REPORT 2.6 Report on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

Project co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through Operational Program for Technical Assistance 2007-2013

October 2015

This report relates to the deliverable “Output 2.6 – Report on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)” under the Agreement for Technical Assistance with regard to the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy between the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration of Romania (MRDPA) and the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development, concluded on 4 September 2013.

ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT DANUBE DELTA INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (2030) WORLD BANK GROUP CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 9

2. PRESENTATION OF THE DDISDS (2030) AND ITS OBJECTIVES, AND RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS ON THE RELATION WITH OTHER PPS RELEVANT TO THE DDISDS...... 10

3. RELEVANT ASPECTS CONCERNING THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT CONDITION AND ITS PROBABLE DEVELOPMENT IF DDISDS IS NOT IMPLEMENTED ...... 22

4. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA LIKELY TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY DDISDS (2030) IMPLEMENTATION ...... 107

5. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS RELEVANT TO DDISDS (2030) ...... 107

6. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OBJECTIVES SET AT NATIONAL, COMUNITARY OR INTERNATIONAL LEVEL RELEVANT TO THE DDISDS (2030) ...... 113

7. POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 115

8. POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH IN A TRANSBOUNDARY CONTEXT ...... 181

9. MEASURES PROPOSED TO PREVENT, REDUCE AND COMPENSATE ANY POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO IMPLEMENTATION OF DDISDS (2030) ... 181

10. REASONS THAT LED TO SELECTING THE DDISDS ALTERNATIVES ...... 187

11. MEASURES FOR MONITORING THE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF DDISDS (2030) IMPLEMENTATION ...... 188

12. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ...... 192

13. SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 207

14. ANNEXES ...... 208

INDEX OF TABLES Table no. 1 List of territorial-administrative units covered by the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy ...... 14 Table no. 2 List of Natura 2000 sites in the study area ...... 17 Table no. 3 Analysed environmental aspects ...... 22 Table no. 4 Endangered or vulnerable superior plants in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve . 35 Table no. 5 Endangered (EN) and critically endangered (CR) species in the Danube Delta Region according to the IUCN classification ...... 37 Table no. 6 Conservation status or natural habitats of community interest ...... 42 Table no. 7 Conservation status of bird species in PNMM area ...... 42 Table no. 8 School dropout rate (%) in pre-university education, NIS data...... 52 Table no. 9 Evolution of the state of environment if DDISDS (2030) is not implemented .... 105 Table no. 10 Relevant environmental problems for the DDISDS (2030) ...... 108 Table no. 11 Environmental objectives relevant to DDISDS assessment ...... 113 Table no. 12 Matrix for assessment of the potential effects significance of DDISDS implementation ...... 117 Table no. 13 The assessment matrix of the compatibility between the DDISDS sectoral objectives and the relevant environmental objectives (SEA objectives) ...... 123 Table no. 14 The assessment matrix of the compatibility between the DDISDS sectoral objectives...... 131 Table no. 15 Assessment matrix of the potential effects on the environment generated by the implementation of the proposed types of interventions/ projects within the ITI proposal for Danube Delta region ...... 140 Table no. 16 Types of interventions/ projects of DDISDS contributing to climate change mitigation, respectively to climate change adaptation ...... 167 Table no. 17 Measures to address potential significant negative effects generated by the implementation of DDISDS types of interventions/ projects ...... 182 Table no. 18 Indicators proposed for monitoring the effects of DDISDS (2030) ...... 189

INDEX OF FIGURES Figure no. 1 Structure of DDISDS ...... 13 Figure no. 2 Territorial – administrative units covered by the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Strategy ...... 15 Figure no. 3 Location of the study area, Danube Delta Region-in relationship with biogeographical regions ...... 25 Figure no. 4 Location of the protected natural areas in the study area ...... 28 Figure no. 5 Location of sites of community importance (SCI) in the study area ...... 29 Figure no. 6 Location of the special protection areas (SPA) in the study area ...... 30 Figure no. 7 Strictly protected areas inside the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve ...... 31 Figure no. 8 Zoning of Măcin Mountains National Park ...... 32 Figure no. 9 Location of bird colonies from the DDBR area (source: DDBRA portal) ...... 34 Figure no. 10 Numerical distribution of community interest species and habitats in the Danube Delta Region (http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Reporting/Article_17/reference_portal) ...... 39 Figure no. 11 Numerical distribution of community interest species in Danube Delta Region (http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Reporting/Article_17/reference_portal and /Article_12/reference portal) ...... 40 Figure no. 12 Population by domicile in the researched area during 1998 – 2015 ...... 43 Figure no. 13 Population density in the research area, NIS data processing ...... 44 Figure no. 14 Structure of population by age in the research area, processed NIS data ...... 45 Figure no. 15 Percentage occupied by the Romanian population and other ethnic groups in the research area ...... 46 Figure no. 16 Stable population in the researched area by ethnicity ...... 46 Figure no. 17 Natural population movement in the researched area ...... 47 Figure no. 18 Population migration (including abroad) in the researched area ...... 48 Figure no. 19 Emigration rate in the researched area, NIS data processing ...... 49 Figure no. 20 Immigration rate in the researched area, NIS data processing ...... 49 Figure no. 21 Migration balance in the researched area, NIS data processing ...... 50 Figure no. 22 Relative poverty rate at the level of development regions, NIS processed data ...... 51 Figure no. 23 Rate of poverty risk or social exclusion (AROPE) at the development regions level, NIS processed data ...... 51 Figure no. 24 Deceases caused by infectious and parasitic diseases ...... 53 Figure no. 25 Soil classes in the researched area (Source: Soil Map 1:200.000) ...... 56 Figure no. 26 Industrial pollution sources in the researched area ...... 59 Figure no. 27 Economic operators whose activities fall under the incidence of the provisions of GD 804/2007 ...... 60 Figure no. 28 Environmental condition of the water bodies in the researched area, Source: Dobrogea Littoral Hydrographic Basin Management Plan ...... 62 Figure no. 29 Crossed underground water bodies ...... 64 Figure no. 30 Evolution of PM10 concentration in Tulcea during 2009 – 2010 ...... 72 Figure no. 31 Evolution of PM10 concentration in Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 ...... 73 Figure no. 32 PM10 imissions in the study area (source: EEA) ...... 73 Figure no. 33 Evolution of SO2 emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 ...... 74 Figure no. 34 Evolution of NOx emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 ...... 74 Figure no. .35 Evolution of NH3 emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 ...... 75 Figure no. 36 Evolution of CO2 emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 ...... 76 Figure no. 37 Evolution of the dwelling area in the researched region during 2009 – 2013 (Source: NIS) ...... 80 Figure no. 38 Evolution of the dwelling area in the researched region ...... 81 Figure no. 39 Tourist arrivals in accommodation facilities in the researched area ...... 82 Figure no. 40 Number of tourist accommodation units in the researched area ...... 83 Figure no. 41 Land use in the researched area, Source: CLC ...... 85 Figure no. 42 Historical monuments in the researched area ...... 87 Figure no. 43 Distribution of funeral barrows (tumuli) in the study area ...... 88 Figure no. 44 Landscape types in the researched area ...... 90 Figure no. 45 Evolution of electricity consumption in Tulcea County ...... 92 Figure no. 46 Transport network in the researched area ...... 94 Figure no. 47 Evolution of the quantity of municipal waste generated in Tulcea and Constanţa, during 2009 – 2013 ...... 96 Figure no. 48 Evolution of collected municipal waste quantity in Tulcea and Constanţa, during 2009 – 2013...... 97 Figure no. 49 Projects in various stages having as a purpose the capitalization of renewable resources in the researched area ...... 101 Figure no. 50 Flood limits in the study area ...... 103 Figure no. 51 Scheme of identification of DDISDS types of interventions/ projects, based on their location and possibility of delimitation of the impact area ...... 116 Figure no. 52 Sensitivity classes of the area of DDISDS implementation (for biodiversity and landscape) ...... 119 Figure no. 53 Direct connections of DDISDS objectives with SEA objectives (relevant environmental objectives) ...... 122 Figure no. 54 Assessment of the compatibility of DDISDS sectoral objectives with relevant environmental objectives ...... 122 Figure no. 55 Direct links between DDISDS objectives ...... 129 Figure no. 56 Compatibility assessment between DDISDS sectoral objectives ...... 130 Figure no. 57 The share of the assessment notes awarded for each environmental aspect 137 Figure no. 58 The total of the assessment notes awarded for each relevant environmental objective (SEA objective) ...... 138 Figure no. 59 The impact assessment for each relevant environmental objective (SEA objective) ...... 139 Figure no. 60 Proposed hierarchy for DDISDS interventions/projects prioritization ...... 164 Figure no. 61 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the type of intervention/ project “ Restoration of ecological systems and natural habitat within the “Natura 2000” network for species of European conservation concern, together with development of an integrated monitoring system covering the whole DD area (including cross-border areas), supporting evidence-based decision making and community participation” (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 170 Figure no. 62 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the type of intervention/ project “ Reforestation of areas where the natural forest vegetation has disappeared or been degraded” (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 171 Figure no. 63 The location of the project “Development of an International Center of Advanced Studies Danube – Danube Delta – Black Sea for biodiversity preservation” (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management sector), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 172 Figure no. 64 The locations of the projects/ types of interventions from DRM sector in relation with the Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region. A- project detail “Works for protection against floods”, B - project detail “Modernization, rehabilitation and construction of Inspectorate for Emergency Situations (IES)” ...... 173 Figure no. 65 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the project/ type of intervention “Implementation of a region-wide program for beautification of settlements” (Tourism sector), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 174 Figure no. 66 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the projects/ types of interventions “Improve fish habitat. Reduce sedimentation in major lakes with the installation of stop locks. Dredge major lakes to restore water depth.” (Fisheries and aquaculture sector), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region 175 Figure no. 67 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the projects/ types of interventions “ Modernization of rural infrastructure (water, sanitation, roads, schools, etc)” (ARD), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 176 Figure no. 68 The locations of the projects/ types of interventions from Transport sector in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 177 Figure no. 69 The location (approximate/ incomplete) of the projects/ types of interventions from WSS and IWM sector, in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 178 Figure no. 70 The location of the projects/ types of interventions from SWM sector in relation with the Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 179 Figure no. 71 The location of the projects/ types of interventions from Healthcare sector in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region ...... 180

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMES

AA Appropriate Assessment ARD Agriculture and Rural Development CCAT Compania de Consultanţă şi Asistenţă Tehnică DD Danube Delta DDBR Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve DDBRA Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Administration DDISDS Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy DRM Disaster Risk Management EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPC EPC Consultanţă de mediu ER Environmental Report GD 1076/ Government Decision 1076/ 2004 on establishing the procedure for 2004 environmental assessment for plans and programs GG Greenhouse gases ICT Information and Communication Technology

IES Inspectorate for Emergency Situations

ITI Integrated territorial investment

IWM Integrated water management

MRDPA Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration NEPA National Environmental Protection Agency NIS National Institute of Statistics RO Relevant objective SCI Site of Community Importance SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SO Sectoral objective SPA Special Protection Areas SWM Solid waste management TAU Territorial administrative unit WB World Bank

WG Working group WSS Water supply and sewerage systems

1. INTRODUCTION The present report represents the Environmental Report for the Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy 2030, referred to as DDISDS. The report was elaborated by EPC Consultanţă de Mediu SRL and Compania de Consultanţă şi Asistenţă Tehnică SRL, companies registered in the National Registry of developers for environmental studies, in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Environment no. 1026/2009, for preparation of environmental reports, environmental impact reports, environmental balance, site reports, and appropriate assessment and security reports.

The Environmental Report was prepared in accordance to the content requirements of Annex 2 of the Governmental Decision no. 1076/2004 regarding the procedure on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment.

For the elaboration of the Environmental Report, certain legal acts and regulations in the field of environmental protection, were taken into consideration, such as:

Government Decision no. 1076/2004 on establishing the assessment procedure for certain plans and/or programmes; Order no. 117/2006 approving the “Manual on the application of the procedures for environmental assessment for plans and programs”, developed by MEWF and NEPA; “Practical Guide for Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programs”, developed within the project EuropeAid/121491/D/SER/RO (PHARE 2004/016 – 772.03.03) “Strengthening institutional capacity for implementation and enforcing SEA and Reporting Directives”; Order no. 995/2006 for approving the list of plans and programs covered by the Government Decision no. 1076/2004 on the establishment of the procedure for carrying out environmental assessment for plans and programs; Emergency Ordinance no. 195/2005 regarding environmental protection, approved by Law 265/2006; The Water Law no. 107/1996 with subsequent modifications and completions; Law no. 104/2011 regarding the air quality; Order no. 756/1997 for approval of the environmental pollution assessment regulations; Order no. 119/2014 on the approval of the hygiene norms and recommendations concerning the population’s living environment; Law no. 422/2001 on the protection of historical monuments; Law no. 22/2001 ratifying the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (ESPOO Convention).

2. PRESENTATION OF THE DDISDS (2030) AND ITS OBJECTIVES, AND RESULTS OF THE ANALYSIS ON THE RELATION WITH OTHER PPS RELEVANT TO THE DDISDS

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy (DDISDS) subject to the evaluation and approval, is promoted by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA), as owner of the strategy.

DDISDS was developed based on a systematic technical analyses and a participatory process by the World Bank Group, appointed in 2013 by the Government of Romania, through the MRDPA, to provide consultancy services in order to elaborate a strategy for the Danube Delta and its neighbouring area (Danube Delta Region1), horizon 2030, as well as to identify action plans for the implementation of such a strategy.

The elaboration of the strategy for the Danube Delta Region started with a Diagnostics Report, analysing the current situation, opportunities and constraints. The report pointed to the dual challenge of protecting livelihoods and the environment in the Delta and included the findings of initial public consultations, held from September to December 2013, regarding issues and concerns of the communities. The assessment was complemented by the findings of public consultations with local residents and stakeholders on their “preferences” of how a future Danube Delta would look like.

Then, following extensive consultations and a diagnostic process, the Vision Statement Report was developed.

All these provided the motivation to identify the needs for investments, policy and regulatory reform, necessities related to institutional development and technical assistance, integrated in a Needs Assessment Report. The report identifies measures and interventions to achieve the objectives of the Strategy. The Strategy identifies key projects within each sector based on criteria of expected impact towards the strategic objectives, level of preparedness and financial and administrative sustainability, and links most of them to financial resources allocated through the EU Funds 2014-2015 – ITI instrument (Integrated Territorial Investments).

The version of the DDISDS subject to the current assessment responds to the report 2.2 as of June 22, 2015. The main difference between this version and the version before (February 27, 2015) consists in the revision of the sectoral objectives: deletion of the S.O.16 identical with S.O.26 and introduction of two sectoral objectives, in the domains of climate change (S.O.11) and waste management (S.O.40). Some of the projects/ types of interventions have been reformulated, without changing their meaning. Subsequently, they were supplemented/ detailed through the projects sheets proposed for funding from the ITI, in October 2015.

1 The Study Area – also called the Danube Delta Region - covers DDBR and its Neighboring Area. The Study Area consists of Tulcea City, four towns (Babadag, Isaccea, Măcin, and Sulina), and thirty two communes. Four communes (Corbu, Istria, Mihai Viteazu, and Săcele) are in Constanța County, all four bordering the bay area of the Razim-Sinoe lake system. 2.2. DDISDS CONTEXT

Vision Statement for Danube Delta Vision (2030) was defined after several consultations with all interested parties and derived from the visions defined for the two sub-areas of Danube Delta Region (Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve and the Neighbouring area), as they have different characteristics:

Vision for the Danube Delta (the Biosphere Reserve area): a “living delta” (an area where people live and work), with balanced support for the environment and the community; a healthy, sustainable local economy - mainly based on nature and culture tourism; and with an inclusive planning process (residents, governments, businesses); Vision for the Neighbouring Area: a vibrant agricultural and business area, with a network of urban service centers and a tourism sector that is integrated with the attractions of the area and the Delta; thus: “An attractive area – with precious biodiversity and vibrant, business environment, with small/medium scale economic activities both in traditional and modern fields - where people live in harmony with nature; integrating economies of tourism, farming and fishery; and supported by urban service centers”.

The two strategic objectives of DDISDS were derived from this agreed version:

2.3. STRUCTURE OF THE DDISDS (2030)

The Strategy has five pillars reinforcing each other, tightly interwoven and derived from the two over-arching objectives (environmental protection and economic development). Sectoral analyses, resulted from the previous needs assessment, were organized under the five pillars2: Pillar I: Protecting the Environmental and Natural Resource Assets; Pillar II: Improving the Economy; Pillar III: Improving Connectivity; Pillar IV: Providing Public Services; Pillar V: Promoting Efficiency, Affordability and Sustainability (Including Administrative Capacity of Local Authorities and Technical Assistance for Program Implementation). Each pillar summarizes types of interventions/projects corresponding to sectoral objectives, defined for each sector based on the pillar of development. Pillar I: Protecting the Environmental and Natural Resource Assets includes the following domains of intervention:

2 A fifth pillar “Promoting efficiency, affordability and sustainability” is cross-cutting and was adopted as a one of the guiding principle for the strategy development. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management with 4 objectives and 14 interventions/ projects; Energy Efficiency with 3 objectives and 4 interventions/ projects; Climate Change with 4 objectives and 3 interventions/ projects; Disaster Risk Management (DRM) with 3 objectives and 4 interventions/ projects; Pollution Emergency with 2 objectives and 4 interventions/ projects. Pillar II: Improving the economy: Tourism with 3 objectives and 10 interventions/ projects; Fishery and Aquaculture with 3 objectives and 13 interventions/ projects; Agriculture and Rural Development (ADR) with 5 objectives and 28 interventions/ projects. Pillar III: Improving Connectivity: Transport with 3 objectives and 8 interventions/ projects; Information and Communication Technology (ITC) with 3 objectives and 10 interventions/ projects. Pillar IV: Providing Public Services: Water Supply and Sewerage Systems) and Integrated Water Management with 3 objectives and 2 interventions/ projects; Solid Waste Management (SWM) with 4 objectives and 6 interventions/ projects; Healthcare with 3 objectives and 11 interventions/ projects; Education with 3 objectives 6 interventions/ projects; Social Inclusion and Protection with 3 objectives and 8 interventions/ projects. Pillar V: Promoting Efficiency, Affordability and Sustainability: Administrative capacity and program management with 3 objectives and 7 interventions/ projects. The environmental assessment was performed at the level of Sectoral objectives and Types of interventions/ projects. VISION STATEMENT FOR DANUBE DELTA DIAGNOSTICS REPORT (2030) NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT

DDISDS (2030)

Strategic objective 1 Strategic objective 2

Pillar I Pillar II Pillar III Pillar IV Pillar V

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management; Tourism; Transport; Water Supply and Sewerage Energy Efficiency; Fishery and Information Administrative Systems and aquaculture; and Climate Change; Integrated Water Capacity and communicatio Management; program Disaster Risks Management; Agriculture and n technology. Management. Rural Solid Waste Pollution emergency; Development. Management;

Healthcare;

Education;

Social Inclusion

Types of interventions/ projects

Figure no. 1 Structure of DDISDS 2.4. SHORT OVERVIEW OF THE DDISDS IMPLEMENTATION AREA (DANUBE DELTA REGION)

The DDISDS implementation area covers a surface of approximately 730461 hectares and consists of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve and its Neighbouring areas. From the territorial - administrative point of view it includes a county capital municipality (Tulcea), 4 towns (Babadag, Isaccea, Măcin and Sulina), and 33 communes (Figure no. 2). Among the latter, 4 communes are part of Constanţa county and occupy areas within the Razim-Sinoe lagoon system. The list of territorial administrative units is presented in Table no. 1.

