THE GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES of ZAGYVA FLOODPLAIN DEPOSITS NEAR MULTICULTURAL SITE at APC-BEREKALJA (NORTHERN HUNGARY) E. Kłusakie

Home , Eger

1. Balwierz Z., Żurek S. (1987) The Late-Glacial and Holocene vegetational history and paleohydrological changes at the Wizna site (Podlasie Lowland) // Acta Palaeobotanica 27, 1, 121–136. 2. Banaszuk H. (1980): Geomorfologia południowej części Kotliny Biebrzańskiej // Prace i Studia Geogr. UW, 2. 3. Banaszuk H., Micun K. (2009): Kształtowanie i ewolucja dolin rzecznych w dużych obniżeniach wytopiskowych na obszarze Niziny Północnopodlaskiej // Prace i Studia Geograficzne 41, 25–36. 4. Grabińska B., Kubeł S. (2011): Geneza doliny Narwi i terenów bezpośrednio przyległych w badaniach geologiczno- geomorfologicznych Polski NE // Zesz. Nauk. Ostrołęckie Towarzystwo Naukowe im. A. Chętnika 14, 53–61. 5. Kalicki T. (2006): Zapis zmian klimatu oraz działalności człowieka i ich rola w holoceńskiej ewolucji dolin środkowoeuropejskich // Prace Geograficzne IGiPZ PAN 204. 348 p. 6. Kalicki T., Frączek M., Wawrusiewicz A. (2017): Results of on site and off site geoarchaeological studies at Grądy- Woniecko site in the Narew river valley (NE Poland) // Kniha abstraktov 13. konferencie environmentálnej archeológie: «Človek a krajina ...» (eds. M. Hajnalová, N. Beljak Pažinová, K. Šimunková), 6. –7.2.2017, Nitra, 39–41.

UDC 551.7

THE GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF ZAGYVA FLOODPLAIN DEPOSITS NEAR MULTICULTURAL SITE AT APC-BEREKALJA (NORTHERN HUNGARY)

E. Kłusakiewicz1, T. Kalicki1, J. Horák2, L. Domboroczki3, J. K. Kozłowski4

1 Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Institute of Geography, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25–406 Kielce, Polska; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Czech University Life Sciences in Prague, Faculty of Environmental Science, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected] 3 Dobó István Vármúzeum in Eger, Vár 1, 3300 Eger, Hungary; [email protected] 4 Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gołębia 11, 31 007 Kraków, Polska; [email protected]

The archaeological site, Apc-Berekalja, is located in northern Hungary, about 70 kms to the northeast from Budapest [2]. The site lies at 132–135 m a. s. l. in the wedge of Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld). It is located between Mátra and Cserhát Mountains which belong to the North Hungarian Middle Mountain. Great Hungarian Plain is tectonic Pannonian Basin with subsidence movement filled by very thick Quaternary deposits. It is drained by the Zagyva river what belongs to Tisa basin. There is very flat relief with some remnants (called «finger peninsula») of terrace on the right bank and wide flood plain of the river. Therefore flood plain is slightly slope eastward to the Zagyva river, which flows about 1,5 km from the archaeological site. Relief of this flood plain is very flat but some shallow depressions (the Holocene backswamps) lie between terrace’s remnants. On the left bank, approximately 2,5 kms from the site, the volcanic cone of Somlyó hill formed limit of the valley. It is linked with the Mátra Mountains' southwest foothills which is built from volcanic stones, such as andesite, rhyolite, tuffs and its agglomerates. Present day area is completely defor- ested and under agricultural cultivation. An industry of this region is weakly-developed. The site is located at the border area of Heves and Nógrád Counties, about halfway between the villag- es of Apc and Jobbágyi. Very clay sediments, more than 4 m thick, was accumulated in several phases in the backswamp probably during whole Late Glacial and Holocene. First phase of overbank accumulation occurred since the Late Glacial and Eoholocene, than phase of soil development, in Mesoholocene, took place. First results of micromorphological studies confirmed that it is soil developed in situ on overbank sediments and it was settled by Neolithic people. An increase of sedimentation rate led to the fossilization of the soil and it could be also the reason of decrease of Neolithic settlement. Buried soil and Neolithic culture was dated at about 6500–6000 BP. A phase of an increase of fluvial activity occurred in valleys of whole Central Europe [1]. Enough often floods during the Neoholocene were the reason that settlement of Roman time were located on the remnants of terrace, not in backswamps on the flood plain. One of the part of geoarchaeological research was geochemical analysis. This analysis provided an informations about concentractions of macro and trace elements in studied deposits. The necessary measure- ments conducted by XRF method. A geochemical background was established on the basis of results for As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. The quite high value of this parameter is rather connected with the meaning of Matrá and Cserhát Mountains volcanic stones in enrichment in various elements. It is very good visible on case of chromium and nickel. In buried soil was noted a significant concentration of Cu and Zn which can be connected with the presence of cultures from Neolithic. Such powerful flood episodes both in ancient and modern time could lead to mobilization of some elements in deposits of whole area of Zagyva catchment. Cur-

