Killarney, Barraduff & Gneeveguilla Wwtp Discharges Natura Impact Statement

KERRY COUNTY COUNCIL COMHAIRLE CONTAE CHIARRAÍ

KILLARNEY, BARRADUFF & GNEEVEGUILLA WWTP DISCHARGES

NATURA IMPACT STATEMENT

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JANUARY 2010

CONSULTING ENGINEERS Sherwood House, Sherwood Avenue, Taylor’s Hill, Galway Suite D4, The Cubes Offices, Beacon South Quarter, Sandyford Dublin 18

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Quality Control

CLIENT Kerry County Council

PROJECT NO 2178

PROJECT TITLE KILLARNEY, BARRADUFF & GNEEVEGUILLA WWTP DISCHARGES

REPORT TITLE NATURA IMPACT STATEMENT

Rev. Status Author(s) Reviewed By Approved By Issue Date

1 ISSUE GH MJ MJ 04.03.2011 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 4

1.1 BACKGROUND...... 4

1.2 APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT – LEGISLATIVE CONTEXT...... 5

1.3 NATURA 2000 SITES ...... 7

1.4 SCHEME LOCATIONS...... 8

2 METHODOLOGY...... 11

2.1 DESK STUDY...... 11

2.2 CONSULTATION...... 11

2.3 FIELD SURVEYS ...... 11

3 ASSESSMENT ...... 12

4 CONCLUSIONS ...... 13

4.1 KILLARNEY ...... 13

4.2 BARRADUFF...... 13

4.3 GNEEVEGUILLA ...... 13

APPENDIX I – KILLARNEY SCREENING & ASSESSMENT ...... 14 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. APPENDIX 2 – BARRADUFF SCREENING...... 23

APPENDIX 3 – GNEEVEGUILLA SCREENING...... 29

APPENDIX 4 – NATURA 2000 SITE SYNOPSES...... 35

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1 Introduction

1.1 Background

Ryan Hanley Consulting Engineers have been contracted by Kerry County Council to carry out an assessment of the potential ecological impacts of a series of wastewater treatment plant discharges and prepare a Natura Impact Statement (NIS). This NIS will subsequently be used to inform the Appropriate Assessment carried out by the Council. The discharges are associated with the following agglomerations:

 Killarney  Barraduff  Gneeveguilla

Applications for Waste Water Discharge Licences or Certificates for the above agglomerations have been submitted to the EPA by Kerry County Council in accordance with the Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations 2007 (SI 864 of 2007). Section F of the waste water discharge licence application requires an assessment of the impacts of discharges on the existing environment.

Where such discharges occur within the catchment of a Natura 2000 site, EPA guidelines state that ‘Initial Screening’ be carried out in accordance with Appendix 1 For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. of the Circular L8/08 entitled “Water Services Investment and Rural Water Programmes – Protection of Natural Heritage and National Monuments” issued by the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) in 2008. Should the outcome of this screening process indicate that negative effects to any Natura site cannot be ruled out, a full ‘Appropriate Assessment’ is to be carried out. Further details on the various stages of Appropriate Assessment are included in Section 1.2.

The purpose of this report is to determine the ecological effects, if any, of the existing WWTPs (listed below in Table 1.1) to further assess if any of the predicted impacts have the potential to have significant negative impacts on the qualifying interests or on the conservation objectives of the respective Natura 2000 sites.

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Table 1.1 – Agglomerations and receiving sites Agglomeration Receiving WMU Natura 2000 Site

Killarney Laune Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks And Caragh River Catchment cSAC / Killarney National Park SPA Barraduff Laune Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks And Caragh River Catchment cSAC / Killarney National Park SPA Gneevguilla Laune Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks And Caragh River Catchment cSAC / Killarney National Park SPA

1.2 Appropriate Assessment – Legislative Context

The EU Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild flora and fauna) contains a list of rare habitats and species (Annex I and II respectively); the conservation of these is considered to be of European and International importance. Similarly, the EU Birds Directive (Council Directive 79/409/EC on the conservation of wild birds) aims to protect specific bird species considered to be at risk. Member states have the responsibility to designate geographic sites according to their conservation value for the aforementioned habitats and species, namely Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas, which together form a network referred to as Natura 2000; see Section 1.2.

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Paragraph 3 of Article 6 of the Habitats Directive state that:

6(3) Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site's conservation objectives. In the light of the conclusions of the assessment of the implications for the site and subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, the competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general public.

Where such an assessment finds that all potential impacts cannot be successfully avoided or mitigated against, then Paragraph 4 of Article 6 is applied:

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6(4) If, in spite of a negative assessment of the implications for the site and in the absence of alternative solutions, a plan or project must nevertheless be carried out for imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature, the Member State shall take all compensatory measures necessary to ensure that the overall coherence of Natura 2000 is protected. It shall inform the Commission of the compensatory measures adopted.

Where the site concerned hosts a priority natural habitat type and/or a priority species, the only considerations which may be raised are those relating to human health or public safety, to beneficial consequences of primary importance for the environment or, further to an opinion from the Commission, to other imperative reasons of overriding public interest.

The statutory agency responsible for Natura 2000 sites is the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government. The European Court of Justice has recently (December 13 2007) issued a judgment in a legal case against Ireland that found that Ireland has failed in its statutory duty to confer adequate protection on designated areas. Following on from this the Circular Letter 1/08 & NPWS 1/08 on Appropriate Assessment of Land Use Plans (from the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government) states that all plans and projects will be subject to critical assessment to ensure that they comply with all relevant legislation.

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. AA is a focused and detailed impact assessment of the implications of the plan or project, alone and in combination with other plans and projects, on the integrity of a Natura 2000 site in view of its conservation objectives. The terms of AA have been worked out in judgments of the European Court of Justice. The case law has established that assessments should be undertaken on the basis of the best scientific evidence and methods. Accordingly, if the consent authority so requires, data and information on the project and on the site and an analysis of potential effects on the site must be obtained and presented in a Natura Impact Statement (NIS) which must be presented by the applicant.

Ecological specialists are generally engaged by applicants to undertake the surveys, research and analysis, with input from other experts (e.g. hydrologists or engineers) as necessary to prepare the NIS. In general, larger projects will entail a greater amount of scientific scrutiny. It is the responsibility of the applicant to have the NIS prepared

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for submission to the consent authority. Having satisfied itself that the Statement is complete and objective, the competent authority carries out the AA on the basis of the NIS and any other appropriate sources of information. In the case of Waste Water Discharge Licensing, the Environmental Protection Agency is considered to be the competent authority.

There are 4 stages in an Appropriate Assessment as outlined in the European Commission Guidance document (2001). The following is a brief summary of these steps.

Stage 1 - Screening: This stage examines the likely effects of a project either alone or in combination with other projects upon a Natura 2000 Site and considers whether it can be objectively concluded that these effects will not be significant

Stage 2 - Appropriate Assessment: In this stage, the impact of the project on the integrity of the Natura 2000 site is considered with respect to the conservation objectives of the site and to its structure and function. The Appropriate Assessment is informed by the Natura Impact Statement.

Stage 3 - Assessment of Alternative Solutions: Should the Appropriate Assessment determine that adverse impacts are likely upon a Natura 2000 site, this stage examines alternative ways of implementing For inspection purposes the only. project that, where possible, avoid Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. these adverse impacts.

Stage 4 - Assessment where no alternative solutions exist and where adverse impacts remain: Where imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI) exist, an assessment to consider whether compensatory measures will or will not effectively offset the damage to the Natura site will be necessary.

1.3 Natura 2000 sites

There are two designations which from part of the Natura 2000 network of sites that require specific ecological protection in Ireland:

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Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) These are sites that have been identified to be of conservation importance in a European context, based on the habitats and species; both plant and animal; that they support. The Directive has a number of Annexes. Habitats listed on Annex I are those habitat types of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation. Some of these are known as priority habitats for which there is a particular obligation for protection. Animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation are listed on Annex II of the Directive.

All SACs are also proposed Natural Heritage Areas. There is a list of Notifiable Actions which apply to each annexed habitat and species. These are activities for which consent must be sought from the Minister of Environment, Heritage and Local Government within SACs. SACs are protected under the Habitats Directive of 1992 (EU Directive 92/43/EEC) and the Natural Habitats Regulations of 1997 (S.I.94/97).

Special Protection Areas (SPAs)

These are sites of European importance that have been identified as being of conservation importance on account of the bird species and populations they support. The Directive directs all member states to take measures to protect all wild birds and to preserve a sufficient diversity ofFor inspectionhabitats purposes for only. all species naturally occurring within Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. their territories, so as to maintain populations. Species whose status is a cause for concern are specifically identified for special conservation measures in Annex I of the Directive, and SPAs have been designated based on either the presence of these species or the presence of significant numbers of wintering waterfowl.

All SPAs are also proposed Natural Heritage Areas. SPAs are protected under the Birds Directive of 1979 (EU Directive 79/409/EEC) and the Natural Habitats Regulations of 1997 (S.I.94/97).

