Resource) : 4 7]] 434 3—3.7]- Aj-g -4 3 ## 4 443443 334. #4^—4 (Multi Tasking) : 44 4—37]- 334a] CPU# 44# 4 4S.# r]]A:a.4 4343# 343, 4^34 4^4 3#4# 44# #44. e# a a (Task) : #3 a 4a #4# Efliir CPU# 4-7] 434 #343 44 3 344# 4#4 a^a^44. 4 Eqaa# 43#3, CPU si]4 #4 4]^, 344 —44 4 4 #434. 4 E]]aa# #34El](Dormant), #4 33] (Ready), 3 s3 3 3] (Running), 4 7] 4Efl (Waiting), 4e] 4U- 4 4 — 4El] (Interrupted) 57}4 44 4 4 7M #Ei]# 7M#A] c.42.3^. ^6g44. IDLE 3|i%3 : 4# 43a# # 444 43 #4#4444 34 4 3# 4^3# IDLE 4^34 44. #4(Context) : 4# ##4 #43 CPU 44^33 4### #4443 44. 65 5-^(Context Switch) '• 44 43^ 444 4# E]}33# 459 #37} #4 44, 44# 4#4 #7}} 4334 #4# #7}} 433 344 #4 44444 7^444. 4 #4# 4&44 4&^r 4334 #4# 44 4334 7^4-446}} 4 CPU 443E}g. 444-3 #4& 4&^r 4334 as# 45944. 44(Kernel) : 7}4# 444^4 4^44 4 44A£, 433# 444^ 3 # 43344 #4# . 34#4(Scheduler) : 444 4444 44-4 iM# 433# 4^4# ## #4. 44 p1 4 4(NonPrcemptivc Kernel) : 4 4—3.7}- CPU-] 4t>| 44 444 4 44#7] 44 4443& 44 #4# 44 44. #&4 ^44^444-3^ 44 4 433# CPU# ###7] 44 4& #444. 4#7}# 4^m^ 44 4 ISR4 4444. 44 # 44(Preemptive Kernel) : 44 4 444 -0-444 ir-S-4 44 444 4. CPU 4444: 44 4M#44 € 444 #4#4 4334 #444. 41444(Reentrancy) : 444 44 444 444# 441 44 44 44 7]} 2} 4337}- 4-g-# # $)# ##44. 4)44 7}# ### 44 44 #m# 4# 44, 44^^4 444 44 44# #4 4444 #4 ^4 44 44# 4 %14. 4#3 S«1 37}}#^(Round Robin Scheduling) : 2/1} 444 4337}- #3 4 4#4# 7M]3 $%# 4, 44 44-3 #4# 44 ^44 444 44-4 433# #4# 4, 4-# 4 433# 4444 459#4. 44#(Preemptive) : #4 CPU4 444# 440 #4447}- # 444 #4# 4 43347}} ## 37}}#444-. #4#4(Priority) : 4337} 4#44# 4 4# b]}33$} 44# 4#7} 4s]] 43347}] #44# #4 44. #4#4 4 £ (Priority Inversion) : 44^4 4# 444 #7}## #44 27}} 4 433 #44 44#47} ## 4334 444 ###47} ## 4334 #4444 44 44# 44 #4&# ###47} # 433^4 4 #7}] 459 66 # XT 4*4 #. 3*44 (Deadlock) : * 4337} zfx} 7>7|ji 4* 7}## 4#4 4 & 4"4#* *#4 7]c}4* #4# 4^4. 3#^4# ## * 4# # ## 44* 33/113* #m#7i 44 *A# a* ^**3 7}#* ^#44 4*33 7}^# 4=34-4. #7] * (Synchronization) : 433 4 *# ISR4 43344 ^f-4-g- #^44 4-§-44 -§-4-4-4 4# 444#44. 41454, 4144 #, 4144 414 43 #-& 4-9-44. 4144 #4(Message Communication) : 44 4414# 433 4" 4-# ISR4 43344 *3 4# 4174 4 #4 4. 44^(Interrupt) : °J45^§ 4#444 444=7]- 444 4# CPU4]41 4 4## 43414 41714#44. 44 437} 4444, CPU# #44 4# 3# 4## 4443 ISR3 #3*4 . ISR4 4 #3# 444-3 #344, CPU 414 4# #^#47} 4 444 ###4 43344 44 44. #4 4(Clock Tick) : 47]4#3 444# #44 444344. 4 4443# 43^4 44"4#44-3 # * 44. #4 4 4443# 443 44# #4 4 #7] 4 ^#flll4# 433* 44443, 4434 y>4ir 7144# 433471] 444## 4444. 37i]#Bi4 #5] 44 n}E} 34### *^)#4. X43(POSIX) : Portable Operating System Interface# #7}3, 44# 443 4## #447] 44 a# 44443* 4#4# 4444 343 1001.13# 444 X43 ** # *44 44 4# &## 4#4. 343* 43# ##44 7}oioii7i ojA] 4-## #4e}4* 434 #*44. 34 = s(drift) : #4# 7]4 *4 #3444 #4 4^3.343 4#4 44 44# g} #444 4#* ##4. 