Table no. 1 List of territorial-administrative units covered by the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy No. TAU Type County 1 BABADAG Town TULCEA 2 BAIA Commune TULCEA 3 BEŞTEPE Commune TULCEA 4 C.A. ROSETTI Commune TULCEA 5 CEAMURLIA DE JOS Commune TULCEA 6 CEATALCHIOI Commune TULCEA 7 CHILIA VECHE Commune TULCEA 8 CORBU Commune CONSTANŢA 9 CRIŞAN Commune TULCEA 10 FRECĂŢEI Commune TULCEA 11 GRECI Commune TULCEA 12 GRINDU Commune TULCEA 13 I.C.BRĂTIANU Commune TULCEA 14 ISACCEA Town TULCEA 15 ISTRIA Commune CONSTANŢA 16 JIJILA Commune TULCEA 17 JURILOVCA Commune TULCEA 18 LUNCAVIŢA Commune TULCEA 19 MĂCIN Town TULCEA 20 MAHMUDIA Commune TULCEA 21 MALIUC Commune TULCEA 22 MIHAI BRAVU Commune TULCEA 23 MIHAI VITEAZU Commune CONSTANŢA 24 MIHAIL KOGĂLNICEANU Commune TULCEA 25 MURIGHIOL Commune TULCEA 26 NICULIŢEL Commune TULCEA 27 NUFĂRU Commune TULCEA 28 PARDINA Commune TULCEA 29 SĂCELE Commune CONSTANŢA 30 SARICHIOI Commune TULCEA 31 SFÂNTU GHEORGHE Commune TULCEA 32 SLAVA CERCHEZĂ Commune TULCEA 33 SMÂRDAN Commune TULCEA 34 SOMOVA Commune TULCEA 35 SULINA Town TULCEA No. TAU Type County 36 TULCEA County capital city TULCEA 37 VĂCĂRENI Commune TULCEA 38 VALEA NUCARILOR Commune TULCEA

Figure no. 2 Territorial – administrative units covered by the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Strategy

There are eight Sites of Community Importance located in the study area: ROSCI0012 Măcin channel, ROSCI0060 Agighiol Hills, ROSCI0065 Danube Delta, ROSCI0066 Danube Delta – marine area, ROSCI0067 Deniz Tepe, ROSCI0105 Lower Prut Floodplain, ROSCI0123 Măcin Mountains and ROSCI0201 North-Dobrogea Plateau, and in the vicinity of the study area (less than 1000 m) there is the Site of Community Importance ROSCI0215 Cheia Jurassic Reefs (Figure no. 5).

Regarding the Special Protection Areas, in the study area there are located 12 SPAs (Figure no. 6): ROSPA0009 Beştepe – Mahmudia, ROSPA0019 Dobrogea Gorges, ROSPA0031 Danube Delta and Razim – Sinoie Complex, ROSPA0032 Deniz Tepe, ROSPA0040 Old Danube – Măcin channel, ROSPA0052 Beibugeac Lake, ROSPA0060 Taşaul Lake – Corbu, ROSPA0073 Măcin – Niculiţel, ROSPA0076 Black Sea, ROSPA0091 Babadag Forest, ROSPA0100 Casimcea Steppe and ROSPA0121 Brateş Lake.

The list of Natura 2000 sites located in the study area (totally or partially), as well as their surfaces crossed with the study area are presented in

Table no. 2.

Table no. 2 List of Natura 2000 sites in the study area Surface Surface of the site in the % of the site in the Code Name of Natura 2000 site (ha) study area (ha) study area ROSCI0 10235,4 Măcin Branch 651,557 6,37 012 33 ROSCI0 1433,28 Agighiol Hills 1433,287 100,00 060 7 ROSCI0 453076, Danube Delta 451661,178 99,69 065 127 ROSCI0 Danube Delta – marine 123320, 2560,772 2,08 066 area 544 ROSCI0 Deniz Tepe 413,701 413,701 100,00 067 ROSCI0 5806,45 Lower Prut Floodplain 283,618 4,88 105 6 ROSCI0 16893,8 Măcin Mountains 7315,358 43,30 123 77 ROSCI0 84799,2 North Dobrogea Plateau 31445,429 37,08 201 23 ROSPA 3662,60 Beştepe - Mahmudia 3662,603 100,00 0009 3 ROSPA 10932,5 Dobrogea Gorges 168,883 1,54 0019 53 ROSPA Danube Delta and Razim – 508688, 506598,165 99,59 0031 Sinoie Complex 204 ROSPA 1899,76 Deniz Tepe 1899,766 100,00 0032 6 ROSPA 18759,2 Old Danube – Măcin Branch 604,434 3,22 0040 48 ROSPA Beibugeac Lake 470,394 470,394 100,00 0052 ROSPA 2701,10 Taşaul Lake 524,817 19,43 0060 8 ROSPA 67361,0 Măcin - Niculiţel 34014,558 50,50 0073 73 ROSPA 148846, Black Sea 2569,417 1,73 0076 695 ROSPA 58473,2 Babadag Forest 27225,050 46,56 0091 23 ROSPA 22202,4 Casimcea Steppe 175,745 0,79 0100 07 ROSPA 15801,0 Brateş Lake 296,365 1,88 0121 43 Regarding the protected areas of national interest, in the study area there are located: Măcin Mountains National Park and 29 natural and scientific reserves (Figure no. 4).

2.4.1. SHORT PRESENTATION OF DDISDS OBJECTIVES

As stated before, DDISDS comprises 2 strategic objectives, addressing environmental protection and economic development, and 51 sectoral objectives, corresponding to the five pillars:  Pillar I – Protecting the Environmental and Natural Resource Assets:  4 objectives for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management (O.S.1 – O.S.4);  3 objectives for Energy Efficiency (O.S.5 – O.S.7);  4 objectives for Climate Change (O.S.8 – O.S.11);  3 objectives for Disaster Risk Management (O.S.12 – O.S.14);  2 objectives for Pollution Emergency (O.S. 15 – O.S.16);  Pillar II – Improving the economy.  3 objectives for Tourism (O.S.17 – O.S.19);  3 objectives for Fishery and Aquaculture (O.S.20 – O.S.22);  5 objectives for Agriculture and Rural Development (O.S.23 – O.S.27);  Pillar III – Improving Connectivity:  3 objectives for Transport (O.S.28 – O.S.30);  3 objectives for Information and Communication Technology (O.S.31 – O.S.33);  Pillar IV – Providing Public Services:  3 objectives for Water Supply and Sewerage System (WSS) and Integrated Water Management (IWM)- (O.S.34 – O.S.36);  4 objectives for Solid Waste Management (O.S.37 – O.S.40);  3 objectives for Health (O.S.41 – O.S.43);  3 objectives for Education (O.S.44 – O.S.46);  3 objectives for Social Inclusion and Protection (O.S.47 – O.S.49);  Pillar V – Promoting Efficiency, Affordability and Sustainability:  3 objectives for Administrative Capacity and Program Management (O.S.50 – O.S.52). The text of the sectoral objectives is presented in section 7 of this report.

2.5. RELATION WITH OTHER RELEVANT PLANS AND PROGRAMS

In order to achieve a unitary approach, the relation between proposed plans, programs and strategies (PPS) must comply with a hierarchical structure, i.e. a relationship of coordination / subordination, depending on the scale of the report. Thus, the ideal situation is the one where PPS’s that address the same scale (i.e. national, regional, county) present, objectives and targets are fully consistent and derive from those set at a higher level. Thus, to align the general direction regarding Romania’s priorities regarding the natural and socio-economic environment, DDISDS objectives must be consistent with those set by strategic documents at national level, at South-East development region level, or by those addressing the Danube region or the Dobrogea area.

Improvement of the environment quality is a national priority that can be achieved through improving the living standards of the social-human component, based on ensuring minimum public utilities services, excelling those related to water and waste management. Moreover, a particular importance should be given to biodiversity conservation, ecological restoration, risk prevention and response to natural disasters. Thus, all strategic documents that address this aspect must set priorities so as to have a unitary direction for development. In line with the above, all the strategic objectives of the 5 pillars of the DDISDS propose development, in a sustainable manner, to improve the living conditions of the population, by achieving a balance between the needs of economic development and public safety and conservation of valuable elements of biodiversity in the analysed area.

The biodiversity sector has a national strategy (Strategy for Conservation of Biological Diversity - SCBD) that operates with three key concepts: i) conservation of biodiversity closely linked to economic and social needs of the people; ii) the use of the ecosystem approach; iii) the integration of biodiversity in all sectoral policies. There are four main action directions: i) public awareness about understanding the importance of biodiversity in socio-economic terms; ii) development of biodiversity conservation strategies and action plans to enhance priorities and to establish appropriate policies for sustainable development; iii) promoting work programs on related programs and themes, such as biodiversity in agriculture, forest diversity, inland waters and the marine, sustainable tourism, etc.; iiii) international cooperation by launching cooperation programs with entities that are specialized in biodiversity.

The priorities of the Action Plan developed under SCBD include: assessment of natural habitats and species of community interest, mapping distribution of natural habitats, the development and adoption of management plans for protected natural areas, or creating and implementing monitoring systems for protected natural areas. Biodiversity sectoral objectives, Pillar I of DDISDS are able to ensure the achievement of the above mentioned national priorities.

In the biodiversity sector, at a national level, was conducted the National Afforestation Programme, in which was set a target to increase areas covered by forest with 442,000 ha in the period 2010- 2035, in which special attention is paid to the afforestation of degraded land and the establishment of forest belts. DDISDS comes in line with this target by proposing forestation of areas along the canals in the Delta of about 400 ha and agricultural and fishery polders with an area of approximately 5,000 ha.

Regarding the water component, at national level, the draft of the “National Management Plan for the national portion of the International Danube River Basin - Synthesis of the Management Plans Projects at basin / hydrographic space level” was elaborated, whose deadline is December 2015. This plan aims the achievement of the following environmental objectives for the whole river basin belonging to national territory: i) no deterioration of the surface and groundwater state; ii) achieving good ecological state and good chemical state as well as good ecological potential and good chemical state for heavily modified and artificial water bodies. Regarding the water supply and sewerage systems component, within the Large Infrastructure Operational Programme (LIOP), Priority Axis 3, one of the major projects is the “Regional project for the development of water and wastewater infrastructure in Tulcea County”. In this direction, DDISDS provides interventions to prevent the degradation of the aquatic environment, to reduce pollution of groundwater and to reduce or to phase out emissions of priority substances / priority hazardous substances in surface waters.

Floods are addressed at national level through the National Strategy for Flood Risk Management (SNMRI). It was developed based on three areas: economic, social and environmental issues, covering the following four directions: i) improving quality of life by reducing flood damage; ii) mitigating the impact of the management measures of flood risk on ecological systems; iii) appropriate use of resources for development, maintenance and operation of infrastructure and measures to reduce flood risk; iiii) maintain appropriate economic activities (agricultural, industrial, commercial, residential and recreational) in floodplains. In order to fulfil the 4 directions of Strategy, flood management activities were structured in the following plans / programs: i) Plan for the Prevention, Protection and Mitigation of Floods (at basin level); ii) National Programme for Prevention, Protection and Mitigation of Floods (at national level); iii) Basin plans / operative intervention plans (at county, local level). For the DDISDS implementation area, the Plan for the Prevention, Protection and Mitigation of Floods in Dobrogea Basin Area proposes a series of measures to reduce flooding for the following localities: Mihail Kogălniceanu, Corbu, Nufăru, Ceatalchioi, Beştepe, Maliuc, Luncaviţa, Babadag, Greci. Moreover, in DDISDS, additional flood protection measures were proposed for 14 localities / municipalities in the study area, to come in line with the provisions SNMRI.

Romania’s concerns regarding the climate change component were integrated into a national strategy (Romania’s National Strategy on Climate Change), which was structured in two parts, depending on the facts established as priorities in combating the effects produced by this phenomenon: i) Reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and increasing the natural capacity to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere; ii) The adaptation to climate change effects. In order to reduce

CO2 emissions, the strategy had a sectoral approach, giving priority to measures related to energy, industry, land use, waste management, while the actions to adapt to climate change concern, in particular, supporting research in this area, raising awareness of climate change impacts, or monitoring the adaptation to the effects of climate change. Regarding interventions established within DDISDS based on information provided by stakeholders, there are: i) 6 projects which contribute to increased CO2 emissions (modernization projects / development of transport infrastructure); ii) 5 projects that contribute to reduce the level of greenhouse gases (energy efficiency projects, promotion of renewable energy sources, or the modernization of ports); iii) 8 interventions regarding adaptation to climate change (increasing forest areas, awareness on climate change effects, improving aquaculture, etc.). An additional measure to address all requirements regarding this sector, was considered the development of a Local Action Plan for Climate Change.

The transport sector is approached, at national level, by the General Transport Master Plan (GTMP), which was developed on 4 pillars: i) promoting sustainable transport; ii) reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from this sector; iii) improving the environment and transport safety to protect human health; iii) ensuring the necessary measures to reduce the impact on biodiversity. Among other things, GTMP proposes, for the area of interest, the development of a terminal for grain operation, to increase the accessibility between the area and the rest of the country. Among the priority measures for a more efficient transport, GTMP proposes improving the passenger ferry service that operates between Tulcea and Sulina, responding to safety and population mobility issues in the Danube Delta region and the low level of accessibility for capitalizing on tourism potential. For transport, DDISDS presents a series of interventions on modernization / development of transport infrastructure. Among these, excluding the ones presented above, in accordance with GTMP proposed projects, is the modernization of DN 22 Constanţa - Tulcea – Măcin - Brăila (according to GTMP - implementation period 2030, and according to DDISDS - medium priority). Waste management is a priority both at EU level, as well as for each individual Member State. For Romania, the strategic document on waste management is the National Waste Management Strategy (SNGD), whose aim is sought to be achieved through: i) waste prevention and reuse for greater resource efficiency; ii) development of collection / recycling / waste recovery systems; iii) Reducing the quantity of waste disposed in landfills. DDISDS shows, in accordance with the directions of the strategy, a series of sectoral objectives on increasing the rate of recycling and reuse of waste, but also identifies a major problem in the Danube Delta area in terms of this component - floating waste. SNGD has not identified in its priorities activities regarding management for this category of waste but through DDISDS, “Collecting floating waste in river channels” represents a priority in waste management in the Danube Delta area.

The relationship between DDISDS and strategic documents concerning the areas of interest of the Strategy is presented (including those presented above), in a briefly and tabular form, for each document, in Section 14.1. The analysis on the relation of DDISDS with other relevant plans and programs included the identification and analysis of 55 plans, programs and strategies with certain relevance for the sectors established in the Strategy. We do not exclude the possibility of the existence of other plans, programs and strategies that may be related to DDISDS, but this Report attempted an analysis of the most important ones.

We note that, at present, is completed and is pending approval, the Regional Development Plan for the Southeast Region 2014 - 2020. The overall objective of the Plan is to promote sustainable development and to improve the quality of life, so it becomes a long-term competitive and attractive for investments region, capitalizing on environmental heritage, highly qualified human resources, creating new employment opportunities and significantly increase regional GDP by 2020, up to 90% of the national average (in 2013 being of 631130.1 million lei current prices). Therefore, the two strategic objectives of DDISDS derived from the Vision of the Danube Delta region (2030) and “Conservation of the unique environmental heritage through scientific guided environmental management and involving local communities in becoming proactive protectors of this unique world heritage” and “Development of a sustainable and green economy, capitalizing on the comparative advantages of the region, supported by improved services” is fully consistent with the priorities established by the Regional Development Plan that covers the area of interest.

3. RELEVANT ASPECTS CONCERNING THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT CONDITION AND ITS PROBABLE DEVELOPMENT IF DDISDS IS NOT IMPLEMENTED

3.1. CURRENT ENVIRONMENT CONDITION

3.1.1. GENERAL ASPECTS This chapter details the current environmental condition in the DDISDS intervention area. The purpose of this sub-chapter is to provide an understanding as to the way in which DDISDS implementation may significantly impact upon the envisaged area.

The analysis of the possible development of the relevant environmental aspects in case DDISDS is not implemented is absolutely necessary, as it represents the reference framework for the environmental assessment thereof. The environmental developments in case the Strategy is not implemented may be regarded as the “0 alternative”, requested under the alternative review section.

The current environmental condition has been analysed based on the data and information on the researched area, available upon the draw up of the Environmental Report. The current environmental condition has been analysed for each relevant environmental aspect. The main and secondary aspects analysed are presented in Table no. 3.

Table no. 3 Analysed environmental aspects Environmental aspects Analysed secondary aspects Biodiversity 1) Bioregions 2) Protected natural areas network 3) Protected habitats and species 4) Protection status of community interest habitats and species. Population and human health 1) Population and demographic structure 2) Minorities 3) Natural movement of population 4) Migratory movement of population 5) Standard of living 6) School dropout 7) Human health risk factors 8) Healthcare infrastructure in the researched area Soil 1) Soil categories in the researched area 2) Processes affecting soil condition (mineralization, salinization, deflation, erosion) 3) Coastal erosion 4) Contaminated sites Water 1) Water body quality condition 2) Impacts on the water bodies 3) Drinking water quality Environmental aspects Analysed secondary aspects 4) Wastewater, sewage system, and wastewater treatment Air 1) Main atmospheric pollutant emission sources 2) Air quality in the researched area Clime changes 5) Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation measures 6) Scenarios concerning climate change and measures to mitigate and adapt to climate changes Material assets 1) Urban and rural infrastructure 2) Tourism 3) Fishing and aquaculture 4) Agriculture and rural development 5) Economic growth through the promotion of area assets Cultural heritage 1) Cultural heritage of the researched area 2) Customs and traditions 3) Measures meant to promote the cultural heritage Landscape 1) Landscape features in the DDISDS intervention area Energetic efficiency 1) Energy resources in the researched area 2) Promotion of the activities contributing to energy efficiency 3) Electricity consumption 4) Electricity supply 5) Heating using centralized thermal energy systems Sustainable transportation 1) Current transport infrastructure – water, air transport 2) Transport activity development perspectives Waste management 1) Current situation concerning waste generation and management 2) Infrastructure development in terms of waste management Efficient use of natural resources 1) Use of renewable natural resources 2) Use of renewable resource Risk management 1) Floods 2) Flood damages 3) ISU intervention infrastructure 4) Flood limits of affected areas Awareness raising on 1) Awareness raising projects environmental matters

3.1.2. BIODIVERSITY The researched area is referred to as the Danube Delta Region, including Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve ((i) the heart of the Delta - the area between Sf. Gheorghe and Chilia arms of Danube River; (ii) Razim-Sinoe-Babadag Lagoons with the neighbouring areas; and (iii) the area along Danube River, in the West of Tulcea Town, towards Galaţi) and its neighbouring areas.

No less than 6 biogeographic regions reunite on the territory of our country, including a steppe region, which can only be encountered on the territory of our country, marking the introduction of numerous new types of habitats and species at the level of the European Union. Romania thus is the country with the largest number of biogeographic regions. The 6 biogeographic regions are3: continental (50.24 %), alpine (18.69 %), steppe (13.91 %), pannonian (5.22 %), pontic (0.86 %), Black Sea (11.09 %).

The researched area, Danube Delta Region, hosts 3 of the 6 biogeographic regions present on the national territory (Figure no. 3):

 Steppe – includes the plain relief in the South-East and partially the Danube Delta and the Black Sea;  Pontic – stretches along the Western coast of the Black Sea and in the East of the Danube Delta;  Black Sea. The following ratios of the biogeographic areas are present in the Danube Delta Region as compared to the surface area thereof on the entire national territory:

 Pontic: 94.5 % of the surface area of this biogeographic area is located in the researched area;  Steppe: 13.7 % of the surface area of this national steppe region is located in the researched area;  Black Sea: only 0.1 % of the Black Sea surface area is included in the researched region.