1.4 Scheme locations

The geographic location of the agglomerations and any designated sites in the vicinity are shown in Figure 1.1. While numerous other Natura 2000 sites are located within

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the region, impacts are only considered to relate to the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA.

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SAC

SPA Gneeveguilla

 WWTP

Barraduff Killarney

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RYAN HANLEY CONSULTING ENGINEERS 2010/07/CCMA/KerryCountyCouncil Sherwood House, Sherwood Avenue, Taylor’s Hill, GALWAY Tel: 091 587116 / Fax: 091 587110 Email: [email protected] © Ordnance Survey Ireland - All rights reserved. Survey Ireland - All rights © Ordnance Licence No.

Figure 1.1 – Geographic location of treatment plant and receiving designated site 10

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2 Methodology

2.1 Desk study

A desk study was carried out to collate the available information on the ecological environment. Water quality data from sampling points upstream and downstream of the respective discharges was gleaned from the Environmental Protection Agency website (www.epa.ie). The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) site synopsis and qualifying interest spreadsheet was studied to ascertain the various conservation objectives of the site. The NPWS webmapper (www.designatednatureareas.ie) was also queried in relation to areas and records of rare and protected species within the discharge receiving waters. Further information was collated from the Water Framework Directive website (www.wfdireland.ie). A key publication from 2003 ‘A Catchment based approach for reducing nutrient inputs from all sources to the Lakes of Killarney’ was reviewed. The licence application forms already submitted by Kerry County Council were consulted, as were the 2008 County Kerry Waste Water and Sludge Strategy Technical Assessments. Water sampling data supplied by Kerry County Council was queried in relation to various water quality standards. The Killarney National Park Management Plan was studied for additional features of conservation interest and efforts to improve water quality in the site. Other environmental reports submitted in relation to plans or projects in the regions were also reviewed.

2.2 Consultation

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Inland Fisheries Ireland was consulted in relation to the potential for disturbance to aquatic habitats and fisheries within the receiving waters and was also asked to comment on any existing issues in relation to the existing discharges. A reply was received on January 12th 2011. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) were consulted through the Development Applications Unit (DAU); no response has been received to date. Informal phone consultation was also carried out with regional NPWS staff who subsequently referred the consultant to the NPWS site synopses.

2.3 Field surveys

Site visits to the locations of the respective discharges were made by the Ryan Hanley Senior Ecologist on January 19th 2011 to document local conditions and potential impacts, if any.

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3 Assessment

The assessment of impacts associated with the respective discharges has been prepared in accordance with the following documents:

 Note on Appropriate Assessments for the purposes of the Waste Water Discharge (Authorisation) Regulations, 2007 (S.I. No. 684 of 2007). Environmental Protection Agency. Wexford. 2009.  Circular L8/08 Water Services Investment and Rural Water Programmes – Protection of Natural Heritage and National Monuments. 2 September 2008.  Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland: Guidance for Planning Authorities. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government. Dublin. 2009 (Revised March 2010)  Assessment of Plans and Projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 Sites: Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, European Commission 2001  Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats Directive’ 92/43/EEC, European Commission, 2000

For ease of reference and subsequent separation if necessary, screening and assessments for the respective discharges are contained in Appendices 1 through 3. The NPWS site synopses for the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney For inspection purposes only. National Park SPA are containedConsent in Appendix of copyright owner 4. required for any other use.

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4 Conclusions

4.1 Killarney

Given the fact that plant is occasionally bypassed and discharges untreated effluent to the Folly Stream, the screening exercise concludes that a Stage 2 assessment is required.

The Stage 2 assessment concludes that any potential impacts are considered to be very minor in nature. The overall integrity of the Natura 2000 is not considered to be at risk from the Killarney WWTP. Conversely, the plant is contributing to a marked improvement in the overall water quality of the lake. Any minor impacts related to discharge of untreated stormwater are considered insignificant following an assessment of the effects of this event on the conservation interests of the site. The majority of these interests are currently benefiting from an improvement in overall water quality in the catchment.

It is therefore concluded that the Killarney plant does not contribute to significant negative impacts upon the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA.

4.2 Barraduff

In the case of the Barraduff WWTP, the screening exercise finds that potential impacts are For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. considered to be extremely unlikely.

Consequently, the screening exercise concludes that significant impacts are not predicted, and further assessment is not required.

4.3 Gneeveguilla

In the case of the Gneeveguilla WWTP, potential negative impacts are considered to be extremely unlikely.

Consequently, the screening exercise concludes that significant impacts are not predicted, and further assessment is not required.

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Appendix I – Killarney Screening & Assessment

Project Location Discharge associated with agglomeration of Killarney town, County Kerry.

Distance from designated site 0km: Primary outfall discharges to Owneyskeagh River immediately upstream of the Six Mile Bridge on the N72.

Brief description The original treatment works was constructed in 1972 and was subsequently revised and extended in 1982 and 1998 to provide the present arrangement. The plant now comprises inlet works, storage and settlement tanks, oxidation ditches, aeration tanks, settling tanks and sludge treatment.

The present plant was designed for a population equivalent of 42,000, a Dry Weather Flow (D.W.F.) of 9,450 m3/day and a B.O.D loading of 2,520 KGs/day. The incoming sewers are sized for 6 D.W.F. while the Wastewater Treatment Plant is designed to handle 3 D.W.F. the excess 3 D.W.F. is diverted to a storm holding tank for retention and is returned for treatment when conditions allow.

The existing plant is divided into three distinct streams: 1. Oxidation Ditches and associated settling tanks 2. Mechanical Aeration and associated settling tanks 3. Diffused Air Aeration and associated settling tanks

The plant discharges its final effluent to the Folly Stream which flows into the eastern side of Lough Leane. Effluent sampling indicates that the treated effluent is of high quality, as the treatment aspects of the plant are operating in a highly satisfactory manner. However, concern has been raised about large quantities of untreated sewage which are overflowed to the storm water holding tanks in wet weather, giving rise, in turn, to excessive flows to the Folly Stream.

The Folly stream receives 2 stormwater overflows and is also thought still to receive untreated sewage from unidentified sources within Killarney town. For inspectionThe Lough purposes Leane only. Catchment Monitoring and Management System Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Report indicated that the Folly stream was found to be polluted, both upstream of treatment plant discharge and downstream of it.

Lough Leane, while naturally mesotrophic, has become eutrophic (highly nutrient loaded) due mainly to agricultural run-off, discharge from the Killarney Wastewater Treatment Plant and septic tanks within the lake’s catchment. The effects of this process of eutrophication were initially concentrated in Ross Bay, but chemical and biological changes later extended to other parts, culminating in severe algal blooms throughout the Lake during the summers of 1983, 1984 and 1997. The improvement in water quality in the 1980s was due to the introduction of phosphorus removal at the Killarney Wastewater Treatment Plant. The status of Lough Leane has improved from hypertrophic in 1997 to mesotrophic in 2003, but there is still a need to reduce nutrients entering the lake. The Flesk River which is a designated National heritage Area, and Folly Stream both contribute phosphorus loading to Lough Leane.

Is the plan directly connected with or No. necessary to the Natura 2000 site management for nature conservation?

Natura 2000 site Name Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA.

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Designation Candidate Special Area of Conservation / Special Protection Area Basis EU Habitats Directive Description This is an extensive site which comprises a vast number of habitats. A excerpt From the NPWS Site Synopsis is reproduced here relating to the aquatic habitats of the site:

This very large site encompasses the mountains, rivers and lakes of the Iveragh peninsula, and the Paps Mountains which stretch eastward from Killarney towards Millstreet. It is the most mountainous region in Ireland and includes Carrauntoohil (1039m), the highest peak in the country. The underlying geology is almost entirely Old Red Sandstone, although Carboniferous Limestone occurs on the eastern shores of Lough Leane and rhyolitic lavas occur above Lough Guitane. The dramatic sandstone ridges and valleys have been shaped by glacial processes and many of the lakes are impounded by glacial moraines. Located close to the Atlantic in the south-west of Ireland, the site is subject to strong oceanic influences. Generally, the Lusitanian flora and fauna is well represented, while the high peaks and cliffs support arctic-alpine relicts.

The site is of great ecological interest, with at least ten habitats which are listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. The site is a candidate SAC selected for blanket bog, Yew wood and alluvial woodlands, priority habitats on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected as a candidate SAC for lowland oligotrophic lakes, upland oligotrophic lakes, floating river vegetation, alpine heath, dry heath, wet heath, Molinia meadows, old Oak woodlands, Rhynchosporion, Calaminarian grassland and Juniper scrub, all habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive – Killarney Fern, Slender Naiad, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Kerry Slug, Marsh Fritillary, Killarney Shad, Atlantic Salmon, Brook Lamprey, River Lamprey, Sea Lamprey, Lesser Horseshoe Bat and Otter.

