SYSTEMATIC FOAM CONTROL SILFOAM® STRIKES a BALANCE BETWEEN INNOVATION and EFFICIENCY Contents

CREATING TOMORROW’S SOLUTIONS

SYSTEMATIC FOAM CONTROL SILFOAM® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN INNOVATION AND EFFICIENCY Contents

Introduction 3 Textiles 9 Detergents and Cleaning Agents 17 Pulp 27 Life Sciences 31 Water Treatment 41 Petrochemicals 45 Dispersion Manufacturers 53 Glossary 57 WACKER at a glance 59

PULPSIL®, SILFAR®, SILFOAM® and WACKER® are registered trademarks of Wacker Chemie AG. SYSTEMATIC OPTIMIZATION – FOR EFFECTIVE, RELIABLE AND ECONOMICAL FOAM CONTROL

3 Silicone-based antifoam agents from WACKER offer an effective and flexible alternative. Get the benefit of optimum performance and stable product quality.

Plenty of foam means good washing WACKER is a market leader in silicone petroleum and dispersion manufacturers. If you wish, we will also work together properties. At least, that’s what most antifoam agents. Our SILFOAM®, SILFAR®, In laboratories and technical centers all with you to implement innovative formula- consumers think. They associate it with PULPSIL® and WACKER® AK Silicone Fluid around the world, WACKER specialists are tion ideas. cleanliness, conditioning properties, lines create a highly efficient product port- continually refining and developing our a fragrance or perhaps simply fun. For folio that is not only remarkable for its depth products. See for yourself how powerful our range many foam-intensive industrial process- and breadth, but also meets the demands of solutions is and discover the benefits es, however, foam is disruptive and the of markets all around the world. Our foam- For each of these areas, the WACKER of systematically optimizing your foam- cause of various production problems. control systems are general-purpose, ready- antifoam agent portfolio has a foam-control intensive processes. to-use products that are easy to process, system that is ideal for you – regardless Foam can lower process efficiency and economical, and individually tailored to your of whether you mainly use liquid or solid reliability and impair product properties. demands. media, or whether you want a compound, The end result is lower productivity, poorer a self-dispersing product or an emulsion. economics and inferior product quality. When you choose WACKER antifoam agents So, how much foam does a process or to control your foam, you are choosing an If you have any questions about our prod- product need in order to be effective, exceptionally innovative problem-solving ucts and applications, fields of use and and how can it be regulated effectively? system. We already offer a comprehensive advantages, please contact our experts, The smart way to find out is to use a range of custom solutions for many industries, who will gladly take the time to provide you high-quality, silicone-based antifoam such as textiles, detergents and cleaning with expert and individual advice based agent from WACKER. agents, pulp, life sciences, water treatment, on a practical analysis of your systems.

4 SILFOAM® Antifoam Agents – Integrated, Sustainable Solutions

Do you have a particular foaming problem SILFOAM® SD SILFOAM® SP WACKER® AK in production? We will supply a custom Self-Dispersing Silicone Antifoam Agents Silicone Antifoam Powders Silicone Fluids antifoam agent to help resolve it. •• Combination of antifoam agent com- •• The powder-form antifoam agents •• Are characterized by good antifoam pounds with organic active agents are specifically intended for powder properties in water-free, non-polar systems And that’s not all: our foam-control systems and auxiliaries products, e.g. powder detergents. •• Suitable for applications in which compat- show their true strengths not only through •• Disperse spontaneously in contact ibility with other substances is not required their universality and compatibility, but also with foaming formulations PULPSIL® in their effectiveness, diversity, versatility and •• Show particularly good distribution Silicone Antifoam Compounds and Emul- ongoing technical development. and compatibility sions, as well as Silicone Surfactants •• Specifically developed for use in the SILFOAM® SC SILFOAM® SE pulp and paper industry Silicone Antifoam Compounds Silicone Antifoam Emulsions •• Oily, viscous, opaque or slightly cloudy •• O/W emulsions of antifoam agent com- SILFAR® liquids pounds with an active ingredient content Silicone Product Range (Dimethicones, •• Mostly used in systems containing little of 5 to 50% Simethicones, Antifoam Agents, Active or no water •• This product form is mainly used for water- Substances and Auxiliaries) •• Compounds can be used neat or mixed based formulations and applications •• Specially developed for use in the with suitable formulation components pharmaceutical industry and related such as surfactants. life sciences

5 Service Solutions – Flexible and Customized

Individual problems require individual Our experts will be glad to assist you in customers’ needs. WACKER production sites legal requirements in a manner that suits the service solutions – these are provided solving this problem. You have the oppor- in Germany, the USA, Brazil, Japan, India market and customers. by our teams of experts. tunity to perform detailed compatibility and China ensure that SILFOAM®, SILFAR®, tests on your system with several products PULPSIL® and WACKER® AK foam-control **Foam-preventive substances are known as “antifoam agents,” foam-destroying agents are called “defoamers.” SILFOAM® To help you choose the antifoam agent to determine the optimum WACKER anti- systems have the same high quality standard foam-control systems are multifunctional, i.e. they act as antifoam that best suits your needs from our wide foam agent. and breadth of applications worldwide. agents or defoamers, or perform both functions depending on the application. product range, we recommend you start All production sites have their own technical by deciding whether you require a liquid As a company that thinks globally and centers for service and support. That allows or a solid, a water-free or a water-based acts locally, WACKER has oriented us to adapt to local circumstances concerning product. The main criterion is whether the its production and services strictly to its application variants, delivery quantities and WACKER antifoam agent is compatible with your formulation. Selection Flow Chart Since the silicone-based antifoam usually has different solubility and dispersibility from SILFOAM® SC compound solid those of the formulation components, it is SILFOAM® SP powder Compatibility SILFOAM® SD self-dispersing necessary to choose a largely compatible critical SILFOAM® SE emulsions antifoam product*. In contrast, relatively Medium liquid incompatible antifoam agents can be very to be defoamed water- efficient and so a balance must be struck (= customer system) containing between efficiency and compatibility. SILFOAM® SC compound Compatibility SILFOAM® SE emulsions liquid SILFOAM® SD self-dispersing not critical SILFOAM® SC compound water-free WACKER® AK silicone fluids

6 SILFOAM® Antifoam Agents – Application and Use

Correct handling of foam-control systems Metering •• Viscous antifoam emulsions can be Storage Stability will ensure you get the best results. •• The optimum dosage of SILFOAM® diluted by adding successive amounts •• Silicone antifoam compounds resist high Some important aspects of using WACKER antifoam agents in customer systems of cold water in ratios of 1:1 – 1:10 and low temperatures. We recommend antifoam agents are discussed below: is determined by preliminary tests •• To keep dilute emulsions stable for storage at room temperature •• Good distribution of the highly active longer periods, we recommend adding •• Self-dispersing silicone antifoam agents Efficiency Comparisons SILFOAM® products in the medium thickeners, such as carboxymethyl are best kept at room temperature •• These are oriented to customer sys- to be defoamed is essential for high cellulose or polyacrylic acid solutions •• Silicone antifoam emulsions are best tems and their technical processes efficiency stored at between 5 and 25 °C. •• Agitation and recirculation pump tests •• In calculating the optimum amount Shear Stability Temperatures above 30 °C or freezing or the generation of foam profiles, for to use, remember, during mixing, to •• Shear forces can impair the effective- temperatures can affect the resistance example in washing machines allow enough antifoam agent pres- ness of SILFOAM® antifoam agents and dilutability •• Provide practical data about the use ent to compensate for any loss of •• With readily compatible antifoam agents, •• Once opened, the drums should be of the antifoam agents in the final effect due to storage or dispersion the shear force leads to rapid dispersion carefully sealed to prevent microbial application. •• In metering SILFOAM® by pump, of the antifoam and often distributes it contamination. we recommend using low-shear so finely that it quickly becomes exhausted equipment capable of metering •• With antifoam agents that are relatively small amounts precisely incompatible, the shear forces can cause the antifoam to agglomerate and Dilution separate out •• Antifoam compounds can be incor- •• Pre-dispersed products such as emulsions porated homogeneously by diluting offer advantages as long as the shear them with suitable solvents, such as forces are not too high white spirit, ester or isopropyl alcohol

7 8 SILFOAM® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN QUALITY AND ECONOMY

Textiles Highly Compatible Products Optimize Production Processes and Product Quality. SILFOAM® rounds off your textile production chain.

SILFOAM® foam-control systems – as With today’s globalization, modern high- This is exactly what SILFOAM® foam- Advantages silicone-based process and product tech fabrics, innovative technology, cost control systems are designed to prevent. •• Highly efficient defoamers – provide clear quality and pressure and rising demands for quality, They are highly efficient, with low chemical •• Low dosage requirements result in efficiency advantages in all textile meeting the ever-greater challenges in reactivity, have a wide spectrum of action no loss in product functionality and processes. textile production requires cost-efficient, and can be used in two different ways. As thus savings in material and costs. optimized production methods. SILFOAM® process defoamers added directly to the •• Broad range of applications antifoams from WACKER are invaluable treatment liquor, they regulate foam build- •• Largely chemically inert, thus no aids to guaranteeing that production pro- up during the ongoing process. Or they can reaction with the foaming substances cesses run smoothly and product prop- be employed purely as a product defoamer, •• Do not impair the wetting action of erties are enhanced. added to textile auxiliary formulations to defoamed surfactants become active when a potentially foamable Foam can be generated during several product is in use. important phases of textile processing, and when it occurs, it almost always results With their wide versatility and our specific in lower quality and reduced efficiency. technical support, as well as preliminary tests This is because foam affects the properties in our laboratories, you will certainly find the of textiles, which can then disturb sensitive right SILFOAM® antifoam for your needs. process workflows. For example, it can lead to uneven coloring during textile dyeing.