3 http://www.mmediu.ro/articol/date-gis/434

Figure no. 3 Location of the study area, Danube Delta Region-in relationship with biogeographical regions DDBR is the only delta in the world declared as a biosphere reserve, being one of the widest marshlands in the world (including freshwater marshes, lakes and ponds, water streams, and canals, etc.) in terms of the representative habitats for water birds, with the widest compact reed bed stretch on the planet, 30 types of ecosystems, with a surface area of 580,000ha, representing approx. 2% of the surface area of Romania (ranks 22nd amongst world deltas and 3rd in Europe, after Volga and Kuban)4. Only 9 % of the region is permanently above water5.

The universal value of DDBR was acknowledged through its inclusion in the national biosphere reserve network, in 1990, as part of the UNESCO Programme “Man and Biosphere” (MAB).

The natural world heritage value of DDBR was acknowledged through its inclusion in the List of Natural and Cultural World Heritage, in December 1990.

In September 1991, DDBR was acknowledged as a Wetland of international importance, especially as water bird habitat – RAMSAR Convention.

In 1999, DDBR was included, alongside the Ukraine Danube Biosphere Reserve in the international network of cross-border biosphere reserves Romania – Ukraine.

The value of the natural heritage and the efficiency of the environmental management plan applied on the territory of DDBR were acknowledged through the award of the European Diploma for Protected Areas in 2000, renewed in 2005 and in 2010. The European Diploma for Protected Areas is awarded by the European Council for areas of special importance for the conservation of the biological, geological, and landscape diversity on Europe.

Moreover, the Danube Delta also is a national park in the IUCN international taxonomy (2nd category) and it overlaps the sites of community importance (SCIs): ROSCI0065 Danube Delta and ROSCI0066 Danube Delta – marine area, as well as the special avifauna protection area ROSPA0031 Danube Delta and Razim – Sinoe Lagoon. DDBR also hosts 22 natural and scientific reserves.

Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Administration (DDBRA) was established in 1990 as the administrative organization liable for the conservation and management of biodiversity, of the ecosystems and national resources in the Danube Delta. This role was formalized through the law enforced in 1993 (Law no. 83/1993)6.

The researched area, Danube Delta Region, hosts the following types of protected natural areas, with different protection, conservation and use regimes:

Of national interest: Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, world natural heritage site (included in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites) and wetland of international importance (RAMSAR site); Of National Interest: Danube Delta National Park (according to the international IUCN taxonomy, 2nd category), Măcinului Mountains National Park and 29 natural and scientific reserves: Arinişul Erenciuc, Capul Doloşman, Histria Fortress, Periteaşca-Leahova Complex, Sacalin Zătoana Complex, Vătafu Lunguleţ Complex, Corbu-Nuntaşi-Histria, Deniz Tepe Hill,

4 http://www.ddbra.ro/rezervatia/delta-dunarii/prezentare-generala/valoare-universala-a15 5 Diagnosis Report - Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy for the Danube Delta, March 3, 2014 6 http://www.ddbra.ro/administratia/despre-noi Beştepe Hills, Chituc Sandbank, Lupilor Sandbank, Răducu Sandbank and Lake, Ceaplacea Island, Popina Island, Prundul cu Păsări Island, Belciug Lake, Nebunu Lake, Potcoava Lake, Rotundu Lake, Prut Isle, Babadag-Codru Forest, Caraorman Forest, Letea Forest, Korum Tarla Botanical Reserve, Fântâna Mare Lilac Reserve, Agighiol Geological Reserve, Roşca Buhaiova, Murighiol Salt Marsh, Fagilor Valley, of which 6 are located outside DDBR (Deniz Tepe Hill, Beştepe Hills, Babadag-Codru Forest, Korum Tarla Botanical Reserve, Agighiol Geological Reserve and Fagilor Valley) (Figure no. 4); Of community interest (Natura 2000 sites): the researched area partially or totally includes eight sites of community interest: ROSCI0012 Măcin Arm, ROSCI0060 Agighiol Hills, ROSCI0065 Danube Delta, ROSCI0066 Danube Delta - marine area, ROSCI0067 Deniz Tepe, ROSCI0105 Lower Prut Everglade, ROSCI0123 Măcinului Mountains and ROSCI0201 Northern Dobrogea Plateau (Figure no. 5), as well as 12 special avifauna protection areas: ROSPA0009 Beştepe – Mahmudia, ROSPA0019 Cheile Dobrogei, ROSPA0031 Danube Delta and Razim – Sinoie Lagoon, ROSPA0032 Deniz Tepe, ROSPA0040 Old Danube - Măcin Arm, ROSPA0052 Beibugeac Lake, ROSPA0060 Taşaul – Corbu Lake, ROSPA0073 Măcin – Niculiţel, ROSPA0076 Black Sea, ROSPA0091 Babadag Forest, ROSPA0100 Casimcea Steppe and ROSPA0121 Brateş Lake (Figure no. 6). According to the DDBR7 Management Plan, the DDBR territory surface area hosts 20 fully protected regions (Figure no. 7). These regions are areas with a strict protection regime, where the indirect anthropic impact is eliminated or lowered by the activities contributing the development of the knowledge as to the current condition and of the delta system evolution trends, in order to define the production capacity and the biodiversity conservation requirements. Strictly protected areas have the protection and conservation regime applicable to scientific reserves and they are directly managed by the Reserve Administration.

Măcinului Mountains National Park is the only one of its kind located on the researched area (49.84 %), and according to the Integrated Management Plan of Măcinului Mountains National Park, ROSCI0123 Măcinului Mountains and ROSPA0073 Măcin-Niculiţel8, the researched area also includes the 2 strictly protected areas and most fully protected areas (Figure no. 8).

7 http://www.ddbra.ro/plan_manag_RBDD.php 8 http://www.mmediu.ro/articol/management/432

Figure no. 4 Location of the protected natural areas in the study area

Figure no. 5 Location of sites of community importance (SCI) in the study area

Figure no. 6 Location of the special protection areas (SPA) in the study area

Figure no. 7 Strictly protected areas inside the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve

Figure no. 8 Zoning of Măcin Mountains National Park (Source: http://www.mmediu.ro/articol/date-gis/434) DDBR hosts a wide variety of habitat types (water, swamp, and land), as well as a high diversity of plant and animal species. However, the most important aspect to be mentioned is that several species present in DDBR still feature high specimen densities. These species are regarded as rare or they are even absent from other areas of the continent, despite the last decades' anthropic pressures. In fact, it is very likely for the number of currently known plant and animal species present on the territory of DDBR to be smaller than the actual number of species, as a consequence of the fact that the inventories drafted both before and after the establishment of DDBR have not concerned all territory areas (both in systematic and in territorial terms). Thus, the following have been identified in DDBR9:

 1,839 species of flora (38 species of macromycetes, 107 species of lichen, 678 species of planktonic algae, 116 species of vascular plants);  3,586 species of fauna (182 species of rotifers, 253 species of worms, 91 species of molluscs, 115 species of crustaceans, 168 species of arachnids, 8 species of diplopoda, 2,244 species of insects, 135 species of fish, 10 species of amphibians, 11 species of reptiles, 320 species of birds, 44 species of mammals). According to the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Management Plan 2008 – 2012, the following can be encountered in DDBR:

 Ecosystems (habitats and vegetation): DD, appointed as a site of community importance, hosts 29 types of habitats in the steppe bioregion (of which 7 of high priority) and 3 types of habitats in the Pontic bioregion;  Flora: 1,839 species, of which:  823 species of inferior plants: 678 species of planktonic algae, 107 species of lichen, and 38 species of macromycetes;  1,016 species of superior plants: 285 new species for DDBR territory, 34 new species for Romania, and 2 new species for science. Regarding the allochthonous plant species, approximately 75 such species have been identified in the DDBR area during the same period, of which 58 are vascular plants.

 Fauna: 3,541 species (1,097 new species and sub-species including 260 new species for Romania and 37 new species for science), of which:  3,061 invertebrate species: 84 species of molluscs, 435 species of worms, 2,231 species of insects, 115 species of crustaceans, 166 species of arachnids and 8 species of diplopoda;  482 species of vertebrate: 133 species of fish, 9 species of amphibians, 11 species of reptiles, 44 species of mammals and 331 species of birds. Of which:

 Endemic fauna species:  Invertebrates: 30 species of insects and 3 species of crustaceans;  Vertebrata: -  Allochthonous fauna species:

9 Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, 2008, Petre Gâştescu, Romulus Ştiucă, CD Press Printing House  Invertebrates: 5 species of molluscs;  Vertebrata: 6 species of fish.  Endangered / vulnerable fauna species:  Invertebrates: 196 species of insects (111 species of hymenoptera, 51 species of butterflies, and 32 species of bugs);  Vertebrata: 17 species of birds and 7 species of mammals.  Species of fauna protected under Natura 2000:  Invertebrates: 8 species (4 species of lepidoptera, 2 species of odonats, 1 species of coleoptera and 1 species of gastropoda);  Vertebrata: 14 species of fish, 2 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, and 97 species of birds in annex 1 to the Birds Directive.

Figure no. 9 Location of bird colonies from the DDBR area (source: DDBRA portal)

The situation of the endemic species from the DDBR territory, according to Gâştescu, 2008, indicates the terrestrial endemites are well represented at the DDBR level. Thus, according to this paper, on the DDBR territory were identified as endemic species10: 60 species of vascular plants (of which 4

10 According to the Red List of vascular plants from Romania (Oltean et al. 1994), an endemic species is defined according to World Conservation Monitoring Centre as a taxon specific to a region (of which one is Europe; regions are divided in areas, each area being represented by a country (generally speaking). Thus, in the current case, an endemic species is considered a European species, noting that the endemites might be specific to a zone narrowed to a single area (taxon that is present only in Romania), or might be extended to species are regional, they belong to the Romanian deltaic area, and 56 species belong to the pontic, ponto-caspic areas and ponto-danubian areas11, thus overcoming the deltaic region), 11 species of molluscs (of which 3 species are specific to the deltaic region, and 8 species belong to the pontic and ponto-caspic areas), 37 species of insects (but their number might be much larger) mostly found in the Letea area, 54 species of fish (of which one species belongs to the deltaic region, 8 species are danubian endemites – belong to the Danube river, and 45 are found in the pontic and ponto-caspic areas) and 8 species of reptiles (of which one species is a danubian endemite, and 7 species belong to the pontic and ponto-caspic areas).

According to the DDBR Management Plan, the endemic species of plants in the deltaic region are Centaurea pontica, Centaurea jankae (recently, this taxon was also identified in Bulgaria, which is now placed amongst the subendemic plants - term used to define those species whose area exceeds the national territory, but is extended only in the immediate neighbouring areas) and Elymus pycnanthus subsp. deltaicus. In terms of fauna species: one endemic species of mollusc - Caecum tenue from the Periteaşca area, one endemic species of insects - Isophya dobrogensis (encountered only on the Popina Island), one butterfly species - Diachrysia chryson with limited spreading in the DDBR perimeter, and 3 endemic crustacean species - Atheyella dentata, A. trispinosa, A. crassa.

According to the DDBR Management Plan, 14 endangered or vulnerable species were identified in the reserve area (Table no. 4), of which 5 species have community importance (Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Centaurea pontica, C. jankae, Echium russicum and Marsilea quadrifolia).

Table no. 4 Endangered or vulnerable superior plants in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Scientific designation Centaurea pontica Cephalanthera longifolia Centaurea jankae Dactylorhiza incarnata Astragalus dolicophyllus Trachomitum venetum Astragalus versicarius Artemisia tscernieviana pseudoglaucus Anacamptis pyramidalis Centaurium spicatum Orchis coriophora fragrans Convolvulus persicus Platanthera bifolia Stachys maritima According to “Integrated Management Plan for Măcinului Mountains National Plan, special avifauna protection area ROSPA0073 Măcin-Niculiţel, and for the community importance site ROSCI0123 Măcinului Mountains”, approved through GD 1074/11.12.2013, the following can be found in Măcinului Mountains National Park, ROSPA0073 Măcin-Niculiţel, and ROSCI0123 Măcinului Mountains area: several areas within the same region, or might be an area extended on several regions. Plants from the first two categories may be found in the Danube Delta. 11 The terms used for the divisions and subdivisions of geographic areas differ from a classification system to another, as well as from an author to another. In the current case, regional endemites represent species that are characteristic to the deltaic space, danubian endemites are species that are characteristic to the Danube River, and the pontic, ponto-caspic and ponto-danubian endemites will be considered species of which areas include the geographical areas that correspond to the space delimited by the Danube River, Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.  Types of habitats: cliff, steppe, forest, forest-steppe, and wetlands, materialized (according to Natura 2000 Standard Form for the site of community importance ROSCI0123 Măcinului Mountains, and, implicitly, for Măcinului Mountains National Park) into 10 types of habitats, of which 4 of high priority;  Flora and vegetation: more than 1,770 species of plants representing approximately 50% of the Romanian flora, growing on 0.05% of the country's surface area;  Fauna:  Invertebrates: 1,436 species of insects;  Vertebrata: 7 species of amphibians, 10 species of reptiles, 47 species of mammals and 181 species of birds (representing approx. 50% of the Romanian avifauna). Of which:

 Endemic species:  Plants: 27 species;  Invertebrates: 3 species of insects;  Vertebrata: 1 species of amphibians, 1 species of reptiles, and 1 species of birds.  Rare or vulnerable species:  Plants: 72 species (18 are rare for Dobrogea and 5 are rare for Northern Dobrogea);  Invertebrates: 4 species of insects;  Vertebrata: 2 species of amphibians, 4 species of reptiles, 3 species of mammals, and 7 species of birds. Regarding the Natura 2000 network, Danube Delta Region hosts 8 SCIs and 12 SPAs (presented in the previous section), which partially or fully overlap on the researched area and on other types of protected natural areas present here (DDBR, Măcinului Mountains National Park, the 29 natural and scientific reserves).

According to Natura 2000 Standard Forms (updated as per Decision 2011/484/EU on the standard form for NATURA 2000 sites and published on the MMAP website on 17 February 2015), the following types of habitats and species of community interest are protected under Natura 2000:

 Habitats: 38 types (of which 7 are of high priority);  Plants: 11 species (of which 7 have an unfavourable-inadequate conservation status);  Invertebrates: 19 species (of which 1 is high priority, and 13 have an unfavourable- inadequate conservation status);  Fish: 15 species (of which 13 have an unfavourable-inadequate conservation status);  Amphibians and reptiles: 6 species (of which 1 has an unfavourable-inadequate conservation status);  Mammals (including Chiroptera): 10 species (of which 1 is high priority, 5 have an unfavourable-inadequate conservation status and 1 has an unfavourable-bad conservation status);  Birds: 100 species. According to the IUCN classification, 2 of the previous mentioned species are marked as critically endangered (CR) and 7 as endangered (EN). A list of these species as well as a series of locations of their presence are presented in Table no. 5 Endangered (EN) and critically endangered (CR) species in the Danube Delta Region according to the IUCN classification No. Species Taxonomic IUCN Species name Location crt. code group classification 1 1356 Mustela lutreola Mammals CR Core Delta 2 4030 Colias myrmidone Invertebrates EN Core Delta Theodoxus 3 4064 Invertebrates EN DDBR transversalis Babadag Lake, Gârla Madgearu, Mila 23, Gârla Porcului, Pardina, Perişor, Heraclea, Gârla Împuţită, 4 1516 Aldrovanda vesiculosa Plants EN Litkov, Carasuhat, Dranov, Obretinul Mare, Balta Somova, Sulina, Mare Lake, Ceamurlia perimeter Taşaul Lake, Corbu 5 A071 Oxyura leucocephala Birds EN Lake Dobrogea Gorges, 6 A077 Neophron percnopterus Birds EN Babadag Forest Saltings near the 7 A159 Numenius tenuirostris Birds CR Razim-Sinoe Lake Complex Razim-Sinoe Lake 8 A396 Branta ruficollis Birds EN Complex, Danube Delta coastal area Northern area of the Danube Delta, 9 A511 Falco cherrug Birds EN Măcin Mountains, Babadag Forest

Natura 2000 Standard Forms also identify other important flora and fauna species, as well as other species of regular migrant birds not specified in annex I to the Council Directive 2009/147/EC, present on Natura 2000 sites:

 Plants: 155 species;  Invertebrates: 32 species;  Fish: 33 species;  Amphibians and reptiles: 17 species;  Mammals (including Chiroptera): 16 species;  Birds: 132 species. The distribution of habitats and species of community interest into taxonomic ranks (plants, invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles, mammals and birds) in the researched area, according to the reports submitted by Romania with the European Union, pursuant to Art. 17 of the Habitats Directive, respectively to Art. 2 of the Birds Directive, concerning the mapping of habitats and the inventory of species on Natura 2000 sites, are presented in Figure no. 10 and in Figure no. 11:

a) Habitats; b) Plants; c) Invertebrates; d) Fish; e) Amphibians and reptiles; f) Mammals; g) Birds. a) b)

c) d)

Figure no. 10 Numerical distribution of community interest species and habitats in the Danube Delta Region (http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Reporting/Article_17/reference_portal) e) f)

Figure no. 11 Numerical distribution of community interest species in Danube Delta Region (http://bd.eionet.europa.eu/activities/Reporting/Article_17/reference_portal and /Article_12/reference portal) Among the biggest threats to species of conservative importance, but also to their habitats, in DDBR and the northern part of Dobrogea, are degradation and habitat loss, presence of invasive allochthonous species, human pressures (industrialization, tourism) and livestock (grazing, the presence of domestic species).

One of the main internal factors threatening the environmental condition of the Danube Delta, according to the DDBR Management Plan12, is the higher pressure over natural ecosystems, materialized through a tendency to over-exploit natural resources in general and pisciculture resources in particular, as well as through the current tourism development trend (increasing number of buildings, development of the transport activity, development of services, higher waste quantities, etc.).

In so far as the external factors are concerned, the following sources affecting the environmental balance, located outside DDBR have been mentioned:

lack of treatment plants for large urban agglomerations (Bucharest, Galaţi-Brăila, Tulcea); operation of large industrial facilities without a quick solution to water and air treatment issues (Galaţi Steel Works, industrial facilities located on Tulcea City Western platform); development of farming activities with a potential increase of water nutrient content; development of naval transportation on the Danube, etc. According to the Integrated Management Plan, the direct anthropic threats specific to the PNMM, ROSCI0123, and ROSPA0073 perimeter are represented by:

ore mining activities; abandonment of pasture and mowing activities at the level of local communities; illegal harvesting of protected plants; illegal tree cutting; wild animal poaching; uncontrolled waste storage; fire risk; inadequate forest management; intrusive species; use of inadequate research techniques; expansion of wind turbines; unsustainable farming activities; climate changes. The natural threats that can disturb biogeochemical cycles include: attacks by massively multiplying phytophagous insects, avian flu, slope phenomena, tornadoes and tectonic microplate motion.

In terms of the anthropic pressures over protected natural areas, a unitary national-level analysis can only be presented for Natura 2000 sites, due to the relevant information available for this component of the national protected natural area network. The results of this analysis are presented in the Adequate Assessment Survey, section 4.1, respectively the main threats, pressures, or activities with an impact both inside, and outside the SCIs and the SPAs in Danube Delta Region, and

12 http://www.ddbra.ro/plan_manag_RBDD.php their ratios depending on the intensity of their impact. The data source is the database available on the European Environment Agency (EEA) website, supplemented with the information in Natura 2000 Standard Forms (updated according to Decision 2011/484/EU on the standard form for NATURA 2000 sites and published on the MMAP website on 17 February 2015).

