image, stereotypes. image, Keywords to . as related imagology field of to the women and the called Ihave of what use the through discourse alternative an to construct attempts agenda ideological and Bates’s political discourse. of imperial framework the within reformulated and challenged are Spain about written how stereotypes explores essay the narratives, travel Palabras clave España. con relación en imagología de concepto yal por mujeres estadounidenses escrita lo lo que he llamado de uso el mediante alternativo discurso un autora construir intenta la de ideológico trasfondo El imperial. discurso del contexto el en sobre España estereotipos yreformulan cuestionan se cómo posible apuntar es anteriores viajeros de textos con norteamericana escritora conocida esta obra de la de comparación la Mediante Bates. Lee (1900) Byways and Katharine de Spanish Highways viajes de libro el en lo de pintoresco concepto del uso el analiza artículo El Resumen travelogue Bates’s Lee Katharine in the conceptpicturesque theof use of the analyzes article This Abstract imagen, estereotipos. imagen, counter-picturesque Spanish Highways and Byways : , travel literature, Spain, picturesque, counter-picturesque picturesque, Spain, literature, travel Bates, Lee : Katharine DESVELANDO LO ANTIPINTORESCO LO DESVELANDO UNVEILING THE COUNTER-PICTURESQUE THE UNVEILING anation distinguish that characteristics specific for those begins search The Revista de Filología de Revista : Katharine Lee Bates, literatura de viaje, España, pintoresco, antipintoresco pintoresco, España, viaje, de literatura Bates, Lee : Katharine REWRITING STEREOTYPES ON SPAIN: STEREOTYPES REWRITING LA REESCRITURA DE ESTEREOTIPOS SOBRE ESPAÑA: SOBRE ESTEREOTIPOS DE REESCRITURA LA self-valorization one positive is of logic the the neighbours; its amidst antipintoresco . The essay contributes to the study of travelogues written by American American by written travelogues of study the to contributes essay . The Alberto Egea Fernández-Montesinos Egea Alberto DOI: http://doi.org/10.25145/j.refiull.2019.38.004 DOI: IN KATHARINE LEE BATES LEE KATHARINE IN Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla Pablo Olavide, de Universidad . El trabajo contribuye al estudio de la literatura de viajes viajes de literatura la de estudio al contribuye trabajo . El constitute Picturesque of the practice and theory [The] , 38; enero 2019, enero , 38; pp. 61-78; e-2530-8548 ISSN: aesthetics to contribution European major English the negatively peoples other by representing highlighted (1900). Bates’s to previous text By comparing EN KATHARINE LEE BATES LEE KATHARINE EN (Beller & Leerssen 2007: 6). &Leerssen (Beller (Watkin 1982:(Watkin vii).

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REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 61 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 62 been made. As pointed to by Gifra-Adroher, As made. been contribution the of women to travel presented approaches by have as few women of very Spain travelers, of image the study to the With regard of Spain. case the neglected but has America, Latin and East Middle the by women written India, in travelogues British and American in pointed representation to the has of picturesque the theory of postcolonial area the in literature Previous Harper. M. J. Fish, Lila Cheryl and B. Steadman, Jennifer Bohls, recent Elizabeth contributions Friedman, S. with on gender by Susan studies based are foundations theoretical imagology. The and aesthetics of picturesque field contributions key with by Stephen the in Beller Copley, Manfred and Joep Leerssen, encounter, line and in travel, culture hegemonyresentation and and discourse, and counter-picturesque the of Ihave called what use the through discourse alternative her and attempt to produce agenda Bates’s an ideological and her works, political through speaking are that discourses conflicting explores of paper the the remainder The about Spain. stereotypes reformulating and questioning both discourse perial im with her dialogue analyzing with deals essay of this part Asubstantial issues. cultural and to related social as subjects and of landscape portrayal torelative the on Spain Bates’s of discourse to previous comparing dedicated is rewriting article the of body of Bates’s central The picturesque. of term the analysis use textual a close category. Subsequently, on aesthetic focus an as of picturesque Iwill the discussion conduct abrief approaches, Iwill theoretical to various references and definitions of Spaniards. on portrayal writers the by women perspectives new contributes study to unveiling unexplored. Ihope this relatively role women representation played the that remains travelers in of Spain Ford Borrow. and However, Irving, the figures: male key centered on same the mostly on Spain writing travel mapping of American extensive an been There has by women. written of studies travel field the in imagology and analysis aesthetics of aspect theoretical to introduce the is, that on writing, travel language, tational represen picturesque especially discourse, of aesthetics influence the to highlight Bates’s is of in concept the of picturesque use the the aim The travelogue. analyzes paper major This identity contributions politics. of study modern to Spanish the and travelogues unexplored crafted despite well being remain of her texts travel book study, and praise her travel immense received has Beautiful» the «America While for New The York chronicles about twenty-one Spain, numerous Times and poems. War. intensive six-month this In Spanish-American trip, books she produced two Coman. Katharine her colleague, with intense marriage for advocate women’s an and feminist active who an lived an rights She was demia. aca in when difficulties severe women at atime faced years, for many Department of head Wellesley’s the as of publications dozens who served with English academic accomplished an was Bates anthem. considered American by some true the tiful», Beau the «America ballad patriotic to the lyrics the as used poem hugely popular Spanish Highways and Byways Highways and Spanish The themes addressed in this essay engage with various debates about debates rep various with engage essay this in addressed themes The introduction with ageneral essay, of this after structure the Regarding Bates was an avid traveler and visited Spain in 1899, in Spain visited the traveler avid and an after was shortly Bates (1859-1929) Bates Lee Katharine for her writer well-known American an is , published in New York, published New in 1900, in rest the and - - - - - . articles she published New The York in about her Times and numerousarticles invited lectures of amount the with about contrasts on her Spain travelogue reviews of critical lack The Beautiful». the to onchosen elaborate Bates’s «America poem hugely popular have War studies of critical 1898, interest and Spanish-American the all it that seems topic duepublished 1900. intensely studied in to time at the an being Despite Spain behind. dynamics entirely leave imperial she cannot if even principles system, of foundational that same the weapon against of arhetorical Empire as language the how utilizes is Bates text achievement of this typical image of Spaniards is presented through subtle literary strategies subtle literary presented is through of Spaniards image typical stereo writers’ the authority.travel to Bates’s reshape sense, agenda that In social concept to critiquesinherent present the of of picturesque in the previous various 2007: 342). &Leerssen (Beller on facts» testable than rather on imputations relies reality their because just imagined are ‘national characters’ All or ‘nation’, depiction [...] of avisual therefore it not aspect does pictorial refer to the «The representation or or reputation discursive mental of aperson, group, ethnicity compilation of Imagology: key field to their the in Joep and Leerssen Beller Manfred on contributions relies the essay by this in used of image definition The imagologies. travel previous against up agesture bring and stereotypes tion of pre-established arejec signal text the in used strategies how narrative and by the her predecessors, writer. of awoman analysis the and of Spain case the in aesthetics of picturesque use the both addressing gaps to 229). bridge those (Gifra-Adroher tries essay 2000: This travelers» for male only fit crossing peninsular of rough the of myth the construction «de the in Cushing by Caroline earlier decades of womena tradition begun writers more 188). attention (2000: undoubtedly deserves on Spain writing continues Bates and an intellectual urge for investigation (Steadman 2007: 56). (Steadman investigation for urge intellectual an and expansion hegemonic of both aproduct was travelogues nineteenth-century in alterity cultural with encounter The 3-6). 2004: home (Fish back topics political and on social discussions in ticipating par in difficulties the to due expansion imperial and of conflict outposts to journey to had travelers women cases, some In interventionism. intellectual and domination economic expansion, colonial of combination of aunique product the is discourse imperial that comments Fish Steadman. B. 2007: 297). & Leerssen (Beller expression formulaic of a reductions merely are clichés aspects, metaphysical and moral valorizing contain also which stereotypes, power. Unlike heuristic ingenious, often original, its lost has life– social in use petitive re to –due that expression of human form a traditional to refers expression this cliché, Regarding 2007: 431-432). &Leerssen (Beller tendency valorizing emotionally an with and terms generalizing and simplifying [...] groups of such wrongfully representatives as or individuals groups social ing an acute confrontation with the predominant imperial discourse imperial predominant the acute confrontation with an and Byways Highways Spanish and evident in is of entails picturesque politicization the received little critical attention when it critical was little received Byways Highways and Spanish The essay will focus on ways in which Bates employed the textual instability instability employed Bates textual which on in the ways focus will essay The used variety objective toThe picturesque explore is the how reworks Bates 2 1