10 One Product, Many Solutions – the Choice Is Yours

No single defoaming agent can fulfill all Ionic Character Dispersing Properties Influence of the Medium (pH) requirements equally well. The condi- •• WACKER silicone antifoam emulsions •• Foam cannot be combated effectively •• WACKER silicone defoamers show tions are different with each application, have various ionic characters; this con- unless the defoamer disperses readily excellent persistence and each of these places a different set siderably reduces the risk of precipitation in the medium to be defoamed. •• Since the defoamers’ efficacy can of demands on the defoamer. That is caused by surfactant components with •• Silicones have an inherent ability decline rapidly under the influence why WACKER offers you a wide selection different ionic characters (e.g. anionic, to disperse rapidly and show little of strongly alkaline formulations, of SILFOAM® solutions exactly tailored cationic or amphoteric wetting agents). tendency to form deposits. WACKER offers alkali-resistant to your specific application conditions. •• There is also a wide range of non-ionic •• Due to their oily, hydrophobic character, silicone antifoam emulsions for such silicone antifoam agents, which ensures WACKER silicone antifoam agents textile applications as bleaching, good compatibility with ionic emulsifiers. (compounds) only disperse well in reactive dyeing and mercerizing. •• WACKER also offers anionic silicone the presence of a sufficient quantity •• Preliminary tests should be carried antifoam agents for anionic auxiliaries. of redispersants. out to ensure resistance to chemical and thermal effects.

Textiles Self-Emulsifying Property •• It is important here that the antifoam •• lf the defoamer is highly compatible with •• This requires preliminary compatibility •• WACKER self-emulsifying silicone anti- agent remains fully effective and does the medium to be defoamed, shear forces tests, where an amount of 0.5 to 2 % foam agents show good dispersibility and not coagulate. disperse the defoamer too finely. The result WACKER silicone antifoam agent is compatibility, especially in applications •• WACKER has developed special heat- is decreased defoamer activity. added to the formulation. characterized by poor spreading. resistant silicone antifoam agents for •• Predispersed silicone antifoam emulsions •• Depending on requirements, samples •• They disperse immediately on contact with applications of this kind. improve efficacy, provided the shear forces are examined several days later (for water to form fine-particle emulsions. are not too high. noticeable changes, such as flocculation, Shear Stability sedimentation or pronounced clouding). Resistance to Boiling •• Shear forces caused by high process Compatibility Formulations that appear to be largely •• During bleaching and disperse dyeing of speeds have a major impact on defoamer The textile processing chain places a variety homogeneous are then tested for their polyester fabrics, WACKER silicone anti- efficiency, resulting in reduced foam of stringent demands on silicone defoamers: defoaming activity. foam agents are exposed to temperatures suppression or emulsion breakdown. •• For process defoaming, the defoamer ranging from 80 to 130 °C (jet dyeing selected should not produce deposits or machines). disrupt the process in any way (coagulation, spot formation on the textile substrate, etc.). •• For product defoaming, it is important to use a largely stable defoamer which disperses uniformly.

12 Smooth Production

Used as a process defoamer, SILFOAM® Process Defoaming Fiber Production Dyeing and design optimizes a range of textile production In process defoaming (also known as ex- •• Monomer synthesis •• Dyeing processes, from fiber manufacturing to ternal defoaming), a silicone antifoam •• Polymerization •• Printing and space dyeing dyeing and design. agent is added periodically to regulate foam- •• Finishing •• Steaming ing in a running process. The top priority •• Rinsing here is that the properties of the antifoam Fiber Processing agent should not be affected by process- •• Sizing Treatment ing conditions Above all, the antifoam agent •• Chemical bonding of nonwovens •• Softening must be highly heat resistant, resistant to •• High-grade finishing alkalis and highly resistant to shear forces. Pretreatment •• Optical brightening •• Desizing •• Hydrophobic finishing SILFOAM® effectively combats and con- •• Bleaching •• Coating of textiles trols the formation of unwanted foam •• Bucking / kier boiling during all phases of production in the •• Mercerizing Wastewater following processes: •• Washing •• Defoaming of textile wastewater

Textiles SILFOAM® Application Dosage [%] Solids content, Appearance Viscosity pH approx. Ionic Character Product type approx. [%] approx. [mPa s], 25 °C SE 39 Wetting agent formulations in 0.1 – 0.5 33 White 150 7.0 Nonionic/anionic Emulsion bleaching processes SE 40 Polyester dyeing (jet) 0.2 – 0.5 16 White 3,000 7.0 Nonionic Emulsion SE 47 Universal 0.2 – 0.5 17 White 50 7.0 Nonionic Emulsion SRE Universal 0.1 – 0.5 33 White 150 7.0 Nonionic Emulsion SD 100 TS Polyester dyeing (jet) 0.1 – 0.5 100 Yellowish 6,000 – – Self-dispersing

Service it is possible to determine the most alkali- Product Recommendations Wetting Agent Formulations WACKER offers a broad range of silicone resistant defoamer for your bleaching and SILFOAM® SE 39 The highly alkali-stable emulsion antifoam agents, some of which meet these kier-boiling processes, or to choose the SILFOAM® SE 40 SILFOAM® SE 39 is especially suitable conditions in a general way, while others most stable defoamer for use in dyeing for- SILFOAM® SE 47 for wetting agent formulations. fulfill certain requirements exceptionally mulations that contain large amounts of SILFOAM® SRE well. This allows us to offer you a system salt and dispersion agents. And for high- SILFOAM® SD 100 TS Polyester Dyeing in Jet Dyeing geared to your particular production condi- speed continuous pretreatment processes Machines tions. Thus, for each phase of production, with large amounts of surfactant, we carry General-Purpose Applications For this special application, we recom- you can choose products that are optimized out preliminary shear tests to ensure the Here, we recommend emulsions mend the heat-stable SILFOAM® SE 40 to your specific requirements for pH, shear required process stability. SILFOAM® SE 47 and SILFOAM® SRE. emulsion and SILFOAM® SD 100 TS or heat stability, and are individually tailored antifoam agents. to your production set-up. For example,

14 Improved Textile Properties

SILFOAM® product defoamers provide Product Defoaming compatibility often exhibit rather low defoam- as well as the preparation of specific test effective, persistent foam control in your During product defoaming – or internal ing activity. In contrast, a high defoaming profiles and a comprehensive analysis of textile system. defoaming as it is also called– the antifoam efficacy may have a negative effect on pro- your situation. agent is added preemptively to a system cessing problems or product properties. or a component, such as a textile auxiliary In addition to an antifoam agent’s stability formulation. The defoamer then becomes Our experts will gladly assist you in achiev- at various pH values, its ionic activity also active when the foamable product is used. ing the best balance between the properties plays an important role. Components with The main problem during product defoaming you need and possible side effects so that different ionicity often lead to precipitation. is to strike a balance between an antifoam you will find the SILFOAM® antifoam agent WACKER has a large selection of nonionic agent’s activity and its compatibility with best-suited for your individual product. Our antifoam agents showing excellent compat- the medium being defoamed – for these two service includes our obligation-free advice ibility with such ionic emulsifiers. properties tend to be mutually exclusive. Thus, antifoam agents with very good

Textiles SILFOAM® Application Dosage [%] Solids content, Appearance Viscosity pH, approx. Ionic Character Product type approx. [%] approx. [mPa s], 25 °C SC 132 Wetting agent formulations 0.5 100 Colorless, opaque 20,000 – – Compound for bleaching processes SC 339 Wetting agent formulations 0.5 – 1.0 100 Colorless, opaque 100 – – Compound SC 369 Wetting agent formulations 0.5 – 1.0 100 Colorless, opaque 2,000 – – Compound SC 385 Wetting agent formulations 0.5 – 1.0 100 Yellowish, opaque 300 – – Compound SE 36 Wetting agent formulations 0.5 – 3.0 28 White 8,000 7.0 Nonionic Emulsion in bleaching processes SE 57 Wetting agent formulations 0.5 – 3.0 26 White 600 7.0 Anionic Emulsion SD 670 Basic binder/deaeration 0.5 – 2.0 100 Yellowish, opaque 150 – – Self-dispersing SD 850 Bleaching processes 0.5 – 2.0 100 Yellowish, opaque 200 – – Self-dispersing SD 882 Textiles/deaeration 0.5 – 2.0 100 Yellowish, opaque 20 – – Self-dispersing

Service How to select a silicone antifoam agent Product Recommendations Targeted modification of the formulation SILFOAM® SC 132 based on a method we developed to Customer formulation WACKER silicone antifoam agent SILFOAM® SC 339 determine the most appropriate SILFOAM® SILFOAM® SC 369 antifoam agents can significantly reduce SILFOAM® SC 385 SILFOAM® SE 36 any incompatibilities with your surfactant Compatibility test Proposed solution ® Negative ® system. The key to this is the CONTIFOAM rejected SILFOAM SE 57 fully automatic foam level measuring device. Positive SILFOAM® SD 670 ® It permits textile processes to be simulated Activity test Proposed solution SILFOAM SD 850 Negative under practical conditions and SILFOAM® rejected SILFOAM® SD 882 Positive antifoam agents to be optimized in advance. That saves expensive test runs and makes Product Recommendations Wetting Agent Formulations your production more reliable. Now it is also SILFOAM® SE 36 antifoam emulsion is partic- possible to record foam profiles as a function ularly suited for use in wetting agent for- of temperature and the instrument’s range Preliminary Testing: Part 1 Preliminary Testing: Part 2 mulations as is SILFOAM® SE 57, which is now extends to measurements at elevated The CONTIFOAM® testing system is based CONTIFOAM® II is the logical advancement especially compatible with anionic systems. pressures. In this way, we can simulate on a special determination method devel- of this innovative system. It is now possible Each of these compounds – SILFOAM® SC important process conditions such as high- oped to ensure scientifically exact foam control. to record temperature-dependent foam pro- 132, the hydrophilic SILFOAM® SC 339, the temperature dispersion dyeing (polyester As a result, we know in advance just how a files and extend the range of applications to surfactant-compatible SILFOAM® SC 369 dyeing in jet-dyeing machines) under realistic silicone antifoam agent will react under your include measurements at different pressures. and SILFOAM® SC 385, which is highly suit- conditions. specific production conditions. At the same As a result, we can realistically simulate other able for systems where flow is critical – has time, it permits foam-control systems to be important process conditions, such as high- its specific advantages. adjusted in advance so that they are pre- temperature dyeing with disperse dyestuffs. cisely tailored to your needs. This ensures that you will receive even more Deaeration and Applications for Systems accurate analyses and better service. where Flow Is Critical We recommend SILFOAM® SD 882 for these specialized application areas. 16 SILFOAM® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND COMPATIBILITY

Detergents and Cleaning Agents Foam performs a vital function in detergents and cleaning agents. By improving the foam balance, SILFOAM® improves a product’s range of properties while being compatible with a wide variety of formulations.

