water Article Long-Term Hydro–Climatic Trends in the Mountainous Kofarnihon River Basin in Central Asia Aminjon Gulakhmadov 1,2,3,4 , Xi Chen 1,2,*, Nekruz Gulahmadov 2,4,5 , Tie Liu 2 , Rashid Davlyatov 4,6, Safarkhon Sharofiddinov 4,6 and Manuchekhr Gulakhmadov 1,5,6 1 Research Center of Ecology and Environment in Central Asia, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
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[email protected] (M.G.) 2 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
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[email protected] (T.L.) 3 Ministry of Energy and Water Resources of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734064, Tajikistan 4 Institute of Water Problems, Hydropower and Ecology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734042, Tajikistan;
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[email protected] (S.S.) 5 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 6 Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe 734034, Tajikistan * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +86-991-782-3131 Received: 11 June 2020; Accepted: 25 July 2020; Published: 29 July 2020 Abstract: Hydro–climatic variables play an essential role in assessing the long-term changes in streamflow in the snow-fed and glacier-fed rivers that are extremely vulnerable to climatic variations in the alpine mountainous regions. The trend and magnitudinal changes of hydro–climatic variables, such as temperature, precipitation, and streamflow, were determined by applying the non-parametric Mann–Kendall, modified Mann–Kendall, and Sen’s slope tests in the Kofarnihon River Basin in Central Asia.