According to the “Integrated Management Plan of Măcinului Mountains National Park, special avifauna protection area ROSPA0073 Măcin-Niculiţel, and of the site of community importance ROSCI0123 Măcinului Mountains”, approved through GD 1074/11.12.2013, the conservation status of the sites of community interest and of the protected species in Măcinului Mountains National Park, ROSPA0073 Măcin-Niculiţel, and ROSCI0123 Măcinului Mountains area is according to the following tables: Table no. 6 and Table no. 7. Most of the habitats from MMNP and ROSCI0123 (8 habitats, 73%) have a favourable conservation status, while 2 types of habitats have an unfavourable-inadequate conservation status, and one has a totally unfavourable-inadequate conservation status. Regarding the conservation status of birds species from MMNP and ROSPA0073, 13 species (62%) have a favourable conservation status, while for 8 species (38%) their conservation status is unknown.

Table no. 6 Conservation status or natural habitats of community interest Type of habitat Conservation status Totally Unfavorable 1530* Panonic and Ponto-Sarmatic meadows and salt marshes inadequate 40C0* Ponto-Sarmatic broadleaf brushwoods Favourable 62C0* Ponto-Sarmatic steppe Favourable 8230 Pioneer Sedo-Scleranthion or Sedo albi-Veronicion dilleni Favourable communities on silica cliffs 8310 Caves not open for public access Unfavourable inadequate 91X0* Dobrogea beech forests Favourable 91I0* Euro-Siberian forest-steppe vegetation with Quercus spp. Favourable 91Y0 Dacian oak and hornbeam forests Favourable 91AA Ponto-Sarmatic forest vegetation with downy oak Favourable 91M0 Balcano-Pannonian Austrian oak and holm forests Unfavourable inadequate 91Z0 Moesian silver fir forests Favourable

Table no. 7 Conservation status of bird species in PNMM area Species Conservation status Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) Favourable Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus) Unknown White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) Favourable Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) Favourable Eastern Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca) Unknown Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga) Unknown Booted Eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus) Favourable Short-toed snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus) Unknown Long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) Favourable Northern goshawk (Accipiter brevipes) Favourable Hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) Unknown Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) Unknown Species Conservation status Merlin (Falco columbarius) Unknown Stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) Favourable European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) Unknown European roller (Coracias garrulus) Favourable Syrian woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus) Favourable Middle spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius) Favourable Woodlark (Lullula arborea) Favourable Pied wheatear (Oenanthe pleschanka) Favourable Ortolan bunting (Emberiza hortulana) Favourable

3.1.3. POPULATION AND HUMAN HEALTH

3.1.3.1. POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE The population and demographic structure data provided by the National Institute for Statistics has been processed for each Administrative-Territorial Unit of the research area.

Looking at the chart below we can see that in the research area, population by domicile13 has decreased with a total of 11,175 persons between 1998 and 2015, from 231,867 persons in 1998 to 220,692 in 2015. The only year in which there was a slight increase in the number of persons was 2005, the population registering an increase by 85 people compared to 2004.

The downward trend in the number of persons may have numerous causes, represented both by natural conditions specific to the area represented by the Danube and the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, and the socio - economic consequences that are not stimulating enough to help maintaining or even increasing the number of persons in the study area.

231867 231148 230310 231498 229428 229399 230753 228350 227058 229709 229513 228844 227722 224774 225756 222102 223504 220692

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Populația după domiciliu

Figure no. 12 Population by domicile in the researched area during 1998 – 2015 (Source: website of the National Institute for Statistics, accessed on 01.07.2015)

13 According to the National Institute of Statistics population by domicile represents the population at 1st of January of the reference year, meaning the number of persons of romanian citizenship and with domicile on Romanian territory, defined by administrative-territorial criteria. Emergency Ordinance no. 97/2005 regarding the evidence, domicile, residence and identification papers of citizens, defines the domicile of a physical person as being the address where the person has the permanent residence. Presentation of the population by domicile in the research area may provide information regarding the evolution of number of people over time. Regarding the population density, due to the water stretches, Tulcea County holds the lowest density, i.e. 28.32 inhabitants/ km2, approximately three times smaller than the national average (83,82 inhabitants/km2)14.

According to data provided by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Tulcea municipality has the highest population density in the area, more than 300 inhabitants/km2. It is followed by I.C. Brătianu, Jijila, Măcin, Greci, Isaccea, Niculiţel and Babadag, with a density of population between 101 and 300 inhabitants/km2, while the lowest density is registered in Ceatalchioi, Pardina, Chilia Veche, C.A. Rosetti, Maliuc, Crişan, Sulina, Sf. Gheorghe, Murighiol, Jurilovca, Ceamurlia de Jos, Mihai Viteazu, Istria and Săcele, with a density of population less than 20 inhabitants/ km2.

Figure no. 13 Population density in the research area, NIS data processing

The age structure of the population in the research area (Figure no. 14) shows that during 1992 - 2015, the highest decrease was registered in the group of 0-19 years (45%), unlike groups over 35 years old that register a trend of increase up to 40%. Thus, while the number of young people is decreasing and number of elderly is growing, demographic aging occurs.

14 Source: http://www.tulcea.insse.ro/main.php?lang=fr&pageid=558), accessed on 09.04.2015. 80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

Number of persons of Number 20000

10000

0-19 ani 20-34 ani 35 - 49 ani 50-64 ani 65-79 ani >80 ani

Figure no. 14 Structure of population by age in the research area, processed NIS data

3.1.3.2. URBAN AND RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE RESEARCH AREA Fluvial deposits give to the settlements a linear form and an increased length of the core (approx. 5 km in Crişan). By the disposal of households in the core, the settlements have a structure of scattered type. Thus, the large extension of the gardens, that have a poor soil and a low yield of the crops, is replaced by an excessive character of the crops, like, for example, in C.A. Rosetti.

Both in the Delta, and in the neighbouring areas there are two types of villages: archaic type (crowded), as for example Niculiţel, and the gathered by colonization type (geometric), as Jurilovca and Sarichioi.

Structure of settlements, their texture and their shape were influenced by the natural, historical and socio-economic factors, as presented below:

 Villages with irregular texture, unordered street network in C.A. Rosetti, Sfântu Gheorghe, Chilia Veche;  Villages with regular texture, geometric shape Jurilovca and Sarichioi;  Villages with linear structure, on fluvial deposits in the Danube Delta at Crişan. Sulina city has a territorial extension which exceeds by far the housing potential offered by the natural environment due to the fact the left river bank is continuously affected by floods. (Source: http://www.ddbra.ro/gestiunea-deseurilor/pgd_rbdd.pdf, accessed on 03.07.2015)

3.1.3.3. MINORITIES The latest 2011 census data indicate a stable population structure in the research area, 85% of Romanian ethnicity, the remaining 15% being represented by the population belonging to various other ethnic groups. 15%

Romanians Other ethnies

85%

Figure no. 15 Percentage occupied by the Romanian population and other ethnic groups in the research area (Source: Websites of Tulcea County Statistics Directorate and of Constanţa County Statistics Directorate, accessed on 09.04.2015)

Most of the stable population is of Romanian ethnicity, followed by the Russian–Lipovan population (8,261 people), Rroma population (3,069 people), and Turkish population (1,531 people).

Russian lipoveni 8.261 Roma 3.069 Turkish 1.531 Ukrainians 1.041 Greek 278 Another ethnicity 121 Tatars 121 Hungarian 53 Italian 51 Macedonians 50 Armenians 50 Population by ethnicity German 18 Csango 15 Bulgarians 15 Hebrew 6 Polish 4 Slovaks 4 Serbs 3 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Number of persons

Figure no. 16 Stable population in the researched area by ethnicity

(Source: Constanţa County Statistics Directorate website, accessed on 09.04.2015) There are national minorities in the research area which have preserved and perpetuated cultural and popular traditions. The diverse population offers a cultural variety driven by housing elements, food, legends, specific dances and songs, which can be promoted so as to be of interest for tourists.

3.1.3.4. NATURAL POPULATION MOVEMENT According to the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics, the rate of natural increase15 in the research area was negative over the past four years, as it can be noted in Figure no. 17. In 2013, the rate of natural increase was lower than in 2011 and 2012, with a number of 539 people as compared to 603 in 2012 and 543 in 2011, the lowest value being registered in 2010, i.e. 494 people. In 2012 natural increase was 4.3‰, twice lower than the national average of 2.6‰ in the same year (Source: Statistical Yearbook of Tulcea County, 2012).

Natural population movement 3000

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Number ofpersons Number -500 -1000 2010 2011 2012 2013 Borne alive 1969 1787 1806 1745 Deceased 2.463 2.330 2.409 2284 Natural increase -494 -543 -603 -539

Figure no. 17 Natural population movement in the researched area

(Source: website of the National Institute for Statistics, accessed on 08.04.2015)

Natural negative growth in the research area can be explained by socio - economic conditions in rural areas and low living standards. Registration of a negative natural growth causes, among other factors, increased aging of the population.

3.1.3.5. POPULATION MIGRATION The trend in terms of number of people that have relocated16 (including abroad) is an increasing one, both as compared to the previous years, and as compared to the number of people establishing17 their domicile in the researched area. Thus, in 2009 – 2012, the largest number of people relocating from the researched area was of 4,656, registered in 2010.

15 The natural increase of population is an indicator that measures the algebraic difference between borned alive and the deaths in a defined population, in a certain period of time. 16 Departure with domicile represents people who in a certain timeline have changed residence from a locality, leaving in a different locality. 17 Establishing domicile represents people who in a certain timeline have established domicile on a certain territory. 5.000 4.500

4.000 3.500 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500

Number of personsof Number 1.000 500 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Resident departures 2.347 3.112 3.516 3.564 3.647 2.866 3.617 4.050 4.353 3.255 4.656 3.169 4.057 Setting resident 2.213 3.131 3.375 3.660 4.001 2.836 3.312 3.710 3.925 3.002 3.904 2.714 3.437

Figure no. 18 Population migration (including abroad) in the researched area (Source: website of the National Institute for Statistics, accessed on 08.04.2015, http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=POP206C.)

Population is in constant motion, most of young people heading toward urban areas in search of better jobs. (Source: http://www.ddbra.ro/monitoring.php#9 accessed on 01.07.2015). It is also known that together with accession in the European Union, one of the recognized rights of citizens was free movement of workers.

An analysis of the figure below shows that the peak emigration rate in the research area is in Pardina locality, closely followed by Grindu, Smârdan, Văcăreni, Niculiţel, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Mihai Bravu, Baia, Ceamurlia de Jos, Mihai Viteazu, Istria, Săcele, Ceatalchioi, Chilia Veche, Crişan, Sf. Gheorghe, Maliuc, Nufăru, Mahmudia, Beştepe, and Valea Nucarilor localities.

I.C Brătianu, Somova, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Pardina, Maliuc, and Nufăru localities register the highest immigration rate, and the migration balance18 exceeds 15‰ in I.C Brătianu, Somova, Nufăru, and Mihail Kogălniceanu localities.

18 Migration balance of population represents the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants, expressed in relative values, calculated for an year or a defined period of time, and can have a positive or negative value.

Figure no. 19 Emigration rate in the researched area, NIS data processing

Figure no. 20 Immigration rate in the researched area, NIS data processing

Figure no. 21 Migration balance in the researched area, NIS data processing

3.1.3.6. STANDARD OF LIVING An overview of the standard of living in the research area can be expressed by indicators such as the relative poverty rate19 and the rate of poverty risk or social exclusion (AROPE)20.

Rate of social poverty (Figure no. 22) reveals that region South-East, including the research area, presents the highest increase after 2009 of all regions of Romania (+10%).

19 Relative poverty rate is defined as the share of poor people (by the relative method of estimation) in total population. Poor people are considered the persons in households with an available income per adult- equivalent (including or excluding value of consumption from own resources) less than the poverty threshold. Currently, this indicator is determined for 60% threshold of the available incomes per adult-equivalent median. 20 AROPE is a composite indicator adopted at the European Union level within the Europe 2020 Programme, to promote social inclusion and poverty reduction, representing the share in the total population of persons in poverty sisk or social exclusion. 40

35 (%) 30 25 20 15 10

Rate of relative poverty relative of Rate 5 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Regiunea NORD-VEST Regiunea CENTRU Regiunea NORD-EST Regiunea SUD-EST Regiunea SUD-MUNTENIA Regiunea BUCURESTI - ILFOV Regiunea SUD-VEST OLTENIA Regiunea VEST

Figure no. 22 Relative poverty rate at the level of development regions, NIS processed data

Also in the case of risk of poverty or social exclusion rate (Figure no. 23), South –East region shows an upward trend in 2015, recording the highest value of all Romanian regions (53%).

60 55 50 45 40

(%) 30 25 20 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Regiunea NORD-VEST Regiunea CENTRU ate of risk of poverty and social exclusion social and poverty of risk of ate

R Regiunea NORD-EST Regiunea SUD-EST Regiunea SUD-MUNTENIA Regiunea BUCURESTI - ILFOV Regiunea SUD-VEST OLTENIA Regiunea VEST

Figure no. 23 Rate of poverty risk or social exclusion (AROPE) at the development regions level, NIS processed data

3.1.3.7. SCHOOL DROPOUT The dropout rate in pre-university education in 2012-2013 (Table no. 8), places Tulcea County (1.5%) above the national average (1.4%) but below the average of South-East region (1.8%). It should be noted that in case of secondary and vocational education, the dropout rate is higher in the same period at county level (3.3%) than the national average (2.9%), or the regional one (3.2%).

Table no. 8 School dropout rate (%) in pre-university education, NIS data Secondary Country/ Post- School and Development Total Primary Secondary secondary year vocational region / County education education Romania 1,4 1,1 1,7 2,9 8,9 2012 - South-East 1,8 1,5 2,1 3,2 10 2013 Region Tulcea County 1,5 1,3 1,7 3,3 13,7

3.1.3.8. HUMAN HEALTH RISK FACTORS In the Danube Delta there are a number of risks and vulnerabilities that could pose danger to public health, such as:

Lack of drinking water supply systems and sewerage systems with impact on morbidity and mortality through specific diseases; Drinking water directly from the Danube by the local population; Failure of immediate emergency interventions due to the current state of the health system; Deficiencies in the waste management with negative impact on environmental factors and on human health; Low standard of living of the population that is more vulnerable to climate change and to unpredictable risk situations; Irrational exploitation of natural resources. A decisive factor regarding the health of the population is the quality of drinking water and the lack of it. Water affects human health directly through its biological, chemical and physical qualities, and an insufficient quantity of water may lead to the maintaining of an unsanitary condition, deficiencies in personal hygiene, homes and localities, through the spread of digestive disorders (dysentery and endemic hepatitis) and some skin diseases. Human diseases transmitted through water (infectious diseases with hydric transmission) are:

Acute diarrheal diseases (acute enterocolitis of different etiologies, dysentery); Viral hepatitis type A; Different anthropozoonosis (eg.Leptospirosis) Parasitary diseases (eg. Giardiasis) There are also a number of non-transmissible diseases that are favoured by the chemical composition of water, such as endemic goiter, tooth decay, cardiovascular diseases, methemoglobinemia.

The maximum admissible limit of nitrates in water should not exceed 50 µg/l, while consumption of large amounts of nitrates can cause methemoglobinemia in infants and young children. Methemoglobinemia is based on the transformation of nitrates into nitrites, those being involved in the production of the disease. Nitrites combine with hemoglobin turning it into methemoglobin which blocks oxygen transport to the tissues. Thus, hemoglobin loses its function to bind and carry oxygen causing hypoxia. Consumption of water with nitrates affects the overall biological development of children, causing acute chronic poisoning without obvious clinical manifestations and sometimes can be difficult to determine. The increased nitrate consumption leads to nitrosamines with carcinogenic effects.

In 2012, a case study was conducted by GlaxoSmithKline Romania and Save the Danube and the Delta Association, regarding children’s health assessment in ten villages in the Delta (Source http://www.responsabilitatesociala.ro/studii-de-caz-csr/gsk-romania/sanatatea-copiilor-din-delta- dunarii.html , accessed on 03.07.2015). The health assessment report of children in the Danube Delta presented the following situation:

40% of the evaluated children were having health problems; The main health problems identified were parasitic diseases; 52% of the children had poor oral hygiene and untreated cavities. The figure below illustrates another increasing trend of deceases caused by infectious and parasitic diseases in Tulcea County. Thus, if in 2010 the number of deceases was of 28 people, in 2013, it reached 38 people. Unlike Tulcea County, in Constanţa, the number of deceases caused by infectious and parasitic diseases decreased during 2010 – 2013, from 102 people in 2010 to 78 in 2013.

120

100

Number of persons 20

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 Number of deaths in 28 34 37 38 Tulcea Number of deaths in 102 90 85 78 Constanța

Figure no. 24 Deceases caused by infectious and parasitic diseases (Source: website of the International Institute for Statistics, accessed on 08.04.2015, http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=POP206C) Given the fact that the state of health of the human population is strictly related to environmental quality, environmental competent authorities propose within the Reports on the state of environmental quality, objectives and measures necessary to protect the environment and improve its quality status. The Report on the environmental state in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in 2013 proposes a series of measures necessary to protect human health:

To reduce air pollution: o Reducing gas and particulate air emissions using filters and modern technologies applied in industry; o Improving means to achieve an efficient monitoring; o Planting of green protective areas; o Forests protection; o Expansion and protection of green spaces, parks, hedges, etc. To reduce water pollution: o Wastewater treatment using filters or chemical substances; o Control of industrial pollution and of chemicals used in industrial processes. For waste management: o Installation of bins dedicated to selective waste collection in as many of the DDBR localities as possible; o Adequate arrangement of existing landfills (Tulcea, Sulina); o Placement of authorized landfills in dedicated areas at adequately calculated distances from human settlements, surface waters, leisure areas; o Correct handling of existing landfills, periodical covering in order to prevent fires, the spreading of unpleasant smells, fencing the warehouses and mounting warning signs; o Arrangement and maintenance of Danube river banks, canals and water surface areas on the perimeter of each locality; o Controlled household waste storage; o Collection of household residues in special containers, per assortments, and the recycling thereof; o Population information and awareness raising campaigns on waste collection and storage. For noise intensity mitigation: o Planting protection forest curtains on the side of the roads, in areas with high noise levels; o Maintenance of existing forest curtains; o Traffic deviation in certain areas; o Forbidding honking in populated areas; o Giving special attention, especially in the vicinity of fully protected areas. According to the Report on the quality of the environment of 2013, in Tulcea County, a series of environmental improvement measures have been taken, such as the replacement of liquid fuels with the natural gas in combustion installations, road rehabilitation, increase of the green areas, afforestation activities, as well as information and awareness raising campaigns amongst the population.

The Report on the quality of the environment in Constanţa County, drafted for 2013 presents a positive perspective in terms of the population health condition, which is also due to the monitoring programmes imposed under the regulations applicable to economic agents, meant to prevent and mitigate pollutant releases into the air, water, and soil. In order to ensure the health of the population it is necessary to increase people access to water supply systems and sewerage systems with good quality of potable drinking water, to create socio- economic perspectives to ensure a decent living, and to conduct information and awareness campaigns with regards to improvement of health by promoting a healthy lifestyle and to combat the main risks factors.

3.1.3.9. EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE Regarding the healthcare infrastructure, a public hospital is available in Tulcea, Babadag, Isaccea, and Măcin, as well as three medical assistance centers in Babadag, Luncaviţa and Murighiol. A medical assistance center was also available in Sulina, but it was replaced by Tulcea Emergency Room unit in 2012.

