Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Occurring North of Mexico, with an Illustrated Key
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SYSTEMATICS Review of American Xyleborina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Occurring North of Mexico, with an Illustrated Key 1 2 2 ROBERT J. RABAGLIA, STEPHANIE A. DOLE, AND ANTHONY I. COGNATO USDAÐForest Service, Forest Health Protection, 1601 N. Kent Street, RPC-7, Arlington, VA 22209 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99(6): 1034Ð1056 (2006) ABSTRACT Ambrosia-feeding scolytids in the Xyleborina are the most abundant exotic bark beetles in North America. Many new species discoveries and taxonomic changes have occurred since their last review in 1982. The need for a worldwide revision of this tribe hampers the ability to identify species. To remedy this situation, an illustrated key is constructed and Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, Xyleborus similis Ferrari, and Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff), which are new to North America, are reported and diagnosed. In addition the key is presented in electronic format with additional illustration (http://scolytid.msu.edu) to increase worldwide availability and accommodate future taxonomic revision. KEY WORDS exotic species, invasive pests, Scolytidae, ambrosia beetles, Xyleborini Bark and ambrosia beetles are capable of causing sig- Xyleborus species discovered in the eastern United niÞcant economic destruction to forests (Wood 1982). States, but there has not been a recent review of all 39 This problem stems mostly from native species; how- species of Xyleborina in America north of Mexico. ever, the introduction of exotic species also threatens Since review of the group by Wood (1982), nine new the forest economy and ecology. In the United States exotic xyleborine species (three reported herein) and Canada, exotic species are often intercepted at have been discovered in North America (Atkinson et ports-of-entry (Haack 2003); however, some escape al. 1990, Hoebeke 1991, Vandenberg et al. 2000, Mudge this vigilance and establish resident populations et al. 2001, Schiefer and Bright 2004). It is likely that (Wood 1977, Atkinson et al. 1990; Mudge et al. 2001). in the future other species of xyleborines will become Sometimes, identiÞcation of introduced species can be established in North America. It is also possible that difÞcult given poor taxonomic knowledge. Thus, the some species are present in this region but have not ability to detect and control both native and exotic yet been detected. Several species of Euwallacea, Xy- species relies on a solid understanding of the system- losandrus, Xyleborinus, and Xyleborus have been atics and identity of species. widely distributed though commerce, but they are not Ambrosia beetles are often undetected in port in- yet recorded from North America. spections compared with bark-feeding scolytids The absence of an inclusive illustrated identiÞcation (Haack 2003), and they often successfully establish key for species hampers the identiÞcation of potential populations in new environments (Atkinson et al. new introductions from foreign lands. The purpose of 1990). Among the ambrosia-feeding scolytids, Xyle- this article is to review the current diversity of Xyle- borina are the most numerous and widely distributed borina in America north of Mexico, diagnose three tribe. Their cryptic nature; polygamous, sib-mating new exotic species, and provide illustrated keys to the system; and wide host range foster their distribution genera and species in the region. Also, the key is through commerce and establishment in new areas. presented in electronic format with additional illus- Since the last major reviews of North America Xy- trations at http://scolytid.msu.edu to accommodate leborina (Bright 1968, Wood 1982), many non-native potential taxonomic revisions and future discoveries species have been discovered, several new species of Xyleborina species in North America. have been described, numerous nomenclatural changes have been made, and generic limits have been Materials and Methods revised (Wood 1986; Wood and Bright 1992; Bright and Skidmore 1997, 2002; Rabaglia 2002). Atkinson et As Bright (1968) and Wood (1982) indicated, this al. (1990) and Vandenberg et al. (2000) discuss exotic tribe is in need of a worldwide revision. With few exceptions, we follow the generic and species con- cepts of Wood (1986) and Wood and Bright (1992). 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. 