Whether laundry detergents, fabric soft- WACKER offers the right silicone-based In the cleaning agent industry, too, SILFOAM® Advantages eners or cleaning agents – SILFOAM® antifoam agent for each type of detergent antifoam agents show outstanding perfor- •• Highly effective in almost all kinds of antifoam agents will give your products and cleaning agent. For powder detergents, mance and good compatibility in various surfactant systems and at all application the crucial quality edge they need to we recommend SILFOAM® antifoam formulations. Here, too, controlled foam temperatures establish themselves on the market. compounds and powders. And for liquid formation is an important precondition for •• Can be readily combined with other detergents, we offer self-dispersing producing an efficient end product. antifoam agents Modern detergents and cleaning agents SILFOAM® antifoam agents and antifoam WACKER offers you a wide portfolio of highly •• Effective irrespective of the water hardness are complex and highly specialized. emulsions with excellent compatibility effective antifoam agents. All our products •• Highly dispersible without leaving deposits For consumers, they should offer the right and activity. Foam control is particularly are optimized to your specific formulations •• Environmentally compatible with very low functions, be easy to handle and reduce important in detergent formulations and applications – whether general-purpose BOD/COD, without bioaccumulation water consumption. Foam control plays specially developed for front loader or glass cleaners, or specific applications a crucial role here. Manufacturers can only machines with a horizontal axis – known such as carpet or tile cleaners. produce high-quality detergents and as “high-efficiency machines.” These cleaning agents by effectively controlling machines do a good wash, but generate a foam. Foam formation is one of the lot of foam in the process. Foam regulation properties that consumers use to judge is therefore essential here. SILFOAM® gives the quality of such products. It is a measure you optimum results. of efficiency.

18 Experts for Full Wash Performance with Powder Detergents

Whether added in the end product or In largely neutral powder detergents, we Antifoam Powder Slurry Deaeration during production – SILFOAM® antifoam recommend spraying our silicone antifoam In powder detergent production, the SILFOAM® In the production of powder detergents agents show the same excellent perfor- compounds onto the powder detergent antifoam agent powder is added in a post- by spray drying, it is important for the mance and impressive properties in the at the end of the manufacturing process. addition step. SILFOAM® SP 150 for detergent material to flow smoothly and uniformly, production process as in the finished During this process, they can also be and dishwasher formulations is ideal for this and for the powder detergent to remain powder detergent. com-bined with other components, such purpose. constantly homogenous. Here, SILFOAM® as surfactants. Spraying is both efficient antifoam agents are particularly suitable Foam control in powder detergents requires and cost-effective. Spray-On Method for slurry deaeration. antifoam agents specially tailored to the Spraying on the liquid SILFOAM® antifoam alkalinity of the particular system. SILFOAM® agent in the form of a premix is the cost- antifoam agents from WACKER, whether as effective option – the use of the product de- compounds or antifoam powders, show high pends on the carrier matrix and surfactants. efficiency in different formulations.

* Bulk density

Service with the antifoam agent, before and after Antifoam Powder Powder Premix WACKER assists you in choosing and fine- defined storage at elevated temperature SILFOAM® SP 150 SILFOAM® SC 129, SC 132 and SC 1132 tuning the ideal silicone-based antifoam and air humidity. We recommend the use of SILFOAM® SP 150 These products are ideal for customers to agent product by conducting preliminary in the post-addition. formulate their own antifoam powders or tests in our application labs. There we use Product Recommendations Because of its very good compressibility (due granules. Here, too, the higher viscosity different types of washing machines to SILFOAM® SC 124 to the absence of starch), SILFOAM® SP 150 products are to be preferred because of analyze foam profiles at different levels of SILFOAM® SC 132 is particularly suitable for producing dish- their higher activity. It is also possible to water hardness and temperature levels. SILFOAM® SC 1132 washer tablets. combine them with organic defoamers, for We also perform experiments to determine SILFOAM® SC 129 example paraffin-based products. the storage stability of SILFOAM® antifoam SILFOAM® SE 39 Spray-On Method agents in the customer’s own formulation. SILFOAM® SP 150 SILFOAM® SC 129, SC 132 and SC 1132 Slurry Deaeration To ensure a stable action of the antifoam Spraying on of silicone antifoam agents is SILFOAM® SC 129, SC 132 and SE 39 agent, we record the foam profiles of only recommended for largely neutral formu- The antifoam agents are suitable for our customers’ detergent formulations lations. For better distribution, the antifoam adjusting spray-dried detergent powers agent can be prediluted with a nonionic to a uniform, high granule density. surfactant. The higher viscosities should be preferred, since they increase the antifoam agent activity and storage stability.

20 Experts in High-Efficiency Liquid Detergents

Fabric softeners, all-purpose and mild The trend is towards liquid detergents. systems as regards compatibility and activity ener applications, where they are readily detergents – in all these liquid applications, Liquid detergents have had a large market particularly come to the fore. compatible with the quaternary ammonium SILFOAM® antifoam agents control foam share in the USA for years. And though not compounds in softener formulations. efficiently and reliably. as high in Europe, their share is neverthe- SILFOAM® antifoam agents can be used less rising steadily. Consumers prefer mod- in structured and non-structured liquid ern liquid detergents because of their ad- detergents, as well as those formulated vantages over powders, particularly for low with or without builders. SILFOAM® is washing temperatures and dark laundry. In also ideal for use in gel detergents, which addition, consumer-friendly forms of dosing differ from liquid detergents in their specific and application, such as gels, have become rheological properties. possible, here. Silicone-based SILFOAM® antifoam agents are ideal for this product In addition, SILFOAM® antifoam agents segment, where their advantages over other also effectively control foam in fabric soft-

Detergents and Cleaning Agents SILFOAM® Application Dosage [%] Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity Density Shelf life, Product type content approx. [%] approx. [mPa s], 25 °C approx. [g/cm3], 25 °C min. (months) SC 132 Liquid detergents, 0.2 – 0.4 100 Colorless, opaque 20,000 1.0 12 Compound structured SC 132 Fabric softeners 0.05 – 0.2 100 Colorless, opaque 20,000 1.0 12 Compound SC 132 Gel detergents 0.2 – 0.5 100 Colorless, opaque 20,000 1.0 12 Compound SC 1132 Liquid detergents, 0.1 – 0.5 100 Colorless, opaque 30,000 1.0 12 Compound structured SC 1132 Fabric softeners 0.05 – 0.2 100 Colorless, opaque 30,000 1.0 12 Compound SC 1132 Gel detergents 0.2 – 0.5 100 Colorless, opaque 30,000 1.0 12 Compound SC 129 Liquid detergents, 0.2 – 0.4 100 Colorless, opaque 15,000 1.0 12 Compound structured SC 129 Fabric softeners 0.05 – 0.2 100 Colorless, opaque 15,000 1.0 12 Compound SC 129 Gel detergents 0.2 – 0.5 100 Colorless, opaque 15,000 1.0 12 Compound SC 141 Textile softeners for 0.05 – 0.2 100 Colorless, opaque 3,000 1.0 12 Compound hand washing SE 36 Liquid detergents, 0.1 – 0.4 20 White 8,000 1.0 6 Emulsion non-structured SE 36 Gel detergents 0.2 – 1 20 White 8,000 1.0 6 Emulsion SE 39 Liquid detergents, 0.2 – 0.5 20 White 150 1.0 6 Emulsion structured SE 39 Fabric Softeners 0.05 – 0.2 20 White 150 1.0 6 Emulsion SD 168 Liquid detergents, 0.2 – 1 100* Colorless, opaque 450 1.0 12 Self-dispersing non-structured SD 850 Liquid detergents, 0.5 – 1 100* Yellowish, opaque 200 1.0 6 Self-dispersing non-structured

* including organic actives

Service Product Recommendations Structured Liquid Detergents Non-Structured Liquid Detergent The compatibility of the antifoam agent SILFOAM® SC 132 SILFOAM® SC 129, SC 132, SC 1132 SILFOAM® SD 168, SD 850 and SE 36 plays a crucial role in the choice of the SILFOAM® SC 1132 and SE 39 If the liquid detergent is not structured, optimum SILFOAM® product for your deter- SILFOAM® SC 129 If the liquid detergent is structured or SILFOAM® SE 36 or the very readily gent formulation Particularly strict require- SILFOAM® SC 141 suffi-ciently viscous, SILFOAM® SC 129, dispersible and water-free silicone antifoam ments are placed on compatibility in modern SILFOAM® SE 36 SC 132 or SC 1132 can usually be added agents SILFOAM® SD 168 and SD 850 liquid detergents. Our experts perform the SILFOAM® SE 39 directly. In this case, the surfactants and can be used. necessary compatibility and functional tests SILFOAM® SD 168 dispersion aids in the detergent formulation on customer samples, allowing them to SILFOAM® SD 850 are responsible for dispersion of the antifoam make a qualified product recommendation agent. The stronger the dispersing action individually tailored to your problem. of the surfactant system, or the higher the energy input from the mixer, the higher the viscosity of the compound may be. For low-viscosity, structured liquid detergents, we also recommend SILFOAM® SE 39. 22 Gel detergents Single-Rinse and Easy-Rinse Products Fabric Softeners SILFOAM® SC 129, SC 132, SC 1132 and SILFOAM® SC 141, SE 36 and SE 39 SILFOAM® SE 39, SC 129 and SC 132. SE 36 For use as a defoamer in so-called single For modern textile softeners, which are In gel products, high-viscosity products such or easy-rinse products for hand washing, mainly based on esterquats, the ideal as SILFOAM® SC 129, SC 132 or SC 1132 we recommend SILFOAM® SE 36, SE 39 products are SILFOAM® SE 39, SC 129 ensure improved foam control during wash- and SC 141. They significantly reduce and SC 132. ing. These products are also ideal filling aids, water consumption for rinsing the laundry enabling containers to be filled properly and after washing. at high speed without bubbles. The antifoam agent SILFOAM® SE 36 is specifically intended for low-viscosity gel detergents.