The definition of imperial discourse is based on the works by Cheryl J. Fish and Jennifer Jennifer and J. Fish by Cheryl works on the based is discourse of imperial definition The concern opinion of an expression verbal the is here used of stereotype definition The 2 . The remarkable remarkable . The 1 . Bates’s ------

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 63 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 64 hension, fear or loathing. This contradictory discourse, used to praise the country country the to praise used discourse, contradictory This hension, or loathing. fear appre of understanding, lack inspired had aforeign land as Spain sense, that In drawbacks. and of defects vicious assortment an using locals, the neously denigrating opposing judgements and to when other writers. compared modalities contrasting between shifts of Spain where image the of dynamics the nature the is to understand tries study this representations. What obscure with views negative favoring imaginary, and location, geographical exotic peripheral both an as Spain of tradition the perpetuated had travelers Romantic Manichean. and dualistic been braveand toreadors beauties of flamenco romantic view the positive ones, and like scoundrels, and gars beg perceptions of negative bandits, between oscillated of Spaniard the images The landscapes. picturesque and beauty of of place aesthetic the undeserving nature, idle of an War. by populated individuals vicious presented Apredominant cliché acountry frontier months for the to unable cross due afew Spanish-American to the attempt 1898, to enter in kept her Spain in in first was fact, Bates In unrest. social Spain´s reshaping in participating imagology.actively national episode by transformational key that in Bates’s participate industriousness. texts and hospitality as such positive traces, underlining violence, toand other views of idleness on stereotypes the based assessments, original from the changes Bates for of Spain where image the of dynamics, the shift the is to analyze tries study this hospitable and What dwellers. site: settings of picturesque pleasing aromantic land to amore country Catholic cruel, moment, fanatic, from adark, moving shifting a by as Gifra-Adroher described of Spain, of image the ment construction the in mo second key at that Spain in Ticknor. George arrives Bates as such Hispanists by writings Ford, academic and Richard and Irving Washington as such writers by best-selling books illustrated and romantic novels, journals travel successful the with century of nineteenth the decades first the in country the with of infatuation this convolutedthis episode of U.S.-Spain relations France barely doubles in number in the same time periods. time same the in number in doubles barely France or England as such nations relevant about search asimilar since significant is case The references). 1895 to 5,691 (from compared 16,690 to tripled Spain to dedicated of articles 1905 number in the data: revealing offers archives York Times New The in Spain about written of articles amount on the of images and generalized prejudices about the other» (Beller & Leerssen 2007: 11). &Leerssen prejudices (Beller about other» the generalized and of images inventory unconscious up from an up called or rise are of images war, these conflicts tension, of political times «In Beller: moment commented by Manfred as since, 1952: historical key at that 137). exactly of Spain Image the to study It important is (Burgess Coast on East the institutions other relevant and universities various in 1900. topicsand on addition, invited to Spanish In deliver public she was lectures in appeared her that in 21about Spain articles Formerly, travelers had celebrated the beauty of the landscape while simulta while Formerly, of landscape the beauty celebrated the had travelers and agitation of political acountry perception, was Spain popular the In 3 This avid interest in Spain at the at the Spain avid interest in This

The interest in Spain grew exponentially due to the Spanish-American War. A search War. Asearch Spanish-American the to due exponentially grew Spain in interest The . Thus, like most ethnic stereotypes, images of Spaniards had had of Spaniards images stereotypes, most ethnic like . Thus, fin de siècle de fin 3 between 1899 NewThe York Times between . Bates published detailed accounts accounts published detailed . Bates was preceded by other preceded waves was - - - - encounter narratives encounter descriptions of the foreign in frequently so repeated is category why this also and Spain, when by describing Bates frequently so used is picturesque term why the is to comes mind question that subjectivity. their first and The denizens but also nature and her not West. to describe the only art serves picturesque The within East orientalized an we consider if Spain paradox alogical is which models, to Spanish she applied principles the that is unique picturesquism to of is Bates Oriental What her emergent writing. avoice travel independence in as to articulate and authority order in critiques to voice of masculine different «variety» inherent picturesque in inescapable category of picturesque the category inescapable landscape complementing the beauty of complementing nature beauty the landscape the in appendages not picturesque are only as deemed now figures sense, the this In of prejudiced previous accounts. nature most importantly, of constructed the aware Byways 2007: 6). &Leerssen Highways and Spanish contrary, On in the (Beller negatively by other representing peopleslogic one is of positive self-valorization, highlighted the anation from its neighbours; distinguish that characteristics specific for those asearch is of aforeign land of imagology the construction the behind mechanics the to one´salternative Beller, most cases, in to Manfred According domestic culture. apreferable as seen cases, many in and, positively is assessed foreign country the opposite very the ofappreciation ethnocentrism: some in of exotic respects, is, the positive This delight. and to elicit admiration image, alternative opts forBates an Byways Highways and Spanish in reconfigured is inhabitants, the censoring while them William Combe. William them among authors, bymany criticised is overuse Its narratives. travel and books aesthetic teenth-century nine many in abused and used was picturesque term The century. eighteenth the since criticism aesthetic and textual for acommonplace became and painting, and poetry narratives, in operated picturesque of the discourse The arts. visual the and literature in piece modern any understanding collection iii volume as such examples curious other in used also word is The others. many and Roberts David Wells, Armstrong Nathaniel Smith, Hopkinson Francis Swinburne, Henry 127). (2000: of architecture charm Oriental the and Spaniards of the nature picturesque the in interested mostly Irving, Washington of case the mentions Gifra-Adroher country. of the events cultural and sociohistorical the in than hackneyed debate but rather to outline a brief definition of debate how but picturesque abrief to the outline definition rather hackneyed not is section to on elaborate this of this purpose The recent decades. in turesque literature. travel in relevance its historical contextualize and of picturesque the definitions establish essay, paragraphs of following the this picturesque Alhambra. Alhambra. picturesque , the description of productive locals leaves the reader slightly surprised but, surprised slightly reader the leaves description, the of productive locals A key term for understanding this rewriting process is the recurrent and and recurrent the is process rewriting this for term understanding A key There has been an increasing interest in theories and definitions of pic the definitions and theories interest in increasing an been There has 6 5 4

