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Home , Brown Line (Bangkok), Javan plover, Kentish plover, Malaysian plover

Field identification of Javan javanicus

Muhammad Iqbal1, Imam Taufiqurrahman2, Mat Gilfedder3 & Karyadi Baskoro4

1 KPB-SOS, Jalan Tanjung api-api km 9 Komplek P & K Blok E 1, Palembang 30152, Indonesia. [email protected] 2 Yayasan Kutilang Indonesia, Kompleks Perkantoran UPT Taman Kuliner Condongcatur Blok K1-K3, Jl. Anggajaya III Condongcatur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia 3 PO Box 6011, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, 4 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

Iqbal, M., Taufiqurrahman, I., Gilfedder, M. & Baskoro, K. 2013. Field identification of Javan PloverCharadrius javanicus. Study Group Bull. 120(2): 96–101.

Keywords: field identification, Javan Plover,Charadrius javanicus, Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus, Indonesia

Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus is a poorly known Charadrius plover from the Oriental region, which has been recorded from Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Detailed accounts of the identification of Javan Plover are relatively few. At around 15 cm in length, it is about the same size as Kentish Plover C. alexandrinus and also has similar . Here we describe several field observable characteristics which can be used to help identify Javan Plover, and distinguish it from Kentish Plover. We have divided these characters into three categories of relative value: important, supportive and inconclusive. Important characters are an incomplete hindneck collar, lone lateral breast patches, paler leg colour and longer tibia length; supportive characters are blunt and thick- based bill shape, oval head pattern and call; and inconclusive characters are tarsus/bill length ratio (although this character may be of use on in the hand or photographs) and length of feet beyond tail (in flight). It is hoped that these characters will help observers to better identify Javan in the field.

INTRODUCTION OCCURRENCE, PREFERENCE AND BEHAVIOUR The Charadrius plovers include 31 small, cryptic and very similar species of shorebirds (Piersma et al. 1997). This paper The Javan Plover was initially thought to be a Javan endemic focuses on the Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus, a poorly (Kangean Island) and possibly occurring on (MacKin- known Charadrius plover from the Oriental region, which has non & Phillipps 1993). Later surveys confirmed its presence been recorded from Indonesia and Timor-Leste (Iqbal et al. on Bali, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Lombok, Meno Island (off 2013, Trainor 2011). Detailed accounts of the identification Lombok), Sumbawa, Flores, Semau Island (Kupang, Timor) of Javan Plover are relatively few. Some authors place Javan and Timor-Leste (Iqbal et al. 2013). It is likely that the spe- Plover as a subspecies under Kentish Plover Charadrius cies also exists at additional localities between Sumatra and ­alexandrinus, but do not give further descriptions (e.g. Coates Timor-Leste (e.g. Belitung Island (Sumatra), S Borneo and & Bishop 2000, Hayman et al. 1986). Kentish Plovers join small islands in the Lesser Sundas). a small but growing list of species for which low levels of Javan Plover has been recorded in coastal lowlands on genetic differentiation are accompanied by the presence of Java (MacKinnon & Phillipps 1993). It is regularly observed strong phenotypic divergence, suggesting that diagnostic on sandy beaches (e.g. Bangka Island, south coast of Java) phenotypic characters may be encoded by a few genes that (Iqbal et al. 2011, IT pers. obs.), as well as beside saline are difficult to detect (Rheindtet al. 2011). lagoons (Bali). Javan Plover has been seen feeding and Hoogerwerf (1967) provided the first comprehensive breeding near dry aquaculture ponds (e.g. on the east coast description of the Javan Plover and a comparison with other of Sumatra, the north coast of Java, the south coast ­Sulawesi similar small plovers in the region (e.g. the Red-capped and Timor-Leste) (Iqbal et al. 2011, Tebb et al. 2008, Trainor Plover Charadrius ruficapillus and the Malaysian Plover 2011). They have also been recorded breeding on dry saline Charadrius peronii). MacKinnon & Phillipps (1993) briefly land (Sape, Sumbawa) (Coates & Bishop 2000). There is described the field characteristics of the Javan Plover and an inland record at Sungai Serayu (30 km from the coast in provided comparison points to its congener Kentish Plover. ) which appears to be atypical habitat (Asman Piersma & Wiersma (1996) provided an additional descrip- Adi Purwanto, in litt.). Near the south coast of Central Java tion. (Yogyakarta), it has also been recorded feeding and breeding This paper attempts to set out diagnostic field-marks in dry cleared rice-fields before seeding or after harvesting. which will allow the field identification of Javan Plovers, and Javan Plovers are not solely intertidal birds and although facilitate their ageing and sexing (given reasonable viewing they sometimes forage on sandy tidal flats, they appear to conditions). Existing characters are refined and new char- prefer beaches or dry land above the shoreline in coastal acters are presented. This information is based on field and . This is also typical preferred Kentish Plover habitat photographic studies made by the authors and other workers, (van de Kam et al. 2004). On Bangka Island, Javan Plovers mainly in Java. have been observed hunting crabs at low tide in the typical