Detergent and Cleaning Agents Experts in Powerful Cleaning Agents

Whether general purpose, glass, carpet or Modern, powerful cleaning agents must Floor Polishes Sanitary Cleaners sanitary disinfectant cleaners, SILFOAM® deliver cleanliness and hygiene in all kinds In floor polishes, particularly wax-based With sanitary cleaners, foaming is mostly antifoam agents provide effective, customer- of applications: in the home, in the work products, good flow and optimum a nuisance during filling into containers. oriented optimization. place and wherever special demands are deaeration are crucial to produce a SILFOAM® antifoam agent as filling aid, imposed, for example, on hygiene and smooth, bubble-free film on drying. achieves high throughput during bottle filling. disinfection. Undesirable foaming can significantly reduce the cleaning action. Carpet Cleaners Disinfectants The remedy is to use our silicone-based With carpet cleaners, an antifoam agent In disinfectant cleaners, there may be SILFOAM® antifoam agents, which control is necessary in the carpet shampooer’s serious compatibility problems with the foam effectively while also improving the dirty-water tank to prevent foaming while quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) properties of cleaning products. dirty water is being sucked up. often used here. Since cleaning products are normally mixed with water, hydrophilic WACKER offers you a broad range of defoamer formulations are a key focus of SILFOAM® products which have been our portfolio. specially tailored to individual applications for the cleaning agents market. Our products provide effective foam control in these specific application areas because they meet a wide range of requirements:

24 SILFOAM® Application Dosage [%] Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity Density Shelf life, Product type content approx. [%] approx. [mPa s], 25 °C approx. g/cm3 (25 °C) min. (months) SC 132 General-purpose cleaners 0.05 – 0.2 100 Colorless, opaque 20,000 1.0 12 Compound SC 129 General-purpose cleaners 0.05 – 0.2 100 Colorless, opaque 15,000 1.0 12 Compound SRE General-purpose cleaners 0.1 – 0.5 20 White 150 1.0 6 Emulsion SRE Floor polishes 0.1 – 0.5 20 White 150 1.0 6 Emulsion SRE Carpet cleaners 0.1 – 0.5 20 White 150 1.0 6 Emulsion SE 47 Sanitary cleaners 0.01 – 0.5 10 White 50 1.0 6 Emulsion SD 650 General-purpose cleaners 0.05 – 0.3 100* Yellowish, opaque 150 0.99 6 Self-dispersing SD 650 Floor polishes 0.05 – 0.3 100* Yellowish, opaque 150 0.99 6 Self-dispersing SD 650 Disinfectant cleaners 0.05 – 0.3 100* Yellowish, opaque 150 0.99 6 Self-dispersing SD 650 Glass cleaners 0.05 – 0.3 100* Yellowish, opaque 150 0.99 6 Self-dispersing

* including organic actives

Service Product Recommendations Floor Polishes Sanitary Cleaners Our expert teams will be glad to support SILFOAM® SC 132 SILFOAM® SD 650 and SILFOAM® SRE SILFOAM® SE 47 you in choosing the best SILFOAM® anti- SILFOAM® SC 129 SILFOAM® SD 650 or, alternatively, our The non-ionic, alkali-stable and low-viscosity foam agent for your specific needs. By SILFOAM® SRE SILFOAM® SRE is available for this application. antifoam emulsion SILFOAM® SE 47 is espe- means of agitation tests, pumping tests SILFOAM® SE 47 cially suitable here. and air introduced into the CONTIFOAM® SILFOAM® SD 650 Carpet Cleaners measuring device, it is possible to recreate SILFOAM® SRE Disinfectant Cleaners the foaming behavior and persistence of General-Purpose Cleaners Here, we recommend our SILFOAM® SRE SILFOAM® SD 650 our antifoam agents in customer systems. SILFOAM® SC 132, SD 650 and SRE Here, you can achieve ideal results with In the case of film-forming polishes and For solvent-borne products, we recommend SILFOAM® SD 650 conditioners, we also check foam spread the relatively high-molecular and readily on plastic film. compatible defoamer SILFOAM® SC 132. Glass Cleaners In water-based systems, we advocate SILFOAM® SD 650 Given the different compatibilities of SILFOAM® SRE and SD 650. SILFOAM® SRE For this application, we recommend SILFOAM® antifoam agents in your and SD 650 also make ideal filling aids relatively hydrophilic, polar products, such specific system, we recommend that you during production operations. as SILFOAM® SD 650. supply product samples for preliminary testing. This will make it easier to perform a preliminary selection and to test samples of our antifoam agents.

Detergents and Cleaning Agents 26 PULPSIL® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN STABILITY AND EFFICIENCY

Pulp High and stable product quality and efficient processes are the best prerequisites for optimal pulp manufacture. PULPSIL® offers the all-round, sustainable solution.

PULPSIL® products make for ideal foam PULPSIL® foam-control agents not only The most important process for producing The PULPSIL® line from WACKER includes control throughout the pulp manufacturing increase production capacity and reduce chemical pulp is the kraft process. Foaming antifoam agents specially tailored to the pulp process and also enhance product quality. water and energy consumption; they also problems often occur because of the high industry’s needs, to ensure that processes reduce the amounts of bleaching chemicals mechanical shear forces and the large amount run reliably and smoothly. Our silicone foam- needed and optimize pulp washing. At the of air entrained in the liquor. To ensure pulp control agents can be used in almost all same time, despite their outstanding effec- manufacturing processes run smoothly and production stages in which foaming occurs, tiveness, PULPSIL® products are formulated consistently, therefore, it is essential to use such as pulp washing, bleaching and waste- to produce virtually no deposits during defoamers with good dewatering properties. water treatment. pulp production. All PULPSIL® emulsions show exceptionally well balanced properties, ensuring excellent performance during pulp production processes and also a long shelf life at 0-40 °C.

28 PULPSIL® Application Dosage recommendation kg Solids content, Appearance Viscosity Dispersibility in Product type Product/t pulp approx. [%] approx. [mPa s], 25 °C water 160 C Defoamer formulation 0.02 – 0.20 100 Colorless, opaque 20,000 No Compound 255 C Defoamer formulation 0.01 – 0.15 100 Colorless, opaque 50,000 No Compound 270 C Defoamer formulation 0.01 – 0.15 100 Colorless, opaque 30,000 No Compound 246 C Defoamer formulation 0.01 – 0.15 100 Colorless, opaque 60,000 No Compound 745 E Pulp production process 0.06 – 0.60 35 White 400 Yes Emulsion 763 E Pulp production process 0.08 – 0.80 36 White 400 Yes Emulsion 844 E Pulp production process 0.05 – 0.50 45 White 2,000 Yes Emulsion 955 S Defoamer formulation 0.01 – 0.05 100 Clear, yellowish 800 Yes Surfactant Pulp production process 960 S Defoamer formulation 0.01 – 0.04 100 Clear, yellowish 1,300 Yes Surfactant Pulp production process 968 S Defoamer formulation 0.01 – 0.03 100 Clear, yellowish 6,000 Yes Surfactant Pulp production process

Advantages Product Recommendation •• PULPSIL ® 270 C – very fast knockdown •• PULPSIL ® 745 E – highly effective antifoam •• Higher pulp quality thanks to improved PULPSIL® 160 C (foam collapse) emulsion particularly suitable for hardwood washing PULPSIL® 255 C •• PULPSIL ® 246 C – high persistence to- •• PULPSIL® 763 E – excellent deposit char- •• Faster dewatering PULPSIL® 270 C gether with very fast knock-down acteristics, fast knockdown and persistence, •• Increased production capacity PULPSIL® 246 C our first recommendation for viscose pulp •• Reduced deposits during the pulp PULPSIL® 745 E The amounts required are of the order of •• PULPSIL ® 844 E – highly effective antifoam manufacturing process PULPSIL® 763 E 0.01 to 0.20 kg per metric ton of pulp. emulsion particularly suitable for softwood •• Sustainable production thanks to PULPSIL® 844 E However, the precise quantity depends to less soda loss and reduced washing- PULPSIL® 955 S a large extent on the medium to be de- PULPSIL® 955 S, 960 S and 968 S water and bleaching-chemicals PULPSIL® 960 S foamed and the process conditions. PULPSIL® 955 S is a water-soluble silicone consumption. PULPSIL® 968 S surfactant, PULPSIL® 960 S is a water- PULPSIL® 745 E, 763 E and 844E dispersible silicone surfactant and PULPSIL® Service PULPSIL® 160 C, 255 C, 270 C and 246 C Silicone antifoam emulsions PULPSIL® 745 E, 968 S can be dispersed in water at low shear WACKER assists you in choosing and PULPSIL® 160 C, 255 C, 270 C and 246 C PULPSIL® 763 E and PULPSIL® 844 E are rates. Above their cloud points, all three fine-tuning the ideal PULPSIL® product by feature a good balance of properties such based on tried-and-tested emulsifier technolo- have a slight defoaming effect and outstand- conducting preliminary tests in our appli- as handling, emulsification, fast knock- gy. Low to medium viscosity and optimum ing dewatering properties. The cloud point cation labs. With our many years of expe- down and persistence, making them ideal for particle distribution together with high efficiency of PULPSIL® 955 S is approx. 39 °C, that of rience in pulp defoaming, we can simulate efficient foam-control formulations in the pulp make them ideal, ready-to-use emulsions PULPSIL® 960 S is approx. 23 °C and that of pulp production under realistic conditions. industry. Choose the appropriate PULPSIL® for pulp mills. PULPSIL® antifoam emulsions PULPSIL® 968 S is <10 °C. PULPSIL® 955 S, The results from our labs can be directly product for your particular requirement: are preferably added to the washing water or PULPSIL® 960 S and PULPSIL® 968 S are applied to pulp mills. Our customers also •• PULPSIL ® 160 C – fast knockdown (foam fiber feed. The required concentration is of particularly suitable for foam-control for- have access to our sophisticated silicone collapse), persistence (foam suppression) the order of 0.05 to 0.8 kg/metric ton of pulp. mulations that are required to have a good analytical facilities, which can be used at and deposit control However, it is highly dependent on the me- defoaming effect and also improved drainage any time for product development or pro- •• PULPSIL ® 255 C – good handling, fast dium to be defoamed and the process con- properties. cess optimization. knockdown (foam collapse), very good ditions. Choose the appropriate PULPSIL® persistence (foam suppression) product for your particular requirement:

Pulp 30 SILFOAM® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN MEETING REGULATIONS AND OVERALL OPTIMIZATION

Life Sciences SILFOAM® and SILFAR® Can Turn Your Innovative Technologies into Marketable Products.