Water For inspection Lobelia purposes (Lobelia only. dortmanna) and Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora) Consentoccurring of copyright most owner commonly. required for any The other lowland use. lakes are mostly oligotrophic, although Lough Leane, the largest fresh water body in the region, has become somewhat mesotrophic as a result of pollution from Killarney town. These lowland lakes tend to be more species-rich than those at higher altitudes, with additional species such as Awlwort (Subularia aquatica), Six- stamened Waterwort (Elatine hexandra) and Alternate Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum). Good examples include Lough Caragh, Upper Lake and Muckross Lake.

The rivers associated with these lakes are also of importance. The Caragh is relatively unpolluted from headwater to estuary, a rare phenomenon in Europe. The Flesk runs over Old Red Sandstone in its upper reaches and limestone as it nears Lough Leane. Both rivers support floating and submerged vegetation and rare invertebrates. Rocks around the smaller mountain streams often support a lush vegetation of ferns and bryophytes, most notably at Torc Waterfall.

There are two plant species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Slender Naiad (Najas flexilis) which is found in some of the lakes; and, most famous of all, the Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum).

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found both in the coastal areas and inland areas of the site, with possibly up to 30 pairs breeding. Kingfisher is a species associated with the lakes and rivers, especially in the National Park and probably breeds. Finally, a few pairs of Common Tern breed within the site.

Lough Leane is a site for wintering wildfowl with the following the average counts for the two winters 1995/96 and 1996/97: Teal (208), Mallard (350), Pochard (81), Tufted Duck (323) and Coot (169).

The site supports most of the Irish mammal species. Of particular note is the occurrence of two EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Lesser Horseshoe Bat, with a total population of about 300 individuals distributed at several locations, including both nursery and hibernation sites, and Otter. Perhaps the best known mammals of the Killarney National Park are the Red Deer, which form the only remaining native herd in Ireland, comprised of around 600 animals. Sika Deer also occur. Pine Marten is another notable species. The site is valuable for its rare fish species, five of which are listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Killarney Shad (Alosa fallax killarnensis). The Killarney Shad is a unique land-locked subspecies confined to the Killarney lakes. Also of note is the glacial relict, Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a Red Data Book species, a unique form of which is found in Lough Coomasaharn.

There are numerous rare invertebrates within the site. These include three EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Kerry Slug (Geomalacus maculosus), the Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) and the Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia). The Kerry Slug and Pearl-mussel populations are of particular importance in a national context. Other species of note include: three chironomids of international importance found in the River Flesk; a wood ant (Formica lugubris) at one of only four Irish sites; a snail (Limnaea involuta), in Lough Crincaum, at its only known location; two dragonflies (Cordulea aenea and Somatochlora arctica), the former at one of only two known sites in Ireland and the latter at its only known Irish location; and several other aquatic and woodland species at their only known Irish locations.

A management plan was drawn up for the Killarney National Park in For inspection purposes only. Consent1991. of copyright The parkowner requiredis managed for any other primarily use. for conservation purposes although recreation is also provided for.

Area 76711.2ha

Condition The main landuse within the site is grazing by sheep. In and around the National Park deer grazing is also common. The extensive grazing has caused damage to many of the terrestrial habitats, resulting in degradation of heath and blanket bogs and prevention of woodland regeneration. In the upland habitats the erosion caused by grazing is exacerbated by the exposed nature of the terrain.

Apart from grazing, the woodlands are particularly threatened by Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) invasion: approximately two thirds of the Oak woodlands are affected, although a Rhododendron removal programme is underway in the National Park. The Yew wood has been adversely affected by heavy grazing for many years, but it is intended to control this in the near future by erection of a deer fence. The bogs are sensitive to grazing and are also threatened by turbary, burning and afforestation. Most of the lakes are very acid sensitive and therefore vulnerable to afforestation within the catchment areas.

Lough Leane has been subject to some eutrophication, although water quality appears to have improved since phosphates were removed from the sewage in 1985. The most recent major algal bloom occurred in the

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lake in 1997. The Laune Leane Catchment Monitoring and Management System report in 2003 indicated that high amounts of phosphorus entering the system from agriculture and septic tanks (in the latter case, particularly along the River Flesk) had led to the progressive eutrophication in the lake. A number of the measures outlined in the report have already been implemented by the stakeholders including Kerry County Council.

The Lough Leane sub-unit of the Laune WMU is currently afforded Moderate Status under the Water Framework Directive, owing to levels of nutrient enrichment, physio-chemical nature and ecological statuts. The lake remains at good to high status for macrophytes, chlorophyll and fish. The lake is listed as a sensitive waterbody under the 2010 Urban Waste Water Treatment regulations amendment.

Conservation interests SAC Qualifying Interests – Habitats

 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)  Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea  Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation  Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix  European dry heaths  Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands  Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae  Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clavey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)  Blanket bog (*active only)  Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles  Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)  Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles  Alpine and Boreal heaths  Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion

SAC Qualifying Interests – Species

For inspection Sea purposeslamprey only. Petromyzon marinus Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.  Brook lamprey Lampetra planeri  Killarney shad Alosa fallax  Atlantic salmon Salmo salar  River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis  Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros  European otter Lutra lutra  Kerry slug Geomalacus maculosus  Freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera  Marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia  Killarney fern Trichomanes speciosum  Slender naiad Najas flexilis

* Underlined interests are considered to be water-dependent. No impacts to the remaining interests are predicted.

Additional features/species of conservation interest

The site is of high ecological value because of the diversity, quality and extensiveness of many of the habitats and impressive list of rare species of flora and fauna. In recognition of its importance the Killarney National Park has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve.

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and Ring Ouzel, are Red-listed species of high conservation concern. Of note is that three of the species which occur regularly are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, i.e. Peregrine, Merlin and Greenland White- fronted Goose. The goose population is also of significance as it is the most southerly in the country.

Stage 1 - Screening Describe the individual elements of the The Killarney agglomeration receives Primary, Secondary and nutrient plan (either alone or in combination reduction treatment at the WWTP site, before discharging to the Folly with other plans or projects) likely to stream. The stream flows into Lough Leane, west of Killarney town. give rise to impacts on the Natura 2000 sites. No EPA sampling has historically taken place in the Folly Stream, but sampling associated with The Lough Leane Catchment Monitoring and Management System found that it was polluted upstream and downstream of the treatment plant.

The various aspects of the discharge which may have an impact upon the Natura 2000 site are related to the organic and chemical aspects of the plant effluent which are discharged to Lough Leane. The treatment process significantly reduces the oxygen demand and suspended solids of the influent to levels well under the threshold required by the UWWT regulations. Furthermore, 2006 sampling indicates that the phosphorus removal stage of the treatment process produces an effluent with P values ranging from 0.04 to 0.42 mg/l. These values are notably lower than the requirements in the UWWT regulations for equivalent sized plants discharging to ‘sensitive’ waterbodies (<2mg/l for a 10,000 – 100,000 PE plant).

The main concern relating to the Killarney plant is therefore not the treatment process. However, there remains an issue during protracted wet weather conditions, when the plant exceeds its stormwater holding capacity and bypasses untreated sewage into the Folly Stream and Lough Leane. These events may lead to temporary excessive BOD loading in Ross Bay. Phosphorus loading on the lake may also increase during these phases,

though For inspection this may purposes be ameliorated only. by an overall increase in dilution capacity Consentof ofthe copyright lake duringowner required such forwet any weather. other use.

In consultation, Inland Fisheries Ireland reiterated the above concern regarding stormwater overflow. They also noted that the generally polluted nature of the Folly Stream is not related to the treatment plant, but to effluents entering it from sources not connected to the sewage network.

Informal consultation carried out with regional NPWS staff indicated no specific concerns relating to the discharge. Staff subsequently referred the consultant to the NPWS site synopsis.

Describe any likely direct, indirect or All impacts relate to the influence of the contents of the respective effluents secondary impacts of the project entering the receiving waters. No construction, land-take etc. will take place (either alone or in combination with in the vicinity of the WWTPs. other plans or projects) on the Natura 2000 site by virtue of: Remaining impacts are: Size and scale; Land-take; Effluent discharging to freshwater catchments can lead to eutrophication Distance from Natura 2000 site or key (nutrient enrichment) of the receiving waters, increases in suspended solids, features of the site; build up of toxic materials, reduction of ecological diversity and the Resource requirements; subsequent alteration of trophic food webs. The Killarney plant has gone Emissions; through a series of upgrades to increase PE and add nutrient (N & P) Excavation requirements; removal; during normal operation, the plant operates very well and is Transportation requirements; likely to be contributing to the progressive reduction of phosphorus loading Duration of construction, operation etc.; on Lough Leane. Some temporary impacts may occur during bypass of the

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Others. plant by untreated sewage because of prolonged wet weather.

Unmitigated contamination events during the operational phase of the plant pose the risk of releasing toxic pollutants to the respective receiving waters. Such events could potentially have significant negative impacts on all of the aquatic species for which the Natura 2000 sites have been designated. Extensive fish kills resulting from such an event may destabilize the food web of an entire sub-catchment. The plant is constatntly manned and is excellent working condition; such events are considered highly improbable.