96 Iqbal et al.: Field identification of Javan Plover 97

January on the south coast of Java (Adhy Maruly in litt.). We consider May–August as the main breeding season, so the first calendar year for most young covers the period from hatching to the end of December. This is similar to the breeding period of many N hemisphere that will have hatched during April–July. The second calendar year for the young is the fol- lowing January to December (Chandler 2009). Therefore the terminology and timing of Javan Plover plumage and moult are similar to that of many other migratory waders. Fig. 1. Breeding female Javan Plover (W Java, Apr 2010): supercilium Aggressive behaviour has been observed during the breed- white in front of eye with obvious pale buff extension behind eye, ing period. Adult Javan Plovers have been observed to attack white hind-collar incomplete, grey-brown on mantle and upper-parts, Little Terns Sterna albifrons (both chicks and adults) (Radityo well-marked russet-toned Ioral line, extensive lateral breast patches Pradipta, pers. comm). although not complete (photo: Imam Taufiqurrahman). Further studies are needed to learn about Javan Plover breeding biology and habitat so that the species can be ­effectively conserved.

BARE PARTS, SIZE, STRUCTURE AND VOICE There are very few biometric records for Javan Plover. Hoogerwerf (1967) examined only four specimens. Further study is needed to verify the size data described below and confirm the validity of differences between Javan Plover and other taxa. Javan Plover is about 15 cm in length, which is similar to Kentish Plover. The head-shape of Javan Plover is gener- ally oval, unlike the rounded head of Kentish Plover. As a general impression, Javan Plover tends to look more erect Fig. 2. Breeding female Javan Plover sheltering chick (Bali, Oct 2011): when relaxed than Kentish Plover, possibly due to its slightly complete lateral breast patches, grey brown on crown, upper-parts, longer-legged appearance. Also Kentish Plover often has a mantle and wing coverts (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder). more horizontal stance, with its head held “hunched” into its shoulders (Rheindt et al. 2011). Javan Plover bill length is about 12–16 mm (Grantham manner of other Charadrius plovers, i.e. head lowered, dash- 1998, Yayasan Kutilang Indonesia, unpubl. data) which ing across the sand to seize prey before it can retreat into its overlaps with that of Kentish Plover (14–17 mm), although burrow (Syahputra Putra, pers. comm.). the most likely subspecies of Kentish Plover to occur in ­Indonesia is C. alexandrinus dealbatus, which is longer-billed BREEDING During the breeding season, both male and female Javan Plovers incubate the and share parenting of the chicks (Figs 1 & 2). However, it is not known whether, like Kentish Plover, there is a strong relationship between incubating sex and time of day, with females incubating by day and males at night (Amat & Masero 2004, Fraga & Amat 1996). As described by Hellebrekers & Hoogerwerf (1967), Javan Plover eggs are isabelline to dark olive cream in colour, with numerous very irregular black or almost black markings, often mixed with a grayish or sepia tint. These markings Fig. 3. Head pattern of Javan Plover (Bali, Aug 2010): oval shape, present as similar to hieroglyphic characters. The hatchlings blunt-tipped, heavy-based bill and indistinct, incomplete white hind- of Javan Plover are similar to other hatchlings. neckcollar (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder). The peak breeding season of Javan Plover is thought to be May to August. Eggs have been collected in May and June (), chicks found in July (east coast Sumatra, Bali), recently fledged young have also been found in July (Timor- Leste), and downy young found in August (West and Central Java) (Hellebrekers & Hoogerwerf 1967, Hoogerwerf 1967, Iqbal et al. 2011, Trainor 2011, Ferry Hasudungan & Adhy Maruly in litt.). Grantham (1998) reported May to September as the observed breeding season in Alas Purwo National Park (). A second breeding season occurs between September and January/February. Birds have been observed mating in Fig. 4. Head pattern of Kentish Plover (Hong Kong, Mar 2009): September or October on Sulawesi (Tebb et al. 2008), downy round shape, taper-tipped, thin-based bill and clear, complete white young in early October (Bali), and an adult attending a nest in hindneck collar (photo: Martin Hale). 98 Wader Study Group Bulletin 120(2) 2013