67 M *1 ^ a. <£ q — ##7l#aa4#a KINS/HR-719 - 4#/# 4 4443 #7}4 3344 44443 : 44# 4#44 #44# 4# 3#3#44 44 "cri #43 #344 37}4#4 4# 3# (43#) # 44434 ##7}# #43 ^#4, 433, 433, 34#(##4#i&) #44 43 M43 ##4#a #43 20063 2# 4 4 4 77p. s 5. # ( o ), # ( ) EL 7} 21x29.7cm. 3a4# 344 #34 43 43 4#4# #4( o ), 4#4( ) aa4 ## #4# aa# 3#4#43 * 5" #4#^ 4 4#^ #- (20034 44) 44#-43 ?|]#444#4 343 #434^# ### 3#4 444# 343 ## ^.3# 3#44 44, 44^.# 44^3 444 444 ?1#3 334## 4444 44. asiji #344#4 444 4## ##4 44 44 4344a #o_4, 4 4-4444 44 444 444444 a #44 33434 #a# ;H#3&4 444 44 -§-444 3# 4444. 44 444 #4 44#-43 4#434#4 ##4# #43 #3444 44 471-4-4:4 #34#ag. 4#4 444a. 44. 444: a# 4 4-0-44 44 44 444 3##a ## #444, ## a#, 4414444 a3 444 4 4#44 #43# # 3#33 43 ## &4 # #443, 4* #3& 4 4 44# 4444 444 4#4# #44 #3444 4# 34-4## 4#4a 4 # 44A& #44 #344#4 44 3344433 #34 ### 4#33 43# 44434. [#433#a(io#3 44) j #44 #344, 33 #44 #344, 33 #44 #344, I 4# 4^=a 44, #33 ####, #### 3334 I______a4a #4#. 44# 444, 33#m______BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET Performing Org. Sponsoring Org. Report No. Report No. KINS/HR-719 - Title/Subtitle Title : Development of Nuclear Safety Technology Subtitle : Develo ament of the Safety Regulation Technology for Digital Instrumentation and Contro Systems Sponsoring Org. Project and Evaluation of Real Time Operating System Project Manager (Lee, Cheol-Hoon) Cho, Moon-Haeng, Choi, In-Bum, Lee, Jung-Won, Kang, Hui-Sung Researcher and Dep't. (Chungnam National University) Pub. Place Daejeon Pub. Org. Chungnam Univ Pub. Date 2006. 2. Page 77 p. J 11. and Tab. Yes ( O ), No ( ) Size 21x29. 7cm. Note Nuclear Mid- and Long-term Research Projects Classified Unclassified( O ), Classified( ) Report Type Topical Report Sponsoring Org. Chungnam National Univ. Contract No. Abstract (About 200 Words) An hard RTOS used in the nuclear power plant must satisfy severe performance requirements even in a worst case scenario. Since operating systems are becoming more complecated, it is not an easy job to evaluate them. So, it becomes more important how to evaluate the RTOS's used in the nuclear power plants. The purpose of this work is to survey design examples and performance models of the RTOS's used in the nuclear power plants, and, based on this survey, develop a evaluation technologies. Subject Keywords (About 10 Words) Real-time Operating System, Soft Real-time Operating System, Hard Real-time Operating System, Multi-tasking, Preemptive priority, Priority Inversion, Thread Synchronization, Watch-dog Timer, Interrupt { switch(state) { /* 4#lofl */ case CHECKPOINT.! : recovery .method.l (); state = CHECKPOINT.!; break; case CHECKPOINT.2 : reco very_method_2 (); /* 43&g^ #24 */ break; state - CHECKPOINT_2; } } (3^ 2-8 a-El)