What Is a Small Intestine Cancer?
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Pancreatic Cancer
PANCREATIC CANCER What is cancer? Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide more rapidly until the person becomes an adult. After that, cells in most parts of the body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells. Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA. This substance is in every cell and directs all its activities. Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired. People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for inherited cancers. Many times though, a person’s DNA becomes damaged by exposure to something in the environment, like smoking. Cancer usually forms as a tumor. Some cancers, like leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow. Often, cancer cells travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. Regardless of where a cancer may spread, however, it is always named for the place it began. -
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Rectum and Anus Large Intestine Small
1 Liver The liver produces bile, which aids in digestion of fats through a dissolving process known as emulsification. In this process, bile secreted into the small intestine 4 combines with large drops of liquid fat to form Healthy tiny molecular-sized spheres. Within these spheres (micelles), pancreatic enzymes can break down fat (triglycerides) into free fatty acids. Pancreas Digestion The pancreas not only regulates blood glucose 2 levels through production of insulin, but it also manufactures enzymes necessary to break complex The digestive system consists of a long tube (alimen- 5 carbohydrates down into simple sugars (sucrases), tary canal) that varies in shape and purpose as it winds proteins into individual amino acids (proteases), and its way through the body from the mouth to the anus fats into free fatty acids (lipase). These enzymes are (see diagram). The size and shape of the digestive tract secreted into the small intestine. varies in each individual (e.g., age, size, gender, and disease state). The upper part of the GI tract includes the mouth, throat (pharynx), esophagus, and stomach. The lower Gallbladder part includes the small intestine, large intestine, The gallbladder stores bile produced in the liver appendix, and rectum. While not part of the alimentary 6 and releases it into the duodenum in varying canal, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all organs concentrations. that are vital to healthy digestion. 3 Small Intestine Mouth Within the small intestine, millions of tiny finger-like When food enters the mouth, chewing breaks it 4 protrusions called villi, which are covered in hair-like down and mixes it with saliva, thus beginning the first 5 protrusions called microvilli, aid in absorption of of many steps in the digestive process. -
The SOLID-TIMI 52 Randomized Clinical Trial
RM2007/00497/06 CONFIDENTIAL The GlaxoSmithKline group of companies SB-480848/033 Division: Worldwide Development Information Type: Protocol Amendment Title: A Clinical Outcomes Study of Darapladib versus Placebo in Subjects Following Acute Coronary Syndrome to Compare the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) (Short title: The Stabilization Of pLaques usIng Darapladib- Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 52 SOLID-TIMI 52 Trial) Compound Number: SB-480848 Effective Date: 26-FEB-2014 Protocol Amendment Number: 05 Subject: atherosclerosis, Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, acute coronary syndrome, SB-480848, darapladib Author: The protocol was developed by the members of the Executive Steering Committee on behalf of GlaxoSmithKline (MPC Late Stage Clinical US) in conjunction with the Sponsor. The following individuals provided substantial input during protocol development: Non-sponsor: Braunwald, Eugene (TIMI Study Group, USA); Cannon, Christopher P (TIMI Study Group, USA); McCabe, Carolyn H (TIMI Study Group, USA); O’Donoghue, Michelle L (TIMI Study Group, USA); White, Harvey D (Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, New Zealand); Wiviott, Stephen (TIMI Study Group, USA) Sponsor: Johnson, Joel L (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Watson, David F (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Krug-Gourley, Susan L (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Lukas, Mary Ann (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Smith, Peter M (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Tarka, Elizabeth A (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Cicconetti, Gregory (Clinical Statistics (US)); Shannon, Jennifer B (Clinical Statistics (US)); Magee, Mindy H (CPMS US) Copyright 2014 the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies. All rights reserved. Unauthorised copying or use of this information is prohibited. 1 Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/24/2021 RM2007/00497/06 CONFIDENTIAL The GlaxoSmithKline group of companies SB-480848/033 Revision Chronology: RM2007/00497/01 2009-OCT-08 Original RM2007/00497/02 2010-NOV-30 Amendment 01: The primary intent is to revise certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. -
What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor?
