CULTURAL ERGONOMICS ADVANCES in HUMAN PERFORMANCE and COGNITIVE ENGINEERING RESEARCH Series Editor: Eduardo Salas
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CULTURAL ERGONOMICS ADVANCES IN HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND COGNITIVE ENGINEERING RESEARCH Series Editor: Eduardo Salas Associate Editors: CLINT A. BOWERS Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, USA NANCY COOKE Department of Psychology, New Mexico State University, USA JAMES E. DRISKELL Florida Maxima, USA ANDERS ERICSSON Florida State University, USA DIANNA STONE Department of Management, University of Central Florida, USA Volume 1: Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, edited by Eduardo Salas Volume 2: Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research: Automation, edited by Eduardo Salas Volume 3: Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research, edited by Dianna Stone ADVANCES IN HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND COGNITIVE ENGINEERING RESEARCH VOLUME 4 CULTURAL ERGONOMICS EDITED BY MICHAEL KAPLAN Southwestern University, Texas, USA 2004 Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford – Paris San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo ELSEVIER B.V. ELSEVIER Inc. ELSEVIER Ltd ELSEVIER Ltd Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 525 B Street, Suite 1900 The Boulevard, Langford 84 Theobalds Road P.O. Box 211, San Diego, Lane Kidlington, London 1000 AE Amsterdam CA 92101-4495 Oxford OX5 1GB WC1X 8RR The Netherlands USA UK UK © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Ltd, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. 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First edition 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record is available from the Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record is available from the British Library. ISBN: 0-7623-1049-9 ISSN: 1479-3601 (Series) ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION: ADDING A CULTURAL DIMENSION TO HUMAN FACTORS Michael Kaplan xi 1. NATIONAL AND CULTURAL VARIABLES IN ERGONOMICS Alphonse Chapanis 1 2. CULTURE, CONTEXT, AND PERFORMANCE Neville Moray 31 3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE-ORIENTED HUMAN MACHINE SYSTEMS: SPECIFICATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTEGRATION OF RELEVANT INTERCULTURAL VARIABLES Kerstin Röse 61 4. HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING (HFE) AND CULTURAL CALIBRATION FOR VESSEL AND OFFSHORE INSTALLATION DESIGN Denise B. McCafferty, E. Johan Hendrikse, and Gerry E. Miller 105 5. CROSS-CULTURAL FACTORS IN AVIATION SAFETY Ashleigh Merritt and Daniel Maurino 147 v vi 6. THE ROLE OF NATIONAL CULTURE IN ENHANCING TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS: A FRAMEWORK Shreya Sarkar-Barney 183 7. TOWARDS AN ANTHROPOTECHNOLOGY. X. A NEW ACTIVITY FOR THE UNITED NATIONS IN THE SERVICE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: SPECIFYING REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS IN GIVEN GEOGRAPHICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL LOCATIONS [Translated from the French by Kendra Francisco, Southwestern University] Alain Wisner 215 8. ERGONOMICS IN INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (IDCs): SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES P. A. Scott and J. Charteris 223 9. COGNITION IN NATURAL SETTINGS: THE CULTURAL LENS MODEL Helen Altman Klein 249 10. DESIGNING THE USER EXPERIENCE FOR INTERNATIONAL WEB USERS Monica Chong 281 11. ‘A FRENCHMAN, A GERMAN, AND AN ENGLISHMAN ...’: THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY ON TEAMS Florian Jentsch, Raegen M. Hoeft, Stephen M. Fiore, and Clint A. Bowers 317 12. CHALLENGES AND APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING LEADERSHIP EFFICACY IN MULTI-CULTURAL TEAMS Eduardo Salas, C. Shawn Burke, Jennifer E. Fowlkes, and Katherine A. Wilson 341 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Clint A. Bowers University of Central Florida, USA C. Shawn Burke University of Central Florida, USA Alphonse Chapanis The Johns Hopkins University, USA Jack Charteris Rhodes University, South Africa Monica Chong Yahoo! Inc., United Kingdom Stephen M. Fiore University of Central Florida, USA Jennifer E. Fowlkes University of Central Florida, USA E. Johan Hendrikse Paragon Engineering Services, Inc., USA Raegen M. Hoeft University of Central Florida, USA Florian Jentsch University of Central Florida, USA Michael Kaplan Southwestern University, USA Helen Altman Klein Wright State University, USA Daniel Maurino International Civil Aviation Organization, Canada Denise B. McCafferty American Bureau of Shipping, USA Ashleigh Merritt University of Texas at Austin, USA Gerry E. Miller Paragon Engineering Services, USA vii viii Neville Moray ergoNM, Magagnosc, France Kerstin R¨ose University of Kaiserslautern, Germany Eduardo Salas University of Central Florida, USA Shreya Sarkar-Barney Illinois Institute of Technology, USA Pat A. Scott Rhodes University, South Africa Katherine A. Wilson University of Central Florida, USA Alain Wisner Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, France ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My warm thanks to Dean James Hunt, Provost, and Professor Jacqueline Muir-Broaddus, Chair of the Psychology Department, for making a home at Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas, for cultural ergonomics and the International Center of Cultural Ergonomics, and for facilitating preparation of this book. Southwestern students Kendra Francisco, Staci Benson, and Ellen Gass contributed helpful assistance. At Elsevier, Fiona Barron, Publishing Editor, has been extraordinarily helpful, and the consideration and support there from Becky Lewsey and Deborah Raven have been particularly noteworthy. Dr. Pierre Falzon, Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers in Paris, made possible the acquisition of documents written by Professor Alain Wisner, who died recently. Computer advice and assistance provided by Richard H. Troxell have been invaluable. Communication and interchange of documents and information with Dr. Eduardo Salas at the University of Central Florida were facilitated by Marcella Maresco and Diana Furman. Dean Ben B. Morgan, Jr. at the University of Central Florida and Professors Margaret Thomas and Jack McGuire, successive Chairs of the Psychology Depart- ment there, enabled initial establishment of the International Center of Cultural Ergonomics. Original encouragement for the concept of cultural ergonomics and the center came from Captain Paul R. Chatelier, USN (Retired), Dr. Earl Alluisi, and Professors John A. Wise and Anthony Debons. Early on, Professors Wise and Debons provided generous support. I am also especially indebted to Professor Houshang Shahnavaz, formerly of Lulea University in Sweden, for his generosity, unfailing helpfulness, loyal friendship and kindness. For special interest and useful suggestions, I also thank Captain Daniel Maurino, International Civil Aviation Organization, Professors Alain Wisner, Hal W. Hendrick and Najmedin Meshkati, and Drs. Stuart O. Parsons, Donald Weitzman, and Harold Van Cott. To all of them, my former assistants Janet Poole, Adam Payne, Shreya Sarkar-Barney, Jessie Y. C. Chen, and Jason Kring, and especially my wife, Eugenie, my most helpful and loyal supporter, I send deepest thanks and every good wish. Michael Kaplan Georgetown, Texas 1 March 2004 Editor ix This Page Intentionally Left Blank INTRODUCTION: ADDING A CULTURAL DIMENSION TO HUMAN