(17–19 mm) than the nominate subspecies (Prater et al. 1977). Both species have a black bill (Figs 3 & 4). In combination with head-shape, this gives the impression that Javan Plover has a proportionately much longer bill than Kentish Plover. From specimens collected between 1934 and 1936, the bill of Javan Plover averages heavier though not longer than Kentish Plover (Hoogerwerf 1967), and can show a thicker bill base (M. Grantham pers. comm.). Kentish Plover has a more pointed bill; that of Javan Plover has a blunt tip (Figs 3 & 4), although this is difficult to see clearly from a distance. Javan Plover usually has pale olive or pale grey legs (Figs 2, 5–9), although its legs are occasionally darker. This darker Fig. 5. Typical posture of Javan Plover: slim appearance, pale and variation is sometimes seen in adults while breeding. The pale long legs (especially tibia) (photo: Muhammad Iqbal). leg-colour of Javan Plover is a useful criterion for distinguish- ing it from Kentish Plover, which usually has dark coloured legs (Hayman et al. 1986). However, Kentish Plover has been recorded with pale brown legs. This may be typical of some (or even all) first-summer Kentish Plovers that do not acquire breeding plumage (perhaps only a small proportion) (Shar- rock 1980). Leg colour is often hard to observe accurately in the field due to soiling from mud. Tarsus length of Javan Plover is 25–30 mm, while in Kent- ish Plover it is 23–30 mm (Hoogerwerf 1967, Prater et al. 1977, Yayasan Kutilang Indonesia, unpubl. data). The tibia of Javan Plover is longer than in Kentish Plover. So while tarsus length overlaps, Javan Plover has longer legs overall (Iqbal et al. 2011, Tebb et al. 2008). MacKinnon & Phillipps (1993) describe the voice of Javan Plover as a “soft, rising single note, kweek repeated”, while Fig. 6. Head-on view of Javan Plover (Bangka, Mar 2011): extensive lateral breast-patches, long tibia and pale legs (photo: Muhammad Iqbal). Kentish Plover is described as a “soft, single, unmusical ­rising note pik, repeated”. The Javan Plover’s whistle seems a bit coarser than that of Kentish Plover (N.D. van Swelm, pers. comm.). We examined the call of Kentish Plover C. a. alexandrinus and Javan Plover at Xeno-Canto (http://www. xeno-canto.org). Kentish Plover has “krk-krk…pik” or “pik” with a shorter note, while Javan Plover has “kweek…… kweek” or single “kweek” with a longer note.