Picturesque Europe Picturesque The aesthetic categories of the Beautiful, the Sublime, and the Picturesque are key to to key are Picturesque the and Sublime, the Beautiful, of the categories aesthetic The them, Among on Spain. wrote who of travelers bydozens used is word picturesque The rather of Spain exoticism Oriental the in interested only were travelers previous Many 6 . Before completing the textual analysis, which is the object the is which analysis, textual . Before the completing by Bayard Taylor whose cover is illustrated with the very Spanish and and Spanish very the with illustrated Taylor is cover whose byBayard 5 . Bates employed the aesthetic instability instability employed. Bates aesthetic the 4 . of the hugely popular popular hugely of the - - .

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 65 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 66 and also in her articles and personal letters on Spain. The The on letters Spain. personal and her in articles also and Byways Highways and Bates’s in book happens Spanish travel as such main typologies, of various texts work, asingle but in different in rather not is, cases isolated manner, only in that presented aconsistent are in examples These scenes. arrival positions, as such textual play-on-words quotation as such at marks, irony, key and views these placing and counter-picturesque the of Bates, case the In light. adifferent when in seen rearranged be perceptions can of how cultural examples and evidence topic providing point and alternative of it presenting view from an picturesque: William Gilpin, Uvedale Price and Richard Payne Knight Richard Price and Gilpin, Uvedale William picturesque: of the of discourse the fathers founding contested the and authors have analyzed Various of Spain. imagology of an construction to the and to stereotyping relates expanded to a whole turn of mind (1810: of mind turn awhole to 618).expanded pittoresco Italian the to word’s etymology the bytracing painting than other genres to fundamental it as emphasized and beautiful, the and lime text from previous travelogues. previous from text Bates’s differentiates what is to present views and alternative lands of those nature picturesque supposedly the to register resistance This accounts. presented previous in turesque counter-pic The contested, questioned is or picturesque reconstructed. the which counter-picturesque the I have called not explored what been is has which one of category picturesqueness, types many 2010: improvement» modernising conspicuously (Andrews escaped 179). the Among had that subjects social and architectural and scenery for natural taste connoisseur a nourished US: the and «The and England legitimized picturesque as such nations industrialized in experienced of modernization process the escaped which to that be For heritage. seems some, picturesque the on of cultural time of passing effects the untouched communities by modernity, rustic even or and just figures, literary times, old items, and exotic topoi, subjects, archaeological ethnographic and landscapes constructed. it been had from what transforms and viewer, how picturesque as produces the Bates, analysis: current the guides what is insight interesting This associations. through picturesqueness produce that who can viewer it but the properties is that picturesque do not possess themselves objects that (1810: believes latter the that is Knight Price and between 8). difference main The of word the that picturesque» than determined accurately less been has meaning «Therepointed out theorists: words whose by few one Price, are of original the already are of picturesque the definition aclear establishing in difficulties The travelogues. reading and gender writing and in stereotypes, national changes, social and aesthetics between on links the who have focused Ortas, Esther and Braham, Persephone by Stephen those Bohls, are Copley,contributions field the in Elizabeth is not reiterating the same pictorial beauty in certain commonplaces as as commonplaces certain in beauty pictorial not is same the reiterating 7 The The phenomena, romantic ruins, different as such very be can picturesque The

Price was the first to consider the picturesque as a category distinct from both the sub the both from distinct acategory as picturesque the consider to first the was Price counter-picturesque is defined as an effort to elaborate on a hackneyed to on elaborate ahackneyed effort an as defined is . This neologism designates those occasions on occasions those neologism designates . This , which referred not only to pictorial delineation but delineation pictorial to not only referred , which entails the use of textual devices devices of textual use the entails 7 . Recent . Recent - - and subjectivity to those subjects traditionally presented stereotypically traditionally subjects to those subjectivity and agency by providing on aesthetics, dominant theory his presents in Bourdieu what counter-picturesque from the different decades in which this word was used. word was this which in decades different the from dictionaries historical using reassessed be to has picturesque of the principle The addressed. be to needs sense a more pejorative towards meaning in change The had. word has the definitions different the considering without periods time different from of art works in picturesque of the meaning the assess critics modern when perceived be may bias A critical 9-48). (2009: Egea Alberto in commented are project this to approach initial the explain to references key The centuries. two past the over 207). (2000: traditions» their and classes or peasant working the to bourgeoisie petite of the relationship the in element abasic is which nostalgia, populist and realism byaesthetic purveyed vision idealized of the form the in proximity, of distant relationship the experience to opportunity an is dancing, folk in as of itself, aspectacle ’people’of the making spectacle the or indignation, commiseration or even of contemplation object an as them stituting bycon classes lower the distances objectivism populist whose picturesque, social of the recording both the picturesque and its influence and picturesque the both interpretation of provide which amisleading studies common modern literary in assessments negative it possible is to rethink reading, of this light the In by critics. considered been picturesque of has what not typology to the adhere trying stances but in rather dancers, flamenco sensual and of bandits primitive delineations the and landscape depictionBates’s of Spanish the not is stereotypical picturesque the exoticism. and location difference of the sensuality, playground for entertainment, West, the a within scenario Oriental an as present Spain accounts esque. Previous to pictur amore picturesque modern human side of trip; from things the human to the of attention physical the focus from interest in the in shift aclear There is characters. human and issues social interest in increasing an is there ruins and quarries caves, in originating picturesque, previous from the characters: of social people habits. Her and picturesquism to approach subjects, vistas and locations ofovercomes landscapes, barrier the such as the Spanish soldiers who had been victimized in the Spanish American war war American Spanish the in victimized soldiers been who had Spanish the as such views, to alternative regard to develop her with empathyBates’s in readers try texts world the see point from of the Spaniards. of the view to helpshe tries Americans which in from Spain diaries and her letters writes when Bates time the also is this power. Nevertheless, War, imperialistic an becoming United when the was States Teddy during patriotism Roosevelt’s American Spanish presidency, the after right of burst Ponder Melinda this in as points out. participates Bates of flag-waving, full United the atime in patriotic States, (when were highly works published) both was Byways Highways and Spanish in to her of Spain defense compared contradiction interesting to an be devotion appears piece expressing this However, scenic. and picturesque to Colorado, in Bates’s patriotism also is American In fact, what is unique to is Bates’s her what text that is fact, In of picturesque the use «», the renowned poem written by Bates after her trip after by Bates renowned written the poem Beautiful», the «America 9 8

