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Bigelow, Henry Bryant
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES H E N R Y B RYANT BIGELO W 1879—1967 A Biographical Memoir by AL F R E D C. REDFIELD Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1976 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. HENRY BRYANT BIGELOW October 3,1879-December 11,1967 BY ALFRED C. REDFIELD ENRY BRYANT BIGELOW was an accomplished systematic zool- H ogist, being a recognized authority on both the coelenter- ates and fishes. His 1911 paper on the siphonophores was considered to be the most useful report on this group that had ever been written. In recognition of his later work on the fishes of the western North Atlantic he was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal by the National Academy of Sciences in 1948. Of wider impact on the development of marine science was his recognition of the interdependence of the physics, chem- istry, and biology of the sea, as exemplified by his studies of the Gulf of Maine and his part in the creation of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, of which he was the first director. Seventy-five years ago, when Alexander Agassiz visited the Maldive Islands with Henry Bigelow as his assistant, oceanog- raphy in America was an interest promoted from time to time through individual initiative and, when in line with their pri- mary duties, by appropriate governmental agencies. Today it is a fully recognized division of science, complete with standard textbooks and special journals. -
The Development of Recruitment Fisheries Oceanography in The
FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY Fish. Oceanogr. 7:2, 69±88, 1998 HISTORICAL REVIEW The development of recruitment ®sheries oceanography in the United States ARTHUR W. KENDALL, Jr. AND GARY was in marked contrast to the ®shery-yield orientation J. DUKER of most ®sheries research that was being conducted at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National the time on the west coast of North America, under Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, 7600 the dominating in¯uence of William Francis Thomp- Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington, USA 98115 son. In recent years, federal ®sheries programmes have E-mail: [email protected] investigated recruitment processes of a number of other ®sh stocks, and considerable effort has been expended toward re®ning the conceptual framework ABSTRACT beyond the hypotheses of Hjort. This paper expands Recruitment ®sheries oceanography studies the impact on this history, making note of scientists who were of the environment on the annual production of young particularly important in the evolution of this disci- to ®shed populations (®n®sh as well as invertebrates). pline. We conclude that although recruitment ®sheries Interannual variation in recruitment is the most im- oceanography has become a well-established ®eld of portant source of biological variability facing ®sheries study, and many technological advances have been managers. Because most variation in recruitment oc- made, the recruitment process is still not well under- curs during early, mainly planktonic stages, recruit- stood and ¯uctuations in year-class abundance remain ment ®sheries oceanography usually integrates studies a major source of uncertainty in managing marine of plankton and physical oceanography. -
The Rise of Oceanography in the United States, 1900-1940
The Rise of Oceanography in the United States, 1900-1940 by Ki Won Han A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor John E. Lesch, Chair Professor Cathryn Carson Professor Harry N. Scheiber Professor Carolyn Merchant Fall 2010 The Rise of Oceanography in the United States, 1900-1940 Copyright 2010 by Ki Won Han Abstract The Rise of Oceanography in the United States, 1900-1940 by Ki Won Han Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor John E. Lesch, Chair Around 1900, oceanography was not an established scientific field. Even though scientific surveys of the oceans had been done quite steadily in Europe and the United States for several decades, those efforts were not yet organized into a single scientific discipline. A new trend in the study of the sea began to emerge when scientists realized that the oceanic phenomena were complexly interrelated and that it was impossible to understand one without knowing the others, which happened first in Europe and then in the United States. Endeavors to form a single science of the oceans began to appear in the early twentieth century. This dissertation is a study of the formation of oceanography in the United States roughly in the first four decades of the twentieth century. It traces the institutional as well as intellectual changes that took place mainly in the two American centers of oceanographic research—the Scripps Institution of the University of California and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. -
Searching for Systems in the Ever-Changing Sea
Searching for Systems in the Ever-Changing Sea The First 25 Years of Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences 1974–1999 Compiled by Spencer Apollonio This PDF is an abridged and edited version of the author’s work, which is available in paperback from Lincoln County Publishing Company (207-563-3171). 2-22-19 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This review was undertaken at the request of Clarice M. Yentsch, co-founder of Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. Janet Campbell was a valued participant in organizing the wealth of material and greatly contributed to the orderly presentation of the Laboratory’s wide-ranging and complex work. Darlene Trew Crist, former Communications Director of the Laboratory, assisted and encouraged the work in a number of ways and occasions. Thanks to past and present members of the Bigelow Laboratory community for contributions prepared by Hillary E. Glover, Clarice M. Yentsch, John J. Cullen, Robert M. Kidd, Christopher J. Flower, Peter F. Larsen, Rhonda Selvin, Robert A. Andersen, Richard W. Spinrad, Janet W. Campbell, Lewis S. Incze, Edward S. Gilfillan, Francis Q. Dortch, Steven G. Ackleson, and William M. (Barney) Balch. 2 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................... 2 PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... -