PLUMAGE AND MOULT Early descriptions of Javan Plover were based on a small series of specimens collected during 1934–1940 in Java (West Java, Central Java, East Java and Kangean Islands). These show: a darker upperpart colour (more earth brown instead of the sandy colour of Kentish Plover); the presence (or indication) of a narrow yellowish-brown or earth-brown Fig. 7. Juvenile to non-breeding plumage Javan Plover (north-west breast collar; a heavier bill than Kentish Plover (although not coast Java, Mar 2012): Diffuse breast patches clearly seen, wing coverts are small and neatly arranged (photo: Khaleb Yordan). longer); a more brownish tint to the sides of head (less black); the occipital and nuchal areas (the hind-neck) ­containing

Fig. 8. Variant breeding male Javan Plover (, 24 May 2012): Fig. 9. Typical breeding male Javan Plover (north coast Central dark frontal bar, pale brown on upperparts, dark buffy-brown lateral Java, Jun 2012): grey brown on upperparts, dull russet-brown on breast patches, lores, eye-stripe and crown (photo: Khaleb Yordan). breast patches, crown, lores and eye-stripe (photo: Karyadi Baskoro). Iqbal et al.: Field identification of Javan Plover 99 some rusty brown; the spots on both sides of the breast are lian records for Nov 1988 and Feb 2002 were also considered dark rusty instead of black (as in the seebohmi subspecies of to be dealbatus (Hollands & Minton 2012, McCrie 1995). Kentish Plover); and an uninterrupted breast-collar (Hooger- A third subspecies (C. a. seebohmi) breeds in SE and werf 1967). Sri Lanka. This may in fact be closest in plumage to Javan Similar species to Javan Plover are Kentish Plover, Plover. Both Kentish (White-faced) Plover C. a. dealbatus ­Malaysian Plover and Red-capped Plover. Malaysian Plover and Javan Plover occur in Sumatra, but show no overlap in can easily be distinguished by its variegated upper-parts their distribution (Iqbal et al. 2010, 2011). Thus, within its when compared to the uniform upperparts of Javan Plover range, Javan Plover is only likely to be confused with Kent- and Kentish Plover. Red-capped Plover lacks the white col- ish Plover C. a. alexandrinus. A summary of the principal lar across the hind-neck, making it easy to distinguish from features for field identification of Javan Plover and Kentish Javan or Kentish Plover (Hayman et al. 1986, Piersma & Plover is listed in Table 1. Wiersma 1996). The plumage and moult features of Javan Plover can be Distinguishing Javan Plover from Kentish Plover can be divided to three major types: juvenile, adult non-breeding difficult, especially for observers with limited experience of and adult breeding. In flight, all juvenile, non-breeding and the two species. Javan Plover is similar to Kentish Plover, breeding birds show an obvious white bar across the upper- and some authors treat it as a subspecies of Kentish Plover. wing, as well as white outer-tail (Fig. 10). There are two subspecies of Kentish Plover in the East Asian Juvenile Javan Plovers differ from other small plovers Australasian Flyway: C. a. alexandrinus and C. a. dealbatus in having a combination of plain upper-parts, being some- (Bamford et al. 2008). The subspecies C. a. alexandrinus is what paler-headed on the forehead and supercilium, having widely distributed through , and the Middle washed-buff upperparts, buff fringes to wing-coverts, lateral East to NE , and winters south to sub-Saharan Africa, paler and more diffuse breast-patches, and upper-parts and S and W Indonesia (Piersma & Wiersma 1996). The wing coverts that are small and neatly arranged (Fig. 11). subspecies C. a. dealbatus (sometimes considered as a Juvenile wing coverts are retained after post-juvenile moult, full species as White-faced Plover C. dealbatus) has been although most of the upperparts are replaced. described as having significantly paler plumage than other Adult non-breeding plumage has a white nuchal (hind- small Charadrius Plovers in E and SE Asia (Bakewell & neck) collar (which is always incomplete) and less diffuse Kennerley 2008, Kennerley et al. 2008) and are likely to lateral breast-patches than in breeding birds, especially during ­account for birds seen in E Indonesia. Two accepted Austra- the May–September breeding period (Fig. 7).