You need specifically customized foam Many medications, enzymes and foodstuffs cation areas for our antifoam agents include: Advantages control systems if you want to keep that could not be manufactured at all without •• Fermentation processes for the manu- •• Highly efficient vital step ahead of the competition in the the help of classical fermentation and mod- facture of antibiotics, pharmaceutical •• Conforms to specific national require- growing agricultural, food and pharma- ern biotechnology processes. Most of these raw materials, food products, enzymes, ments ceutical markets. Antifoam agents from highly specialized, life science processes, bioethanol and biogas •• Wide range of applications WACKER can help you to do just that however, have serious problems with foam •• Agrochemical formulations such as •• Improved manufacturing processes because they are designed to improve generation. Foam can adversely affect the suspension concentrates and product quality your processes and products. All our quality of sensitive products and processes. •• Food industry processes such as the •• Certified production of some WACKER foam control products conform to specific For this reason, among the numerous addi- manufacture of beverages. silicone antifoam agents as per, for regional requirements. tives needed to control these complex pro- example, GMP and HACCP. cesses, foam control systems play a decisive Our SILFAR® and SILFOAM® products are Chewing gum, beverages, plant protection role in their efficacy. continuously and systematically enhanced agents, pills and medical equipment are to meet rapidly changing market and user just a few examples of products that affect WACKER SILFOAM® and SILFAR® foam demands in the life-sciences sector. Our our daily lives in more ways than we might control products offer a tailored problem- antifoam agents meet the high regulatory realize at first glance. Current developments, solving system for a wide variety of highly requirements and certification conditions particularly in the agricultural, food and specialized applications. They can be used specific for each country. They are produced pharmaceutical industries, have changed as selected process auxiliaries or even as to very high quality standards and undergo the way we live and made life easier. active ingredients. Classic life science appli- extensive quality controls.

32 We Are Specialists in Optimizing Pharmaceutical Products and Processes

The efficient active ingredients and auxiliary If pharmaceutical companies are to manu- Our special products from the SILFAR® such as the monographs of the European substances of our SILFAR® foam control facture innovative high-quality pharmaceu- product line have been in successful use Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) or the US Pharma- products for the pharmaceutical industry ticals, they must meet the legal standards for years as active ingredients and auxil- copeia (USP). The same also applies to the ensure high pharmaceutical quality and meet of each country, down to the last detail. iary substances in human and veterinary individual ingredients that make up SILFAR® the highest regulatory standards. Particularly important is compliance with medicine. Without SILFAR®, there are some products. regulations describing the chemical com- pharmaceutical and medical products that position of these products. WACKER has would not be available – or could not be created a benchmark for pharmaceutical manufactured – at all. Our products meet quality: SILFAR® the requirements of regulatory standards

Life Sciences SILFAR® Application Regulatory Standards Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity pH Density Shelf life, min. Product type content approx. [%] approx. [mPa s], 25 °C approx. g/cm3 (25 °C) (months) 100 Antiflatulence, antacid Ph. Eur., USP/NF compliant 100 Colorless, clear 100 n.a. 0.97 12 Dimethicone 350 Antiflatulence, antacid, Ph. Eur., USP/NF compliant 100 Colorless, clear 350 n.a. 0.97 12 Dimethicone biotechnology processes 1000 Antiflatulence, antacid, Ph. Eur., USP/NF compliant 100 Colorless, clear 1,000 n.a. 0.97 12 Dimethicone biotechnology processes S 184 Antiflatulence, antacid, Ph. Eur., USP/NF compliant, 100 Colorless, 3,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Simethicone liquid pharmaceutical GMP opaque preparations biotechnology processes SE 4 Antiflatulence, antacid, Ingredients Ph. Eur., 30 White – 3.0 – 5.0 1.0 6 Simethicone liquid pharmaceutical USP/NF compliant, emulsion preparations GMP biotechnology processes n.a. = not applicable

Service More information about this is available Product Recommendations GMP Standard Special products for the pharmaceutical online at www.wacker.com/pharma, under SILFAR® 100 For applications requiring the GMP standard, industry require selected manufacturing “WACKER Healthcare Policy.” Our expert SILFAR® 350 we recommend our SILFAR® S 184 silicone- methods, which WACKER provides as teams will of course support you in modifying SILFAR® 1000 based antifoam agents and the corresponding part of its GMP (Good Manufacturing formulations and provide you with test pro- SILFAR® S 184 emulsion SILFAR® SE 4, which are produced Practices). We support these products cedures and analytical methods customized SILFAR® SE 4 according to cGMP (current Good Manufac- with the required documentation, as to your needs. turing Practices) for APIs (Active Pharmaceu- laid down in the regulatory requirements, tical Ingredients). and issue approval test certificates con- firming this. WACKER is committed to Note Responsible Care® and is a member of The applications mentioned in the table this initiative. We are also certified to from the human sector also apply by analogy ISO 9001 and ISO 14001. The WACKER to related areas from veterinary medicine. healthcare policy shows you which applications WACKER supports in this area.

34 We Are Specialists in Perfect Food Processing

SILFOAM® and SILFAR® specialty foam In the food-processing industry, foam is Our high-quality product range ensures Our our antifoam agents SILFAR® and control products are tailor-made to the generated at various points in a production processes run smoothly and product quali- SILFOAM® are available as highly pure demands of the food-processing industry chain. This is caused mostly by surface- ties are improved in specific applications silicone fluids, highly efficient compounds, and will provide you with effective foam active substances such as proteins, fatty in the beverages industry, alcohol distillation, or antifoam emulsions specially tailored control. acids, and sugars. Invariably, the resulting in the production of deep-frozen foods, to water-based applications. Special foam impairs product properties in many deep-frying oils, and gelatin as well as in production and quality controls ensure different ways and greatly disrupts the fruit conservation and vegetable washing. the high standard of these food-sector process flow. WACKER has an answer to A distinction, though, is made between food products at all stages of production. exactly these problems: the SILFAR® and additive and food contact applications. SILFOAM® lines of silicone-based antifoam When used as a food additive, the antifoam agents, which have been specially devel- agent is added directly to the food and oped and continuously optimized for the remains in it, e.g. during defoaming of juices. food-processing industry. In a food-contact application, by contrast, the antifoam agent is contained in the packaging, such as plastic or paper, from which it can migrate into the food.

Life Sciences Application Regulatory Standards Dosage Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity approx. pH Density Shelf life, min. Product (ppm) content approx. [%] [mPa s], 25 °C approx. g/cm3 (25 °C) (months) type WACKER ® Fat-based Food additive: FDA §173.340, Regulation (EC) 10 100 Colorless, 350 n.a. 0.97 12 Silicone fluid FG 350 systems No. 1333/2008 on food additives and food contact: clear BfR XIV, XV, XXXVI, Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) No. 10/2011, FDA: §175.105, 175.300, 176.170, 176.180, 176.200, 176.210; kosher WACKER ® Fat-based Food additive: FDA §173.340, Regulation (EC) 10 100 Colorless, 1,000 n.a. 0.97 12 Silicone fluid FG 1000 systems No. 1333/2008 on food additives and food contact: clear BfR XIV, XV, XXXVI, Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) No. 10/2011, FDA: §175.105, 175.300, 176.170, 176.180, 176.200, 176.210; kosher SILFAR ® Fat- or water Food additive: FDA §173.340, Regulation (EC) 10 100 Colorless, 3,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Compound S 184 -based No. 1333/2008 on food additives and food contact: opaque systems BfR XIV, XV, XXXVI, Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) No. 10/2011, FDA: §175.105, 175.300, 176.170, 176.180, 176.200, 176.210; kosher SILFAR ® Water- Food additive: FDA §173.340, Regulation (EC) 20 30 White 3,000 3.0 – 5.0 1.0 6 Emulsion SE 4 based No. 1333/2008 on food additives and food contact: systems BfR XIV, XV, XXXVI, Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) No. 10/2011, FDA: §175.105, 175.300, 176.170, 176.180, 176.200, 176.210; kosher

SILFOAM® SE 2 Water-based Food contact: BfR XIV, XV XXXVI, 30 20 White 10,000 3.5 – 6.5 1.0 6 Emulsion systems Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) No. 10/2011, FDA: §175.105, 175.300, 176.170, 176.180, 176.200, 176.210, kosher SE 2660 Water-based Food additive: Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 30 20 White 12,000 3.0 – 5.0 1.0 6 Emulsion systems on food additives, Food contact: BfR XIV, XXXVI., Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) No. 10/2011, FDA: §175.105, 175.300, 176.170, 176.180, 176.200, 176.210; kosher SE 2661 Water-based Food additive: FDA §173.340 30 20 White 12,000 4.0 – 6.0 1.0 6 Emulsion systems Food contact: BfR XIV, XV XXXVI, Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) No. 10/2011, FDA: §175.105, 175.300, 176.170, 176.180, 176.200, 176.210; kosher

n.a. = not applicable

36 Service a wide range of specifications. We offer Product Recommendations Foam control agents used in the food- SILFAR®- and SILFOAM® antifoam agents WACKER® FG 350 processing industry are subject to special tailored to your individual needs. Our expert WACKER® FG 1000 regulations: The products must conform to teams will be glad to help you choose the SILFAR® S 184 national legislation (such as EU guidelines right silicone-based foam control product. SILFAR® SE 4 and FDA regulations), as well as meeting SILFOAM® SE 2 SILFOAM® SE 2660 SILFOAM® SE 2661

Life Sciences We Are Specialists in Good Yields

SILFOAM® grades ensure effective foam The world’s population is growing steadily. Service Product Recommendations control in all agrochemical production Whereas, in 1950, only 2.5 billion people Our SILFOAM® products are customized to WACKER® AK 350 processes and a wide range of applica- needed to be fed, that figure had already specific plant protection formulations and WACKER® AK 1000 tions for plant protection agents. risen to 7.0 billion by 2011. This has created agrochemical production processes. Many WACKER® AK 12500 ever greater challenges for agriculture of our antifoam agents (see Table) comply SILFOAM® SE 2060 and agrochemistry. The problem would be with EPA inert ingredient regulations and are SILFOAM® SE 3060 almost impossible to solve without efficient adapted to fully meet specific legislative SILFOAM® SP 150 processing aids. With its process-optimizing requirements. Our expert teams will be SILFOAM® SC 132 SILFOAM® antifoam agents, WACKER has happy to provide support with product pre- SILFOAM® SC 120 made an important contribution to solving selection and give you processing tips SILFOAM® SD 860 this problem. as well as formulation recommendations for your specific application. These specialized products provide effective and long-lasting foam control in production processes for various plant protection formulations. For manufacturers of plant protection agents, SILFOAM® facilitates smooth production and can be used in a wide variety of applications. Each of our SILFOAM® foam control products is available as a liquid concentrate (compound) or emulsion.

