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Field Identification of Javan Plover Charadrius Javanicus

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Field Identification of Javan Plover Charadrius Javanicus Field identification of Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus Muhammad Iqbal1, Imam Taufiqurrahman2, Mat Gilfedder3 & Karyadi Baskoro4 1 KPB-SOS, Jalan Tanjung api-api km 9 Komplek P & K Blok E 1, Palembang 30152, Indonesia. [email protected] 2 Yayasan Kutilang Indonesia, Kompleks Perkantoran UPT Taman Kuliner Condongcatur Blok K1-K3, Jl. Anggajaya III Condongcatur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia 3 PO Box 6011, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia 4 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia Iqbal, M., Taufiqurrahman, I., Gilfedder, M. & Baskoro, K. 2013. Field identification of Javan PloverCharadrius javanicus. Wader Study Group Bull. 120(2): 96–101. Keywords: field identification, Javan Plover,Charadrius javanicus, Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus, Indonesia Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus is a poorly known Charadrius plover from the Oriental region, which has been recorded from Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Detailed accounts of the identification of Javan Plover are relatively few. At around 15 cm in length, it is about the same size as Kentish Plover C. alexandrinus and also has similar plumage. Here we describe several field observable characteristics which can be used to help identify Javan Plover, and distinguish it from Kentish Plover. We have divided these characters into three categories of relative value: important, supportive and inconclusive. Important characters are an incomplete hindneck collar, lone lateral breast patches, paler leg colour and longer tibia length; supportive characters are blunt and thick- based bill shape, oval head pattern and call; and inconclusive characters are tarsus/bill length ratio (although this character may be of use on birds in the hand or photographs) and length of feet beyond tail (in flight). It is hoped that these characters will help observers to better identify Javan Plovers in the field. INTRODUCTION OCCURRENCE, HABITAT PREFERENCE AND BEHAVIOUR The Charadrius plovers include 31 small, cryptic and very similar species of shorebirds (Piersma et al. 1997). This paper The Javan Plover was initially thought to be a Javan endemic focuses on the Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus, a poorly (Kangean Island) and possibly occurring on Bali (MacKin- known Charadrius plover from the Oriental region, which has non & Phillipps 1993). Later surveys confirmed its presence been recorded from Indonesia and Timor-Leste (Iqbal et al. on Bali, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Lombok, Meno Island (off 2013, Trainor 2011). Detailed accounts of the identification Lombok), Sumbawa, Flores, Semau Island (Kupang, Timor) of Javan Plover are relatively few. Some authors place Javan and Timor-Leste (Iqbal et al. 2013). It is likely that the spe- Plover as a subspecies under Kentish Plover Charadrius cies also exists at additional localities between Sumatra and alexandrinus, but do not give further descriptions (e.g. Coates Timor-Leste (e.g. Belitung Island (Sumatra), S Borneo and & Bishop 2000, Hayman et al. 1986). Kentish Plovers join small islands in the Lesser Sundas). a small but growing list of species for which low levels of Javan Plover has been recorded in coastal lowlands on genetic differentiation are accompanied by the presence of Java (MacKinnon & Phillipps 1993). It is regularly observed strong phenotypic divergence, suggesting that diagnostic on sandy beaches (e.g. Bangka Island, south coast of Java) phenotypic characters may be encoded by a few genes that (Iqbal et al. 2011, IT pers. obs.), as well as beside saline are difficult to detect (Rheindtet al. 2011). lagoons (Bali). Javan Plover has been seen feeding and Hoogerwerf (1967) provided the first comprehensive breeding near dry aquaculture ponds (e.g. on the east coast description of the Javan Plover and a comparison with other of Sumatra, the north coast of Java, the south coast Sulawesi similar small plovers in the region (e.g. the Red-capped and Timor-Leste) (Iqbal et al. 2011, Tebb et al. 2008, Trainor Plover Charadrius ruficapillus and the Malaysian Plover 2011). They have also been recorded breeding on dry saline Charadrius peronii). MacKinnon & Phillipps (1993) briefly land (Sape, Sumbawa) (Coates & Bishop 2000). There is described the field characteristics of the Javan Plover and an inland record at Sungai Serayu (30 km from the coast in provided comparison points to its congener Kentish Plover. central Java) which appears to be atypical habitat (Asman Piersma & Wiersma (1996) provided an additional descrip- Adi Purwanto, in litt.). Near the south coast of Central Java tion. (Yogyakarta), it has also been recorded feeding and breeding This paper attempts to set out diagnostic field-marks in dry cleared rice-fields before seeding or after harvesting. which will allow the field identification of Javan Plovers, and Javan Plovers are not solely intertidal birds and although facilitate their ageing and sexing (given reasonable viewing they sometimes