Chemical Evidence for the Use of Multiple Psychotropic Plants in a 1,000-Year-Old Ritual Bundle from South America
Chemical evidence for the use of multiple psychotropic plants in a 1,000-year-old ritual bundle from South America Melanie J. Millera,b,1, Juan Albarracin-Jordanc, Christine Moored, and José M. Caprilese,1 aDepartment of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; bArchaeological Research Facility, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; cInstituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas y Arqueológicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia; dImmunalysis Corporation, Pomona, CA 91767; and eDepartment of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 Edited by Linda R. Manzanilla, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico, D.F., Mexico, and approved April 9, 2019 (received for review February 6, 2019) Over several millennia, various native plant species in South these resources together. Using liquid chromatography tandem America have been used for their healing and psychoactive prop- mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we tested for the presence of erties. Chemical analysis of archaeological artifacts provides an psychoactive compounds in the materials that composed a 1,000- opportunity to study the use of psychoactive plants in the past year-old ritual bundle excavated in a dry rock shelter from and to better understand ancient botanical knowledge systems. southwestern Bolivia. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to analyze organic residues from a ritual bundle, radio- The Ritual Bundle from the Cueva del Chileno carbon dated to approximately 1,000 C.E., recovered from archae- The Sora River valley, located in the Lípez highlands of south- ological excavations in a rock shelter located in the Lípez Altiplano western Bolivia, is a narrow basin outlined by two parallel ig- of southwestern Bolivia.
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