38 Products Product Description Active content [%] pH approx. Viscosity approx. [mPas], 250 C EPA-Regulation 40 CFR Agrochemical Formulation Grade* 180.910 180.920 180.930 Global Range WACKER® AK 350 Silicone fluid 100 – 350 ✓ ✓ ✓ EC WACKER® AK 1000 Silicone fluid 100 – 1,000 ✓ ✓ ✓ EC WACKER® AK 12500 Silicone fluid 100 – 12,500 ✓ ✓ ✓ EC SILFOAM® SE 2060 Antifoam emulsion 15 5 40 ✓ EW, SL, WDG, SE, SC SILFOAM® SE 3060 Antifoam emulsion 20 6.5 – 7.5 150 ✓ EW, SL, WDG, SE, SC SILFOAM® SP 150 Antifoam powder 15 n/a n/a ✓ ✓ SP, WP, WDG SILFOAM® SC 132 Antifoam compound 100 – 20,000 ✓ ✓ EC, WDG, SE, SC SILFOAM® SC 120 Antifoam compound 100 – 2,500 ✓ ✓ EC, SL, WDG, SE, SC SILFOAM® SD 860 Self-dispersing 100 – 100 EC, SL, SC antifoam concentrate * EC: emulsifiable concentrate I EW: emulsion, water based I SC: suspension concentrate ‘flowable’ I SE: suspo emulsion I SL: water soluble concentrate SP: water soluble powder I WDG: water dispersable granules, dry flowables I WP: wettable powder SILFOAM® is a registered trademark of Wacker Chemie AG.

Life Sciences 40 SILFOAM® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN PROCESS RELIABILITY AND APPLICATIONS

Water Treatment SILFOAM® Antifoam Agents Give Clear Results in Wastewater Treatment – Effectively and Reliably.

WACKER foam control systems regulate sector as well as cooling water or textile- Service Product Recommendations foaming in the purification stages of industry effluents. With their high efficiency, Wastewater – regardless of type or origin – SILFOAM® SE 2260 industrial and municipal wastewater and SILFOAM® antifoam agents enhance needs to be treated. With SILFOAM® prod- SILFOAM® SE 47 sewage treatment facilities. process reliability in the plant, permitting ucts, this can be done in an ecologically SILFOAM® SE 1060 economical wastewater treatment. sound manner. Antifoam agents are dis- Whether it is household sewage, waste- charged sooner or later to the environment, Our standard product is the antifoam water from industry and agriculture, Advantages either as part of the solid waste from waste- emulsion SILFOAM® SE 47 and will factories or rainwater runoff – most of the •• Highly efficient water treatment or as antifoam agents give you optimum value for money. For time this wastewater contains surface- •• Wide range of uses, even in highly deliberately added to the wastewater. Our particularly challenging requirements active chemicals that generate foam. alkaline wastewater and cooling water antifoams are formulated to minimize their or difficult foaming problems, we recom- Foam build-up can adversely affect and •• Higher process reliability impact on the environment. mend SILFOAM® SE 2260. Our experts significantly disrupt wastewater treatment •• Economical wastewater treatment •• The emulsifier in antifoam emulsions is will be glad to help you select the anti- in these facilities. SILFOAM® solves biodegradable. foam agent best suited to your needs. these problems reliably and permanently. •• Silica (SiO2) is an inorganic substance that occurs as such in nature. SILFOAM® antifoam agents from WACKER •• Polydimethylsiloxanes are initially bound regulate and control the formation of foam in the sludge in wastewater treatment during the various purification stages of plants and subsequently, under appro- water treatment facilities. Our foam control priate conditions, undergo “abiotic” deg- systems can also be used to treat highly radation, i.e. chemical degradation that alkaline wastewater in the semiconductor is not assisted by microbes.

42 SILFOAM® Application Dosage Solids content, Appearance Viscosity approx. pH Density approx. Shelf life, min. Product type (ppm) approx. [%] [mPa s], 25 °C g/cm3 (25 °C) (months) SE 2260 Municipal and industrial 50 28 White 6,000 6.5 – 8.0 1 6 Emulsion wastewater treatment Paper industry SE 47 Industrial and 100 17 White 50 5.0 – 8.0 1 6 Emulsion municipal waste treatment Textile industry SE 1060 Municipal and industrial 150 11 White 50 6.0 1 6 Emulsion wastewater treatment Paper industry

Water Treatment 44 SILFOAM® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN VERSATILITY AND PROCESS RELIABILITY

Petrochemicals With SILFOAM®, You Can Produce, Process and Refine Crude Oil while Benefiting from Reliable Processes and Versatile Applications

Silicone-based antifoam agents Oil and natural gas are among the most to be cost-effective. Unwanted foam Advantages from WACKER optimize your important raw materials of modern industrial formation during these processes leads •• In oil and gas production, they optimize production, refining and processing society. As a result, the petroleum industry to inefficient production and lowered drilling fluid additives, drilling mud, well of oil and natural gas. has enormous economic significance. Most product quality. cementation, separation of crude oil and processes in this sector are very sophisti- gas, and water separation cated and designed for optimal yields and With its innovative SILFOAM® antifoam •• In refineries, they are deployed effectively high volumes. Oil and natural gas must agents, WACKER offers you a tailor-made, in distillation, gas sweetening and drying, undergo several processing steps before economical and effective way to maintain deasphalting and in cracking processes. they reach the end user. control over unwanted foam build-up in all •• In processing and enhancing, they permit major manufacturing processes within the smooth and more efficient production Even at the drilling stage, these valuable petroleum industry. Due to their superior conditions. raw materials must be produced as properties and wide range of applications, •• They are available worldwide in a variety efficiently and as free from impurities as our products can be used at any stage of of different packaging sizes. possible in order to avoid intermediate processing, from the initial drilling through reactions that would reduce quality. In to the final products. the refining and processing of petroleum products, too, trouble-free production conditions are essential if operations are

46 Produce Pure Oil and Natural Gas

SILFOAM® antifoam agents permit Gas/Oil Separation Natural-Gas Production with Surfactants Deaeration of Sea Water the reliable and efficient extraction In oil production, the gas dissolved in the To prevent the gas flow failing, surfactants In areas near the sea, seawater is a cost- of petroleum and natural gas. crude oil is separated by pressure relief in are used in low-pressure natural-gas fields effective source of process water. Its gas/oil separators. Because of crude oil’s to foam the reservoir water. The resulting permanent contact with air results in a complex composition, foam builds up. foam can be cost-effectively removed above relatively high oxygen content, which If foam emerges through the gas outlet, ground by means of our silicone antifoam leads to corrosion and fouling in the treat- it seriously disrupts the downstream pro- emulsions. ment processes. The seawater is there- cesses. The use of SILFOAM® antifoam fore degassed in vacuum deaerators. agents and WACKER® AK silicone fluids Well Cementation The foam that is generated during this keeps the foam safely and reliably within To achieve the necessary stability and im- process can be effectively reduced by low volumes and ensures that the plant permeability, entrained air must be avoided means of SILFOAM® products. operates at full capacity. at all costs during well cementation. For this purpose, self-dispersing SILFOAM® products Drilling Muds are added to concrete during processing to Density is an important criterion for drilling remove any contained gas. mud. Deaeration with SILFOAM® antifoam agents effectively reduces the gas content and thereby decreases the compressibility.

Petrochemicals SILFOAM® Application Dosage Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity approx. pH, Density approx. Shelf life, min. Product type (ppm) content approx. [%] [mPa s], 25 °C approx. [g/cm3], 25 °C (months) SE 39 Deaeration of seawater 5 - 200 20 White 150 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion Natural-gas production 10 - 500 20 White 150 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion with surfactants SE 47 Aqueous drilling mud 50 - 500 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion Natural-gas production 10 - 500 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion with surfactants Deaeration of seawater 10 - 500 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion SRE Deaeration of sea water 5 - 200 20 White 20 - 500 5.0 - 5.8 1.0 6 Emulsion Drilling muds, aqueous 25 - 250 SE 4260 Oil & gas industry for n.a. 44 White 500 - 1000 4.0 - 8.0 1.05 6 Emulsion drilling fluids SD 670 Well cementation 20 – 500 100 Yellowish, opaque 150 n.a. 1.0 6 Self-dispersing SD 860 Well cementation 20 – 500 100 Colorless, opaque 100 n.a. 0.9 12 Self-dispersing SD 986 Gas/oil separation 20 - 200 6 Colorless, clear 5 n.a. 0.8 12 Self-dispersing Non-aqueous drilling mud 30 - 300 6 Colorless, clear 5 n.a. 0.8 12 Self-dispersing

WACKER® AK 12500 Non-aqueous drilling mud 10 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 12,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Gas/oil separation 10 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 12,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid AK 60000 Non-aqueous drilling mud 5 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Gas/oil separation 5 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid

*Bulk density n.a. = not applicable

Service Product Recommendation Non-Aqueous Applications natural-gas production and for deaeration of Our experts are available to provide com- SILFOAM® SE 39 The ready-to-use antifoam agent SILFOAM® sea water. At high shearing rates and high prehensive assistance in the selection SILFOAM® SE 47 SD 986 is already optimized for gas/oil surfactant concentrations, the highly active and fine-tuning of the SILFOAM® antifoam SILFOAM® SRE separation and can also be used for non- SILFOAM® SE 39 can be used as an alter- agent best suited to your individual needs. SILFOAM® SE 4260 aqueous drilling muds. WACKER® AK native. We recommend the self-dispersing Our services include not only laboratory SILFOAM® SD 670 silicone fluids are available in a viscosity SILFOAM® SD 860 and SD 670 for well tests and production trials, but also pilot SILFOAM® SD 860 range to over 1 million mPa s for cus- cementation. plants and test apparatus specially tailored to SILFOAM® SD 986 tomers to make their own formulations. the requirements in oil production WACKER® AK 12500 Aqueous Applications WACKER® AK 60000 The relatively low-viscosity and therefore easy-to-dose SILFOAM® SE 47 is particularly recommended for aqueous drilling muds in

48 Enhance the Processes in Your Refinery

SILFOAM® antifoam products control Distillation Gas Sweetening with Amines Extraction and regulate undesirable foaming in the In distillation, both at atmospheric pressure Corrosive components of gas streams, Foam also reduces capacity in the UDEX principal petroleum refinery processes. and under a vacuum, foam affects separation such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen and sulfolane processes. Using SILFOAM® quality and therefore reduces the available sulfide, are removed by extraction. antifoam agents effectively prevents unwanted capacity. SILFOAM® antifoam agents effectively The various amines used for extraction foam build-up here. prevent foam generation. have different foaming tendencies and require specifically tailored antifoam agents. Delayed Cokers Here, SILFOAM® will give you perfect In the petroleum industry, delayed cokers results combined with good compatibility. are often subject to serious foaming under extreme conditions. Temperatures up to 500 °C require fast and effective foam control. High-molecular SILFOAM® antifoam agents minimize the amount of silicone that is trans- ferred to downstream process stages.