This is one part of a larger project on the evolution in meaning of the word picturesque word picturesque of the meaning in evolution on the project of alarger one part is This photographic the «Like manner: aparallel in picturesque on the comments Bourdieu undermines previous populist and bourgeois accounts, unlike unlike accounts, bourgeois and populist previous undermines evolves from the sphere of landscapes to that to that sphere evolves from the of landscapes 9 . . The decade of 1895-1905 decade . The 8 . - - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 67 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 68 stereotypes as a rhetorical mechanism. In this sense, the purpose of Bates’s purpose the sense, first this In mechanism. arhetorical as stereotypes of questioning the and device aesthetic an as of picturesque the use the paper: topics of this main two the summarizes preface the reference in the with together this arrival scene serves to frame the tone the for whole to the frame text serves scene arrival this Therefore, time. for first the «other» the where writer sees the instances visual are of its terms representation» the (1992: setting and contact 78-80). images These of relations «potent as them sites for framing who defined Pratt Louise by Mary discourse. of imperial questioning the have called Mills Foster Sara of Shirley and what example agood becomes people» (1899-1900: self-respecting honest, hard-working, 12). Bates sense, this In element «lusty of terms: kindly, these in 1899, class middle Spanish the describing New The York in Times on 12 Class» of Middle February the «Hardships article published the Bates narrative, productive to this visionand of people. the Adding a positive bringing discourse aesthetic the self-consciously modifies Bates characters, dedicated and working hard with picturesque the Infusing landscape. the inhabit women men and who of labouring the dignity the emphasizes scene picturesque Bates’s writers. by travel previous versionto human-centered Spaniards of the applied idleness stereotypical the in change a clear perceives reader the of text, the notes upon Bates arrival. thing it first the is into aproverb»passed (1900: since 2). of of relevant town is Pasajes the view This has Spaniard´ ´lazy The Provinces. of Basque the on outset industry the very the «One of went preconceived at our accounts: previous ideas to in wreck perpetuated characters idle lazy as of Spaniards view stereotypical the description contradicts The hard. extremely working peasants the Country,Basque where witnesses Bates the of in Pasajes (1900: village tiny the in i). place book´s The takes scene arrival manners of Spanish graciousness the and of Peninsula the charm poetic esque, pictur the praising Preface, the in already Spain, to describe used adjective first it very the is fact, In locations. habits and characters, situations, to describe Byways paradox. principles enthralling empire: of an that expansionist very the to note challenges interesting how author hymn patriotic the of key the Philippines. Therefore, the it in very is army of American the abuses the also and therefore they are not explicitly commented on in this essay. this on in commented not explicitly are they therefore and anecdotal, merely are text and images 112, 62, of4, 414). visual 258, and 290, relationship The of To-day (1900: Bull-fight and Ronda Well in A Roman Sevillana, the Dancing and Palace, Arab Tenants of an Water-jars, Gypsy the Filling of Pasajes, Village the book: the in illustrations the to textual references to picturesqueness in Spanish Highways Byways and Byrne’s Pitt Clara Julia as such on Spain books illustrated other many in as or irregularity, ruins roughness, of decay, not images are They of Spain. nature picturesque the not underline to is aim However, their In Sunny Spain: its People and Places and People its Spain: Patch’s In Sunny Olive and España de Cosas The relevance of arrival scenes in travel literature has been pointed been out has literature travel in scenes of arrival relevance The beginning at the directly of picturesque the of category the use With this Highways and Spanish in times over word twenty used The is picturesque 10

presents a total of forty visual images, that is, illustrations. illustrations. is, that images, visual of forty atotal presents Byways and Highways Spanish , only four of them refer directly directly refer of them four , only 10 . This textual image image textual . This . Out of the twenty twenty of the . Out - however, is any consideration of this critic’s position as the leisured observer of the scene (1994: scene of the 51). observer leisured the as critic’s position of this consideration any however, is claim, of this centre the at absence striking the comments, ironically Copley As festive. and indolent as country the about generalizing therefore nation whole the to case specific the extrapolate then They work. at anyone not see could they therefore and of afair, time the unfortunately, it being, that, regret of them Some country. the throughout celebrations popular the visiting were travelers the when formulated were criticisms those that striking It is life. enjoying to time their dedicating (1900: 2-8) cliché prevailing this of chapter, title to the the challenge Spaniard», «Theuses Lazy Bates that time people same hard-working at the very as described are wives their shepherds and and teachers Farmers, borrowed discourse. from being previous is Spaniard» concept Lazy the of «the that assumes presented, reader is title the the Therefore, way from the aforeign quotes language). in it since requires written is which Señorita!» la chapter «O the (besides whole quotation in book to marks appear it only chapter of the the is fact, In quotation in marks. appears title enough, the comments (quoted 2007: 74).Leerssen &Leerssen Beller in from author to reader, Joep wink precisely, as aknowing as, with clichés ironically invoked often are characters of national clichés and Stereotypes Spaniard. idle the Modern period: the in decades during romantic travelers by previous perpetuated about Spain, major stereotype to question this of word the nouse is other than male discursive forum and offer her own interpretation of its ideology» (2005: her interpretation offer own 611). of and its ideology» forum discursive male to enter a predominantly her opportunity the allowing of travel, while landscapes coherence of unfamiliar bring the to her and experiences ly her enables to organize «The manner: simultaneous picturesque this in strategies Richardson’s journal travel to refers Dorothy Kinsley it Zoë to her benefit. transforms and field, male a mostly (1900: diligence» determined 11).and of picturesque, the enters discourse Bates the vigor elements the re-formed to of admit natural «Having concept our of aSpaniard of her counter-stereotyping use case, this tation. In convention of picturesque room forframe amore mode to of make represen humane the to break of workers the dedication serves and effort Underlining the individual. hardworking active to presence the aesthetic an just with mere characters motionless from transition aseamless description of to scenic make canons the revises Bates accounts. previous average than of Spaniards nature presentation of laboring the (1900: sky» the 364). amore It clearly dignified is against top, figures picturesque mountain very the ploughing commonplaces: «peasants previous for challenging (1900: counting» and 7). reading in mites restless same the butto instructs twelve, from nine hand in Spaniard,’ however, well not‘lazy her only keeps Kindergarten United the in looked impossible. this States; to teachers us We diligent known had her subtle irony: week’s «But work with all again Spaniard» expression «lazy the later, no pages longer she afew uses ignored». be can Also, Spaniard laborious «the 2: on page early affirming in clear is text the rethinking, need might cliché this Bates entitles her first chapter «The Lazy Spaniard». However, Spaniard». chapter «The entitles her curiously Bates first Lazy Laborious farmers and diligent workers are the alternative picturesque picturesque alternative the workers are diligent and farmers Laborious 11