According to information available at the Public Health Department of Tulcea County there are a number of 6 municipalities in the research area that are deficient in family doctors: Maliuc, Crişan, Pardina, Jijila, Somova and Sulina.

In order to optimize the emergency medical assistance and allow SJUT specialist MDs to monitor the patients’ evolution under treatment, the remote medical care project was initiated in May 2012, involving ten family doctors from the rural area, in Murighiol, Chilia Veche, Sulina, Maliuc, Crişan, Nufăru, Mahmudia, Luncaviţa, Sfântu Gheorghe, and Beştepe localities and 23 specialist MDs from Tulcea Emergency Hospital.

3.1.4. SOIL AND LAND USE

3.1.4.1. SOIL CATEGORIES IN THE RESEARCHED AREA The Map of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Soils by I. Munteanu & Co, 1996, presents the main types of soils, as follows:

Alluvia soils are very young soils mainly characteristic to sandbanks on the river (Western) side of the Delta, regularly receiving fresh alluvia. In the natural ecosystems, alluvia soils are covered with vegetation over a small area, and it is mainly represented by meso-xerophilic meadows on the high sandbanks or by mesophilic meadows and willow growing areas on wet sandbanks. Limno-soils include lake/ lagoon deposits on the bottom of lakes and they are mostly made of mineral suspensions carried by Danube waters and of the ones derived pursuant to chemical and biological processes taking place at the level of the water mass and sediments. Gley soils represent the soils developed on the alluvia and loess deposits. Solonceac includes all types of soil with the upper limit of the saline horizon in the first 20 cm from the soil surface. Kastanoziom soils are characteristic to dry continental clime steppes and they are the only Danube Delta zonal soils. Histosols represent the main component of DDBR pedologic level. In natural condition, histosols are the substrata of wet ecosystems such as reed plots, submerged water vegetation. Antroposols and non-soils are the result of human activities. They are mainly represented by stacks of ground or other materials obtained after the digging of drain channels on farming premises, for the purpose of opening certain waterways (e.g. Caraorman and Mila 23), and of the channels meant to improve water circulation in the isolated areas of the Delta. Apart from these types of soil, the Report on the environment condition in Tulcea County, for 2013 presents the types of dark grey soils, but also the (weakly, moderately, and intensely) washed chernozem, supplemented by litosols and carbonate chernozem, washed chernozem installed on the Quaternary age loess being present in the rest of the area. These types of soils are characteristic to intensely drained areas (with very deep surface horizons) and they have a loam and loam-clayey consistency.

According to the data in the Report on environment quality in Constanţa County, of 2013 the representative soil types are: protisols, cernisols, hidrisols and salsodisols.

Figure no. 25 Soil classes in the researched area (Source: Soil Map 1:200.000)

3.1.4.2. PROCESSES AFFECTING SOIL CONDITION (SOIL MINERALIZATION, SALINIZATION, DEFLATION, EROSION) The Report on environment quality in Constanţa County, of 2013 indicates a relatively good soil condition, but they are periodically affected by floods, prolonged drought, uncontrolled fires, excessive grazing and non-environmental-friendly tourism.

According to the Report on the environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve for 2013, the processes affecting the soil quality are:

Soil mineralization, a processes mainly encountered on farming premises; Salinization determined by the alteration of the hydro-saline balance, favoured by the droughty clime and by the predominantly mineralized surface waters, mainly occurred as a consequence of the direct anthropic action, such as the pisciculture facility in Chilia, which has increased the salinization level on Chilia loess sandbank, the development of C.A. Rosetti – Letea reinforcement dam has led to the salinization of certain surfaces inside the protected premises. Deflation is represented in natural regime especially in the areas without vegetation on the sandy banks, as well as in the farming units - areas where peat has been burnt. The effect of this phenomenon has been diminished in the areas with natural regime, due to the effect of the existing protection forests, as well as of the precipitation, and in the farming facilities, pursuant to the materialization of the guidelines of the National Research Institute for the Development of Danube Delta Tulcea concerning the crop structure and the soil processing methods; Soil erosion caused by the excessive cutting or exploitation of forests on slope ground or with superficial soil. Pollution is a restrictive phenomenon mostly due to the influence of factors outside the Delta: Danube pollution, atmosphere pollution caused by the industrial activities in Tulcea and Mahmudia (Romania) and Izmail (Ukraine) and to a lesser extent by direct anthropic actions. A characteristic of the researched area is that there is no practice involving the use of organic fertilizers provided by animal farms, as animal growth mainly relies on free stalling. Thus, the organic fertilizer quantities cannot be used on farming lands, and the one generated by village households is quantitatively insignificant. (Source: Report on the environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013).

3.1.4.3. COASTAL EROSION The Report on the environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013 presents the follows erosion processes in the delta coast and lagoon area:

Sulina beach area - the coastline has advanced by approx. 38 m in the Northern dam area and by approx. 7 m in the military unit area; Gârla Împuţită - Câsla Vădanei - coastline retreat of 5-10 m, up to 25 m in the Probe Channel area, where bank breaks have occurred; Sf. Gheorghe Arm outfall - retraction areas interlaid with short accumulation sections, where the coastline advanced by up to 10-15 m; Sahalin - coastline retraction of 20-45 m in the Northern area of Sahalin Peninsula; in the central area, a break occurred during 2012-2013 cold season, with a width of approximately 3 km and a depth above 1.5 - 2 m, the Southern area being practically isolated from the rest of the peninsula; the extremity arching and extension towards the North has continued in the Southern area; Ciotica - Zătoane Area - characterized by coastline retreats of approx. 10-30 m; Perişor - Gura Portiţei - relative balance maintained, with coastline retreat areas of up to 10-13 m in Perişor - Periteaşca area, coastline advance of up to 15 m in Periteaşca area and balance in Periteaşca - Gura Portiţei area; Portiţa - Vadu - the section has maintained its balance, the erosion sections alternating with the balance ones (where the coastline has not varied by more than 10 m); the largest coastline retreat values have been registered in Portiţa Lighthouse and Edighiol areas, sections that have not been flooded during the cold seasons; Vadu - Corbu Section featured coastline advances by 10-20 m, in the Northern and Central area and of up to 30 - 50 m, in Midia Cape area; For the Northern section of the coastline the accumulated surfaces represented approx. 90 ha, and the ones with erosion processes represented approx. 120 ha. The coastline advanced by 10- 20 m in the Northern and Central area and by up to 30-50 m in Midia Cape area. According to the Environmental Permit no. 1031/ 2012 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests for the Master Plan for the Protection and Rehabilitation of the coast area, the highest erosion rates are registered in Mangalia section, in the South of offshore dam VI – J – 23, with rates above 4 m/ year, the slightly lower erosion rates of 2 m/ year being registered at Eforie barrier and on Neptun Resort littoral.

The Master Plan for the Protection and Rehabilitation of the coast area has identified the key intervention areas as being represented by Mamaia, Tomis Nord, Eforie, Costineşti, Olimp – Venus, Balta Mangalia, and Saturn beaches.

3.1.4.4. CONTAMINATED SITES According to the National Strategy and National Action Plan for the Management of Contaminated Sites in Romania, on the national territory have been identified so far 1393 contaminated / potentially contaminated sites by conducting economic activities, both historical and recent. According to the Strategy, the contaminated site is a geographically defined area limited in surface and depth, undivided, where human activities have resulted in the presence of chemical and biological concentrations at a level that generates an unacceptable risk to human health and the environment, for existing site and neighbouring areas.

According to the preliminary national inventory regarding contaminated / potentially contaminated sites, conducted by the National Agency for Environmental Protection, there is one contaminated site in Tulcea County (most likely the red sludge dump near the Mineri village belonging to Alum SA Tulcea plant, occupying a total area of approx. 80 ha) and 4 potentially contaminated sites. In the county of Constanţa there are 5 contaminated and 12 potentially contaminated sites. Data regarding the location of the sites and their spatial expansion are available within the Strategy and in other available public sources.

Industrial units which may represent potential hotspots of significant pollution, in particular to the soil and groundwater, were identified in the research area, and these are represented, as shown in the following figure, by: Viticola Sarica Niculiţel, VARD Tulcea (former STX), Carniprod SRL Tulcea, Tulcea Airport and Ovidius Mercado within the research area, and Rompetrol Rafinare, UT Midia and Năvodari Fertilizer Chemical Plant near the southern limit of the research area.

Figure no. 26 Industrial pollution sources in the researched area

Source: http://www.rowater.ro/dadobrogea/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Draft%20PMB%202016- 2020%20ABADL/CAPITOLE/Cap.%203_ABADL_rev.%2002.03.2015.pdf, accessed on 05.05.2015

SEVESO objectives identified in the research area can also constitute a source of pollution of soil and groundwater, (Figure no. 27), as well as industrial units in the Municipality of Tulcea (Tulcea VARD (formerly STX) - shipyard ALUM SA - alumina refinery, STAR 2000 SA - LPG bottling etc.) and those located at the southern limit of the research area, such as Rompetrol Rafinare (refinery) and Butan Gas Romania SA (LPG storage and delivery - butane, propane and mixture).21

Decision no. 804/2007 on the control of major accident hazards involving dangerous substances, regulates measures for prevention of major accidents involving dangerous substances and limit their consequences on human health and the environment in order to ensure a high level of protection.

Seveso II Directive establishes two classes of risk (major and minor) for industrial units that use or store hazardous substances. Among the industrial units mentioned above, Alum SA, Rompetrol Rafinare and SC Butan Gas Romania SA are classified as major risk, while VARD Tulcea and SC STAR 2000 SA are classified as minor risk.

21 Source: http://apmct.anpm.ro/-/controlul-activitatilor-seveso-ii, accessed on 23.04.2015.

Figure no. 27 Economic operators whose activities fall under the incidence of the provisions of GD 804/2007

3.1.5. WATER

3.1.5.1. WATER BODY QUALITY

3.1.5.1.1. SURFACE WATER In hydrographical terms, the researched area is part of Dobrogea, Danube Delta and Coastal Waters Hydrographical Area. At the level of Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea and Coastal Waters Hydrographical Area there is an overall number of 115 surface water bodies falling under the following categories: natural rivers, strongly altered and artificial rivers – 1,617 km of cadastre rivers, of which permanent rivers – 1,515 km (approx. 94% of the overall water streams), non-permanent rivers – 102 km (approx. 6% of the overall water streams); natural lakes – 75 with a surface area above 0.5 km2, reservoirs – 6 with a surface area above 0.5 km2, transit waters -781.37 km2 (619.37 km2 marine transit waters and 162 km2 Sinoe Lake) and coastal waters – 571.8 km2 (116 km).

According to the Report on the environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013 the surface of the Danube Delta includes the three arms: Chilia, Sulina, Sfântu Gheorghe, which are main arteries through which Danube river provides the liquid and solid flow for the delta, and five hydrographic areas:

Chilia Area – Sulina between Chilia, Tulcea, and Sulina Arms; Sulina Area – Sf. Gheorghe, between Sulina and Sf. Gheorghe Arms; Sf. Gheorghe Area – Razim, in the South, between Sf. Gheorghe Arm and Razim Lake; Razim – Zmeica – Goloviţa – Sinoe Lagoon Area; Marine area of the Danube Delta (Danube mouths, sea shore and submerged bottom in front of the Delta littoral), including, according to the Framework Waters Directive, both surface water bodies that are not strongly modified and strongly anthropized water bodies. In order to determine the surface water quality, the environmental and chemical condition has also been analysed. Thus, at the level of the Danube River, of the Danube Delta, of Dobrogea and Coastal Waters Hydrographic Area, all 115 water bodies have been analysed, of which 112 (97%) bodies reach a good chemical condition, and 3 (3%) do not reach the proper chemical condition.

The percentage of water bodies with good and very good environmental condition is of 100% (6 water bodies have a very good environmental condition in a percentage of 30% and 14 water bodies have a good environmental condition in a percentage of 70%). In terms of the environmental objectives reached, the accumulation lakes situation (2 water bodies) assessed based on the phytoplankton, phytobenthos, physical and chemical elements and specific pollutants indicates that neither of the two analysed water bodies reaches the proper environmental potential. For a number of 9 accumulation lakes and strongly altered natural lakes (fishery) irrelevant situations have been registered concerning the association of the environmental objectives expressed through environmental condition classes. In the case of transit water bodies, it has been found that at the level of the transitional water bodies, the ecological status fell into the poor class, and for the transitional marine water body, the ecological status was moderate with a recent improvement22.

The map below presents the environmental condition of the water bodies at the level of the researched area, based on the data in the new Management Plan of Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea and Coast Water Hydrographic Area. No natural water bodies are in very good ecological status or heavily modified water bodies at maximum ecological potential. In terms of ecological status / potential, in the study area the Danube and its branches reach the good state /potential. In the lagoon complex, lakes Razim and Goloviţa were assessed as irrelevant on the association of environmental objectives expressed by ecological status classes, Zmeica was rated as having good ecological status and Sinoe as having a bad ecological status.

22Source: http://www.rowater.ro/dadobrogea/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Draft%20PMB%202016- 2020%20ABADL/CAPITOLE/Cap.%206_ABADL%20(6.1-6.3)_rev.3.04.2015.pdf, accessed on 27.04.2015

Figure no. 28 Environmental condition of the water bodies in the researched area, Source: Dobrogea Littoral Hydrographic Basin Management Plan

The Danube River is an important element of the river - delta - sea system and influences directly through the intake of water and sediments, the balance of the delta and of the coastal area. The construction works on the Danube began in the XVII century, with various objectives, flood control, improving navigation conditions, construction of irrigation and energy production systems. The works consisted in the construction of dams, reservoirs, shoreline protection, channels, dredging and rectification of meanders.

On our country territory, especially after 1970, the hydropower installations, such as the Iron Gates I and II, as well as the hydro-technical installations built on Danube’s tributary rivers in Romanian territory, have intensely disrupted the functioning of hydrological and sediment flow on the lower river course. These works have diminished considerably the sediment transport, and studies in the area estimate that from an amount of 67.5 × 106 t.an-1 an amount of 25 to 30 × 106 t.an-1 will be reached. (Source: Panin, N., Jipa, D., 2002. Danube river sediment input and its interaction with the North - western Black Sea. Estuarine, Costal and Shelf Science 54: 551 - 562; Walling, D.E., Fang, D., 2003. Recent trends in the suspended sediment loads of the world's rivers. Global and Planetary Change 39, p. 111— 126.)

Sediment transport usually occurs during extreme climatic and geological events such as floods. Sediment transport from land to sea has an important role in determining sediment flow at the mouth of the river, understanding of the riverbed morphology and of the morphological structures at the mouth of the river interaction with continental platforms of the seas. (Source: Korup, O., 2012. Earth's portfolio of extreme sediment transport events. Earth-Science Reviews 112,115—125.), (Source: Babonneau, N., Delacourt, C., Cancoue, R., Sisavath, E., Bachelery, P., Mazuel, A., Jorry, S.J., Deschamps, A., Ammann, J., Villeneuve, N., 2013. Direct sediment transfer from land to deep-sea: Insights into shallow multibeam bathymetry at La Reunion Island, Marine Geology, 346, 47—57.)

A significant impact on the sediment flow is represented by anthropic activities, the most important of them being represented by hydro dams, reservoirs associated with them and channelling of the river course.

Low water quality in the Danube led to serious hydrological phenomena in the lakes of the Delta, causing a strong eutrophication due to increased nutrient content.

During the ecological reconstruction programs undertaken by ARBD, were taken into consideration criteria based on growth of natural potential or biodiversity of an area where there is potential for ecological reconstruction of degraded ecosystems, or latent ecological potential for creating new habitats of a large natural value.

Rehabilitation of the embanked areas in the Danube Delta has been a main component within the objectives financed by the World Bank GEF project “Biodiversity Conservation in the Danube Delta”. Damage to natural habitats of the Danube Delta, produced by building of agricultural, reed, fishery and forestry premises imposed concrete actions for recovery and ecological restoration that will bring ecosystems to a state closer to the original one, prior to embankment and exploitation.

Ecological reconstruction began in 1994 with Babina premises, covering 2,100 ha, and further projects increasing the reconstructed surface to over 15,000 ha. The materialization of environmental objectives in terms of ecological reconstruction of the embanked areas in the Danube Delta, took place by restoring natural flooding regime for agricultural premises made possible only by technical projects able to ensure the connection with the Danube branches.

The most economic option to achieve this goal was the method of breaches (openings in embankments outline). In the case of fishery, the main ecological goal was to improve water quality and the trophic status of aquatic habitats. Since improving hydrological regime is a prerequisite for the functioning of all ecosystems in the Danube Delta, it was considered the most urgent task in addressing all planned restoration works. To address the situation on the DDBR territory, works to improve natural conditions in the following areas were executed: Matiţa-Merhei, Magearu-Cardon, Gorgova-Uzlina, Şontea-Fortuna, Dunavăţ-Dranov, Roşu-Puiu, Somova-Parcheş and Babina- Cernovca. Restoring ecological functions generates development of typical resources for the area and of traditional economic activities of local population: fishing, hunting, reed harvesting, grazing, recreation.

3.1.5.1.2. GROUND WATER 10 underground water bodies have been identified and delimited in Dobrogea - Littoral Hydrographic Area. Amongst them, 4 belong to the permeable porous type (Holocene, Medium- Superior Pleistocene deposits), 4 water bodies belong to the karstic-fissure type (developed in Triassic and Sarmatian age deposits), and 2 water bodies belong to the karstic-fissure type (Jurassic age). One of the underground water bodies, i.e. RODL07, has been delimited in the Danube plain area, developed in Quaternary porous-permeable alluvia deposits. Located close to the ground surface, it features a free level.

RODL04 (Cobadin - Mangalia) and RODL06 (Wallachian Platform) water bodies are cross-border water bodies and their water flows from Bulgaria towards our country. The underground water body RODL06 (Wallachian Platform) is under pressure, being delimited by Barremian-Jurassic deposits and featuring high economic importance23.

In terms of quantity and quality, all bodies of groundwater in the research area are considered to be in good condition, except that in all bodies of groundwater exceedances were recorded locally, comparing to the quality standard or threshold values at different indicators (e.g. NH4 (ammonium),

Cl (chlorine), NO3 (nitrates), NO2 (nitrogen) and PO4 (phosphate)).

Figure no. 29 Crossed underground water bodies

The sources of pollution contributing to the deterioration of groundwater quality which are the most widespread are diffuse pollution sources. In the ABA Dobrogea - Littoral were identified pollution sources such as:

Human agglomerations – lack of sanitation systems;

23 Source: http://www.rowater.ro/dadobrogea/Documente%20Consultarea%20Publicului/Draft%20PMB%202016- 2020%20ABADL/CAPITOLE/Cap.%206_ABADL%20(6.1-6.3)_rev.3.04.2015.pdf, accessed on 27.04.2015 Agricultural activities (farming, intensive agricultural practices, agricultural farms which do not have adequate manure storage in place, use of pesticides etc.);

Industrial activities (including waste landfills);

Significant water catchments that can exceed the natural recharge rate of the aquifer.