Petrochemicals SILFOAM® Application Dosage (ppm) Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity approx. pH, Density approx. Shelf life, min. Product type content approx. [%] [mPa s], 25 °C approx. [g/cm3], 25 °C (months) SC 132 UDEX-sulfolane process 1 – 50 100 Colorless, 20,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Compound opaque

SC 120 Gas sweetening with amines (H2S/CO2) 5 – 20 100 Colorless, 2,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Compound opaque UDEX-sulfolane process 1 – 50 100 Colorless, 2,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Compound opaque Asphalt processing 1 – 20 100 Colorless, 2,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Compound opaque

SE 39 Gas sweetening with amines (H2S/CO2) 10 – 50 20 White 150 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion

SE 47 Gas sweetening with amines (H2S/CO2) 20 – 100 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion Wastewater treatment 10 – 500 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion SRE Deaeration of sea water 5 – 200 20 White 20 - 500 5.0 - 5.8 1.0 6 Emulsion Drilling muds, aqueous 25 – 250 SE 4260 Oil & gas industry for n.a. 44 White 500 - 1000 4.0 - 8.0 1.05 6 Emulsion drilling fluids SD 986 Vacuum distillation 50 – 200 6 Colorless, clear 5 n.a. 0.8 12 Self-dispersing Cokers/visbreakers 50 – 500 6 Colorless, clear 5 n.a. 0.8 12 Self-dispersing Deasphalting with propane 50 – 200 6 Colorless, clear 5 n.a. 0.8 12 Self-dispersing

WACKER® AK 1000 Asphalt processing 5 – 50 100 Colorless, clear 1,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid AK 12500 Vacuum distillation 5 – 50 100 Colorless, clear 12,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Deasphalting with propane 5 – 50 100 Colorless, clear 12,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid AK 60000 Vacuum distillation 5 – 20 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Cokers/visbreakers 10 – 50 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Deasphalting with propane 1 – 20 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid

n.a. = not applicable

Service Product Recommendation Non-Aqueous Applications Aqueous Applications Our experts will gladly provide individual, SILFOAM® SC 132 In vacuum distillation, delayed cokers or For gas sweetening and wastewater treat- detailed advice to help you select and fine- SILFOAM® SC 120 visbreakers, we recommend a solution spe- ment, we recommend SILFOAM® SE 47. tune the SILFOAM® antifoam agent best SILFOAM® SE 39 cially developed by us: SILFOAM ® SD 986, It is added under low shear conditions. If that suited to your needs. Our services include SILFOAM® SE 47 a pre-diluted high-viscosity silicone fluid in a is not possible, the relatively high-viscosity, laboratory tests and production trials, as SILFOAM® SRE suitable solvent. but alkali-resistant SILFOAM® SC 132 can well as realistic pilot plants and test equip- SILFOAM® SE 4260 be used for gas sweetening. For various ment specially matched to requirements SILFOAM® SD 986 We recommend the use of low-viscosity BTX extraction processes, we recommend in the refinery sector. silicone fluids for use in asphalt processing SILFOAM® SC 120 or SILFOAM® SC 132. WACKER® AK 1000 and transport. These should be added under conditions of WACKER® AK 12500 high shear. WACKER® AK 60000

Powerful Fuels and Lubricants

SILFOAM® antifoam products will ensure Engine Oils, Hydraulic Fluids, Transmission Biological Wastewater Treatment that you end up with powerful end prod- Oils and Cutting Fluids Most companies that produce or process ucts and a smooth-running application. These fluids and lubricants require low-viscosity products for the petroleum industry operate silicone fluids. Aqueous cutting fluids can their own industrial wastewater treatment either use SILFOAM® antifoam emulsions or plants. SILFOAM® antifoam emulsions are SILFOAM® antifoam compounds, depending ideally suited for use in all aerobic and an- on the type of oil they contain. aerobic process stages to effectively prevent unwanted foam build-up.

Petrochemicals SILFOAM® Application Dosage Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity approx. pH, Density approx. Shelf life, min. Product type (ppm) content approx. [%] [mPa s], 25 °C approx. g/cm3 (25 °C) (months) SE 39 Production of bitumen emulsions 5 – 200 20 White 150 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion Aqueous cutting fluids: 20 – 500 20 White 150 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion • Basis: synthetic oil Biological wastewater treatment 5 – 200 20 White 150 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion SE 47 Production of bitumen emulsions 10 – 500 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion Aqueous cutting fluids: 50 – 1,000 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion • Basis: mineral oil Biological wastewater treatment 10 – 500 10 White 50 7.0 1.0 6 Emulsion SRE Deaeration of sea water 5 – 200 20 White 20 - 500 5.0 – 5.8 1.0 6 Emulsion Drilling muds, aqueous 25 – 250 SE 4260 Oil & gas industry for n.a. 44 White 500 - 1000 4.0 – 8.0 1.05 6 Emulsion drilling fluids SD 670 Aqueous cutting fluids: 10 – 500 100 Yellowish, 150 n.a. 1.0 6 Self-dispersing • Basis: synthetic oil opaque • Basis: mineral oil

WACKER® AK 350 High-viscosity hydraulic fluids 5 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 350 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Transmission oil: basis: mineral oil 5 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 350 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Engine oil 5 – 200 100 Colorless, clear 350 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid AK 12500 Non-aqueous cutting fluids 10 – 200 100 Colorless, clear 12,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Low-viscosity hydraulic fluids 10 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 12,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Transmission oil: Basis: synthetic oil 10 – 200 100 Colorless, clear 12,500 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid AK 60000 Non-aqueous cutting fluids 5 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Low-viscosity hydraulic fluids 10 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid Transmission oil: Basis: synthetic oil 5 – 100 100 Colorless, clear 60,000 n.a. 1.0 12 Silicone fluid

n.a. = not applicable

Product Recommendations Engine Oils, Hydraulic Fluids, Cutting Fluids (coolants) Biological Wastewater Treatment SILFOAM® SE 39 Transmission Oils For non-aqueous cutting fluids, a few ppm To operate at optimum capacity, waste- SILFOAM® SE 47 For these fluids, WACKER® AK silicone fluids of WACKER® AK 60000 is enough for effec- water treatment plants need efficient foam SILFOAM® SRE will provide you the right degree of foam tive foam control. Aqueous cutting fluids can control. For this purpose, we recommend SILFOAM® SE 4260 inhibition. In addition to the viscosity range either use SILFOAM® antifoam emulsions or our antifoam emulsions SILFOAM® SE 47 SILFOAM® SD 670 listed in the table, we also offer products with SILFOAM® antifoam compounds, depend- and SILFOAM® SE 39. a viscosity specially tailored to your needs. ing on the type of oil they contain. WACKER® AK 350 WACKER® AK 12500 WACKER® AK 60000

52 SILFOAM® STRIKES A BALANCE BETWEEN SPECIALIZATION AND PROCESS DIVERSITY

Dispersion Manufacturers Highly specialized products for diverse industrial applications are the basis of economical dispersions manufacture. SILFOAM® sets the tone in dispersion defoaming.

Our SILFOAM® product range includes SILFOAM® foam-control agents are tailored As quality aids, SILFOAM® foam-control Emulsions, organically modified compounds the right foam-control agent for every specifically to the demands of dispersion agents optimize the processing and use or organofunctional self-dispersing silicone type of dispersion, enabling cost-efficient producers, substantially improving space- of dispersion-based products. Their ability antifoam agents? No matter which of these dispersions manufacture and enhanced time yields. They facilitate the transport and to deaerate microfoams and their good you use, WACKER has the right SILFOAM® product properties. filling of dispersions. compatibility with organic systems make foam-control agent. Our broad product port- SILFOAM® products particularly valuable folio is fine tuned to meet every requirement Flawless processing, profitable production As valuable process aids, our SILFOAM® for use in processing and modifying so you can be sure of high levels of efficiency and optimal products are always crucial products combat and suppress bother- dispersions. In sensitive applications in and compatibility. to business success. Why not let WACKER some foam formed as a result of stirring the paints and surface coatings or paper support you in improving your existing the dispersion and thereby introducing sectors, too, SILFOAM® grades provide dispersion-production processes and the shearing forces, of removing residual mono- essential properties such as optimized flow quality of dispersion-based products, such mers from the dispersion, of transferring and the formation of immaculate surfaces. as paints, coatings, construction materials, the dispersion to downstream processing paper coatings or adhesives? facilities or of filling it into merchandising containers.