Many foreign travelers had criticized Spaniards for not being productive enough and and enough productive not for being Spaniards criticized had travelers foreign Many 11 . At the same time that the use of the quotation marks suggests that that suggests of quotation the use the marks that time same the . At contests previous commonplaces: previous contests - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 69 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 70 her study of Spanish, Italian, German and French at the Berlitz School in London (Ponder 2017: London in School Berlitz 180). the at French and German Italian, of Spanish, study her all walks of life in their own language, in which she acquired high proficiency high she acquired which in language, own their in of life walks all people and from gypsies farmers, with workers mingled and factory Spanish with ample conversations had Bates Spaniards. communion with aspecial establish her to allowed which language, of Spanish the her is subjects mastery of Spanish understanding and integration acloser Bates allows What them. with a dialogue opposite the people establishing the byhow and approaching to do it exactly tries (1993: portraits dehumanized 189). as subjects soulless and present which faceless of descriptions from trains travel examples many in seen be can were amere presentedThey amusement This for as travelers. the subjects. as neither nor could heard century. be recognized They of nineteenth the panorama of this part was objectification their commented Buzard: by James as of landscape, the considered were part sometimes locals the narratives, travel tional Ford’s like ornaments, or Brooke’s toreduced faceless tradi ubiquitous In banditti. frequently (2005: are scene 414). picturesque the in apainting» in figures Human or figures alandscape in beauty, people but intoof it figures natural by ends turning appreciation an as It begins tableaux. into of living aseries nature world turns and the frames represents apoint picturesque comments: that «the of view Marshall gypsies. and bandits of Spanish on dangers travelers the warn her required to of which her text nature guide tourist the and on gypsies discourse mainstream demeaning from the to it escape hard finds Bates that sions, it true is (1900: on credit parent stock» greater the even 133).reflect occa from these Apart held to was ago, years bull-fighter, two who died lawyer, but her gypsy her gypsy has cities. Spanish several in of fashion, elegance utmost the with arrayed go daughters and whose wives gypsies, ... wealthy There are thieves arrant such even improvement an been has there ... gitanos The «Yet authority: gypsy classical of this account to the compared appreciated as has mentions Bates she Borrow travelogue. George to point major to the differences this in light under adifferent beggars»), staged is and («fortune dancers tellers, texts Borrow’s in demeaning Byrne’s and as prejudiced amply portrayed gypsy, the highly (1900: oppression 136-137). marginality suffer and of favorite character all-time The people of time) who the chronicles real but and as most travelogues in see (as we can mere not pieces outlaws decorative introduces as Bates description of Alhambra, the her In beautiful problematics and of gypsies. personalities the portraying in succeeds avoids subjectivity, and subjects Byways Highways and Spanish usually aesthetics picturesque While subjectivities. distinct acquire beggars and workers, gypsies as 1995: (Bohls ornaments» as 118). such some of characters, Bates, of these case the In included solely and or cattle, trees as carefully grouped as faceless, peripherals, cally 12 is of Byways Highways and Spanish feature relevant contrary,On the the David how people presented travelogues, picturesque are in Regarding were typi landscape picturesque in «figures literature, travel traditional In

Bates began learning Spanish in 1898, the year before her trip to Spain. She continued She continued Spain. to trip her before 1898, year in the Spanish learning began Bates are not such ruffians as of old, as nor not ruffians are such 12 - - - . Spain of Legends of Romantic translation 1909 byher proved is published language Spanish of the mastery Highways Byways and Spanish In language. the practice could she where homes, Spanish in were more of stays her Spain, In to include women (1900: 209) for need problems workers education the reform in and of social factory the with deals but instead bullfighting, and flamenco ruins, to on elaborate choose abbey counter-picturesque of people the also is her portrayal sense, that In of picturesque. the category one the when amere using aesthetic than rather agenda untouchable toward presents asocial Bates objects, gazes wistful in abounded had of picturesque the Even discourse the if mixing. intercultural (1900: of space the peasants as ends 441). borders of as difference begins What Galician a«touch to get of with genuine fellowship» chapter she manages same aschool for later visits women and Vigo, the in in asylum, and an visits Bates bucolic descriptions. not anesthetized conditions in are sublimated living their and not are idealized or gypsies beggars Here rustics, marginals. and destitutes objectify not to tries Bates to water bearers, from coachmen to landscapes, From gypsies (1900: sight» within 33). tatterdemalions the for on benches receptions all sunny to hold used and informal for low society taste incorrigible our maintained but we still kindness, with us encompassed and to us hill the climbed callers Spanish and of month, the course the «In English politicians: refined to humble workers more than to presents talk herself Bates inclined fact, (1900: families 4). their and them In surrounds sorrow and that about misery the (11).life to agroup of workers her who chapter, tell talks Bates first the in Already everyday how government bad corruption impoverished and Spaniards’ had firsthand her to know allowed which Madrid, in conversations friends about with politics kept animated and Granada’s in Albaicín gypsies to the talking She spent evenings work. Girls work is most all indoors. It isn´t fair» (quoted in Burgess 1952: It isn´t (quoted indoors. Burgess 4). in all most fair» work is Girls work. don’t Boys not of but boys? outdoor much do Why of girls. expected always [...] is boys. as Sewing necessary as full are They of creation. portion necessary a very are «Girls eight: only was she when are highly praised: «The civilization of Spain [...] is still in many aspects finer than than finer [...] «The of Spain praised: aspects many civilization in highly are still is (1900: from everyone welcoming atouching such 29). Spaniards terms, general In following War surprised but pleasantly is of recent Spanish-American the because not to her receive kindly Spaniards when comes she expects surprise Her biggest accounts. presented earlier in manners bad and of violence, ideas cruelty the mine (1900: kind and 60, 73, courteous extremely 77, 156, 378), to under serves which (1900: 270). are or neighbors, shopkeepers, to just passersby hosts, Bates, According Sanlúcar in her year, experience as such same the in location and same the in travelers by previous criticized been who had innkeepers celebrates and strangers towards hospitality Spanish praises Bates life. everyday to their relates and Spaniards nary by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (Burgess 1952: 126). (Burgess Bécquer Adolfo byGustavo What other travelogues had considered picturesque, Bates recategorizes. recategorizes. Bates picturesque, considered had travelogues other What 13 presents ordi presents how is Byways Highways and Spanish issue relevant Another