Situation for each groundwater body in the research area is presented as follows:

RODL01 is a groundwater body having most of its surface covered by crops. If chemical fertilizers are applied on these fields, it is possible to have a negative impact on the qualitative state of the groundwater body;

Groundwater body RODL02 has its surface covered in almost equal shares by cultivated fields and forests. The negative impact over the qualitative state of the groundwater body, determined by the use of chemical fertilizers, could modify the qualitative state of this groundwater body;

RODL05 has its pollution sources agriculture with a low impact on the qualitative state of the groundwater body. There is also possible pollution from industrial sources (chemical, food) in Mihail Kogălniceanu locality. Most of the surface is covered by agricultural fields. Application of fertilizers on these surfaces could have a negative impact on the qualitative state of the groundwater body;

Possible pollution sources for RODL08 groundwater sources are diffuse pollution due to agricultural activities;

RODL09 has on its surface agricultural fields and forests. Thus, the quality state of the water body in not affected by agricultural pollution; the area is not favourable for intensive agricultural practices. However, as possible diffuse pollution we mention agricultural ones (mostly farming in Tulcea, Niculiţel) and industry (iron and steel industry in Tulcea, food, extractive industry) in Tulcea, Jurilovca, Murighiol, Măcin, Sf. Gheorghe localities.

3.1.5.1.3. PRESSURES ON THE WATER BODIES By defining the significant pressures over the water bodies as being the ones that, either individually or in combination with others, may contribute to the failure to reach the environmental objectives set in the Framework Water Directive the following significant pressures have been identified for the Hyrographic Area:

Significant point pollution sources; Diffuse pollution sources, including land use; Significant hydro-morphological pressures; Potential future infrastructure projects; Other types of anthropic pressures represented by: o Sources of potential accidental pollution; o Pisciculture and aquaculture activities; o Extraction of ballast and sand from the minor water stream beds. The category of significant pollution sources includes human agglomerations, identified according to the requirements in the Directive on the treatment of urban wastewater, Directive 91/271/EEC (the ones with more than 2,000 equivalent inhabitants with wastewater collection systems with or without treatment stations and discharging into the water sources; moreover, agglomerations <2,000 equivalent inhabitants are regarded as significant point sources if they have a centralized sewage system; human agglomerations with a unitary sewage system that do not hold the capacity to collect and treat the wastewater and rainwater mixture during heavy rain periods), industry represented by the facilities discarding hazardous materials above the limits stipulated under the laws in force and agriculture through the units with point discarding that do not abide by the laws in force on the environmental factor water.

Thus, at the level of the Danube River (Chiciu – Isaccea section), Danube Delta, Dobrogea Hydrogeaphic Area and Coast Waters, a number of 47 urban point significant pressures have been identified.

Concerning the diffuse pollution phenomenon, it is accentuated because at the end of 2013, only 78.59% of the equivalent population in agglomerations above 2,000 equivalent inhabitants was connected to the centralized sewage systems. Moreover, a number of 25 agglomerations above 2,000 equivalent inhabitants do not benefit from wastewater collection systems, and a number of 146 agglomerations below 2,000 equivalent inhabitants do not have wastewater collection systems.

Another factor representing a diffuse pollution source is represented by the inadequate household waste management at the level of localities, as well as by the collection and discarding of the sludge generated by the treatment stations, which may cause water pollution. A number of 17 significant diffuse urban pressures have been identified in Dobrogea and Coast Waters Hydrographic Area.

The potentially significant hydro-morphological pressures identified at the level of Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea and Coast Waters Hydrographic Area are caused by the following works:

Cross-barrier works located at the level of the dam-type water bodies, bottom thresholds, accumulation lakes, with an effect over the hydrological regime, bed stability, sediment transportation and biota migration, interrupting the longitudinal connectivity of the water body. Works along the river of the type of dams, farming and pisciculture arrangements, bank adjustment and reinforcement works, etc., with an effect over the longitudinal profile of the river, over the vegetation in the floodable plain and reproduction areas. Water catchment takeover and return/ derivations, reinstatement of use, derivations with effects over the minimum river bed flow and biota stability. Navigation channels with effects over river bed and biota stability. Drinking water quality also is influenced by accidental pollution representing quick physical, chemical, biological, or bacteriological water alteration above the allowed limits. An important feature at the level of the Danube Delta and of Dobrogea Hydrographic Area is the existence of pisciculture ponds, as well as the development of water barriers for pisciculture use. Pisciculture activities may represent pressures over the water body if fish production is increased without ensuring the water cleaning measures, when dejections or organic material and nutrient leaks from fish food may occur.

Gravel pits represent another category of hydro-morphological pressure that could affect rivers, through the alteration of the longitudinal profile shape and because of the occurrence of river bed damaging processes, especially through erosion. Thus, at the level of Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea and Coast Waters Hydrographic Area an overall number of 396 potentially significant pressures have been identified, mostly represented by diffuse pressures – human agglomerations without wastewater collection systems, hydro- morphological pressures, point pressures - wastewater discarded from the hydrographic area- specific agglomeration collection and treatment systems24.

According to the new Management Plan for Danube River, Danube Delta, Dobrogea and Coast Waters Hydrographic Area the following main measures have been set for the improvement of water quality:

Rehabilitation of water supply sources; Rehabilitation and modernization of water treatment plants; Rehabilitation of the water distribution system; Construction of water supply sources; Construction of water treatment plants; Expansion of the water distribution system; Rehabilitation of the sewage networks; Modernization and rehabilitation of treatment plants; Construction/ expansion of sewage networks; Rehabilitation of treatment, storage and sludge use facilities, as well as sludge capitalization/discarding; Promotion of good practices in order to avoid punctiform and diffuse pollution; Promotion of multifunctional protection areas, especially for agricultural surfaces located on slopes and in the vicinity of surface waters; Information and awareness-raising campaigns. The pressure over the water bodies in the Delta, registered over the past fifty years, has had a major influence over water quality. The development and draining of navigation channels in the Delta and the blocking of several side channels have had a significant effect in terms of water circulation in the Danube Delta. Large areas have been turned into polders during the communist regime, being used for agriculture, pisciculture, and forestry. Pardina Polder covers approximately 27,000 hectares, the affected areas being thus significant. These activities have disturbed the normal hydrological circuits, and many years will be required to reverse the negative effects. (P. Gâştescu, The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. Geography, biodiversity, protection, management).

3.1.5.1.4. DRINKING WATER QUALITY Water supply sources in Tulcea County localities are represented both by the surface and by the underground water. Thus, the Danube with its arms and adjacent channels and Razim and Babadag lake complexes, represent the surface sources, the underground sources being represented by the Bogza well front, as well as by Tulcea County drills.

According to the data in the Report on environment quality in Tulcea County, for 2013, only 60% of the rural population consumes large depth drinking water compliant with the values in the norms in force and source drinking or medium depth water, whereas 10% drink water directly from the Danube, 20% drink well or low depth water, which does not comply with the values in the norms in

24 Source: ABA Dobrogea – Littoral website, accessed on 21.04.2015. force, and 10% of the rural population drinks treated water, which does not complies with drinking water requirements in microbiology terms.

Regarding the state of drinking water quality, according to the monitoring carried out by the Tulcea and Constanţa Public Health Departments, exceedings of the nitrates parameter were registered, above 50 μg / l (up to 200 μg / l) in the water distributed in centralized system to the population, the maximum admissible concentration value according to Law. 458/2002 being 50 μg/l.

According to the Report regarding the drinking water for 2013, elaborated by the Public Health Department (PHD) in Tulcea, the situation of localities, concerning the quality of drinking water, in the research area is:

Exceeding of nitrates in the water network were registered in localities: Baia, Beștepe, Frecăței, Isaccea, Luncaviţa, Mihai Bravu, Niculiţel, Slava Cercheză, Văcăreni; Exceeding of residual chloride in the water supply network (due to disinfection of drinking water) were registered in localities: Jurilovca and Sarichioi; Exceeding of ammonia were registered in Grindu locality. Results of the Report regarding the drinking water for 2013, elaborated by the Public Health Department in Constanţa, indicates chemical nonconformities for nitrates in Corbu, Mihai Viteazu and Săcele localities.

There are also problems regarding the provision of drinking water in the research area due to lack of water supply systems and non-compliance of the quality of water in fountains. An example in this sense is C.A. Rosetti locality, which does not have a water supply system, and fountains can’t ensure the necessary water, due to the non-conformity from qualitative point of view.

Measures proposed by the PHD Tulcea to overcome the exceeding at the analysed parameters are:

Cleaning, washing and disinfection of tanks and drinking water supply network; Checking of the leaks from pipelines; Disinfection and cleaning/emptying wells; In the case of exceeding values of nitrites/nitrates in the public supply network, local authorities will be informed on the necessity to ensure drinking water from authorised sources for age groups at risk, information of the population and drafting of a Compliance Plan which includes an investment program with a timeframe and realistic costs regarding identification of new water sources compliant from the quality point of view. In order to eliminate risks that could influence the quality of drinking water, Public Health Department in Constanţa recommends application by the water producers/distributors of the following measures:

 Assessment of technical status of drinking water systems for rehabilitation and improvement of their quality;  Ensure perimeters of sanitary protection for all elements of the water system;  Steps to the introduction of the centralized water supply system in all areas of the county where there are only individual local systems of water supply (wells, springs) in place;  Drilling of new sources will be preceded by hydrogeological expertise in the area;  Ensuring drinking water disinfection according to the legal requirements;  Providing drinking water in continuous regime, avoiding interruptions in the water supply or water distribution by schedule;  Investments in water treatment systems. To avoid risks regarding deterioration of the health state of population a regular monitoring is required by the regional operators that provide water supply in the research area, such as Aquaserv SA Tulcea in localities of Tulcea County and Raja SA Constanţa in Constanţa County, as well as monitoring of water quality of wells by the Public Health Departments Tulcea and Constanţa. In localities where there is a functioning water supply system, it is required to achieve and extend the system to ensure the necessary drinking water.

3.1.5.1.5. WASTEWATER TREATMENT, SEWAGE AND DISCHARGE SYSTEM Considering that the population density in the researched area is low, i.e. 28.9 inhabitants/ km2, as compared to the national average of 89.9 inhabitants/km2, the water supply in the research area is quite a challenge.

An important aspect to be mentioned about the research area is that the DDBR localities do not have centralized sewage systems collecting residual waters at the level of the entire locality, and the existing treatment plants only perform the mechanical pre-treatment of household wastewater.

Maliuc, Sulina, Sf. Gheorghe, and Chilia Veche localities have their own sewage systems, and from amongst them only Maliuc and Sulina hold mechanical wastewater pre-treatment plants.

Household and industrial wastewater is treated only through the mechanical stage, using grids, desanders, septic tanks, grease separators, and decanters. The drainable tanks located on the sewage network route are hard to maintain, and, in most cases, they are manually cleaned, because of the unavailability of sewage cleaners, except for Chilia Veche and Sulina localities, which are equipped with sewage cleaners.

Major water pollution sources are represented by the economic agents located at the outskirts of DDBR and the naval transport activity carried out on the sailable channels, both in small crafts and by transiting sea and river crafts.

The pollution determined by the naval transportation activity is due to the fact that not all ships are equipped with efficient oil residue separators, to the inadequate use thereof, and to the fact that Danube harbours on the territory of the reserve are not equipped with specific stations for the processing and recycling of such residues.

In order to prevent pollution, DDBRA has imposed companies holding naval transportation means to apply POLDANUBE – 1986 Guidelines for the river and MARPOL 73 – 78 Convention for maritime ships, both conventions concerning the collection and storage on-board the vessels of the oil residues, as well as keeping the records of the handover thereof with the collecting units.

The general objective of the Framework Water Directive is to ensure the “proper condition” of all water bodies, both for the surface and for the underground ones, except for strongly altered and artificial bodies, for which the “good environmental potential” is defined. According to this Directive, EU Member States must ensure the proper condition of all surface waters by 2015. According to the Report on the environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013, as the surface water quality is mostly affected by the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater, a main measure for the protection of the quality thereof is the increase of the wastewater treatment level, the revamping and efficiency increase of the treatment process, as well as the application of the following measures:

Controlled wastewater discharged in emissaries; Rehabilitation and expansion of the sewage networks and rehabilitation of the obsolete treatment plants; Improvement and increase of efficiency of the industrial wastewater treatment process discarded by economic agents; Gradual performance of sewage systems and treatment plants in the rural environment; Adequate treatment of wastewater sludge. In 2008, the European Commission approved the financing of the project on the Rehabilitation and expansion of water and wastewater systems in Tulcea County, a project co-funded from the Cohesion Fund, according to Priority Axis “Expansion and modernization of the water and wastewater systems” under the Sectoral Operational Programme Environment (SOP Environment) 2007-2013. The project concerns Tulcea, Sulina, Isaccea, and Măcin agglomerations and has as general objectives to ensure the compliance of drinking water and sewage systems with the EU directives and turn them into efficient and sustainable systems in economic terms.25

The Sectoral Operational Programme Environment, “Project for the rehabilitation and modernization of the water and sewage system in Constanţa area”, stipulates investments in the field of water and sewage supply by ensuring the discharge of wastewater according to European standard-compliant parameters (Directive 91/271/CEE of the European Council concerning the collection and treatment of urban wastewater). Moreover, in Constanta County, according to the Action Plan from the Strategy on the management of industrial wastewater, economic agents discharging wastewater in public sewage networks, as well as the newly connected ones are monitored.26

It is necessary to further continue the development, extension and rehabilitation of the sewerage system and wastewater treatment in localities of the research area, in order to eliminate potential sources of pollution of the surface water, and to eliminate potential sources of pollution through direct or uncontrolled discharge of untreated waste water.

3.1.6. AIR

3.1.6.1. MAIN AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION SOURCES Tulcea County Council has approved, through Decision no. 67/2010, the Integrated Air Quality

Management Programme in Tulcea County for PM10 ratio, as their concentrations exceeded the limit value plus the tolerance margin or were above the limit value.

The sources generating the exceeding of the admissible limits, established by Law no. 104/2011 on the quality of ambient air, for particulate matter PM10 indicator in Tulcea County are road traffic,

25 Source: http://www.aquaservtulcea.ro/programe-si-proiecte/?subpage, accessed on 03.04.2015. 26 Source: http://www.fonduri-ue.ro/documente-programare/programe-operationale/pos-mediu, accessed on 03.04.2015. which is responsible for approx. 70 % of the atmospheric pollution (mainly due to road condition), the construction sites, the industry, soil re-suspension and residential heating (Source: Report on the environment quality in Tulcea County, for 2013).

The Integrated Air Quality Management Programme in Constanţa Agglomeration and Medgidia locality, approved through Constanţa County Council Decision no. 295/2010, proposes measures for the mitigation of SO2, NO2, PM10 emissions, having as a source the burning operations in the conversion industry and electricity and thermal energy generation industry, non-industrial burning plants, burnings in the processing industry, road traffic, waste treatment and disposal, agriculture and natural factors.

3.1.6.2. AIR QUALITY IN THE RESEARCHED AREA The problematic air quality indicators have been analysed in order to assess air quality, i.e. the ones for which the Air Quality Management Programmes in Tulcea and Constanţa Counties have been developed. Thus, in order to determine air quality in Tulcea County, the evolution of PM10 indicator has been analysed, whereas for Constanţa County the evolution of SO2, NOx and PM10 indicators has been analysed. Moreover, the evolution of ammonia (NH3) emissions is presented, considering their recent increase.

Tulcea County Air Quality Management Programme, for 2013 presents three localities falling under

List 1 for values above the PM10 indicator limits, i.e.: I.C. Brătianu, Smârdan and Măcin. Three automated air quality monitoring stations operate in Tulcea County: TL1 – Traffic type station located approx. 10 m away from the crossroad of Isaccei, 1848 and Victoriei streets, crossroad with intensive road traffic, TL2 – Industrial station located approx. 1 km away from Tulcea West industrial platform, in the yard of SC Transport Public SA and Suburban/ traffic station located on DN 22 at the exit from Isaccea town.

The evolution of total particulate matter (PM10), during 2009 – 2013 shows an improvement of air quality in 2013 as compared to the previous years. According to the data in the Report on environment quality in Tulcea County, in 2013, the air quality improved, only one exceeding above the PM10 pollutant indicator limit being registered in the automated air quality monitoring stations in Tulcea County. 45 40 35

20 µg/mc 15 10 5 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 PM10 Concentration in 27,16 18,39 18,61 26,64 Tulcea - TL1 PM10 Concentration in 15,38 14,76 16,06 16,58 Constanța - TL3 The annual limit value 40 40 40 40

Figure no. 30 Evolution of PM10 concentration in Tulcea during 2009 – 2010 (Source: Report on environment quality in Tulcea County, for 2013)

In Constanţa County, air quality is monitored through the automated monitoring network, made up of 2 Traffic type stations, 3 Industrial stations, 1 Urban fund station, and 1 Suburban Fund station, located in representative areas (CT1 – central Constanţa City area, CT2 – Constanţa Town Hall Park area, CT3 – Victoria Camp Yard in Năvodari, CT4 - the main road crossing the center of Mangalia town, CT5 – Constanţa City industrial area, CT6 – Năvodari residential area, CT7 – Medgidia center).

The Report on environment quality in Constanţa County, for 2013, presents a critical area in terms of air quality in Constanţa City, especially Lăpuşneanu Blvd., on the canyon-type section between the Civil Hall and the intersection with Brătianu Blvd. As it can be noted from the analysis of the drawing below, the total particulate matter value is different each year, depending on the variations of the airflows. 45 39,89 40 PM10 Concentration in Constanța - CT1 35 36,92 PM10 Concentration in 31 31 Constanța - CT3 30 29,566 29 28,86 28 28 26 PM10 Concentration in 26 26 26,26 24,97 Constanța - CT4 25 24 22 22,62 25,32 24 24 PM10 Concentration in 21,97 g/mc 20 22 21,47 Constanța - CT5 μ 20 PM10 Concentration in 15 Constanța - CT6 PM10 Concentration in 10 Constanța - CT7 5 The annual limit value

0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Figure no. 31 Evolution of PM10 concentration in Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 (Source Report on environment quality in Constanţa, in 2013)

Figure no. 32 PM10 imissions in the study area (source: EEA) According to the data in the Reports on environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa, during 2009

– 2013, a decrease of the sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions may be noted especially due to the use of the natural gas instead of liquid fuels.

70000 60000 50000

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30000 20000 10000

Tonnes/ year Tonnes/ 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Emission of SO2 in 346,96 13,74 10,18 9,82 9,14 Tulcea county Emission of SO2 in 65.351,20 4.405,10 1.987,60 3.070,90 189,9 Constanța county

Figure no. 33 Evolution of SO2 emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 (Source: Report on environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa, in 2012, 2013)

The trend in terms of evolution of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is one descending in Tulcea, from 1,285 tons / year in 2012 to 1243.19 tonnes / year in 2013 and increasing one in Constanţa County localities, as results from the analysis of the graph below.

30.000 25.000

20.000

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5.000 Tonnes/ year Tonnes/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 Emission of Nox in Tulcea 1.200 1.132 971,39 1.285 1.243,19 county Emission of Nox in 12.204,60 3.857,40 6.619,80 6.650,40 27.355,50 Constanța county

Figure no. 34 Evolution of NOx emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 (Source Report on the environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa Counties, in 2012, 2013)

According to the Report on the environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa Counties, in 2012 and 2013 the analysed emission values for ammonia (NH3) registered a significant decrease as compared to the previous years, in the two analysed counties. The major source of NH3 emissions in Tulcea County is farming (68%), followed by the treatment and waste storage (32%).

1.600,00 1.400,00 1.200,00 1.000,00 800,00 600,00 400,00 200,00 0,00 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Emission of NH3 (t/ year) in Constanța 272,9 1474 48 385,9 1122,4 county Emission of NH3 (t/ 17,28 218,54 610,67 557,81 694,91 year) in Tulcea county

Figure no. 35 Evolution of NH3 emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 (Source Report on the environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa Counties, in 2012, 2013)

In the research area there are two economic agents owning IPPC installations, and thus subject to Industrial Emissions Directive: Alum SA and Vard Tulcea SA.