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 About Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Overview and Types If you have been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor or are worried about it, you likely have a lot of questions. Learning some basics is a good place to start. ● What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor? Research and Statistics See the latest estimates for new cases of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor in the US and what research is currently being done. ● Key Statistics About Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors ● What’s New in Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Research? What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor? Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are a type of cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. To learn more about what cancer is and how it can grow and spread, see What Is Cancer?1 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 To understand gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, it helps to know about the gastrointestinal system, as well as the neuroendocrine system. The gastrointestinal system The gastrointestinal (GI) system, also known as the digestive system, processes food for energy and rids the body of solid waste. After food is chewed and swallowed, it enters the esophagus. This tube carries food through the neck and chest to the stomach. The esophagus joins the stomachjust beneath the diaphragm (the breathing muscle under the lungs). The stomach is a sac that holds food and begins the digestive process by secreting gastric juice. The food and gastric juices are mixed into a thick fluid, which then empties into the small intestine. -
Familial Occurrence of Carcinoid Tumors and Association with Other Malignant Neoplasms1
Vol. 8, 715–719, August 1999 Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 715 Familial Occurrence of Carcinoid Tumors and Association with Other Malignant Neoplasms1 Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic, Costas L. Constantinou, tomies (3). The most frequent sites for carcinoid tumors are the Joseph Rubin, Charles M. Rowland, Daniel J. Schaid, gastrointestinal tract (73–85%) and the bronchopulmonary sys- and Pamela S. Karnes2 tem (10–28.7%). Carcinoids are occasionally found in the Departments of Medical Genetics [D. B-V., P. S. K.] and Medical Oncology larynx, thymus, kidney, ovary, prostate, and skin (4, 5). Ade- [C. L. C., J. R.] and Section of Biostatistics [C. M. R., D. J. S.], Mayo Clinic nocarcinomas and carcinoids are the most common malignan- and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 cies in the small intestine in adults (6, 7). In children, they rank second behind lymphoma among alimentary tract malignancies (8). Carcinoids appear to have increased in incidence during the Abstract past 20 years (5). Carcinoid tumors are generally thought to be sporadic, Carcinoid tumors were originally thought to possess a very except for a small proportion that occur as a part of low metastatic potential. In recent years, their natural history multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Data regarding and malignant potential have become better understood (9). In the familial occurrence of carcinoid as well as its ;40% of patients, metastases are already evident at the time of potential association with other neoplasms are limited. A diagnosis. The overall 5-year survival rate of all carcinoid chart review was conducted on patients indexed for tumors, regardless of site, is ;50% (5). -
Short Bowel Syndrome with Intestinal Failure Were Randomized to Teduglutide (0.05 Mg/Kg/Day) Or Placebo for 24 Weeks
Short Bowel (Gut) Syndrome LaTasha Henry February 25th, 2016 Learning Objectives • Define SBS • Normal function of small bowel • Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis • Management • Updates Basic Definition • A malabsorption disorder caused by the surgical removal of the small intestine, or rarely it is due to the complete dysfunction of a large segment of bowel. • Most cases are acquired, although some children are born with a congenital short bowel. Intestinal Failure • SBS is the most common cause of intestinal failure, the state in which an individual’s GI function is inadequate to maintain his/her nutrient and hydration status w/o intravenous or enteral supplementation. • In addition to SBS, diseases or congenital defects that cause severe malabsorption, bowel obstruction, and dysmotility (eg, pseudo- obstruction) are causes of intestinal failure. Causes of SBS • surgical resection for Crohn’s disease • Malignancy • Radiation • vascular insufficiency • necrotizing enterocolitis (pediatric) • congenital intestinal anomalies such as atresias or gastroschisis (pediatric) Length as a Determinant of Intestinal Function • The length of the small intestine is an important determinant of intestinal function • Infant normal length is approximately 125 cm at the start of the third trimester of gestation and 250 cm at term • <75 cm are at risk for SBS • Adult normal length is approximately 400 cm • Adults with residual small intestine of less than 180 cm are at risk for developing SBS; those with less than 60 cm of small intestine (but with a -