Depending on the natural trophic status of the receiving water, eutrophication can result in accelerated algal growth. This has knock-on effects on aquatic ecology; dissolved oxygen levels can be affected by increased biological oxygen demand. As already stated, the plant is likely to be leading to n overall reduction in phosphorus loading on the lake.

As Lough Leane is an extensive waterbody, the assimilative capacity for organic and chemical aspects of the effluent with oxygen demand characteristics is likely to be reasonably high. The Laune WMU Management Plan reports no evidence of impact from the effluent, even given occasional BOD overloading/stormwater bypass.

Other plans and projects in the vicinity which may act in combination with the discharge include:

 Killarney National Park Management Plan: Conserve, and where possible enhance, the ecological value of all natural and seminatural habitats and features in KNP and conserve notable plant and animal species in KNP and to maintain their populations at adequate levels.  Laune Leane Catchment Monitoring and Management System: Monitors and targets source of eutrophying pollution within the Lough Leane catchment  Implementation of Nitrates Directive: Reduction in eutrophying run-off to Owneyskeagh River and overall Leane catchment from agricultural sources  South Western River Basin District Plan: Overall improvement in river water quality within catchment  Tralee/Killarney Environs Plan: Ensure sustainable growth of town, Forsurrounding inspection purposes area only. and eastern shore of Lough Leane Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

Overall, these bulleted items are likely to have a beneficial cumulative effect on the aquatic habitats of the Natura 2000 site.

Describe any likely changes to the site There will be no physical loss of or reduction in Annex I habitats as a result arising as a result of: of the operation of the existing WWTP. Reduction of habitat area; Disturbance of key species; The inclusion of phosphorus removal as part of the Killarney treatment Habitat or species fragmentation; process is of special note, as it is the high amounts of phosphorus entering Reduction in species density; the SAC/SPA that is the critical concern. Measured phosphorus in the plant Changes in key indicators of effluent is significantly below the levels required by the UWWT regulations conservation value; for sensitive waterbodies. Some temporary overloading of the plaant Climate change. occurs during wet weather, but no evidence of impact has been recorded.

It is estimated that climate change will result in more extended but less frequent wet and dry periods and warmer water temperatures, as rainfall patterns in Ireland are changing. This could result in precipitation increases of over 10% in the winter months, and decreases of approximately 25% in the summer, and annual temperature increases. This may in fact lead to less frequent overloading of the current plant design, though in reality, the plant is likely to have been upgraded to accommodate an increased PE by the time such changes possibly occur.

Describe any likely impacts on the The key aspect of the overall Killarney National Park aquatic habitats is

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Natura site as a whole in terms of: the originally oligotrophic nature of the rivers and lakes of the region which Interference with the key relationships have become progressively mesotrophic with the development of the that define the structure of the site; region. The effective treatment of wastewater at the Killarney plant has Interference with key relationships that been and will continue contributing to the overall reduction in phosphorus define the function of the site. input to the site, and should assist in the recovery of oligotrophic conditions. This is a positive impact.

Temporary negative impacts may result in the locality of Ross Bay during stormwater overloading, but recovery appears to be rapid in the lake, and no evidence of lasting impacts have been recorded.

Describe from the above those The Killarney treatment process is operating well within its design elements of the project or plan, or parameters. The treated effluent is considered by the relevant stakeholders combination of elements, where the to be of satisfactory quality and is also likely to be contributing to a above impacts are likely to be reduction in the phosphorus input to the Leane catchment. The observed significant or where the scale of decrease in hypertrophic conditions in the 1980s and 1990s to the current magnitude of impacts is not known. mesotrophic status is in part directly connected to the phosphorus removal process at the site. This return to a more natural state will have a beneficial effect on all the qualifying aquatic interests of the site.

However, there is a minor concern over the occasional bypassing of the plant by untreated sewage which is allowed to enter Lough Leane. This could have impacts on some of the conservation interests of the site.

Consequently, the screening exercise concludes that while an overall positive impact from the current functioning of the plant exists in the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA there is an indeterminate impact to some of the conservation interests from overflow events. Thus further assessment is required. This will be carried out in Stage 2 of the assessment below.

Stage 2 - Project Assessment Describe the elements of the project While the overall functioning of the plant is deemed satisfactory, the that are likely to give rise to significant occasional release of untreated sewage during wet weather events may effects on the site lead For to inspection impacts purposes on the only. conservation objectives of the Natura 2000 site. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Set out the conservation objectives of European and national legislation places a collective obligation on Ireland the site and its citizens to maintain at favourable conservation status areas designated as candidate Special Areas of Conservation. The Government and its agencies are responsible for the implementation and enforcement of regulations that will ensure the ecological integrity of these sites.

According to the EU Habitats Directive, favourable conservation status of a habitat is achieved when its natural range, and area it covers within that range, is stable or increasing, and the ecological factors that are necessary for its long-term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and the conservation status of its typical species is favourable as defined below. The favourable conservation status of a species is achieved when population data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself, and the natural range of the species is neither being reduced or likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain its populations on a long-term basis.

The generic conservation objectives of the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA are:

1. To maintain the Annex I habitats for which the cSAC has been selected at favourable conservation status: Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae); Oligotrophic to

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mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea; Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation; Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix; European dry heaths; Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands; Calaminarian grasslands of the Violetalia calaminariae; Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clavey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae); Blanket bog (*active only); Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles; Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae); Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles; Alpine and Boreal heaths; Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion

2. To maintain the Annex II species for which the cSAC has been selected at favourable conservation status: Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus; Brook lamprey Lampetra planeri; Killarney shad Alosa fallax; Atlantic salmon Salmo salar; River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis; Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros; European otter Lutra lutra; Kerry slug Geomalacus maculosus; Freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera; Marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia; Killarney fern Trichomanes speciosum; Slender naiad Najas flexilis

3. To maintain the extent, species richness and biodiversity of the entire site.

4. To establish effective liaison and co-operation with landowners, legal users and relevant authorities.

It should be noted that only a sub-sample of these qualifying interests are water-dependent, as identified in the screening process.

Describe how the project will affect Overall nutrient input from the treatment plant is not considered to be an key species and key habitats issue – Phosphorus removal at the plant is contributing to a progressive recovery of the water quality in Lough Leane from a hypertrophic state to a the current mesotrophic state. Nutrient enrichment will not be further assessed at this stage.

Temporary increases in the biological oxygen demand of untreated effluent For inspection entering purposes the only.lake may have a negative impact upon some species. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. No overall impact upon the qualifying habitats within Lough Leane has been recorded to date. Of the species that may be impacted by these transitory effects, the potential impacts are:

All three Lamprey species are found in Killarney National Park. Water quality and eutrophication are not considered to be highly significant in impacting on lamprey status, in general. O’Connor (2007) found lampreys in rivers with Q values as low as 2 and suggested that, if anything, lampreys seem to favour slightly elevated levels of organic material and filamentous algae. Lamprey spawning would not be likely to occur in the lake habitat around the discharge, and no negative impacts are predicted.

The Killarney shad has never been recorded in any lake except Lough Leane. The species is considered widely distributed throughout the entire lake and the future prospects for the Killarney Shad appear to be good. Despite being subject to severe pollution incidents in the past, a healthy population persists in Lough Leane and with the continuing improvement in water quality in the lake, this situation is predicted to continue. Effects from temporary deoxygenation of the water column are unlikely as the species is highly mobile and can move to other areas of the lake while conditions improve.

Freshwater pearl mussel populations are found within the catchment, but no records exist for the area around Ross Bay. The main rivers in the vicinity in which populations are found are the Caragh and Owenreagh Rivers to

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the southwest. No impacts to pearl mussel populations are likely to result from temporary changes in water quality on the eastern side of Lough Leane. General improvements in the lake due to reduced phosphate laoding may be contributing to increased salmonid migration within the wider catchemtn which may assist pearl mussel recruitment.

Lough Leane is highly regarded for its Salmon population and remains an open fishery. Effects from temporary deoxygenation of the water column are unlikely as the species is highly mobile and can move to other areas of the lake while conditions improve. Spawning is highly unlikely to take place in the shallows around Ross bay and thus no larval or juvenile fish are likely to be affected.

Otter populations are not considered to be at risk of negative impacts from occasional stormwater overflows. This highly mobile species can facilitate a shift in its home range to target changes fish population distribution. Otter will also scavenge on any dead fish which could result from a temporary water dexygenation leading to any minor localised fish mortality.

Lesser horseshoe bat, Kerry slug, Killarney fern and Marsh Fritillary are considered not to be affected in any way by the discharge as they are terrestrial species. Slender naiad may be affected by changes to average water levels from abstractions, but not by the temporary deoxygenation of the water column that is possible during wet weather-related storm overflows. Overwintering bird species for which the associated SPA is designated are similarly considered to be predominantly unaffected by the discharge and are also likely to have had anet improvement in conservation status in light of the reduction in phosphate loading on the lake.