Table 1. A summary of the principal features for field identification of Javan Plover and Kentish Plovers. Most Kentish Plover descriptions are derived from Bakewell & Kennerley (2008). Features Javan Plover Kentish Plover Bill Black. Blunt-tipped with a thick base. Combination of head pattern and Black. Tapered tip. bill shape usually show that Javan Plover has a proportionately longer, thicker bill, although they can overlap in length. Leg Usually pale, olive-grey, rarely dark. The tibia length is proportionately Usually dark, but occasionally pinkish, pale or olive. longer than Kentish Plover, but tarsus lengths can overlap. Extends level with tail-tip in flight. Extends level with tail-tip in flight. Head: male Both sexes show a well-marked brown loral line and extensive lateral White on forehead less extensive, supercilium narrower, breast patches. Male usually has fairly well-marked frontal bar, ear- lores marked with a heavy black line. coverts, lores and lateral breast patches are dull russet-brown rather Frontal bar black. than black as in Kentish Plover or chestnut tones on the ear covert. While breeding, male usually shows a combination of black or dark brown frontal bar and lores, or uniform dark buffy-brown lateral breast patches, lores, eye stripe and crown. Head: female Supercilium white in front of eye with obvious pale buff extension Supercilium usually dusky-brown and very indistinct behind eye. behind eye. Well-marked russet-toned loral lines. Crown, lores and entire ear-coverts cold, dark brown. While breeding female usually has grey-brown on crown (uniform with Some individuals show rich rufous or orange wash to upperparts, mantle and wing coverts); or somewhat browner cap, with brown areas. drab brown on fore-crown, lateral breast patches, lores and eye-stripe. Nape White hind-collar always incomplete. White collar split at rear by coming down from hind-crown, though usually looks complete in most birds. Breast or lateral Breast whiter and breast band is sometimes complete. Shorter than Javan Plover, often more rounded at lower breast-patches Lateral breast-patches yellowish-brown or earth-brown, and dark edge. brown while breeding. Viewed head-on, white area between breast-patches narrower than length of breast-patches. On male, black; on female dark brown. Lateral breast-patches on Kentish Plover rarely meet to form a complete band. Scapulars and Uniform mid sandy brown or dark brown and sometime very pale-buff. Cold, dark brown. mantle Behavioural Upright stance, neck visible. Horizontal stance, head held “hunched” into shoulders. characters 100 Wader Study Group Bulletin 120(2) 2013

Fig. 11. Juvenile Javan Plover (south coast Java, Dec 2012): Shows diffuse breast patches, pale on head especially on forehead, upper- Fig. 10. Javan Plover in flight showing broad white wing bar, white parts and wing-coverts; wing-coverts are small and neatly arranged side to upper-tail and tail, and legs extending to level with tail-tip in (photo: Waskito Kukuh Wibowo). flight (Bali, 28 Jun 2012) (photo: Mat & Cathy Gilfedder).

Fig. 13. Breeding female Kentish Plover (, Jun 2003): super- Fig. 12. Typical breeding male Kentish Plover (Fujian, China, Apr cilium usually very indistinct behind eye and white collar split at rear 2012): Clear black frontal bar and black lateral breast patches (photo: by brown line coming down from hind-crown, though usually looks Myron Tay). complete in most birds (photo: Theodosis Mamais).