133 rently an agriculture plays a decisive role on the degree of contamination which is usually limited to topsoil, alternatively to shallower layers of subsoil. On the basis of factor analysis (FA) conducted within XRF spec- trometry, an increase of arsenic concentration was caused by human activity. It adequately correlates with the modern way of land use. The high concentrations of another elements reflect a typical geochemical char- acter of volcanic stones, but because of specific structure of investigated deposits, they can be strongly bound by clay fraction.

1. Kalicki T. (2006): Zapis zmian klimatu oraz działalności człowieka i ich rola w holoceńskiej ewolucji dolin środkowoeuropejskich // Prace Geograficzne IGiPZ PAN 204. 348 p. 2. Domboróczki L., Budek A., Daróczi-Szabó L. et al. (2016): Excavation along the easternmost frontier of the LBK in NE- Hungary at Apc-Berekalja I (2008–2009) // Archaeologiai Értesítő 141, 1–27.

UDC 550.4

SPATIAL SPREADING OF INDUSTRIAL ALLUVIA ON KAMIONKA RIVER FLOOD PLAIN (POLISH UPLANDS)

P. Przepióra1, T. Kalicki1, M. Frączek1, J. Horak2, E. Kłusakiewicz1

1 Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Institute of Geography, ul. Świętokrzyska 15, 25–406 Kielce, Polska; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Czech University Life Sciences in Prague, Faculty of Environmental Science, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Czech Republic; [email protected]

Kamionka is a right tributary of the Kamienna river, flowing on the northern part of Holy Cross Moun- tains region in Suchedniów Plateau. River length is about 17 km and the catchment area is about 107 km2. o The slope of Kamionka river is 5 /oo. It is a meandering river classified as upland rivers, typical for this region. Catchment area is located within Roman period metallurgy region and later within the Old Polish Indus- trial District where since the Middle Ages number of forges were developed on many rivers. The development of industry of this period was associated with a local mining of iron ore, which was processed in a nearby forges. At the beginning of the sixteenth century within the catchment there were operated 7 forges. They were located mostly along the Kamionka river. Later the number of those forges were changed. At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, forges were replaced by larger industrial plants. Downstream of old forges in sediments preserved inserts or layers of charcoals. Significant volumes of charcoals and their accumulation may be associated with the close proximity to the old forges. Results of OSL and 14C datings suggest that this material was laid down at a time when in this place was built the first modern forge: 0,44 ± 0,06 ka (UJK-OSL-68) and 40 ± 80 BP (MKL-3250) after 1799 cal. AD respectively. On the floodplain are visible traces of old water reservoirs. These reservoirs was operated by water mills and forges. After drying, they became part of the floodplain. Locally, traces of these ponds are poorly visible and enable them to locate only by drillings in which are found slag layers. Geochemical analysis confirmed the presence of slags in the sediments of the old ponds in this area. The presence of this material in lake sediments was related to the functioning of forges nearby. Geochemical analysis showed the lack of this type of pollution in the sediments of the floodplain. They exist only in old lakes sediments (PK 40 profile), especially around Ostojów and Suchedniow where was located most of the forges (Fig.). Modern industrial activity in this area also contributed to the build-up of specific deposits on the Kamionka floodplain. The fill- ings of the Holocene paleochannels were found numerous pieces of contemporary ceramics and slags. In recent centuries it occurred to the accumulation of specific types of deposits in the Kamionka catchment. Those sediments are slag in the pond sediments and charcoal layers in the overbank alluvia. The presence of these sediments are associated with forges activity on the river. Slags and charcoals only in pond and abandoned channel fill deposits indicate also a lack of floods which covered whole valley bottom during the Little Ice Age.

134