Describe how the integrity of the site The overall integrity of the Natura 2000 is not considered to be at risk (determined by structure and function from the Killarney WWTP. Conversely, the plant is contributing to a and conservation objectives) is likely to marked improvement in the overall water quality of the lake. be affected by the project or plan (e.g. loss of habitat, disturbance, Any minor impacts related to discharge of untreated stormwater are disruption, chemical changes, considered insignificant following an assessment of the effects of this event hydrological changes etc). on the conservation interests of the site. The majority of these interests are currently benefiting from an improvement in overall water quality in the catchment. For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

In conclusion, the Killarney WWTP is not considered to be contributing to significant negative impacts upon the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA.

Describe mitigation measures that are The plant has the potential to be upgraded to further accommodate to be introduced to avoid, reduce or stormwater volumes, as listed in the County Kerry Wastewater Strategy remedy the adverse effects on the document. Such upgrades are subject to funding coming onstream. integrity of the site

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Appendix 2 – Barraduff Screening

Project Location Discharge associated with agglomeration of Barraduff village, County Kerry. Distance from designated site 0km: Primary outfall discharges to Owneyskeagh River immediately upstream of the Six Mile Bridge on the N72.

Brief description The agglomeration of Barraduff is situated on the N72 approximately 9km east of Killarney. The current population equivalent based on all Planning permissions granted but has not been commenced or completed to date, has been calculated at 848 (refer to section B8(ii) of this document). However due to the economic down turn it is unlikely that this figure will be reached in the near future.

A new wastewater treatment has recently been commissioned to service the agglomeration. The WWTP operates within the standards required by the Urban Waste Water Treatment regulations, i.e. BOD 25mg/L COD 125mg/L suspended solids 35mg/L. Furthermore, the plant has been designed to ensure it is compliant with the requirements of the 2009 Surface Waters Regulations and will therefore not lead to a diminishing in the Owneyskeagh’s High status under the Water Framework Directive.

The WWTP is designed to accommodate a 3DWF of 711 cubic meters per day. Being a new installation that is designed for a PE well in excess of its current loading, it is likely that the plant produces a very good quality effluent.

Is the plan directly connected with or No. necessary to the Natura 2000 site management for nature conservation?

Natura 2000 site Name Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment For inspection cSAC purposes and only. Killarney National Park SPA. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Designation Candidate Special Area of Conservation / Special Protection Area Basis EU Habitats Directive Description This is an extensive site which comprises a vast number of habitats. A excerpt From the NPWS Site Synopsis is reproduced here relating to the aquatic habitats of the site:

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lakes, floating river vegetation, alpine heath, dry heath, wet heath, Molinia meadows, old Oak woodlands, Rhynchosporion, Calaminarian grassland and Juniper scrub, all habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive – Killarney Fern, Slender Naiad, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Kerry Slug, Marsh Fritillary, Killarney Shad, Atlantic Salmon, Brook Lamprey, River Lamprey, Sea Lamprey, Lesser Horseshoe Bat and Otter.

The site contains many lakes, but these can be broadly divided into two types: small upland corrie lakes and larger lowland lakes. Examples of the first type are Lough Murtagh and Lough Gortavehy in the Paps. They are oligotrophic and typically species-poor, with Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris), Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) and Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora) occurring most commonly. The lowland lakes are mostly oligotrophic, although Lough Leane, the largest fresh water body in the region, has become somewhat mesotrophic as a result of pollution from Killarney town. These lowland lakes tend to be more species-rich than those at higher altitudes, with additional species such as Awlwort (Subularia aquatica), Six- stamened Waterwort (Elatine hexandra) and Alternate Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum). Good examples include Lough Caragh, Upper Lake and Muckross Lake.

The site has six bird species which are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. A small flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese, which winters on the boglands within the National Park, is now the only regular flock in the south-west. The site has one of the highest concentrations of breeding For inspection purposes only. ConsentPeregrines of copyright ownerin the required country, for any as other well use. as some breeding Merlin. Chough is found both in the coastal areas and inland areas of the site, with possibly up to 30 pairs breeding. Kingfisher is a species associated with the lakes and rivers, especially in the National Park and probably breeds. Finally, a few pairs of Common Tern breed within the site.

Lough Leane is a site for wintering wildfowl with the following the average counts for the two winters 1995/96 and 1996/97: Teal (208), Mallard (350), Pochard (81), Tufted Duck (323) and Coot (169).

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A management plan was drawn up for the Killarney National Park in 1991. The park is managed primarily for conservation purposes although recreation is also provided for.

Area 76711.2ha

Lough Leane has been subject to some eutrophication, although water

quality For inspection appears purposes to have only. improved since phosphates were removed from Consentthe of copyrightsewage owner in 1985. required The for any most other recent use. major algal bloom occurred in the lake in 1997. The Laune Leane Catchment Monitoring and Management System report in 2003 indicated that high amounts of phosphorus entering the system from agriculture and septic tanks (in the latter case, particularly along the River Flesk) had led to the progressive eutrophication in the lake. A number of the measures outlined in the report have already been implemented by the stakeholders including Kerry County Council.

The Owneyskeagh River sub-unit of the Laune WMU is currently afforded High Status under the Water Framework Directive.

Conservation interests SAC Qualifying Interests – Habitats

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 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles  Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno- Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)  Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles  Alpine and Boreal heaths  Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion

SAC Qualifying Interests – Species

 Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus  Brook lamprey Lampetra planeri  Killarney shad Alosa fallax  Atlantic salmon Salmo salar  River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis  Lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros  European otter Lutra lutra  Kerry slug Geomalacus maculosus  Freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera  Marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia  Killarney fern Trichomanes speciosum  Slender naiad Najas flexilis

* Underlined interests are considered to be water-dependent. No impacts to the remaining interests are predicted.

Additional features/species of conservation interest

Stage 1 - Screening

Describe the individual elements of the The For Barraduff inspection purposesagglomeration only. receives Primary, Secondary and plan (either alone or in combinationConsent phosphorous of copyright owner reduction required treatmentfor any other use.at the WWTP site, before discharging to with other plans or projects) likely to the Owneyskeagh River. The Owneyskeagh is a tributary of the River Flesk, give rise to impacts on the Natura whih eventually flows into Lough Leane, south of Killarney town. 2000 sites. EPA sampling has historically taken place at two locations downstream of Barraduff. 2010 sampling of the Owneyskeagh River upstream of the River Flesk confluence indicated a high biological status for the river (Q=4-5).

As the plant has only been recently commissioned, no robust data for the quality of effluent currently exists. It is however predicted that the effluent is of high quality due to the modern plant design and significant underloading.

In consultation, Inland Fisheries Ireland reported that the plant is operating satisfactorily from a fisheries perspective and no concerns were raised.

Informal consultation carried out with regional NPWS staff indicated no specific concerns relating to the discharge. Staff subsequently referred the consultant to the NPWS site synopsis.

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Size and scale; Effluent discharging to freshwater catchments can lead to eutrophication Land-take; (nutrient enrichment) of the receiving waters, increases in suspended solids, Distance from Natura 2000 site or key build up of toxic materials, reduction of ecological diversity and the features of the site; subsequent alteration of trophic food webs. As the Barraduff plant has Resource requirements; only been recently built and commissioned, such impacts are very unlikely. Emissions; Excavation requirements; Unmitigated contamination events during the operational phase of the plant Transportation requirements; pose the risk of releasing toxic pollutants to the respective receiving waters. Duration of construction, operation etc.; Such events could potentially have significant negative impacts on all of the Others. aquatic species for which the Natura 2000 sites have been designated. Extensive fish kills resulting from such an event may destabilize the food web of an entire sub-catchment. As the Barraduff plant has only been recently built and commissioned, such impacts are very unlikely.

Depending on the natural trophic status of the receiving water, eutrophication can result in accelerated algal growth. This has knock-on effects on aquatic ecology; dissolved oxygen levels can be affected by increased biological oxygen demand. As the Barraduff plant has only been recently built and commissioned, such impacts are very unlikely.

Reduced assimilative capacity of rivers will occur during periods of low flow. This will be further exacerbated in rivers where abstractions are located. The assimilative capacity of the river was based on calculations using low flows.

Other plans and projects in the vicinity which may act in combination with the discharge include:

 Killarney National Park Management Plan: Conserve, and where possible enhance, the ecological value of all natural and seminatural habitats and features in KNP and conserve notable plant and animal species in KNP and to maintain their populations at adequate levels.  Laune Leane Catchment Monitoring and Management System: Monitors and targets source of eutrophying pollution within the Lough Leane catchment  Implementation of Nitrates Directive: Reduction in eutrophying run-off to Owneyskeagh River and overall Leane catchment from agricultural sources  ForSouth inspection Western purposes River only. Basin District Plan: Overall improvement in river Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. water quality within catchment  Tralee/Killarney Hub Settlements Local Area Plan: Ensure sustainable growth of region and small towns therein

Overall, these bulleted items are likely to have a beneficial cumulative effect on the aquatic habitats of the Natura 2000 site.