The measures and actions for the prevention and mitigation of air pollution are included in the Air Quality Management Programmes, being structured on the purpose they address, such as mitigation of fixed (industrial) source pollution, mitigation of linear (traffic) source pollution, measures for construction site organization, as well as awareness-raising campaigns on air pollution.

3.1.7. CLIMATE CHANGE

3.1.7.1. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES According to the National Strategic Plan 2007-2013, over the past 100 years, the average global temperature increased by 0.6°C to 1.2°C. This temperature increase trend determines the occurrence of clime changes triggered by GHG (greenhouse gases).

In the vicinity of DDBR there are economic operators abiding by the provisions of GD no. 780/ 2007 on the green certificate trading scheme, i.e. SC ALUM SA TULCEA for activities in the energy field, SC TREMAG SA Tulcea for activities in the ore industry, and SC ENERGOTERM SA Tulcea for activities in the energy field.

However, no activities contributing to ozone layer depletion through the generation of chlorinated solvents, hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFC), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), halons, and foaming agents are carried out in DDBR. Moreover, taking into account the high water levels, especially during the spring of 2013, human and tourism activities in DDBR were diminished.

9000

8000

7000

6000 s of CO2 of s

ne 5000 4000 3000

2000 Thousand ton Thousand 1000 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total CO2 emission in 408,45 1.093,99 1.093,99 1.135,48 1.091,97 Tulcea county Total CO2 emission in 7.220,54 7.946,62 5.410,71 7.119,36 665,60 Constanța county

Figure no. 36 Evolution of CO2 emissions in Tulcea and Constanţa during 2009 – 2013 (Source: Report on the environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa Counties, in 2012, 2013)

3.1.7.2. CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS ACTIONS FOR MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGES Climate changes have been acknowledged by the UN as one of the major challenges of the XXI century. The regions shall be affected to differently, some of them being exposed to dramatic consequences, and other being less affected. The communities in the Danube Delta Region already notice clime change effects - Danube waters freezing phenomena occur less frequently, the herring population reproduces earlier, in spring (Source: Report on clime change vulnerabilities, drafted by WWF Romania).

In the Danube Delta area, the main changes shall be determined by the increase of the average yearly temperature and by the modification of the seasonal distribution of precipitations. In hydro- meteorological terms, these changes shall be the consequence of the interaction between them, as well as of the Black Sea level increase impact.

The recent data analyses, resulting pursuant to the long-term hydro-meteorological observations, reveal a tendency towards the following changes: the average yearly temperature will increase by 1- 1.5 °С – by 1.8°С in summer and by 1.3°С in winter by 2050, which will determine shorter frost periods, longer heat periods, and extensive humidity periods. All this shall lead to a higher evaporation rate, the increase of the number of torrid days (heat waves), and the significant decrease of the snow periods. According to WWF data, the most vulnerable sectors include water sources, agriculture, and human health.

A) Climate change scenarios with an impact on water sources: The average temperature of water bodies will significantly increase, by 2 °С until 2050 – consequence: water quality decrease; The sea level will decrease to 0.15 m (the best case scenario) and to 0.5 m (the worst case scenario) – consequence: coastal erosion and flooding. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Establishment of water and river bank protection areas through forestation along river banks and lakes; Improvement of the natural water exchange processes with the active hydrographic network. B) Climate change scenarios with an impact on ecosystems: The higher Black Sea levels will determine an increase of wind-triggered waves inside the terrestrial plain ecosystems. Freshwater flora, with low salinity tolerance, will be replaced by typical salty water ecosystem vegetation. As a consequence of the temperature increase, the hibernation conditions of most mammal species will improve. Less snow will provide a competitive advantage to amphibians and reptiles, but will also alter the hibernating conditions for rodents. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Long-term monitoring, studies on the impact of climate changes over key species and food chains; Identification of climate shelters. C) Climate change scenarios with an impact on dwellings and infrastructure: More frequent torrential rain – consequence: damaging of the infrastructure and important economic loss. The higher water temperature will determine algae expansion, especially in shallow lakes, which puts drinking water supply at a risk. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Identification of the flooding risk infrastructure and construction prevention in potentially floodable areas; Construction of water collection and draining systems; Mitigation of nutrient leaks in the water bodies in localities by building treatment systems. D) Climate change scenarios with an impact on agriculture: The restriction of water sources may lead to an increase of the production price and the decrease of the local goods competitiveness on international markets; There might also be positive consequences, triggered by the possibility to grow secondary crops, due to the prolonged vegetation periods, as well as the introduction of new heat- and drought-resistant cultures. Mitigation and adaptation measures: Crop rotation, tree planting for shadow. E) Climate change scenarios with an impact on fishing: The fishing days period may extend, which will increase pressure over industrial species; Fish mortality may increase in summer because of algae expansion. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Harmonization of the interdiction calendar with the fishing quotas and norms. F) Climate change scenarios with an impact on forests: Fires will play an important role in the change of species structure. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Restoration and protection of river meadow forests. G) Climate change scenarios with an impact on the energy sector: Each temperature increase by 1°С will trigger efficiency drop by 0.1% for natural gas and petrol-fuelled heating plants. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Diversification of energy sources, especially the use of the local ones. H) Climate change scenarios with an impact on tourism: In the case of an extensive summer season, a higher number of visitors may be expected. However, this shall trigger extensive environmental pressure, if not managed efficiently. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Maintaining tourism within the limits of the environmental and socio-cultural capacity of the region. Environmental-friendly tourism forms include eco-tourism, agro-tourism, activities in the open, canoeing, cycling. I) Climate change scenarios with an impact on health: The higher temperatures may expand the Northern limits of tropical diseases (malaria, yellow fever, etc.). Frequent heat waves will have an impact on people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Mitigation and adaptation measures:

Awareness-raising campaigns on climate change risks and the development of the quick warning systems concerning human health risks. The issue of climate change is addressed at the national level within the Romanian National Strategy on Climate Change, 2013 - 2020, approved by Government Decision no. 529/2013, in two different ways, namely the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve the national objectives and adaptation to climate change, based on the EU policy on climate change.

Main effects of the climate changes affecting the research area are represented by drought/desertification and floods.

Under the National Strategy on reducing the effects of drought, prevent and combat land degradation and desertification on short, medium and long term, measures allowing emergency management generated by hydrological drought are presented.

Also, to conserve water in times of drought, each hydrographic area draws Plans for restrictions and use of water in deficit periods setting temporary restrictions on water use in drought and natural disaster situations where water needs for all utilities cannot be ensured. Order no. 634/420 / 31.05.2005 approves the Regulation on management of emergency situations caused by floods, hazardous phenomena, accidents at hydraulic structures and accidental pollution, which requires preparation of operational Reports that include the area where introduction of restrictions was imposed, the hydro meteorological situation that imposed the introduction of restrictions, measures taken to supplement the flow rates of rivers from accumulations located in the area, the restrictions schedule, measures to rationalize water use and transmission of daily operational reports until the return to the normal situation.

Romania's National Strategy on Climate Change (2013-2020) presents the following adaptation actions at national, regional and local level. Such adaptation actions at the local level are:

 Evaluation of legislation to reduce the risk of exposure to climate change;  Developing integrated programmes to reduce the alteration and anthropic influence on the geomorphology of the river basins, conservation of natural flow regime and preserving biodiversity, conservation and restoration of natural areas on the sectors identified with flood risk;  Measures to increase the capacity for multi-annual adjustment of flow;  Encouraging investments in river basin infrastructure.  Support actions to increase the efficiency of water use in agriculture and technological measures to adapt crops to become more resistant to drought and low amounts of water;  Promotion of land use management;  Promoting an integrated informational system regarding adaptation to climate change;  Support measures to extend national forest (including windbreaks);  Promotion of environmentally friendly technologies in forestry activities; Adaptation actions at regional level are:

 Use in agriculture of resilient species to intense and persistent drought, but with regard to the risk to biodiversity;  Afforestation of slopes with risk of floods propagation;  Resizing of the sewerage systems in urban areas;  Reducing losses in water distribution networks (from 50% at present to 20% in 2025);  Re-evaluation of water resources at river basin and sub-basin level in the frame of climate change;  Planning of actions at local and regional level to cope with the heat waves periods. In order to establish practical actions to protect the population against floods the National strategy for flood risk management in the medium and long term was developed, approved by Government Decision no. 804/2010. At Danube basin level, in 2012 the Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Danube River Basin was developed. This is based on studies and projects for climate change which refer to scenarios of climate change, water related impacts, vulnerability to climate change and possible adaptation measures. Climate change impacts on water bodies consist in seasonal changes of flow, situations of water scarcity and low level of flow, more frequent and heavy precipitations. The development of climate change objectives (water, biodiversity, agriculture, fisheries, transport, regional development, energy, etc.) are addressed in the project Program regarding climate change and green growth, with low carbon emissions, which the Government of Romania is implementing with the World Bank.

3.1.8. MATERIAL VALUES

3.1.8.1. URBAN AND RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE An analysis criterion in terms of infrastructure development in the researched area is also represented by the evolution of the dwelling area27, which, as shown by the graph below, features an increasing trend during 2009 – 2013, the dwelling areas above 20% being registered in I.C Brătianu, Smârdan, Văcăreni, Niculiţel, Mihail Kogălniceanu, Mahmudia, and Beştepe localities.

3.800.000

3.700.000

3.600.000

3.500.000

3.400.000

3.300.000

3.200.000 Developed square meters area meters square Developed 3.100.000 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Living area 3.357.962 3.373.479 3.704.568 3.722.936 3.741.082

Figure no. 37 Evolution of the dwelling area in the researched region during 2009 – 2013 (Source: NIS)

27 Dwelling area represents the sum of all areas of living rooms determined based on the internal dimensions of the rooms at floor level, divided by the number of people.

Figure no. 38 Evolution of the dwelling area in the researched region

According to the Activity Report of DDBRA in 2013, on DDBR territory were issued about 1570 acts by the environmental regulatory authority for construction of holiday houses, recreation centers, hostels, fish collection centers, roads rehabilitation, touristic facilities, water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment plants.

The Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy of Tulcea County during 2014 – 2020 proposes specific objectives aiming at increasing attractiveness and competitiveness in the urban areas by promoting the modernization of the urban area infrastructure and increasing life standard in rural areas.

3.1.8.2. TOURISM The development of tourism and of the tourism infrastructure in Danube Delta area currently is a priority both at a national, and at a regional and local level (DDBR 2011 Management Plan).

The reserve offers numerous tourism opportunities due to the natural or anthropic tourism resources and it has a special attraction for visitors. According to the data for 2001 -2013, after an increase in the number of visitors of 88,688 tourists in 2008, there was a decrease of their number, to 74,507 tourists in 2013. 88688 80373 75244 69787 61167 73428 72688 74507 61634 46462 37707 51818 36300

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Tourist arrivals in accomodation facilities

Figure no. 39 Tourist arrivals in accommodation facilities in the researched area

(Source: NIS)

Natural tourism resources are represented by the landforms specific to the Danube Delta (sandbanks on Letea and Caraorman Banks, littoral beaches in the coast area, Black Sea vicinity, channels, brooks, ponds, and lakes), the Razim-Sinoe Lagoon, and Măcin Mountains (one of the oldest geological structures on the continent) and by the flora and fauna hosted by natural habitats.

Anthropic tourism resources are represented by the cultural heritage developed by human communities. They include archaeological vestiges and the ruins of certain fortresses and ancient human dwellings attesting inhabitation traces and the delta area occupancy stages (vestiges of Argamum Fortress at Capul Doloşman, ruins of the Byzantine Fortress on Bisericuţa Island, ruins of Dinogeţia locality, ruins of Heracleea Fortress in Enisala, ruins of the Greek fortress Istria, etc.). This category also includes the historical, architecture, and art monuments, as well as the testimonies of local folk culture, testimonies systematized and exhibited in museums (Danube Delta Museum in Tulcea, Eastern Art Museum in Babadag), memorial homes (the house of the writer Eugen Botez, pseudonym Jean Bart, in Sulina), folk and ethnographic art collections (peasant household in Enisala).

As the cultural and natural assets represent the key attraction of the area, the restoration, protection and improvement thereof is a high priority.

According to the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Management Plan, the main forms of tourism possible on the territory of the reserve are:

Rest stays, organized by tourism companies, in hotels and guesthouses, or in the floating hotels; Itinerant tourism, on water, terrestrial or mixed routes, individually or in groups organized by tourism operators; Scientific tourism for researchers in various fields of activity (biologists, ornithologists, ichthyologists, etc.), for students, master students, doctoral students, etc.; Special youth programmes, to know, understand, and protect nature; Rural tourism, tourists being accommodated and guided by local residents; Heliomarine cures; Picture-taking safari; Water sports tourism; Sport fishing and hunting tourism. The accommodation offer available in the researched area currently includes 131 accommodation structures in urban and rural hotels and guesthouses, in floating hotels or bungalows, tourist camps or camping sites.

139 131 131 126 126 128 102 117 98 117 82 101 76 91 81 83

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Number of tourist accommodation units

Figure no. 40 Number of tourist accommodation units in the researched area

(Source: NIS)

3.1.8.3. FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE Fishing is an important activity for Danube Delta area, being, in fact, one of the oldest occupations of the population here. Three known categories of fishing are present in DDBR: commercial, for leisure, and for the own consumption of resident families. Currently, approximately 1500 fishermen are authorized for commercial fishing, and 2500 families in the area are authorized to fish for household consumption, within the limit of 3 kg of fish per day. Approximately 17,000 leisure fishing licenses were issued by DDBRA in 2012, and in 2013 32,500 licenses were issued, which indicates high interest for Danube Delta area. As an average, a leisure fisherman spends approximately 16 days fishing per year, being entitled to 5 kg/fisher/day. The overall quota (regardless of the species and of the fishing area) is of 1371 t, but it is not systematically monitored or regulated. (Source: Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy of Tulcea County for 2014 – 2020)

In the research area, Tulcea County, through the Danube Delta, holds almost half of the areas favourable to the development of aquaculture in the South-Eastern area28.

In the Danube Delta, of the overall area arranged for fishery, i.e. 43,937 ha, only 20,662.6 ha are currently used for fishing, of which 16,767.0 ha are surface water areas, and 3,895.6 ha are covered

28 Source:http://www.madr.ro/docs/fep/programare-2014-2020/draft-PSNMA-2014-2020.pdf, accessed on 03.04.2015 by floodable reed-beds. Of the used area, a small portion is employed for semi-intensive fishery with population dominated by phyplankton eating species (above 50-60%) in combination with carp and other species (catfish, Prussian carp, etc.), and a quite extensive area is used of extensive fishery activities combined with leisure-sports fishing. It is estimated that the output of the fishery facilities is of approx. 3,000 tons of edible fish.

Only one artificial fish reproduction facility is operational in the Danube Delta (phytoplankton eating species in Sarinasuf, which, depending on the orders, may produce 50-100 million of carps aged between 3 and 5 days and even more. The other 10 stations available at a certain point (Caraorman, Maliuc, Perişor, Rusca, Enisala, Lunca, Iazurile, Chilia I, Chilia II – Hreblea, Stipoc) have been closed down. Some of the fishery facilities produce juvenile carp in natural-directed reproduction basins, with unit surfaces varying between 0.5 and 1.0 ha/basin (BRN) and Babadag farm, 106 ha.

Pursuant to the legal provisions on the restoration of unused/abandoned lands arranged for agriculture or fishery, during 1994 – 2010, environmental reconstruction works were carried out on important areas located on land improper for fishery or damaged as a consequence of inadequate use, with an overall surface area of 9,230 ha in Popina fishery facility (overall surface area of 3,600.0 ha) and in Holbina I, Holbina II, and Dunavăţ II fishery facilities (overall surface of 5,630 ha).

According to the surveys carried out, the conversion of aquaculture to leisure fishing may generate higher income associated to the accommodation of fishermen, meals, services such as guides, boat rental, etc. If it is responsibly developed, leisure fishing can be environmental-friendly and compatible with the DDBR objectives, including with the water habitat management and conservation practices.29

3.1.8.4. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT In the researched area, agriculture is conditioned by the types of soils and by the hydro- geomorphological specifics of the Danube Delta, representing the largest area of the researched region.

The overall arable land area in the researched region is of approximately 228,041.31 ha, representing approximately 31.34% of the overall researched region surface area (727,533.06 ha).

In extra-deltaic areas, the clayey soil features define the main types of crops, i.e.: grape vine and fruit trees. Wheat, sunflower, rye, corn crops also are specific to the area but, because of the clime with very dry summers, these crops no longer register important outputs. Animal farming is represented by bovine, porcine, ovine, birds. Apiculture is also developed in the area.

In DDBR, agriculture, with the two specific activities: land cultivation and animal growing, is one of the oldest occupations. Agriculture is carried out in private system and includes two main activities: cereal and other plant cultivation and animal farming.

29 Source: Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy of Tulcea County for 2014 – 2020

Figure no. 41 Land use in the researched area, Source: CLC

However, agriculture holds a low ratio in the local economy. Fishing and aquaculture play a rather important role due to the specifics of the area and the geographical location.

The trend regarding the land use in agriculture is revegetation / restoration of agricultural polders and their introduction into the natural cycle. It is about those lands whose original destination was changed by reducing the floodplain and their conversion into agricultural land.

Restoration works were carried out between the years 1994 - 2004 in the islands Babina (2100 ha) and Cernovca (1,580 ha) in the aquaculture polder Popina (3,600 ha) and in the forestry polder Fortuna (2,115 ha).

The estimated total economic benefits as a result of Babina and Cernovca islands restoration, translated into fish, reeds and grass were estimated at 140,000 euro/year. The restored areas offers additional services of improved ecosystem, for example through nutrient removal, habitat restoration and storage of water, contributing to adaptation to climate change. (Source: https://www.cjtulcea.ro/sites/cjtulcea/AnunturiPublice/Pages/diverse-anunturi.aspx, accessed on 03.07.2015)

3.1.8.5. ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT BY PROMOTING REGIONAL VALUES Environmental-friendly economy is one that focuses on enhancing human welfare and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks, preventing biodiversity and ecosystem service loss. Economy may be regarded as environmental-friendly if it lowers carbon emissions, promotes efficient resource use and is socially inclusive (PNUM Green Economy Initiative).

Tourism is an important element in the development of Danube Delta Region. The projects promoting the region as a tourism destination and attract visitors range amongst the most important. Projects developing synergies (between various fields, such as environment, tourism, fishing, small business, services, etc.) meant to enhance public services (transport, water distribution, sanitation etc.) for the development of economy and life standard are also important.

Tourism and fishing will continue to be important for the generation of work places, and nature- based tourism has development potential. The tourism potential will be restricted if urban services (water, sewage, waste collection) and tourism infrastructure are not improved.

The local economy will draw several benefits if tourism attractions and leisure fishing, environmental-friendly agriculture, guide tours are developed. As the cultural and natural assets represent the key attraction of the area, the restoration, protection and improvement thereof is a high priority.

The ecological restauration of embanked areas is a key priority of the Reserve Administration for the conservation of biodiversity in the Danube Delta. The general principle of ecological restauration of embanked facilities involves the connection to the natural flooding regime. The restoration of the environmental functions leads to the development of area-specific resources, with the traditional economic activities of the local population: fishing, hunting, reed harvesting, pasture, leisure.

3.1.9. CULTURAL HERITAGE

3.1.9.1. CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE RESEARCHED AREA Danube Delta region holds an important cultural heritage, made up of historical monuments and archaeological sites, as well as traditions and customs attesting the age and human forms of culture and civilization ever since Prehistoric times.