Bates’s vindication of women´s rights is already present in her childhood diary written written diary childhood her in present of women´s already is Bates’s vindication rights , she translates poems, riddles and stories from original Spanish sources. Her sources. Spanish original from stories and riddles poems, translates , she 13 . since Bates does not does Bates since - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 71 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 72 admirer of President Woodrow Wilson and his defense of peace and progressive legislation (1900: 261). legislation progressive and of peace defense his and Woodrow Wilson of President admirer an also was Bates War. addition, In Spanish-American of the case the of like war, consequences the as such issues, social progressive and , pacifism, with dealing essays and poems many publish extending rights and reducing social inequality both in Spain and back home back and is Spain in both inequality social reducing and rights extending problems society. and project of Bates’s Spanish ofinequalities political liberal astatement is of systematic the Byways Highways and Spanish in at stake is what inequalities. out pointing and social project of otherness exploring political of her liberal part as understood be must of picturesque Bates’s the sense, provost.by the that In of aesthetics revision the her rejection control of religious expresses the of and Wellesleyparty, faculty College members of socialist with the sympathizes of foundations the capitalism, challenges political position» (1952: 111-112). (1952: position» political a than rather courtesy and of taste amatter as described be might which attitude –an distinctions class of certain a deprecation to herself limited who aconservative always was herself «She version: book written by her niece, Dorothy by herbook written W. niece, Burgess Bates by vision most of offered the her the biographers, with as such contrasts agenda open would not aboutBates to very her be want progressive ideology. liberal This professor, auniversity that as her it and public understandable is image restrictions ism her of her workers’ defense of and criticism capital through rights detected be may (1900: of greeting» 283). kindliness grave and dignity Castilian Hotel the we Gran Continental, were at the met by all on arriving and fallible, «But is Palencia inn: Baedeker their even when wrong describing also is (1900: Learned» 274). the erroneously attribute it Moors Alfonso to the and Baedeker guidebooks –the Titans of angry by since agang aeons wrought ofBridge Alcantara, we over «On go the inaccurate: some of day, the as guides dismissing leading two Baedeker. away She the Ford sweeps Karl and Richard as such book writers travel 1900: blush» (Bates to the 39). puts us expression Spain of reverence, compassion, acknowledgment, and dignified to intercourse, the of social charm and to grace relates that everything In own. our prisoners with the presence of presence the Pabloprisoners with Iglesias the love of man» (1900: 212-213). love of man» the include shall religion where Spain, regenerated awhite, for of hope heart bear still and Inquisition, of the Spain’ ‘black of the overthrow the for field open in contend possible, crimes such rendered has which tyranny of amilitary grasp in who, sons has she while Spain, for hope is there But surely [...] Salmerón. and Moret, Azcárate, nation, of the men great and labor, [...] by name, Pablo Iglesias of representatives were There of speakers. array anotable introduced who Canalejas, bySeñor of ten quarter at order to called was multitude swaying The opinion. of popular weight the with Government the impressing in consequence of chief was meeting mass Madrid «Our protesters: social and workers 14 . Curiously enough, she attended a political meeting about 1899 the meeting enough, she. Curiously apolitical attended Montjuïc All in all, after reviewing the references to the picturesque in Spain, in picturesque to the references the reviewing after all, in All On a parallel issue, Bates’s political position was certainly liberal and this this and liberal Bates’s issue, certainly position was political On aparallel previous disallowing is Bates disapprovals, and corrections these By using 16 15 14

A meeting dedicated to denounce the brutal repression by the government of union of union government bythe repression brutal the denounce to dedicated A meeting Bates used a male pseudonym, James Lincoln (Jay), (after her admired president), to admired her (after (Jay), Lincoln James pseudonym, amale used Bates Burgess’s description of Bates, far from the reality of her texts and letters, offers this this offers letters, and of texts her reality the from far of Bates, description Burgess’s 15 . In spite of this, and due spite and . In to college of this, 16 . In some. In of Bates her letters, - case, there is an explicit criticism of the imperialism of United the States: explicit of imperialism criticism the an is there case, (1994: of colonialism discourses the with 6). Bates’s In intersects picturesque the point deprivation. that It at social this is and poverty whenfor describing example into decorative, the social the and political the translates how aesthetics picturesque (2002: 175-176).desires» Additionally, Stephen Peter Copley and point out Garside or to imperial either nostalgia due memory: to and «personal association through filters that a category is picturesque the to Nigel 97). Leask, (2000: According ed» not concept formulat had explicitly been yet when this at a time Destiny Manifest of mentality the] expansionist is epitome«[Mackenzie American of emerging the comments on Gifra-Adroher Mackenzie’s US 1836 expansionism. ical travelogue: ideolog and territorial, economical advocated had Mackenzie, Slidell Alexander as such visitors Spain, in Earlier discourse. imperialistic and pro-expansionism vious (1900: in» to buried be serves 34). [...] outblooms world It soil. country Andalusia?» the Yes. has What All –«Soil! soil. afertile «–And hopeless Spaniard: present ayoung Bates’s with in dialogue clearly is farmers among of misery desperation The the uncultivated. them keep latifundios fields, of unused beauty who enjoy picturesque the aristocrats class of high the paradox presents the Bates (1900: of beggars 189, 187, reality harsh the 428), as well 392). as 286, addition, In conditions of poor people living the (1900: population and the in oflevel illiteracy of people the (1900: poverty the versus of clergy the 35,wealth 57, 90), high the workersdescription of Basque (1900: the (1900: of 2), farmers misery 4), the the present is on multiple her oppression occasions: classes by higher abuse ical and polit against protests Her social her activism. project informs what of political pose they journeyed to outposts of conflict and imperial expansion (2004: 3), (2004: expansion such imperial and of to conflict outposts journeyed they pose pur public just for that and policies, more than publicthe sphere to articulate and in meaningfully to participate effort aspecial made expansionism against writing nation democratic (2007: truly and 19). women the that Fish states respect, this In endorse spread of do the only they areformed then criticisms; publish their and to authority make support and of United the contingent is upon ability States their of nation. Their the economic practices and and policies social, political, the icize to authority crit claim writers These expansion. advocating uncritically than rather contradictions and its limitations exposing of nation and the practice the critiquing on insists unconventional form that of an women nation-building practice writers At this point, it is interesting to see how Bates disengages herself from pre herself how point, to disengages see it Bates interesting is this At With regard to expansionism, Jennifer B. Steadman comments on how B. Steadman Jennifer to expansionism, With regard (quotedCross Ponder in 2017: 180). Holy the and banner Spanish the atonce overthrew upon her bore down and fleet apirate gunners, drilling out and men-of-war of fitting to think preoccupied too she was which with pious labors of those suddenly, when midst the heathen, in the to Christianize Philippines the long in labored had earth, of the nations the among Lady [...] of beloved Our best it English in Spain, Catholic to understand It me not troubles alittle Spanish. in Imperialism new our to explain not try I did , caused precisely by the rich landowners who landowners rich by precisely the , caused ------