Describe any likely changes to the site There will be no physical loss of or reduction in Annex I habitats as a result arising as a result of: of the operation of the existing WWTP. Reduction of habitat area; Disturbance of key species; Direct and indirect impacts to the aquatic habitats of the cSAC are Habitat or species fragmentation; considered unlikely, particularly as water quality is still of high ecological Reduction in species density; status downstream of the discharge point. Changes in key indicators of conservation value; The inclusion of phosphorus removal as part of the Barraduff treatment Climate change. process is of special note, as it is the high amounts of phosphorus entering the SAC/SPA that is the critical concern. The WWTP is not expected to contribute in any way to this issue and thus will not have negative impacts on the constituent habitats and species of the Natura 2000 sites.

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conservatively designed and could be upgraded in the future if such issues arise.

Describe any likely impacts on the The key aspect of the overall Killarney National Park aquatic habitats is Natura site as a whole in terms of: the originally oligotrophic nature of the rivers and lakes of the region which Interference with the key relationships have become progressively mesotrophic with the development of the that define the structure of the site; region. The effective treatment of wastewater at the Barraduff site will be Interference with key relationships that contributing to the overall reduction in phosphorus input to the site, and define the function of the site. should assist in the recovery of oligotrophic conditions. This is a positive impact.

More significant negative impacts are likely to result to the Natura site in the event of the decommissioning of the WWTP and the subsequent release of untreated sewage to the Owneyskeagh River.

Describe from the above those The Barraduff plant is a new installation and is operating well within its elements of the project or plan, or design parameters. It is considered by the relevant stakeholders to be combination of elements, where the functioning satisfactorily and is also likely to be contributing to a reduction above impacts are likely to be in the phosphorus input to the Leane catchment. significant or where the scale of magnitude of impacts is not known. The key qualifying interests for the cSAC/SPA are very unlikely to be in any way negatively affected by the Barraduff discharge.

Consequently, the screening exercise concludes that no significant impacts to the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA are likely to occur from the Barraduff discharge, and thus further assessment is not required.

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use.

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Appendix 3 – Gneeveguilla Screening

Project Location Discharge associated with agglomeration of Gneeveguilla village, County Kerry. Distance from designated site 2km: Primary outfall discharges to west-flowing stream tributary of Quagmire River.

Brief description Wastewater treatment is provided by an extended aeration plant located to the northwest of the village, constructed in 1981. Kerry County Council report that design capacity of the treatment plant is 550pe, and that it is currently operating within this capacity.

Primary treatment is provided by a coarse bar screen and grit removal channel, both of which require manual cleaning. There are no automatic influent flow measurement or sampling facilities.

An oxidation ditch with brush aerator, followed by clarification, provides secondary treatment. Sludge is pumped to four recently constructed reed beds, which are being piloted to see if they can provide a significant reduction in the volume of sludge to be taken off site.

Effluent is discharged overland through what appears to be a stone filled ditch to a nearby watercourse, a tributary of the Quagmire River.

Is the plan directly connected with or No. necessary to the Natura 2000 site management for nature conservation?

Natura 2000 site Name Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA. Designation Candidate Special Area of Conservation / Special Protection Area

Basis EU ForHabitats inspection Directive purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. Description This is an extensive site which comprises a vast number of habitats. A excerpt From the NPWS Site Synopsis is reproduced here relating to the aquatic habitats of the site:

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Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive – Killarney Fern, Slender Naiad, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Kerry Slug, Marsh Fritillary, Killarney Shad, Atlantic Salmon, Brook Lamprey, River Lamprey, Sea Lamprey, Lesser Horseshoe Bat and Otter.

The site has six bird species which are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. A small flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese, which winters on the boglands within the National Park, is now the only regular flock in the south-west. The site has one of the highest concentrations of breeding Peregrines in the country, as well as some breeding Merlin. Chough is found both in the coastal areas and inland areas of the site, with possibly up to 30 pairs breeding. Kingfisher is a species associated with the lakes For inspection purposes only. Consentand of copyright rivers, ownerespecially required infor the any otherNational use. Park and probably breeds. Finally, a few pairs of Common Tern breed within the site.

Lough Leane is a site for wintering wildfowl with the following the average counts for the two winters 1995/96 and 1996/97: Teal (208), Mallard (350), Pochard (81), Tufted Duck (323) and Coot (169).

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Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia). The Kerry Slug and Pearl-mussel populations are of particular importance in a national context. Other species of note include: three chironomids of international importance found in the River Flesk; a wood ant (Formica lugubris) at one of only four Irish sites; a snail (Limnaea involuta), in Lough Crincaum, at its only known location; two dragonflies (Cordulea aenea and Somatochlora arctica), the former at one of only two known sites in Ireland and the latter at its only known Irish location; and several other aquatic and woodland species at their only known Irish locations.

A management plan was drawn up for the Killarney National Park in 1991. The park is managed primarily for conservation purposes although recreation is also provided for.

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System For inspection report purposes in 2003 only. indicated that high amounts of phosphorus entering Consentthe of copyrightsystem fromowner requiredagriculture for any andother use.septic tanks (in the latter case, particularly along the River Flesk) had led to the progressive eutrophication in the lake. A number of the measures outlined in the report have already been implemented by the stakeholders including Kerry County Council.

The Owneyskeagh River sub-unit of the Laune WMU is currently afforded High Status under the Water Framework Directive.

Conservation interests SAC Qualifying Interests – Habitats

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 Taxus baccata woods of the British Isles  Alpine and Boreal heaths  Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion

SAC Qualifying Interests – Species

* Underlined interests are considered to be water-dependent. No impacts to the remaining interests are predicted.

Additional features/species of conservation interest

Stage 1 - Screening Describe the individual elements of the The Gneeveguilla agglomeration receives Primary and Secondary plan (either alone or in combination treatment at the WWTP site, before discharging via stream to the with other plans or projects) likely to Quagmire River and subsequently the Owneyskeagh River. The give rise to impacts on the Natura Owneyskeagh For inspection purposes is a tributary only. of the River Flesk, whih eventually flows into 2000 sites. ConsentLough of copyright Leane, owner south required of Killarney for any other town. use.

EPA sampling has historically taken place at two locations downstream of Barraduff. 2010 sampling of the Quagmire River at Annagh Bridge indicated a good biological status for the river (Q=4). Water quality improves even further downstream of Barraduff (Q=4-5).

The plant, though constructed in 1981, is still operating within its design capacity. Sampling of the effluent in 2009 indicated that the effluent was compliant with the UWWT standards.

In consultation, Inland Fisheries Ireland reported that the plant is operating satisfactorily from a fisheries perspective and impacts to the receiving waters were considered low. However, given the historical eutrophication of the Leane catchment, a recommendation is made that the phosphorus removal be added to the plant’s treatment process.

Informal consultation carried out with regional NPWS staff indicated no specific concerns relating to the discharge. Staff subsequently referred the consultant to the NPWS site synopsis.

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2000 site by virtue of: Remaining impacts are: Size and scale; Land-take; Effluent discharging to freshwater catchments can lead to eutrophication Distance from Natura 2000 site or key (nutrient enrichment) of the receiving waters, increases in suspended solids, features of the site; build up of toxic materials, reduction of ecological diversity and the Resource requirements; subsequent alteration of trophic food webs. The Gneeveguilla plant is not Emissions; considered to be causing changes in the local ecology of the Quagmire Excavation requirements; River or its tributary, as effluent is compliant in its dissolved oxygen and Transportation requirements; suspended solids content. No phosphorus removal such impacts are very Duration of construction, operation etc.; unlikely. Others. Unmitigated contamination events during the operational phase of the plant pose the risk of releasing toxic pollutants to the respective receiving waters. Such events could potentially have significant negative impacts on all of the aquatic species for which the Natura 2000 sites have been designated. Extensive fish kills resulting from such an event may destabilize the food web of an entire sub-catchment. As the plant currently operates well and is in a secluded location where outside influences are unlikely, such impacts are very improbable.

Depending on the natural trophic status of the receiving water, eutrophication can result in accelerated algal growth. This has knock-on effects on aquatic ecology; dissolved oxygen levels can be affected by increased biological oxygen demand. Biological status of the receiving river appears static and unaffected by the discharge.

Reduced assimilative capacity of rivers will occur during periods of low flow. This will be further exacerbated in rivers where abstractions are located. No abstractions occur along the Quagmire River.

Other plans and projects in the vicinity which may act in combination with the discharge include:

 Implementation of Nitrates Directive: Reduction in eutrophying run-off to Quagmire River and overall Leane catchment from agricultural sources  South Western River Basin District Plan: Overall improvement in river water quality within catchment  South East Kerry Settlements Local Area Plan: Ensure sustainable growth of region and small towns therein

Overall, these bulleted items are likely to have a beneficial cumulative effect on the aquatic habitats of the Natura 2000 site.