H. B. Bigelow Issue
H. B. BIGELOW ISSUE VOL. XIV, NO. 2, JULY 1968 ON THE COVER- HENRY BRYANT BIGELOW 1879 1967 Leader in the Study of the Sea. Worthy Exemplar of the Agassiz tradition. Biologist: Distinguished Teacher. Judicious Advisor. Humanist. Sportsman. Author of "Oceanography, its Scope, Problems and Eco- nomic Importance", which led to the establishment of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1930 and laid the foundation of modern oceanography. Director 1930-1940. President 1940-1950. Chairman of the Board of Trustees 1950-1960. Founder Chairman 1960-1967. Noel B. McLean Chairman, Board oi Trustees Paul M. Fye Jan H;thn, Editor President and Director Columbus O'D. Iselin Published quarterly and distributed to the Associates, to H. 8. Bigelow Oceanographer Marine libraries and universities around the world, to Bostwick H. Ketchum to other educational institutions, major city public Associofe Director libraries and to other organizations and publications. Arthur E. Maxwell Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 59-34518 Associate Director Vol. XIV, No. 2 July 1968 /\ THE WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION ( ] f"^ C INwj | J C^ Woods Hole, Massachusetts QOCEANOGRAPHY has been aptly defined as the study of the world below the surface of the sea; it should include the contact zone between sea and atmos- phere. According to present-day acceptance it has to do with all the characteristics of the bottom and margins of the sea, of the sea water, and of the inhabitants of the latter. Thus widely combining geophysics, geochemistry, and biology, it is inclusive, as is, of course, characteristic of any 'young' science: and modern oceanog- raphy is in its youth. -
Columbus Iselin, Owner and Skipper, Was the Son of a Wealthy Banking Family Much Involved in the Activities of the New York Yacht Club and a Graduate of St
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES C OLUM B US O’DONNELL I SELIN 1904—1971 A Biographical Memoir by H E N R Y M. S TOMMEL Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1994 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. COLUMBUS O'DONNELL ISELIN September 25, 1904-January 5, 1971 BY HENRY M. STOMMEL OR THREE ENCHANTED MONTHS in the summer of 1926, eight Fyouths between the ages of twenty and twenty-three and a hired cook in the newly built 77-foot schooner "Chance" sailed the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador as far north as Cape Chidley. Columbus Iselin, owner and skipper, was the son of a wealthy banking family much involved in the activities of the New York Yacht Club and a graduate of St. Marks and Harvard. There was a gentlemanly tradition of oceanography at Harvard, starting with the world cruises of Alexander Agassiz (personally financed by Agassiz), and carried on vigorously by the ichthyologist Henry Bigelow through a long and pro- ductive life. Once, in 1962, when I encountered Dr. Bigelow in the library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and told him that I had just returned from the Indian Ocean, he began to reminisce about his own adventures there in the Maldives with Agassiz in 1900. Bigelow could act effec- tively as an administrator and teacher. He never lost his love or ability to do abundant scientific research. It was Bigelow who inspired the young Columbus to ven- ture into oceanography and to make the Labrador cruise of the "Chance" into something of a scientific venture rather than a thing of pure sport. -
The New Oceanographic Institute by C
w z z :0 a: u 'J:- 4 COLUMBUS O'DONNELL ISELIN 1904 1971 THROUGH his skillful efforts and foresightedness, the Woods Hole Oceano graphic Institution became one of the world's leading places in ocean research, making significant contributions to the knowledge of the seas, the welfare of the nation in peace and war, and to the world at large through international investiga tions and free publication of its findings. General Assistant to the Director and Master of the R.V. 'Atlantis' 1930-1932. Physical Oceanographer 1932-1940. Member of the Corporation and Trustee 1936-1971. Director 1930-1940 and 1956-1958. Henry Bryant Bigelow Oceanog rapher 1958-1971. Noel B. McLean COVER BY ·~ Chairman, Board of Trustees Paul M. Fye President and Director Arthur E. Maxwell Provost Bostwick H. Ketchum Associate Director Some Quotes Vol. XVI, No. 2, June 1971 "Man is a land animal and relatively few of us feel at home or in sympathy with the sea. The sea is an obstacle and to be combatted. One remains on it for as short a time as possible. Scientists are no exception. They too get sea-sick and enjoy their firesides." "The success of any expedition is always proportional to the congeniality of its personnel." (log of the schooner 'Chance') "Another aspect of oceanography which is attracting considerable interest at present is the circulation and dispersion of inshore waters from the standpoi~t of bo.t~ pollution and their ability to absorb industrial wastes. It is clear that m the VICimty of the major coa tal cities the limit of the capacity of the local waters to absorb ~aste products is being reached and that very little planning or tho~gh t has gone mto the problem.