forage on sandy tidal flats, they appear to conditions). Existing characters are refined and new char- prefer beaches or dry land above the shoreline in coastal acters are presented. This information is based on field and habitats. This is also typical preferred Kentish Plover habitat photographic studies made by the authors and other workers, (van de Kam et al. 2004). On Bangka Island, Javan Plovers mainly in Java. have been observed hunting crabs at low tide in the typical 96 Iqbal et al.: Field identification of Javan Plover 97 January on the south coast of Java (Adhy Maruly in litt.). We consider May–August as the main breeding season, so the first calendar year for most young covers the period from hatching to the end of December. This is similar to the breeding period of many N hemisphere waders that will have hatched during April–July. The second calendar year for the young is the fol- lowing January to December (Chandler 2009). Therefore the terminology and timing of Javan Plover plumage and moult are similar to that of many other migratory waders. Fig. 1. Breeding female Javan Plover (W Java, Apr 2010): supercilium Aggressive behaviour has been observed during the breed- white in front of eye with obvious pale buff extension behind eye, ing period. Adult Javan Plovers have been observed to attack white hind-collar incomplete, grey-brown on mantle and upper-parts, Little Terns Sterna albifrons (both chicks and adults) (Radityo well-marked russet-toned Ioral line, extensive lateral breast patches Pradipta, pers. comm). although not complete (photo: Imam Taufiqurrahman). Further studies are needed to learn about Javan Plover breeding biology and habitat so that the species can be effectively conserved. BARE PARTS, SIZE, STRUCTURE AND VOICE There are very few biometric records for Javan Plover. Hoogerwerf (1967) examined only four specimens. Further study is needed to verify the size data described below and confirm the validity of differences between Javan Plover and other taxa. Javan Plover is about 15 cm in length, which is similar to Kentish Plover. The head-shape of Javan Plover is gener- ally oval, unlike the rounded head of Kentish Plover. As a general impression, Javan Plover tends to look more erect Fig. 2. Breeding female Javan Plover sheltering chick (Bali, Oct 2011): when relaxed than Kentish Plover, possibly due to its slightly complete lateral breast patches, grey brown on crown, upper-parts, longer-legged appearance. Also Kentish Plover often has a mantle and wing coverts (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder). more horizontal stance, with its head held “hunched” into its shoulders (Rheindt et al. 2011). Javan Plover bill length is about 12–16 mm (Grantham manner of other Charadrius plovers, i.e. head lowered, dash- 1998, Yayasan Kutilang Indonesia, unpubl. data) which ing across the sand to seize prey before it can retreat into its overlaps with that of Kentish Plover (14–17 mm), although burrow (Syahputra Putra, pers. comm.). the most likely subspecies of Kentish Plover to occur in Indonesia is C. alexandrinus dealbatus, which is longer-billed BREEDING During the breeding season, both male and female Javan Plovers incubate the eggs and share parenting of the chicks (Figs 1 & 2). However, it is not known whether, like Kentish Plover, there is a strong relationship between incubating sex and time of day, with females incubating by day and males at night (Amat & Masero 2004, Fraga & Amat 1996). As described by Hellebrekers & Hoogerwerf (1967), Javan Plover eggs are isabelline to dark olive cream in colour, with numerous very irregular black or almost black markings, often mixed with a grayish or sepia tint. These markings Fig. 3. Head pattern of Javan Plover (Bali, Aug 2010): oval shape, present as similar to hieroglyphic characters. The hatchlings blunt-tipped, heavy-based bill and indistinct, incomplete white hind- of Javan Plover are similar to other Charadriidae hatchlings. neckcollar (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder). The peak breeding season of Javan Plover is thought to be May to August. Eggs have been collected in May and June (West Java), chicks found in July (east coast Sumatra, Bali), recently fledged young have also been found in July (Timor- Leste), and downy young found in August (West and Central Java) (Hellebrekers & Hoogerwerf 1967, Hoogerwerf 1967, Iqbal et al. 2011, Trainor 2011, Ferry Hasudungan & Adhy Maruly in litt.). Grantham (1998) reported May to September as the observed breeding season in Alas Purwo National Park (East Java). A second breeding season occurs between September and January/February. Birds have been observed mating in Fig. 4. Head pattern of Kentish Plover (Hong Kong, Mar 2009): September or October on Sulawesi (Tebb et al. 2008), downy round shape, taper-tipped, thin-based bill and clear, complete white young in early October (Bali), and an adult attending a nest in hindneck collar (photo: Martin Hale). 98 Wader Study Group Bulletin 120(2) 2013 (17–19 mm) than the nominate subspecies (Prater et al. 1977). Both species have a black bill (Figs 3 & 4). In combination with head-shape, this gives the impression that Javan Plover has a proportionately much longer bill than Kentish Plover.
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