Anatomy of the Small Intestine
Anatomy of the small intestine Make sure you check this Correction File before going through the content Small intestine Fixed Free (Retro peritoneal part) (Movable part) (No mesentery) (With mesentery) Duodenum Jejunum & ileum Duodenum Shape C-shaped loop Duodenal parts Length 10 inches Length Level Beginning At pyloro-duodenal Part junction FIRST PART 2 INCHES L1 (Superior) (Transpyloric Termination At duodeno-jejunal flexure Plane) SECOND PART 3 INCHES DESCENDS Peritoneal Retroperitoneal (Descending FROM L1 TO covering L3 Divisions 4 parts THIRD PART 4 INCHES L3 (SUBCOTAL (Horizontal) PLANE) Embryologic Foregut & midgut al origin FOURTH PART 1 INCHES ASCENDS Lymphatic Celiac & superior (Ascending) FROM L3 TO drainage mesenteric L2 Arterial Celiac & superior supply mesenteric Venous Superior mesenteric& Drainage Portal veins Duodenal relations part Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral First part Liver Bile duct - - Gastroduodenal artery Portal vein Second Part Liver Transverse Right kidney Pancreas Right colic flexure Colon Small intestine Third Part Small intestine Right psoas major - - Superior Inferior vena cava mesenteric vessels Abdominal aorta Inferior mesenteric vessels Fourth Part Small intestine Left psoas major - - Openings in second part of the duodenum Opening of accessory Common opening of bile duct pancreatic duct (one inch & main pancreatic duct: higher): on summit of major duodenal on summit of minor duodenal papilla. papilla. Jejunum & ileum Shape Coiled tube Length 6 meters (20 feet) Beginning At duodeno-jejunal flexur -
Nutrition Digestive Systems
4-H Animal Science Lesson Plan Nutrition Level 2, 3 www.uidaho.edu/extension/4h Digestive Systems Sarah D. Baker, Extension Educator Goal (learning objective) Pre-lesson preparation Youth will learn about the differences, parts and Purchase supplies (bread, soda, orange juice, functions between ruminant and monogastric diges- Ziploc baggies) tive systems. Make copies of Handouts 1, 2, and 3 for group Supplies Prepare bread slices Copies of Handout 1 “Ruminant vs Monogastric Make arrangements to do the meeting in a lo- Digestive System” make enough copies for group cation that has internet connection, tables, and Copies of Handout 2 “Ruminant Digestive System chairs – Parts and Functions” make enough copies for Read/review lesson group Watch video Copies of Handout 3 “Monogastric Digestive Sys- Test computer/internet connection and video be- tem – Parts and Functions” make enough copies fore meeting https://youtu.be/JSlZjgpF_7g for group Computer (may need speakers depending on facil- Lesson directions and outline ity and group size) Share the following information with the youth: Internet connection to view YouTube video The definition of digestion is the process of break- Slices of bread cut into 4 squares (each member ing down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in will need one square of bread) the stomach and intestines into substances that can be used by the body. The digestive system performs five Sandwich size Ziploc baggies (one bag for each major functions: member) 1. Food intake One, three-ounce cup for holding liquid (one cup for each member) 2. Storage 1 Liter of bottle of soda 3. -
Studies on the Site of Fat Absorption
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.2.2.168 on 1 June 1961. Downloaded from Gut, 1961, 2, 168 Studies on the site of fat absorption 2 Fat balances after resection of varying amounts of the small intestine in man C. C. BOOTH, D. ALLDIS, AND A. E. READ Fronm the Departments of Medicine and Chemical Pathology, Postgraduate Medical School ofLondon SYNOPSIS This paper demonstrates that in man, as in the rat, increasing amounts of fat reach more distal levels of the small intestine as the dietary load increases. Opinions have varied as to the site of fat absorption containing between 30 and 75 g. daily. The results in the small intestine of experimental animals of these balances indicated how much of the small (Bernard, 1856; Frazer, 1943; Kremen, Linner, and intestine is required to absorb moderate amounts Nelson, 1954; Benson, Chandler, Vansteenhuyse, of fat normally. Increasing fat diets were then given and Gagnon, 1956; Turner, 1958; Booth, Read, and to four patients, for if the site of fat absorption is Jones, 1961). It is now clear that the site where fat related to the dietary fat, it might be expected that is normally absorbed depends on the dietary load. increasing fat diets would cause increasing degrees When a small amount of fat is given to a rat, for of steatorrhoea in patients with intestinal resections. http://gut.bmj.com/ instance, absorption takes place almost entirely in the jejunum. If larger quantities are fed larger PATIENTS STUDIED amounts are absorbed in the jejunum, but at the same time an increasing proportion of the ingested Fat balances were carried out in seven patients who had undergone resection of varying amounts of the distal fat escapes absorption in the upper intestine and small intestine (Cases 1 to 7) and two patients who had passes on into the ileum where absorption then also resections of the proximal intestine (Cases 8 and 9). -