Javan Plovers in breeding plumage have well-defined lat- contrasts with Kentish Plover which usually has a dusky- eral breast-patches that are usually complete (earth brown or brown supercilium that is very indistinct behind the eye and yellowish brown) (Figs 2, 8 & 9). Males in breeding plumage a white collar that is split at rear by a brown line coming have a clear white forehead and short white supercilium (only down from hind-crown, though it usually looks complete in occasionally extending behind the eye); the upperparts are most birds (Fig. 13). brown or grey brown (including the mantle and scapulars) or Both sexes usually have darkish or blackish around the sometimes darker brown while breeding. While breeding, the eye, especially while breeding. At that time, the male usually male usually shows darker lateral breast patches and a black shows a black or dark brown frontal bar and lores as described frontal bar, lores and ear-coverts (Figs 8 & 9); but not as dark by Piersma & Wiersma (1996). as the lateral breast patches and frontal bar of breeding male Kentish Plovers (Fig. 12). CONCLUSIONS Breeding plumage females have russet-toned loral lines, but they lack the russet tones of the male; they have com- In this paper we have described several field observable char- plete lateral breast patches and a pale-buff supercilium that acteristics which can be used to aid the identification of Javan extends well behind the eye (unlike in Kentish Plover). While Plovers, and distinguish them from the similar Kentish Plover. breeding, females usually have grey-brown on the crown, up- These characters are listed in Table 1 and in Table 2 we have perparts, mantle and wing coverts (Fig. 1); sometimes darker divided these characters into three categories of relative value: brown uniform upper-parts, mantle, wing-coverts, lateral important, supportive and inconclusive. These characters will breast patches, lores, eye-stripe and crown; or a combination help observers to better identify Javan Plovers in the field. of grey-brown on the upperparts, mantle and wing coverts with buffy-brown lateral breast patches, lores, eye-stripe and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS crown (Figs 1 & 2). Javan Plovers usually have a white supercilium in front of We would like to thank Bas van Balen, Colin Trainor, Iwan the eye with an obvious pale buff extension behind the eye “Londo” Febrianto, Richard Noske and Swiss Winnasis and a white hind-collar that is invariably incomplete; this for discussions about Javan Plover features, and for their

Table 2. Relative importance of field characters for distinguishing Javan Plover from Kentish Plover. Important Supportive Inconclusive l Incomplete hindneck collar l Blunt, thick-based bill shape l Tarsus/bill length ratio (although this character may be of use for l Long lateral breast patches l Oval head pattern birds in the hand or photographs) l Paler leg colour l Call l Length of feet beyond tail (in flight) l Longer tibia length Iqbal et al.: Field identification of Javan Plover 101 support in providing significance references. We are very Blooming Books, Melbourne. grateful to AbdulRahman Al-Sirhan (Kuwait), Adhy Maruly, Hoogerwerf, A. 1967. On the validity of Charadrius alexandrinus javanicus Ahmad Yanuar, Asman Adi Purwanto, Ferry Hasudungan, Chasen and the occurrence of Charadrius ruficapillus Temm. and of Charadrius peronii Schl. on Java in New Guinea. Phillipine J. Science Ige Kristianto, Khaleb Yordan, Yayasan Kutilang Indonesia, 95: 209–214. Martin Hale (Hong Kong), Myron Tay (China), Norman Iqbal, M., Mulyono, H., Kadarisman, R. & Surahman. 2010. A new Deans van Swelm (Netherlands), Pete Morris (UK), Radityo southernmost record of White-faced Plover Charadrius dealbatus. Wader Pradipta, Syahputra, Theodosis Mamais (Greece), Waskito Study Group Bull. 117: 190–191. Kukuh Wibowo, Ahmad Zulfikar Abdullah for the use of Iqbal, M., Febrianto, I. & Zulkifli, H. 2011. The occurrence of the Javan their photos and sharing additional Javan Plover knowledge. Plover Charadrius javanicus in Sumatra, Indonesia. Wader Study Group Bull. 118: 49–51. We would also like to thank Humphrey Sitters who reviewed Iqbal, M., Taufiqurrahman, I., Yordan, K. & van Balen, S. 2013. An this paper. Finally, we are very grateful to Mark Grantham overview of the distribution, abundance and conservation status of the who improved the manuscript, and shared his knowledge and Javan Plover Charadrius javanicus. 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