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Erwin Hiebert Archimedes 39 New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology Erwin Hiebert The Helmholtz Legacy in Physiological Acoustics The Helmholtz Legacy in Physiological Acoustics Archimedes NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOLUME 39 EDITOR JED Z. BUCHWALD, Dreyfuss Professor of History, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES JEREMY GRAY, The Faculty of Mathematics and Computing, The Open University, Buckinghamshire, UK. TILMAN SAUER, California Institute of Technology ASSOCIATE EDITORS FOR BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SHARON KINGSLAND, Department of History of Science and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. MANFRED LAUBICHLER, Arizona State University ADVISORY BOARD FOR MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY HENK BOS, University of Utrecht MORDECHAI FEINGOLD, California Institute of Technology ALLAN D. FRANKLIN, University of Colorado at Boulder KOSTAS GAVROGLU, National Technical University of Athens PAUL HOYNINGEN-HUENE, Leibniz University in Hannover TREVOR LEVERE, University of Toronto JESPER LU¨ TZEN, Copenhagen University WILLIAM NEWMAN, Indiana University, Bloomington LAWRENCE PRINCIPE, The Johns Hopkins University JU¨ RGEN RENN, Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Wissenschaftsgeschichte ALEX ROLAND, Duke University ALAN SHAPIRO, University of Minnesota NOEL SWERDLOW, California Institute of Technology, USA ADVISORY BOARD FOR BIOLOGY MICHAEL DIETRICH, Dartmouth College, USA MICHEL MORANGE, Centre Cavaille`s, Ecole Normale Supe´rieure, Paris HANS-JO¨ RG RHEINBERGER, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin NANCY SIRAISI, Hunter College of the City University of New York Archimedes has three fundamental goals; to further the integration of the histories of science and technology with one another: to investigate the technical, social and practical histories of specific developments in science and technology; and finally, where possible and desirable, to bring the histories of science and technology into closer contact with the philosophy of science. To these ends, each volume will have its own theme and title and will be planned by one or more members of the Advisory Board in consultation with the editor. Although the volumes have specific themes, the series itself will not be limited to one or even to a few particular areas. Its subjects include any of the sciences, ranging from biology through physics, all aspects of technology, broadly construed, as well as historically-engaged philosophy of science or technology. Taken as a whole, Archimedes will be of interest to historians, philosophers, and scientists, as well as to those in business and industry who seek to understand how science and industry have come to be so strongly linked. For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5644 Erwin Hiebert (Deceased) 1919–2012 The Helmholtz Legacy in Physiological Acoustics Erwin Hiebert (Deceased) ISSN 1385-0180 ISSN 2215-0064 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-06601-1 ISBN 978-3-319-06602-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06602-8 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941950 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Envoi In July 2012, I spent a short time with Erwin at his home in Belmont. His son, Tom, was there to help, since Erwin’s beloved wife, Elfrieda, was in hospital and passed away 2 months later. We had first met in the fall of 1971 when I entered Harvard as a graduate student in the history of science. Throughout the nearly half century since then Erwin and Elfrieda remained, and will remain in the memories of their students and friends, paragons of friendship, warmth, intellectual engagement, and, most of all, decency, true morality, and concern. Erwin worried about this last product of his scholarship, for he knew that the end of life was fast approaching. Having seen the work as it evolved over the years, I knew it to be the fruits of decades of thought and research, stimulated and assisted by the insights of Elfrieda, and so we told him that it would be published in the series “Archimedes.” Erwin and Elfrieda were the very best of people and the very best of academics. There are, and certainly will always be, few like them. They will be sorely missed by their children, family, friends, colleagues, and students. California Institute of Technology Jed Buchwald Pasadena, CA, USA v Eloge Erwin Hiebert died on November 28, 2012, less than 3 months after his wife Elfrieda died, on September 2. For the dozens of graduate students, colleagues, and friends who tasted the intellectual excitement of discussions in the warmth of their home, these deaths mark the passing of an age. For more than three decades, as a Professor of the History of Science first at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, then at Harvard, Erwin passionately engaged his students and colleagues in explorations that ranged from nuclear physics to experimental physiology, thermodynamics to Cantorian set theory, quantum mechanics to comets. Acoustics was always a favorite subject, and the best evenings were those that Elfrieda closed by playing on her beloved piano. Erwin was the third of seven children of a Mennonite Bretheren minister, who raised his children in an urban Russian Mennonite community in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In later years, he loved to point to his early education, first in Faraday Grade School and then in Sir Isaac Newton High School, as indicators of his subsequent career as a Historian of Science. However, that career was far in the future for a young man who spent his summers following the wheat harvest from Oklahoma to the Dakotas to pay for his postsecondary education at Tabor College in Hillsboro, Kansas. After 2 years, he transferred to Bethel College, where in 1941 he earned a bachelor’s degree in Mathematics and Chemistry. In 1943 he received a master’s degree in Chemistry and Physics from the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Also in 1943, Erwin married Elfrieda, ne´e Franz. Elfrieda was already a highly accomplished pianist, who in 1938 had received the highest award in the National Music Competition in Colorado Springs, Colorado; when the two met, she was studying music at Tabor College. Immediately after their marriage, the young couple moved to Chicago, where in 1945 Elfrieda earned a bachelor’s degree and in 1946 a master’s degree in Music from the University of Chicago. Erwin was enlisted as a Research Chemist at Standard Oil Company of Indiana in those years, and Elfrieda was Assistant Music Librarian for the University of Chicago. Erwin’s work with Standard Oil was under the jurisdiction of the Chicago Metallurgical Labs of the Manhattan Project; “within months of the Japanese vii viii Eloge surrender in August 1945” he and other scientists were coming together “to discuss the political and social responsibility of the scientist, civilian control of atomic energy, the economics of atomic power, the freedom of scientific information, relations with the Soviet Union, etc.”1 From 1947 to 1948, Erwin carried these concerns to Washington, where he served as Assistant to the Chief of the Scientific Branch, War Department General Staff in Washington, DC, and Elfrieda worked as Copyright Cataloguer at the Library of Congress. Their first child, Catherine Anne, was born there in 1948. Soon thereafter, the Hieberts returned to Chicago, where Erwin worked as a Research Chemist at the Institute for the Study of Metals while pursuing his M.Sc. in Physical Chemistry at the University of Chicago. There the Hieberts reveled in the company of “an international constellation of scientists, mathematicians, composers, philosophers, Allewissers, humanistically-minded foreign visiting pro- fessors, and loquacious political emigres,” who had found “haven” in the university there.2 Most memorable among these was Alexandre Koyre´, who captivated Erwin “with his French charm, the boundless depths of his learning, and the scientific, historiographic, and philosophical expertise with which he approached and executed the history of science.”3 Fortified by this “exposure to large doses of cultural history sandwiched in between expansive schemes for world government and global internationalism,”4 in 1950 the Hieberts moved to Madison, where Erwin began working toward a joint Ph.D.
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