Describe any likely changes to the site There will be no physical loss of or reduction in Annex I habitats as a result arising as a result of: of the operation of the existing WWTP. Reduction of habitat area; Disturbance of key species; Direct and indirect impacts to the aquatic habitats of the cSAC are Habitat or species fragmentation; considered unlikely, particularly as water quality is still of good ecological Reduction in species density; status downstream of the discharge point. Changes in key indicators of conservation value; It is estimated that climate change will result in more extended but less Climate change. frequent wet and dry periods and warmer water temperatures, as rainfall patterns in Ireland are changing. This could result in precipitation increases of over 10% in the winter months, and decreases of approximately 25% in the summer, and annual temperature increases. The Gneeveguilla plant is located in an upland area where rainfall may be more consistent in the

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future and could be upgraded if such issues arise.

Describe any likely impacts on the The key aspect of the overall Killarney National Park aquatic habitats is Natura site as a whole in terms of: the originally oligotrophic nature of the rivers and lakes of the region which Interference with the key relationships have become progressively mesotrophic with the development of the that define the structure of the site; region. While no phosphorus removal is currently in place at the Interference with key relationships that Gneeveguilla plant, the discharge is very minor in relation to the major P define the function of the site. sources in the catchment, and thus cannot be considered to be significantly contributing to the observed historical eutrophication of the catchment. Hwever, as part of the catchment-wide objective to reduce phosphorus input, its removal should be instated at some point in the near future.

More significant negative impacts are likely to result to the Natura site in the event of the decommissioning of the WWTP and the subsequent release of untreated sewage to the Quagmire River.

Describe from the above those The Gneeveguilla plant, while 20 years old, is still operating well within its elements of the project or plan, or design parameters. It is considered by the relevant stakeholders to be combination of elements, where the functioning satisfactorily impacts from the discharge are considered low. above impacts are likely to be significant or where the scale of The key qualifying interests for the cSAC/SPA are very unlikely to be in magnitude of impacts is not known. any way negatively affected by the Gneeveguilla discharge, as it minor in scale and compliant with the standards of the UWWT. It is noted that phosphorus removal is recommended by Inland Fisheries Ireland as part of the overall objective to reduce phosphorus loading on the catchment by

Consequently, the screening exercise concludes that no significant impacts to the Killarney National Park, Macgillycuddy's Reeks and Caragh River Catchment cSAC and Killarney National Park SPA are likely to occur from the current Gneeveguilla discharge, and thus further assessment is not required.

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Appendix 4 – Natura 2000 Site Synopses

SITE NAME: KILLARNEY NATIONAL PARK, MACGILLYCUDDY'S REEKS AND CARAGH RIVER CATCHMENT CSAC SITE CODE: 000365

This very large site encompasses the mountains, rivers and lakes of the Iveragh peninsula, and the Paps Mountains which stretch eastward from Killarney towards Millstreet. It is the most mountainous region in Ireland and includes Carrauntoohil (1039m), the highest peak in the country. The underlying geology is almost entirely Old Red Sandstone, although Carboniferous Limestone occurs on the eastern shores of Lough Leane and rhyolitic lavas occur above Lough Guitane. The dramatic sandstone ridges and valleys have been shaped by glacial processes and many of the lakes are impounded by glacial moraines. Located close to the Atlantic in the south- west of Ireland, the site is subject to strong oceanic influences. Generally, the Lusitanian flora and fauna is well represented, while the high peaks and cliffs support arctic-alpine relicts.

The Oak woodlands, occurring mostly around the Killarney lakes, are the habitat for which the area is perhaps best known. They form the most extensive area of native woodland remaining in Ireland and include Derrycunihy Wood, described as perhaps the most natural Sessile Oak wood in the country. The woods are typically dominated by Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) with an understorey of Holly (Ilex aquifolium). The Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is a notable For inspection purposes only. component of the woods and thereConsent ofare copyright scattered owner required Yew for any ( Taxusother use. baccata). The herb layer is not particularly species-rich, but the woods support perhaps the best developed Atlantic bryophyte community in Europe.

Several rare species are present including Lejeunea flava, Cyclodictyon laetivirens, Daltonia splachnoides, Sematophyllum demissum and Radula carringtonii. Yew, which favours the limestone of Muckross peninsula, forms the only sizeable Yew woodland in Ireland and some of the trees are up to 200 years old. The dense shade beneath the tree results in few herbs in the ground flora, but the bryophyte layer is almost continuous. Wet woodland or carr, occurring on the low- lying limestone areas within the flood plain of Lough Leane, forms one of the most extensive areas of this woodland type in Ireland. The dominant canopy species are Alder (Alnus glutinosa), willows (Salix spp.), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens), while the field layer is dominated by Remote Sedge (Carex remota) and Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera).

Adding to the diversity of the woodland component of the site are a number of mixed woodlands, including those of Ross Island which support one of the richest herb layers of the Killarney woods. The dominant habitat types within the overall site are blanket bog, heath and upland grassland. The heath and grassland generally occur on areas with shallow peat and on the mineral soils of the steep mountain sides, while the blanket bog occurs on the more gentle slopes, plateaux and other level ground. Often the habitats occur in a mosaic, with exposed rock frequently occurring.

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A variety of blanket bog types are represented from lowland valley to mountain blanket bog. Some of the best include: Cummeragh River Bog Nature Reserve, a domed bog which is perhaps the most southerly intact blanket bog in the country; Ballygisheen, which contains one of the most extensive areas of intact lowland blanket bog in Co. Kerry; Coomacheo/Caherbarnagh, which combine to form the largest mountain blanket bog in the south-west; Eirk Bog Nature Reserve, a classic example of a bog intermediate between a raised and blanket bog; Mangerton Bog, an upland bog which grades into an unusual lichen heath seen at no other site; and Oolagh East, a quaking basin mire. Generally, the bogs have a characteristic flora. The Lusitanian species, Large- flowered Butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora) is common. The bogs also support a number of unusual species, including mosses (Sphagnum pulchrum, S. fuscum, S. platyphyllum, S. strictum, S. contortum and Calliergon stramineum), liverworts (Cladopodiella francisci and Calypogeia azurea) and lichens (Cladonia mediterranea, C. macilenta, C. rangiferina, C. arbuscula and Cetraria islandica). Rhynchosporion vegetation is confined to wet areas within the lowland blanket bogs, with one of the best areas for the habitat being to the north-east of the Ballygisheen Pass. On a portion of this bog there is an extensive area of quaking flats and pools dominated by Sphagnum cuspidatum and Sphagnum auriculatum. These areas have a typically species-poor flora which includes Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata), White Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora alba), Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), Bog Cotton (Eriophorum angustifolium) and Great Sundew (Drosera anglica). Brown Beak-sedge (Rhynchospora fusca), a locally rare plant of wet bog pools, is occasional within the site. Although the habitat is best developed in very wet areas of intact bog it may also occur in wet areas of regenerating cutover blanket bog.

Wet heath often occurs in association with blanket bog and features Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix). Dry heath is more frequent and is dominated by Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea) and Western Gorse (Ulex gallii), with occasional Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). This habitat is well developed on the Paps. Elsewhere it is often overgrazed, with upland grassland becoming more frequent. Some of the highest ridges support alpine heath (referable to the Lycopodium alpinum - Racomitrium lanuginosum association). Widespread plant species of the alpine heath include Bog Myrtle (Vaccinium myrtillus), Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) and Fir Club moss (Huperzia selago), while species such as Juniper (Juniperus communis subsp. nana) and Dwarf Willow (Salix herbacea) have a much more restricted distribution.

The site contains many lakes, but these For can inspection be br purposesoadly only. divided into two types: small upland corrie Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. lakes and larger lowland lakes. Examples of the first type are Lough Murtagh and Lough Gortavehy in the Paps. They are oligotrophic and typically species-poor, with Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris), Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) and Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora) occurring most commonly. The lowland lakes are mostly oligotrophic, although Lough Leane, the largest fresh water body in the region, has become somewhat mesotrophic as a result of pollution from Killarney town. These lowland lakes tend to be more species-rich than those at higher altitudes, with additional species such as Awlwort (Subularia aquatica), Six-stamened Waterwort (Elatine hexandra) and Alternate Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum). Good examples include Lough Caragh, Upper Lake and Muckross Lake.

Other habitats of note include: Juniper (Juniperus communis) scrub found on islands in the Upper Lake and on dry ridges in nearby Newfoundland Bog; damp meadows, with Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), supporting scarce species such as Whorled Caraway (Carum verticillatum) and Ivy-leaved Bellflower (Wahlenbergia hederacea); and Calaminarian grasslands, associated with the old copper mines on Ross Island, with species such as Sea Campion (Silene vulgaris subsp. maritima) and Thrift (Armeria maritima).

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A large number of plant and animal species of interest occur within the site: There are two plant species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Slender Naiad (Najas flexilis) which is found in some of the lakes; and, most famous of all, the Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum). An additional twenty-two Red Data Book plant species have been recorded, but only twelve of these have been seen recently. These are Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera), Kerry Lily (Simethis planifolia), Irish Lady's Tresses (Spiranthes romanzoffiana), Slender Cottongrass (Eriophorum gracile), Slender Cudweed (Logfia minima), Betony (Stachys officinalis), Heath Cudweed (Omalotheca sylvatica), Alder Buckthorn (Frangula alnus), Alpine Saw-wort (Saussurea alpina), Hoary Whitlowgrass (Draba incana), Smooth Brome (Bromus racemosus) and Holly Fern (Polystichum lonchitis). The first seven of these species are legally protected (Flora Protection Order, 1999).