54 SILFOAM® Application Dosage recommenda- Active ingredient Appearance Viscosity approx. Dispersibility in Shelf life, Product type tion* for trials [%] content approx. [%] [mPa s], 25 °C water** min. (months) SE 47 s-PVC, interior paints, 0.02 – 0.5 10 Milky, white 50 ++ 6 Emulsion exterior paints SE 1661 S-PVC, E-PVC, 20 ppm – 1.0 10 Milky, white 7,000 (+) 6 Emulsion Dispersions on P/E-basis SE 1662 S-PVC, E-PVC, 20 ppm – 1.0 10 Milky, white 7,000 (+) 6 Emulsion Dispersions on P/E-basis SE 2261 PVC, Textiles, Paper, Paints, 0.05 – 1.0 23 Milky, white 2,000 + 6 Emulsion Coatings, Adhesives SE 2262 PVC, Textiles, Paper, Paints, 0.05 – 1.0 10 Milky, white 2,000 + 6 Emulsion Coatings, Adhesives SE 4261 PVC, Textiles, Paper, Paints, 0.05 – 1.0 50 Milky, white 2,000 + 6 Emulsion Coatings, Adhesives SD 670 Printing inks, paper coatings, 0.05 – 0.3 100 Yellowish, opaque 150 ++ 6 Self-dispersing adhesives, construction materials SD 860 Printing inks, high-gloss lacquers, 0.05 – 0.3 100 Colorless, opaque 100 (+) 12 Self-dispersing adhesives, construction materials SD 882 Interior and exterior paint, 0.1 – 0.5 100 Yellowish, opaque 20 ++ 12 Self-dispersing paper coating SD 8260 Adhesives, Paints and varnishes, 0.02 – 0.5 100 Colorless, hazy 2,000 ++ 6 Self-dispersing Nonwoven, Construction SC 369 Printing inks, adhesives 0.02 – 0.5 100 Colorless, opaque 2,000 (+) 12 Compound SC 370 Interior paints, high-gloss lacquers 0.02 – 0.5 100 Yellowish, opaque 650 (+) 12 Compound SC 385 Interior paints, high-gloss lacquers, 0.02 – 0.5 100 Yellowish, opaque 300 (+) 12 Compound construction materials S 386 Adhesives, Textiles/ Nonwovens 0.02 – 0.5 100 Yellowish, clear 450 (+) 12 100% active Antifoam

* The dosage recommendations are very highly dependent on the medium to be defoamed I ** ++ very good; + good; (+) good in the presence of surfactants

Dispersion Manufacturers Advantages Legal Requirements Product Recommendations in systems subjected to high shear forces or •• Outstanding performance in almost all Our product range also includes antifoam SILFOAM® SE 47 with a high surfactant content, SILFOAM® surfactant and protective colloid systems agents for applications that must satisfy SILFOAM® SE 1661 SD 670 is superior to organic defoamers. •• Good compatibility, enabling use also in special food-contact regulations. SILFOAM® SE 1662 If only a booster for organic defoamers is sensitive applications such as paints and SILFOAM® SE 2261 required, our organically modified compound surface coatings The following products comply with the US SILFOAM® SE 2262 SILFOAM® SC 369 is ideal for technical •• Highly dispersible and shear-stable Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the SILFOAM® SE 4261 applications. The organically modified com- •• Do not cause loss of gloss in polymer films, German Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) SILFOAM® SD 670 pounds SILFOAM® SC 370 and SILFOAM® and are therefore ideal for formulating or the EU Plastics Implementation Measure SILFOAM® SD 860 SC 385 are first choice for applications high-gloss lacquers (PIM): SILFOAM® SD 882 subject to food safety regulations. •• SILFOAM ® SC 370 BfR XIV, XV and XXXVI, SILFOAM® SD 8260 Service Plastics Implementation Measure (PIM) (EU) SILFOAM® SC 369 Dispersion-Based Products In our applications laboratories, we ensure No. 10/2011 (replaces Plastics Regulation SILFOAM® SC 370 Our polyether-functional compound that the optimum SILFOAM® product is cho- (2002/72/EC) SILFOAM® SC 385 SILFOAM® SC 370 or self-dispersing com- sen, and that it is fine-tuned to the custom- •• SILFOAM ® SC 385 BfR XIV and XXXVI, SILFOAM® S 386 pounds SILFOAM® SD 860 and SILFOAM® er’s system. Here, we carry out tests on the FDA 21 CFR §175.105, 176.170, 176.180, SD 882 are particularly suitable for this field compatibility and shelf life of our dispersion 176.200 and 176.210 Dispersion Production of application. SILFOAM® SD 860 has proved defoamers in the customer’s environment, •• SILFOAM® SE 1661/1662 BfR XIV, XXXVI Our medium-to-fine particle o/w emulsions ideal in high-solids systems. and determine density levels to measure their FDA §175.105,176.170,176.180,176.200 SILFOAM® SE 47 or our self-dispersing efficiency at different temperatures and ap- •• SILFOAM® SE 2261BfR XIV, XXXVI SILFOAM® SD 670 silicone antifoam agent Sensitive Applications plied shear forces. We are also equipped to FDA §175.105,176.170,176.180,176.210 are ideal for this application. Particularly WACKER has developed the organically simulate dynamic processes, such as pump •• SILFOAM® SE 2262 BfR XIV, XXXVI FDA modified defoamers SILFOAM® SD 670 circulation, by the CONTIFOAM® method. (max. use level of 0,5 %) §175.105, and SILFOAM® SD 882 specifically for this 176.170,176.180,176.210 purpose. Particularly in SILFOAM® SD 882, •• SILFOAM® SE 4261BfR XIV, XXXVI FDA the typical silicone properties have been §175.105,176.170,176.180,176.210 attenuated by a high level of organic modifi- •• SILFOAM® SD 8620 BfR XIV, XXXVI cation. FDA (max. use level of 0,5 %) §175.105, 176.170,176.180,176.210

56 GLOSSARY

A B D FOOD REGULATIONS ABIOTIC DEGRADATION BfR DISPERSIBILITY National regulations governing how products Environmental degradation of substances German Institute for Risk Assessment, The ease with which an antifoam agent may be used in food or come into contact by purely chemical/physical means, without successor to the former BgVV can be dispersed in a given medium with it. See German Institute for Risk Assess- the influence of living organisms (microbes). (Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen ment (BfR), EU E numbers, corresponding ACTIVITY Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin) E sections of chapter 21 of the CFR of the Effectiveness of an antifoam agent Federal Institute for Health Protection of E NUMBERS Food and Drug Administration in the USA, ALKALI RESISTANCE Consumers and Veterinary Medicine Numbers for identifying substances that EPA and USDA provisions as well as similar Stability of an antifoam agent BLEACHING are approved direct food additives under national regulations in an alkaline medium. Chemical treatment of textiles to lighten EU law ANTIFOAM AGENT their color EPA REGULATIONS G Foam-preventing substance; foam control BOD/COD Mandatory requirements issued by the EPA – GMP systems of the SILFOAM®, SILFAR®, Biological/chemical oxygen demand Environmental Protection Agency (USA) Abbreviation for Good Manufacturing Practice PULPSIL® and WACKER® AK product series are multifunctional, i.e. they act as antifoam C F H agents, defoamers, or both, depending on CONTIFOAM® FDA REGULATIONS HEALTHCARE POLICY the application. Fully automatic test instrument for character- Regulations issued by the FDA – Guidelines issued by WACKER for describing izing the foaming behavior of test media, Food and Drug Administration (USA) the use of silicone products in the pharma- e.g. by pumping around a closed loop. FILTRABILITY ceutical sector (www.wacker.com/silfoam) COMPATIBILITY Capability of antifoam agents to pass Property of an antifoam agent to mix with a through filter materials given medium or other additives FOAM CONTROL SYSTEMS CONTINUOUS PROCESS Systems for regulating foams; may comprise Treatment of textiles in a continuous process one or more components 57

Glossary I P S T IONICITY Ph. Eur. SELF-DISPERSING TREATMENT LIQUOR Describes either the property of surfactants Abbreviation for European Pharmacopoeia ANTIFOAM AGENT A liquid for treating textiles to form ions or a property that is caused PERSISTENCY Antifoam agents that disperse spontane- by ions; this term distinguishes between The ability of an antifoam agent to maintain ously on contact with foaming systems, U anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants its effect in a given application system sometimes also known as “self-emulsifying USP POST-ADDITION antifoam agents” Abbreviation for United States Pharmacopeia K Describes the addition of additives subse- SHEAR STABILITY KNOCK-DOWN quent to the spray drying process during Resistance of an emulsion to action of W Describes the initial foam collapse in a given powder detergent production shear forces (e.g. rotating rolls, agitators, WETTING AGENT foam system PRODUCT DEFOAMER air entrainment, pumps) Has the effect that aqueous formulations Antifoam agent built into the formulation SHELF LIFE can be applied uniformly to hydrophobic N to prevent foam formation The period of time under defined storage surfaces; wetting agents are mediators NF PROCESS DEFOAMER conditions over which the quality of an between incompatible phases Abbreviation for National Formulary, a Antifoam agent added during a process antifoam agent remains stable compendium of drug standards published by to regulate the level of foam formation SPRAYING the American Pharmaceutical Association Method of applying antifoam agents to R powders, e.g. in the detergent industry RECIRCULATION PUMP TEST STORAGE STABILITY CONTIFOAM® The property of an antifoam agent present as an additive in a given system to remain stable and retain its effectiveness over relatively long periods, e.g. in laundry detergent formulations.

58 EXPERTISE AND SERVICE NETWORK ON FIVE CONTINENTS

WACKER is one of the world’s leading and With a workforce of some 14,500, we see most research-intensive chemical companies, ourselves as a reliable innovation partner that with total sales of €4.98 billion. Products range develops trailblazing solutions for, and in from silicones, binders and polymer additives collaboration with, our customers. We also for diverse industrial sectors to bioengineered help them boost their own success. Our pharmaceutical actives and hyperpure silicon technical competence centers employ local for semiconductor and solar applications. As specialists, who assist customers worldwide a technology leader focusing on sustainability, in the development of products tailored to WACKER promotes products and ideas that regional demands, supporting them during offer a high value-added potential to ensure every stage of their complex production that current and future generations enjoy a processes, if required. better quality of life, based on energy efficiency WACKER e-solutions are online services and protection of the climate and environment. provided via our customer portal and as Spanning the globe with 4 business divisions, integrated process solutions. Our customers we offer our customers highly-specialized and business partners thus benefit from products and comprehensive service via comprehensive information and reliable service 24 production sites, 22 technical competence to enable projects and orders to be handled centers, 13 WACKER ACADEMY training fast, reliably and highly efficiently. centers and 50 sales offices in Europe, North Visit us anywhere, anytime around the and South America, and Asia – including a world at: www.wacker.com presence in China.

Sales offices, production sites and technical competence All figures are based on fiscal 2018. centers around the world.

e_single page_A4quer_2018_RZ.indd 1 09.04.19 12:26 Wacker Chemie AG Hanns-Seidel-Platz 4 81737 Munich, Germany [email protected] www.wacker.com/silfoam 6161e/01.20 supersedes 6161e/07.16

The data presented in this brochure are in accordance with the present state of our knowledge but do not absolve the user from carefully checking all supplies immediately on receipt. We reserve the right to alter product constants within the scope of technical progress or new developments. The recommendations made in this brochure should be checked by preliminary trials because of conditions during processing over which we have no control, especially where other companies’ raw materials are also being used. The information provided by us does not absolve the user from the obligation of investigating the possibility of infringement of third parties’ rights and, if necessary, clarifying the position. Recommendations for use do not constitute a warranty, either express or implied, of the fitness or suitability of the product for a particular purpose.