2 Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 243 Nat- No attempt is made to revise generic limits or species ural Science Bldg., East Lansing, MI 48824-1115. synonymies. Synonyms listed for each genus and spe- November 2006 RABAGLIA ET AL.: AMERICAN XYLEBORINA 1035 cies are as reported by Wood and Bright (1992) and punctures on the declivity; and the nearly subquad- Bright and Skidmore (1997, 2002). References to orig- rate, costate, posterolateral margin of the declivity. inal descriptions and synonymies are cited as they are Description. Female. Length 2.1Ð2.4 mm, 3.0 times in Wood and Bright (1987, 1992) and Wood (1987). as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Abbreviations for location of type material are as fol- Frons convex, surface reticulate, sparsely punc- lows: BMNH, British Museum of Natural History, Lon- tured; vestiture inconspicuous except along epistoma. don; CAS, California Academy of Sciences, San Fran- Pronotum longer than wide, sides nearly straight, cisco; CNCI, Canadian National Collection of Insects, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed, Ottawa; IRSNB, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles anterior slope not steep, Þnely asperate, summit de Belgique, Brussels; IZM, Institute of Zoology at rounded, in front of middle; posterior area smooth, shin- Moscow, Moscow; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zo- ing, minutely punctured on disc, somewhat reticulate on ology, Cambridge, MA; NHMW, Naturhistorisches sides; vestiture very sparse, limited to asperate area. Museum Wien, Wien; USNM, United States National Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as Museum, Washington, DC; UZMC, Universitets Zo- pronotum; sides almost straight, posterior margin sub- ologisk Museum, Copenhagen; and Wood, S. L. Wood angulately rounded, striae not impressed, punctures Collection, Provo, UT. very shallow, small; interstriae smooth and shining, Specimens examined for this study were collected wider than striae, punctures small, numerous. Decliv- by R.J.R. during various state, regional, and national ity steep, noticeably convex, shining, posterolateral surveys, or they were sent to R.J.R. by state and federal margin subacutely pointed, with carina from apex to forestry and agriculture workers (Rabaglia 2003). interstriae 7; strial punctures much deeper, larger than These specimens were compared with identiÞed spec- on disc; interstriae one widest near middle, with small imens at USNM, CNCI, MCZ, Cornell University, tubercles near middle, interstrial punctures looking Texas A&M University, and the S. L Wood Collection. similar in size and number to those on striae; small Specimens for new North American and state records granules on other interstriae. Vestiture very sparse, are deposited at the USNM. Other specimens are de- short, length less than width of interstriae. posited in the R.J.R. private collection (Annapolis, Male. Very similar to female but smaller, 1.8 mm in MD) or the Texas A&M University Collection (Col- length, 2.5 times as long as wide. Frons similar to lege Station, TX). female. Pronotum 2.0 times as long as wide, reddish, Distribution records are as reported in Wood and asperities obsolete, anterior third concavely exca- Bright (1992), Bright and Skidmore (1997, 2002), and vated, lateral margins of concavity broadly rounded, recent publications. Many of the records for locations anterior margin with two, short, ßattened median in the southeastern United States are from R.J.R. (un- spines. Elytra just slightly longer than pronotum, color published data). dark brown, essentially same as female. Characters used in keys presented are for species Distribution. This species is native to Asia and has occurring in North America and may not reßect char- been recorded from India, Bangladesh, Japan, Myan- acters in non-North American species. mar, and Taiwan. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) were pro- Hosts. Lindera latifolia Hook. f., Litsaea elongata duced using a JOEL 6400 instrument (Joel, Tokyo, (Nees) Benth. et Hook. f., and Shorea robusta C. F. Japan) at 15 kV. Specimens were sputter-coated with Gaertn, are reported in Wood and Bright (1992). Maiti gold-palladium. SEMs were captured on Polaroid Þlm and Saha (2004) reference Phoebe lanceolata (Wall. ex and then digitized at 600 dpi. The resultant images Nees) Nees, as a host in India, and in Japan Murayama were cleaned, and, in some cases, the background was (1936) lists Lithocarpus edulis (Makino) Nakai, and converted to black in Photoshop (Adobe Systems, Nobuchi and Ono (1973) list Leucaena glauca (L.) Mountain View, CA). Specimens used were deposited Benth. Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng were found in- in the Texas A&M University Entomology Collection. fested in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Further iterations of the electronic version of the Specimens Examined. Georgia: Chatham County, key and the original key will be posted at the same Port Wentworth, 22-IV-2002, W. L. Wells coll., ex: Web site. Changes to the latest version will be sum- ethanol-baited funnel trap; Georgia: Chatham County, marized. Each iteration will be archived on compact Port Wentworth, 7-VIII-2002, W. L. Wells coll., ex: discs and retained by each author. It is possible that the ethanol-baited