Small Intestine Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Small Intestine Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis Catching cancer early often allows for more treatment options. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be noticed, but that is not always the case. ● Can Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Be Found Early? ● Signs and Symptoms of Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) ● Tests for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Stages and Outlook (Prognosis) After a cancer diagnosis, staging provides important information about the extent of cancer in the body and anticipated response to treatment. ● Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Stages ● Survival Rates for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Questions to Ask About Small Intestine Cancer Get some questions you can ask your cancer care team to help you better understand your cancer diagnosis and treatment options. ● Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Small Intestine Cancer 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Can Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Be Found Early? (Note: This information is about small intestine cancers called adenocarcinomas. To learn about other types of cancer that can start in the small intestine, see Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors1, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors2, or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma3.) Screening is testing for diseases like cancer in people who do not have any symptoms. Screening tests can find some types of cancer early, when treatment is most likely to be effective. But small intestine adenocarcinomas are rare, and no effective screening tests have been found for these cancers, so routine testing for people without any symptoms is not recommended. For people at high risk For people with certain inherited genetic syndromes4 who are at increased risk of small intestine cancer, doctors might recommend regular tests to look for cancer early, especially in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,937,052 B2 Brown (45) Date of Patent: Jan
US008937052B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,937,052 B2 BrOWn (45) Date of Patent: Jan. 20, 2015 (54) THERAPEUTIC PROTOCOLS USING 5,202,431 A 4/1993 della Valle et al. HYALURONAN 5,208,020 A 5/1993 Chari et al. 5,284,656 A 2f1994 Platz et al. 5,416,071 A 5/1995 Igarietal. (75) Inventor: Tracey J. Brown, Flemington (AU) 5,442,053 A 8, 1995 Della Valle et al. 5,475,092 A 12/1995 Chari et al. (73) Assignee: Alchemia. Oncology Pty Limited, Eight 5,585,499 A 12/1996 Charietal. Mile Plains (AU 5,662,895 A 9, 1997 Welte et al. (AU) 5,676,964 A 10, 1997 della Valle et al. c - r 5,733,891 A 3, 1998 Akima et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any distic the t 5,744, 155 A 4/1998 Friedman et al. past S. suite UCC 5,756,475 A 5/1998 Inomata et al. M YW- y yS. 5,756,537 A 5, 1998 G11 5,776,925 A 7/1998 Young et al. (21) Appl. No.: 11/996,733 5,827,834. A 10/1998 Falk et al. 5,830,882 A 11/1998 Falk et al. 1-1. 5,840,673 A 11/1998 Buckbinder et al. (22) PCT Filed: Jul. 27, 2006 5,846,545. A 12/1998 Chari et al. 5,847,002 A 12/1998 Willoughby et al. (86). PCT No.: PCT/AU2OO6/OO1059 5,852,002 A 12/1998 Falk et al. 371 1 5,968,972 A 10, 1999 Broder et al. -
Malignant Small Bowel Tumor
Case Report iMedPub Journals Cancer: Open Access 2018 http://www.imedpub.com ISSN 2471-9943 Vol.4 No.1:1 DOI: 10.21767/2471-9943.100034 Malignant Small Bowel Tumor - Case Series Alves Junior AJT*, Romero Machuca ME, and Literature Review Ribeiro RG, Garisto AM, de Oliveira LH, Banci SO, Simoes Neto J, Kagohara OH, Abstract Reis Junior JA and Introduction: The diagnosis of malignant small bowel tumors is difficult due to the Reis Neto JA rarity of these lesions and the lack of presenting signs and symptoms. This fact may delay the treatment and therefore worsen the outcome. Clinica Reis Neto, R Gen Osorio, 2273-Cambui, Campinas, SP, Brazil Material and methods: This article describes 6 cases of this rare disease, reviewing the literature on its clinic, pathological and treatment aspects. Discussion: Malignancies involving the small intestine are rare and account for Corresponding author: less than 3% of the gastrointestinal tract cancers. When the different regions Antonio Jose Tiburcio Alves Junior of the intestine are considered, adenocarcinomas are mostly found in the duodenum while stromal tumors are usually spread throughout the entire small [email protected] bowel. Adenocarcinoma represents 33% of MSBT and is best managed with wide segmental surgical resection and primary and regional node lymphadenectomy. Clinica Reis Neto, R Gen Osorio, Sarcomas represent 17% of MSBT and are treated with en bloc segmental resection 2273-Cambui, Campinas, SP, Brazil. with tumor-free margins, with preservation of the tumor’s pseudocapsule. Secondary neoplastic involvement of the small intestine is more common than Tel: 551932355611 primary small neoplasia and its treatment is palliative.