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 73 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 74 educational not of agent economic expansionism, but an indeed is Bates of Bates. case the is edited the journal The Courant journal the edited She also people. poor and immigrants to help educational and social offered which house tlement set awoman-run Boston, House, Denison in avolunteer She was work. volunteer her with evident is aware of and critiques the naive belief in the possibility of language ever simply ever of language possibility the in belief critiques naive of the and aware is representation. and She of discourse theories how contemporary foreshadows Bates prejudiced» (1900: being have aprejudice 120). against to observe It interesting is statement chapter in her radical with summarized be can stereotypes, and (1900: for Kodak» food 373). the more than something is Spain But picturesque. even to looking to devote themselves to pass he pleased is which through people the of lands the who mere expects the tourist, not tois gratify acity Upon by tourists. entering Bilbao, comments: «It Bates expected as backwardness bucolic and primitivism to picturesque going be is Not at its everything best. nity moder landscape: industrial and factories chapter are first the in finds reader the (1900: country the in 2). upon just what arrival fact, society In of Spanish dustry» versa. vice not and could picturesque, be modern anything reason, For simplistic adventures. of picturesque that narratives for country, their fit backward and isolated astereotypical was Spain mystified in to encounter expected most travelers of foreign traveler. the productive What utility the subject and colonial backward the between division troubling the to establishing contribute and un-picturesque as dismissed thus are of Spain productive activities 2007: at home» (Olsaretti 269). to even imagine hard so nity economically The commu long of lost apristine, unitary ideal men, that farmers/country the among particularly Levant, the in to seek came its people: and they due «In time country the demonize time but same at the Spain picturesque rural idealize books travel of these Some homeSpain. away fortunately, in back were alive still, fading of traditions the Most industrialization. and of tentacles modernity untouched by dehumanizing the location, old traditional and an as Peninsula the idealized most writers Spain, visiting home Revolution. back prior When emergence to of Industrial the reality the the it of them reminded because just eyes to their picturesque was aged and ditional, untouched tra communities by modernity. rustic unsophisticated, The imagining women. education Spanish young the of in many changes contributed to substantial from 1899 Institute of International the director where the she onwards, as Europe (1900: for women 1). expansionism in of agent educational an indeed, was, Bates more be may more pictorial, but heroic» Riders hardly Rough purer of idea truth. by for a conquering Peninsula the patient their campaign in strength youth and spending to work teachers on women’s of American band little education: gallant «a 17 To up, prejudices sum towards Bates’s and picturesque, the towards attitude how comments on «in Bates the to analyze it interesting is regard, this In picturesque of term the use recurrent Another

Bates’s will for an improvement in women’s education and working conditions becomes becomes conditions working women’s and in improvement an for education Bates’s will 17 . She comments on the group of American teachers who came to Spain to Spain who came teachers . She comments on group the of American in which she dedicated her efforts in fighting for women’s for rights. fighting in efforts her dedicated she which in is the traveler’s fixation in traveler’s in the is fixation ix : «I - - - - - can begin to map and underline the significant contributions on she made issues significant the underline and to map begin can of counter-picturesque the use the through of Spain of image the construction Bates’s we study As vision on Spain. contribution the in stereotypical the in biases out pointing in authority approaches claims the of Bates other travelers, contesting Byways Highways and Spanish in at stake is this All vindications. on political reflecting travelogues historical and social of writing: kinds way to more specific giving was picturesque stereotypical the for expecting descriptionreaders of a foreign country Travel itself. of genre a general the conceived as devices on rhetorical writing the to doing reflect is in succeeds Byways Highways and Spanish What genre. travel the door, ofby her back enters men. use the with Bates public is, debate that through dominated been had of writing, travel field the like that, picturesque the and Spain to adebate about access facilitated which views of alternative presenting a means rhetoric the and of representation. of writing travel aesthetics the in but also Spain of not portrayal the revisions only in significant offered Bates activism, social and her mobile subjectivity Through denizens. Spanish of framing enclosing and manner represents another Bates in However,of picturesque. the viewing picturesque the frame the through for metropolis the consumption in Spain aboutset organizing of into day. light them to the but bring politics them determination the Imperial to abolish effort prejudices not inherited is vain the tool against most useful The of them. aware to need become critically the prejudices of and picturesque existence but points out how text rather the the mulation of or stereotypes previous current United States and her praise of the Spanish counter-picturesque. of Spanish United the her and praise States the with associated of some things her dismissal between mediating as viewed be may self inescapable American her and North position empire building vis-á-vis Bates’s status. conflicted social from ahigh intellectual American an as of writing gaze of imperial the herself to unable divest is time but same of at the capitalism, drawbacks of United the politics the and States of expansionist the examples offers (1995: bias masculine this 123). not does preventthat from challenging them Bates power but its cultural and discourse adeeply relation in ambivalent to aesthetic stand women many writers comments that Bohls Elizabeth respect, that In picturesque. of the discourse no option has but existing Bates the to use Once again, politics. of imperial acounter figure becomes and stereotypes those she recycles occasions conceptions the about other, and the about Spain on and other stereotypes inant she complicit is dom of at times line travel: with on sides of liminal both the writes (quoted 2007: commented by 21). Leerssen as &Leerssen place, Beller in take can characterization of study national acritical as emergence of imagology actual the that models explanatory as characters authenticity of the national in a belief it people now is have fact, that abandoned In adventure of the language. witness when we encounterthes, representations we do not encounter aworld but rather Bar world Roland world the Representations bring itself. into Paraphrasing being. not and the images, of world the just that, are images world. the representing All , in addition to the traditional description of monuments By addition traditional customs. to, in the and In conclusion,In Bates’s her gave precepts literature travel with engagement What ultimately matters in in matters ultimately What Bates discourse, of imperial of subject her awoman frame to the time As is not is for the Byways Highways and Spanish , we - - -

REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 75 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 76 offer an alternative understanding of Spaniards. understanding alternative an offer to managed and on Spain view possibleis how to stereotypical see the she rewrote Bates’s it in hidden picturesque the By unveiling discourse, of country’s image. the moment second key of this construction in the Spain’sreshaping imagology national in participated Bates that Therefore, it possible is to activism. affirm political and women’s as such movements public the education on and debates and social rights Recibido : junio de 2018; de : junio aceptado : octubre de 2018. de : octubre Gilpin Gifra-Adroher Friedman Foster Fish Beller Bates Bates Buzard Braham Bates Barthes, Bourdieu Andrews Egea Fernández-Montesinos Egea Brooke Combe Burgess Bohls Copley Black and White Women’s Travel White and Narratives Black J. (2004): , Cheryl , Katharine Lee (1899a): «Hardships of the Middle Class», Class», Middle (1899a): of the Lee «Hardships , Katharine , Katharine Lee (1900): Lee Highways Spanish Byways and , Katharine in Woman’s Observations American (1899b): An Frontier; Lee Spanish the «On , Katharine Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, 1716-1818 Aesthetics, of (1995): A. Language the and Travel Women Writers , Elizabeth Three Essays: on Picturesque Beauty; on Picturesque Travel; and on Sketching Sketching on Travel; and Picturesque on Beauty; (1792): Picturesque on Essays: , William Three The Tour of Doctor Syntax in Search of the Picturesque (1812): the of Search in , William Syntax Tour The Doctor of Leerssen ( Leerssen Joep and , Manfred , Shirley and Sara Mills Sara and , Shirley , Stephen and Peter and , Stephen , Arthur (1831): Morocco and , Arthur Spain in Sketches The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways to Culture, Culture, Ways to the and (1993): Literature, Tourism, , James Track: European Beaten The Dream and Deed: The Story of Katharine Lee Bates Lee W.B. Katharine of , Dorothy (1952): Story The Deed: and Dream , Persephone (2002): «Adventures in the Picturesque: Voyage and Voyerism in the Tourist Voyerism the Voyage in and Picturesque: the in , Persephone (2002): «Adventures Landscape: to which is Added a Poem, on Landscape Painting Landscape on aPoem, Added is which to Landscape: UnitedNineteenth-Century States Princeton: Princeton University Press. University Princeton Princeton: Manchester University Press. University Manchester of Florida. of Representation of National Characters Douglas B. Holt B. Douglas tología 12 February: 7. 12 February: York Times New The Speak», Rarely Inmates Whose AConvent Classes; Middle Spanish of the War; Oppression Late bythe Left Scars Biarritz; 1899-1918 Press. of Oklahoma versity Hispánicos Estudios de Canadiense Revista Mexico», to Guidebook Press. 177-194. Publishing, Scholars castle: bridge: Cambridge University Press. University Cambridge bridge: ( Jordan John and Hollington University Press. University Catherine in (2010): Picturesque», Turner the , Malcolm and «Dickens, Roland (1989): Language of Roland Rustle The Schor Juliet in of Distinction», Sense the as Sense «The (2000): Aesthetic , Pierre Mappings: Feminism and the Cultural Geographies of Encounter of Geographies Cultural (1998): the and Stanford Feminism Mappings: , Susan , Sevilla: Centro de Estudios Andaluces. Estudios de Centro , Sevilla: Between History and Romance: Travel Writing on Spain in the Early Early the in Travel Spain on Writing Romance: and History Between , Pere (2000): , : Oxford University Press. University Oxford , Oxford: ( eds.), eds.), Garside (1994): Garside An Anthology of Women´s of (eds.) Travel (2002): Anthology An Writing Viajeras anglosajonas en España: una an una España: en anglosajonas (coord.) Viajeras (2009): , Alberto The Consumer Society Reader BIBLIOGRAPHY eds.) (2007): Imagology: The Cultural (2007): Construction andeds.) Literary eds.) , Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. University Dickinson Fairleigh , Madison: , The Politics of the Picturesque the of Politics The

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REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 77 REVISTA DE FILOLOGÍA, 38; 2019, PP. 61-78 78 Steadman Watkin Taylor Roberts Price Pratt Ponder Ortas Durand, E Durand, Ortas Olsaretti Marshall Leask Knight Kinsley Harper Essays on the Picturesque, as Compared with the Sublime and the Beautiful the and Sublime the with Compared (1810): as , Uvedale Picturesque, the on Essays Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Travel Writing, 1770-1840 Travel of Writing, , Aesthetics Nigel the and (2002): Curiosity , Mary L. (1992): L. Imperial, Mary Eyes: in Studies Travel Writing and Transculturation Picturesque Europe: a Delineation by Pen and Pencil of the Natural Natural the of Pencil and Pen by (1875-1879): aDelineation , Bayard Europe: Picturesque An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste of Principles the into (1805): Payne Inquiry Analytical An , Richard Katharine Lee Bates: From Sea to Shining Sea Shining to Sea From Bates: Lee (2017): M. , Melinda Katharine The English Vision: the Picturesque in Architecture, Landscape, and Garden Garden and Landscape, Architecture, in (1982):, David Picturesque the Vision: English The , Lila Marz (2001): Marz Travelers. Solitary Women’s, Lila Nineteenth-Century Travel Narratives and the , Zoë (2005): «Dorothy Richardson´s Manuscript Travel Journals (1761-1801) Travel Journals Manuscript Richardson´s (2005): «Dorothy , Zoë Pos the and Picturesque Sketches in Spain Taken during the Years 1832 Years the &1833 Taken Spain in during (1837): Sketches , David Picturesque Design Hodcson &Graves. Hodcson York: Appleton. Continent the and Britain Great of Places Historical and Picturesque the and Features Press. University State London: J. Mawman. J. London: Routledge. Publishers. Social History Social Levant», the to Travelogues Victorian Early in Carnivals of Picturesque Representation Institución Fernando el Católico, 173-200. Católico, el Fernando Institución Enguita Utrilla (eds.), Utrilla Enguita xix siglo del mitad primera la de viajeros los según Press. University Hopkins John The University Press. University sibilities of Picturesque 56 Aesthetics», Studies English of Review The VocationScientific , Jennifer B. (2007): Traveling (2007): B. Economies. American, Jennifer Women´s Travel Writing The Frame of Art. Fictions of Aesthetic Experience, 1750-1815 Experience, Aesthetic of Fictions Art. of Frame (2005): The , David , Alessandro (2007): «Urban Culture, Curiosity and the Aesthetics of Distance: The The of Distance: Aesthetics the and Curiosity Culture, «Urban (2007): , Alessandro , New York: Harper &Row. York:, New Harper sther M. (1999): «El pintoresquismo de personas, tipos e indumentarias aragoneses aragoneses eindumentarias tipos (1999): M. personas, de sther pintoresquismo «El 32 ( 32 , Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. University Dickinson Fairleigh , Madison: 3): 247-270. 3): Localismo, costumbrismo y literatura popular en Aragón », in José Carlos Mainer and José María María José and Mainer Carlos », José in , Chicago: Windy City City Windy , Chicago: : 611-631. : , London: T., London: Payne. , Oxford: Oxford Oxford , Oxford: , Colombus: Colombus: , , Baltimore: , Baltimore: , Zaragoza: , Zaragoza: , London: London: , , London: London: , , New , New - ,