The site is very important for oceanic bryophytes, particularly the woodland species. It also contains good representative examples of the Northern Atlantic Hepatic Mat community and otheroceanic montane communities. Killarney Oak woods and mountains have been nominated as a site of international importance for bryophytes. Additional plant species of interest include a fern (Dryopteris affinis subsp. stilluppensis) and a Whitebeam (Sorbus anglica), both at their only Irish locations. The Killarney Woods are notable for the number of rare species of Myxomycete fungus that have been recorded, namely Collaria arcyrionema, Craterium muscorum, Cribraria microcarpa (only known Irish site), C. rufa, C. violacea, Diderma chondrioderma, D. lucidum, D. ochraceum, Fuligo muscorum, Licea marginata.

The site has six bird species which are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. A small flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese, which winters on the boglands within the National Park, is now the only regular flock in the south-west. The site has one of the highest concentrations of breeding Peregrines in the country, as well as some breeding Merlin. Chough is found both in the coastal areas and inland areas of the site, with possibly up to 30 pairs breeding. Kingfisher is a species associated with the lakes and rivers, especially in the National Park and probably breeds. Finally, a few pairs of Common Tern breed within the site. The woodlands provide habitat for a variety of breeding birds, most notably Garden Warbler, Blackcap, and probably a few pairs each of the rare Redstart and Wood Warbler. Lough Leane is a site for wintering wildfowl with the following the average counts for the two winters 1995/96 and 1996/97: Teal (208), Mallard (350), Pochard (81), Tufted Duck (323) and Coot (169).

For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. The site supports most of the Irish mammal species. Of particular note is the occurrence of two EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Lesser Horseshoe Bat, with a total population of about 300 individuals distributed at several locations, including both nursery and hibernation sites, and Otter. Perhaps the best known mammals of the Killarney National Park are the Red Deer, which form the only remaining native herd in Ireland, comprised of around 600 animals. Sika Deer also occur. Pine Marten is another notable species. The site is valuable for its rare fish species, five of which are listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive: Brook Lamprey (Lampetra planeri), River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis), Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Killarney Shad (Alosa fallax killarnensis). The Killarney Shad is a unique land-locked subspecies confined to the Killarney lakes. Also of note is the glacial relict, Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a Red Data Book species, a unique form of which is found in Lough Coomasaharn. There are numerous rare invertebrates within the site. These include three EU Habitats Directive Annex II species: Kerry Slug (Geomalacus maculosus), the Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) and the Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia). The Kerry Slug and Pearl-mussel populations are of particular importance in a national context. Other species of note include: three chironomids of international importance found in the River Flesk; a wood ant (Formica lugubris) at one of only four Irish sites; a snail (Limnaea involuta), in Lough Crincaum, at its only known location; two dragonflies (Cordulea aenea and Somatochlora arctica), the former at one of only two known sites in Ireland and the latter at its only known Irish location; and several other aquatic and woodland species at their only known Irish locations.

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The main landuse within the site is grazing by sheep. In and around the National Park deer grazing is also common. The extensive grazing has caused damage to many of the terrestrial habitats, resulting in degradation of heath and blanket bogs and prevention of woodland regeneration. In the upland habitats the erosion caused by grazing is exacerbated by the exposed nature of the terrain. Apart from grazing, the woodlands are particularly threatened by Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) invasion: approximately two thirds of the Oak woodlands are affected, although a Rhododendron removal programme is underway in the National Park. The Yew wood as been adversely affected by heavy grazing for many years, but it is intended to control this in the near future by erection of a deer fence. The bogs are sensitive to grazing and are also threatened by turbary, burning and afforestation. Most of the lakes are very acid sensitive and therefore vulnerable to afforestation within the catchment areas. Lough Leane has been subject to some eutrophication, although water quality appears to have improved since phosphates were removed from the sewage in 1985.

A management plan was drawn up for the Killarney National Park in 1991. The park is managed primarily for conservation purposes although recreation is also provided for. Overall, the site is of high ecological value because of the diversity, quality and extensiveness of many of the habitats and impressive list of rare species of flora and fauna. In recognition of its importance the Killarney National Park has been designated a World Biosphere Reserve.

5.12.2005

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SITE NAME: KILLARNEY NATIONAL PARK SPA SITE CODE: 004038

This large site encompasses the lakes and part of the Macgillycuddy’s Reeks in the vicinity of town of Killarney. The underlying geology is Old Red Sandstone, although Carboniferous limestone occurs on the eastern shores of Lough Leane. Lough Leane is the largest (8.6 km along its long axis) of the lakes in the site, and is classified as a mesotrophic system. Muckross Lake and the Upper Lake are both high quality oligotrophic systems. Aquatic vegetation in the lakes is diverse and includes such species as Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris), Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna) and Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora) Killarney National Park is perhaps best known for its Oak woodlands. They form the most extensive area of native woodland remaining in Ireland and include Derrycunihy Wood, described as perhaps the most natural Sessile Oak wood in the country. The woods are typically dominated by Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) with an understorey of Holly (Ilex aquifolium). Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) is a notable component of the woods and there are scattered Yew (Taxus baccata). The woods support perhaps the best- developed Atlantic bryophyte community in Europe. Yew woodland occurs on the limestone of Muckross Peninsula; this is the largest Yew woodland in the country and some of the trees are up to 200 years old. The trees cast a dense shade and as a result there are few herbs in the ground flora, but the bryophyte layer is almost continuous. Wet woodland or carr, occurring on the low- lying limestone areas within the flood plain of Lough Leane, forms one of the most extensive areas of this woodland type in Ireland. The dominant canopy species are Alder (Alnus glutinosa), willows (Salix spp.), Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Downy Birch (Betula pubescens). Mixed woodland also occurs, as well as some conifer plantations.

The higher areas of the site are dominated by blanket bog and wet heath. Generally, the bogs have a characteristic flora, with such species as Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Bell Heather (Erica cinerea) and Western Gorse (Ulex gallii), with occasional Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). The Lusitanian species, Large-flowered Butterwort (Pinguicula grandiflora) is common. The bogs also support a number of notable species, including mosses (Sphagnum pulchrum, S. fuscum, S. platyphyllum, S. strictum, S. contortum and Calliergon stramineum), liverworts (Cladopodiella francisci and Calypogeia azurea) and lichens (Cladonia mediterranea, C. macilenta, C. rangiferina, C. arbuscula and Cetraria islandica). Outcropping rock, cliffs and crags are features of the site. For inspection purposes only. Consent of copyright owner required for any other use. The site is of ornithological importance as it supports a good diversity of upland and woodland birds, as well as wintering waterfowl. It is a traditional site for a Greenland White-fronted Goose population - while the numbers are now low (less than 20 birds), the population is still of importance as it is the most southerly in the country and also one of the few remaining populations that feed entirely on bogland. Upland species which breed within the site include Peregrine (at least 1 pair), Merlin (up to 5 pairs), Red Grouse and Ring Ouzel (1-2 pairs). Both Red Grouse and Ring Ouzel are Redlisted species in Ireland. The extensive woodlands support some scarce breeding birds, notably Redstart (1-2 pairs), Wood Warbler (1-2 pairs) and Garden Warbler (possibly up to 10 pairs). Lough Leane, and to a lesser extent the other lakes, support a variety of wintering waterfowl species, though all in relatively low numbers. The following counts are the average peaks for three of the five winters in the period 1995/96-1999/00: Cormorant (86), Teal (184), Mallard (361), Pochard (54), Tufted Duck (271), Goldeneye (23) and Coot (124). Other species using the site include Black-headed Gull (84), Mute Swan (38) and Little Grebe (11). Several research programmes have been carried out on the birds in the site, including studies on the communities associated with the Yew woodlands, and the wildfowl associated with the lakes.

A large number of plant and animal species of interest occur within the site, including most of the native Irish mammal species, several important fish species including Arctic Char, and a range of rare or scarce plant species. The main landuse within the site is grazing by sheep and deer. The extensive grazing has caused damage to some of the habitats, resulting in degradation of heath

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and blanket bogs and prevention of woodland regeneration. In the upland habitats the erosion caused by grazing is exacerbated by the exposed nature of the terrain. Apart from grazing, the woodlands are particularly threatened by Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) invasion, although a Rhododendron removal programme is underway in the National Park. Lough Leane has been subject to eutrophication (mainly from sewage) in the past and remains vulnerable. A management plan was drawn up for the Killarney National Park in 1991. The park is managed primarily for conservation purposes although recreation is also provided for.

The site is of ornithological importance because it supports good diversities of birds typical of upland and woodland habitats. Several nationally rare woodland species are present, notably Redstart. Two species, Red Grouse and Ring Ouzel, are Red-listed species of high conservation concern. Of note is that three of the species which occur regularly are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, i.e. Peregrine, Merlin and Greenland White-fronted Goose. The goose population is also of significance as it is the most southerly in the country.

1.4.2005

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