The cultural heritage in the researched area dates since Neolothic (Hamangia culture is representative), with testimonies of Hallstatt culture (Babadag Fortress), Dacian culture (Agighiol grave), and important vestiges dating since the Roman Era (Halmyris -currently Murighiol, Salsovia - Mahmudia, Talamonium - Nufăru, Aegyssus - Tulcea, Noviodunum - Isaccea). Sarichioi locality hosts Enisala Fortress, built by the Genovese merchants established here in the XIII-XIV centuries. The Greek Fortress Histria, the first attested city on the current territory of Romania, is included on the List of Historical Monuments, as an archaeological site, being officially entered in the European Heritage List in February 2007.

We also mention Sulina town, with its unique specificity amongst Danube cities, in terms of architecture.

The archaeological sites (including Sulina historical city centre) are conservation areas, requiring special protection measures for development interventions.

The richness and diversity of the material cultural heritage (monasteries, fortresses, churches, monuments) and of the immaterial cultural heritage represented by human settlements preserving the values of the rural cultural civilization in everyday life in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve should be mentioned.

Figure no. 42 Historical monuments in the researched area

The universal natural heritage value of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve was acknowledged through its inclusion in the UNESCO Cultural and Natural World Heritage List in December 1990.

According to the updated list of historical monuments in Romania (annex to the Order of the Minister of Culture no. 2361/2010), in Tulcea County, of the 567 registered historical monuments, 59 are barrows or barrow groups30. During 2006-2008, the Eco-Museum Research Institute in Tulcea listed 25 large archaeological sites. This project has revealed the existence of a category of archaeological sites – funeral barrows – that are in great danger, because of farming activities. As part of the project, 102 barrows were identified in 2007 in Baia, Ceamurlia de Jos, Jurilovca, and Mihail Kogălniceanu localities area.

In Constanţa County, according to the updated list of historical monuments, barrow groups have been identified in the area of Corbu, Mihai Viteazu, and Istria localities, relevant for the Strategy influence area.

Funeral barrows date since the Antique Roman Era, the Roman Greece and Geto-Dacian Eras.

30 Source: http://patrimoniu.gov.ro/ro/monumente-istorice/lista-monumentelor-istorice

Figure no. 43 Distribution of funeral barrows (tumuli) in the study area

3.1.9.2. TRADITIONS The customs in the researched area are closely related to the ethnic and religious diversity of its residents. The perimeter of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve hosts several ethnicities that have fully preserved their tradition and religion to these days. The following ethnic groups cohabit alongside Romanians, which represent the majority population: Lipovan Russians, Ukrainians, Turkish people, Tartars, Bulgarians, Germans, Greeks, Armenians, Macedonians, Aromanians, Italians, and many others. There also are villages where these ethnic groups have exerted a strong influence, such as, for instance the ones on Letea Sandbank (Letea village – Lipovans, Periprava – Ukrainians and C.A. Rosetti – Romanians).

The traditions and customs in Danube Delta area reflect in the traditional activities (fishing), in the folklore, as well as in the traditional cuisine, which can increase tourism attractiveness in the area (culinary tourism). To this end, we mention local initiatives, such as those of ANTREC Tulcea, the organized of Danube Delta Fish Borsch Festival, in 2014.

3.1.9.3. CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION MEASURES

In the Danube Delta area, the activities promoting cultural heritage, local traditions and customs are carried out by local NGOs or may feature a wider regional or national scope, with the strategic support of DDBRA. We mention some of the project promoting the cultural heritage of the researched area:

“Ivan Patzaichin – Mila 23” Association - Crişan + Caraorman + Mila 23 Project: Eco-tourism for the future, promotes the Crişan + Caraorman + Mila 23 Triangle as the nucleus of an own brand eco-tourism destination promoting local goods and services and cultural traditions. - Rowmania FEST - National Row Boar Festival, in Tulcea (held twice up to now), proposes water canoeing competitions, sustainable development project presentation fair, local community cultural shows, debates, gastronomic events, concerts, film projection, and not only Save the Danube and the Delta - The culinary tradition festival “D’ale Gurii Dunarii” (Danube Food), aiming at showing that Delta gastronomic and cultural traditions are reliable sustainable development solutions for the dwellers. The conservation of local customs and traditions is one of DDBRA's concerns – local culture and customs are regarded as essential for social welfare and the protection of the Delta environment, and they require support and promotion - as mentioned in the Danube Delta Strategy for 2011 - 2015.

3.1.10. LANDSCAPE The researched area is characterized by high diversity of the natural and anthropic landscape, with a huge capitalization potential through sustainable tourism activities, of the eco- and agro-tourism type.

Of the variety of landscape types in the area, we mention:

The unique Măcin landscape, surrounded by Dobrogea forest steppes; hosting approx. 50% of the plant and animal species in Romania, on a surface of 1%. The delta landscape, with the specific landforms: sandbank, lake, coastal beach. An analysis of the map below reveals that the plain steppe landscape is predominant, represented by arable lands and wetlands.

Figure no. 44 Landscape types in the researched area

The landscape value is given by the natural elements represented by the landforms, water, vegetation, fauna, natural monuments, as well as by the anthropic elements: traditional settlements, cultural assets of the area: historical monuments, archaeological vestiges.

For 2007-2008, Danube Delta was declared the landscape of the year by “Prietenii Naturii Internaţional” (International Nature Friends) Association. Thus, the delta beauties, the impressive flora and fauna in this area, have been promoted towards a larger number of potential tourists, which favours local economic development.

3.1.11. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

3.1.11.1. ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE RESEARCHED AREA In the European Union the current energy system is heavily dependent on fossil fuels, more than half of primary energy consumption being imported. The exhaustible nature of fossil fuels, the pollution produced by burning them and increased greenhouse effect leading to global warming imposed identification of other resources of energy, renewable and inexhaustible. Thus, European Union has formulated a series of policies and measures regarding the utilization of renewable energy sources.

For Romania, the target set for 2020 by Directive 2009/28 / EC is 24% as share of energy from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption, representing an increase of 6.2% compared to reference year 2005 (reference value for 2005 is 17.8%). To properly fulfil its target set for 2020, Romania will have to capitalize 63.5% of the total potential of available renewable energy sources. The most important energy sources in the researched area are represented by wind and solar energy. Wind energy is regarded as offering high potential, both on the territory of DDBR, and, especially, in the neighbouring areas.

Wind force-based electricity production facilities operate in the vicinity of DDBR, such as the ones in Baia, Topolog, Corbu, Măcin.

Solar energy is an important energy source due to the large number of sunshine hours on the DDBR territory, approx. 2500 per year. However, this potential is scarcely used, in small hotel units, especially for the supply of hot household water.

3.1.11.2. PROMOTING ACTIVITIES CONTRIBUTING TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY At the level of the research area, the activities that may be implemented in order to save energy and increase energy efficiency are related to:

Building energy efficiency, including the construction of close-to-zero energy consumption buildings; Use of reed as insulation material in constructions or as biomass; Improvement of industrial practices and technologies; Improvement of consumer practices and behaviour (in households, offices, etc.). Of special relevance for the enhancement of energy efficiency are the local awareness-raising, promotion, information campaigns, focusing on the capitalization of local renewable energy sources, while also promoting local tradition-based tourism.

An example to this end if the information campaign “Reed is cool!”, carried out by Letea UNESCO Association, in partnership with Save the Danube and the Delta Association, Ecopolis Sustainable Policy Center and Public Participation Resource Center. The goal of the campaign is to promote the delta rural landscape, starting from Letea village reality, C.A. Rosetti Commune. In this context, the reed roof construction craftsmanship in the Danube Delta features all premises to be entered in the UNESCO world heritage, as an immaterial value. The campaign aims at drawing the authorities' attention on the benefits of the promotion of this craft, which could trigger major changes in the local community, by increasing the number of tourists in the area. Another goal is to promote the usefulness of reed roofs amongst residents, as it has a much better aspect as compared to the alternatives, is cheaper, and has good thermal insulation properties. The project is funded through SEE 2009-2014 Grants under the Romanian NGO Fund, amounting to 31,182 euro, during 1 July 2014-31 March 201531.

3.1.11.3. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION According to ENEL Distribution Dobrogea data, electricity consumption decreased in Tulcea County during 2010 – 2013.

31 Source: http://letea.eu/stuful-e-beton/ 700.000 600.000 500.000

400.000

300.000 Mwh 200.000 100.000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 Electricity consumption in 621.982 612.434 539.413 433.549 Tulcea county

Figure no. 45 Evolution of electricity consumption in Tulcea County

Electricity consumption has fluctuated in Tulcea County, depending on the economic dynamics, being related to the operation of the large consumers (FERAL, ALUM, and the shipyard). Thus, the highest electricity consumption was registered in 2010 and 2011, while in 2013 the lowest electricity consumption was registered for the analysed period.

According to the Report on the environmental state in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in 2013, electricity consumption at the economic units in DDBR will register a slight increase in the coming period due to tourism development and services. There is a trend to development of nonconventional energy production based mainly on solar energy and less on using wind energy.

Use of non-conventional energy in DDBR has a significant magnitude at present, there are however local initiatives using solar panels for domestic water heating. (Sources: http://www.ddbra.ro/media/Starea%20mediului%202013.pdf, accessed on 03.07.2015)

3.1.11.4. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY According to ENEL Distribution Dobrogea data, electricity supply is 100% covered in the study area.

In DDBR area there are no electricity generating units. For transporting electricity from Ukraine to national system, in the land outside built-up area of Isaccea city a transformer station of 750/400 kV is located on an area of 18 ha.

3.1.11.5. HEATING - CENTRALIZED THERMAL ENERGY SYSTEMS The centralized thermal energy supply systems feature numerous advantages as compared to other systems. Technologies for the production of energy from very high energetic and economic efficiency sources (co-generation) can be used, with an output of approximately 100%. Various fuels can also be used, such as household waste, biomass. The number and concentration of open fire heat sources and pollution are reduced, due to the possibility to install burning gas filtering and neutralization equipment. Because of the problems this sector faces (demand drop, operation below installed capacity, higher costs of the provided services, high loss), the heating systems have to be adapted to the new thermal energy consumption levels, which are lower, the modernization and development thereof being required, in compliance with environmental protection norms. There are two thermal energy operators in the researched area, distributed in two urban localities in Tulcea County (Tulcea City and Măcin town).

Economic, industrial, agricultural companies secure heating of their manufacturing and office space through their own installations with electric energy, heat storage stoves or central heating on oil or gas. Thermal energy required for heating all built spaces in DDBR is obtained by combustion of liquid and solid fuels (biomass).

GD no. 320/2006 approves the National Programme for the reduction of energy costs for the population, by increasing energy efficiency and using renewable energy. Investments have been made in the centralized heating systems in Tulcea County, as follows:

Tulcea City: - Population thermal energy consumption metering - Rehabilitation of secondary thermal networks. Măcin Town: modernization of heating plants and networks. 3.1.12. SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT

3.1.12.1. CURRENT TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE The natural reserve status and the predominance of the aquatic environment confers specific features to the transportation facilities in Danube Delta area, the connection to and between Danube Delta localities being possible only on inland waterways.

An important element in economic terms is transport during the summer season, of an important number of tourists, an increase of tourism by river craft being registered over the past years (according to the Danube Delta Strategy for 2011-2015).

Tulcea County is crossed by an overall public road network of 1,318 km, distributed as follows:

National roads of 327 km, of which 153 km represent the European road DE 87; County roads 480 km; Communal roads 511 km. The road access to the Danube Delta is ensured on three national roads, two county roads, and two communal roads. According to the Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy of Tulcea County for 2014 – 2020, the main road network issues are represented by the weak quality thereof, the inadequate lighting and street marking system, and the critical condition of roads in the rural area, the roads in most rural areas being without gravel or pavement.

The quality of the road network was also affected by the floods of 2011 – 2013, the lack of the protection measures being identified due to the impossibility to provide alternative routes, which leads to the potential isolation of certain areas, as well as to the possible interruption of the connection to the large country areas.

On the Romanian territory, the Danube is part of Pan-European corridor VII, and Sulina and Tulcea harbours are included in the existing TEN-T network.

It concerns inland navigation on the Danube, Danube – Black Sea Canal, Danube Arms: Chilia and Sulina, the sailable connections between the Black Sea and the Danube, Danube – Sava Canal, Danube – Tisa Canal, as well as the main harbour infrastructures located on these waterways. The minimum depth for safe sailing on maritime Danube is of approx. 7 m. Sulina Canal ensures the maritime traffic (for 25000 TDW ships) from the Black Sea to the Danube, representing the connection between maritime Danube and river Danube.

Two airports are present in the researched area: “Delta Dunării” Airport, located 14 km away from Tulcea City and Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport, located 26 km away from Constanţa City and approximately 100 km away from the Danube Delta. The main air transport challenges are mainly related to the lack of the technical equipment required for air manoeuvres under special circumstances and the technical maintenance services of aircrafts, which do not abide by international standards.

Rail transport is difficult and with delays, 812 Medgidia – Tulcea railroad requiring modernization works.

According to Danube Delta Reserve Management Plan (2008 - 2012), the transport activity has recently developed, especially for small capacity transport, passengers and freight, pursuant to the development of the tourism activity. The transport by maritime waterways is decreasing.

Figure no. 46 Transport network in the researched area

(Source: Open Street Map)

As shown in the Air Quality Management Programme in Tulcea County the main source of air pollution with PM10 was caused in 70% by the road traffic and roads condition. As regards to the conduct of shipping, according to Danube Delta Strategy for 2011-2015, the current activities of the ports have a negative impact on the environment, existing conditions are insufficient compared to the minimum requirements that Romania has assumed under international conventions and European legislation transposed into national law:

Inappropriate operation of goods: bulk cargo operators are using inadequate technologies, leading to direct ambient air pollution due to dispersion of particulate matter, and indirect pollution of water. The goods stored in bulk on platforms are driven by the wind and rainwater in the harbour basin leading to water and sediment pollution. This phenomenon is predominantly in areas were grain, ore, bauxite, phosphate, fertilizers, urea are operated;

Ship repair works executed in shipyard and floating docks are a major source of water pollution and sediment with oil residue, rust, heavy metals, toxic compounds;

Uncontrolled discharges of oil wastes and garbage from ships;

Inadequate treatment of oil residues and washing water from tankers, water ballast from tanks transporting liquid chemicals, technological waters and platform waters from the oil terminal; after removal and recovery of oil, water is discharged into the port basin without prior treatment.

According to data presented in the Activity Report of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Administration in 2013 and 2012, a number of 2785 permits of access to ships and boats in DDBR were issued in 2013, and 2592 in 2012.

3.1.12.2. TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES The development of the transport activity is closely related to a certain urbanization trend in the area, to tourism and local services development. In addition to the development of the transport infrastructure, the impact on environmental factors (transport emissions) and the extensive human pressure on ecosystems should be taken into account.

Danube Delta Strategy for 2011-2015 reveals concerns related to the development of sustainable transport activities, the objectives proposed in this field being: the development and modernization of the naval transport activity, with the regulation of access and circulation of ships on the reserve perimeter, the increase of navigation safety on inland waterways, the prevention of water pollution by ships and the maintenance of the transport infrastructure reliability.

According to the data in the Air Quality Management Plan for Tulcea County, the main PM10 air pollution sources were the road traffic and the condition of roads (70%).

3.1.13. WASTE MANAGEMENT

3.1.13.1. CURRENT WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT SITUATION The generated waste quantity is closely related to economic development. This requires the implementation of the waste prevention and mitigation activities to a level that does not represent a hazard for the environment and population health.

As it can be noted from the drawing below, the trend of municipal waste generation in Tulcea County is an increasing one, unlike Constanţa County where there is a decrease of the generated municipal waste quantities, during 2009 – 2013. 450.000,00 400.000,00 350.000,00

300.000,00 250.000,00 200.000,00 Tonnes 150.000,00 100.000,00 50.000,00 0,00 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total municipal waste generated in Tulcea 63.835,47 57.430,27 57.870,72 52.650,37 47.634,48 county Total municipal waste generated in Constanța 425.514,10 390.144 362.497 357.430,60 366.175,99 county

Figure no. 47 Evolution of the quantity of municipal waste generated in Tulcea and Constanţa, during 2009 – 2013 (Source: Report on environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa, for 2013, 2012)

The quantity of collected municipal waste registered a decrease, both in Tulcea, and in Constanţa County, as also illustrated in the graph below.

Except for compacting, in Tulcea County, the municipal waste collected for final discharge through landfill is not subjected to any pre-storage treatment process, and selective waste collection for recovery purposes is carried out in a very low percentage. Municipal waste is eliminated in the Tulcea zonal landfill for non-hazardous, hazardous, but stable, and non-reactive waste, owned by SC ECOREC SA Popeşti-Leordeni, with a business unit in Tulcea. The non-compliant municipal landfills in Tulcea County, in Măcin and Sulina, are to be closed down in 2016 and 2017, respectively. According to the Report on environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013, 12 non- compliant landfills in the perimeter of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve have been closed down, and waste is no longer deposited in Sf. Gheorghe landfill. 450.000,00 400.000,00 350.000,00 300.000,00 Tonnes 250.000,00 200.000,00 150.000,00 100.000,00 50.000,00 0,00 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total municipal waste 55.758,86 50.250,58 49.694,21 46.063,31 41.674,96 collected in Tulcea county Total municipal waste collected in Constanța 405.722 368.423,90 352.304,60 352.109 361.392 county

Figure no. 48 Evolution of collected municipal waste quantity in Tulcea and Constanţa, during 2009 – 2013 (Source: Report on environment condition in Tulcea and Constanţa County, for 2013, 2012)

In the perimeter of Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve an increase of the rural and urban household waste has been notice, especially for paper and cardboard packaging, PET and light plastics, due to the fact that the goods sold are pre-packaged.

According to the Report on the state of the environment in DDBR, for 2013, the current practice of collecting, transporting and landfilling in rural and urban areas are inadequate, causing a negative impact on the environment.

Major risks arising from uncontrolled waste disposal, lack of application of measures to reduce the volume of wastes, appear more obvious in situations with heavy rainfall, flash floods, which involve amounts of waste of all categories, causing the surface water pollution.

The amount of wastes in the Delta is represented not only by wastes generated in the research area, but also all waste brought into the Delta by the Danube, particularly during floods. An example in this sense is the recent situation occurred in 22.05.2015, when along with increasing flow rate of the Danube, the waste quantity along the cliff in Galati town increased. Some waste, such as plastic bottles, wood and household waste get into the Delta, causing its pollution.

In the localities from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, there are no integrated systems for separate collection of packaging waste, hazardous waste from municipal waste, biodegradable waste and large ones.

Packaging waste is collected separately from household waste in a very small percentage. Recyclable waste collection systems are not yet operational in Chilia Veche, Sulina, Crişan and Sfântu Gheorghe. Also, hazardous waste from household waste, represented by batteries, oil, fluorescent tubes, paint, medications, diluents and their packaging thrown at random through uncontrolled depositing, may complicate the process of decomposition and can contaminate groundwater and pollute soil and subsoil.

Waste from construction and demolition, represented by construction materials, excavated soil are utilised to fill holes on local roads of localities, because they are considered environmentally safe materials.

The wastes generated from medical activities, were collected, treated and disposed in accordance with legal regulations, but even in these cases, these considerations lead to the conclusion that waste management requires the adoption of specific measures appropriate to each phase of waste disposal into the environment.

3.1.13.2. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT The National Waste Management Strategy, approved through GD no. 870/2013, sets the policy and strategic objectives of Romania in the field of waste management on the short- (2015) and medium- term (2020). The strategy supports the measures aiming at ensuring the efficient use of resources and it apply to all types of waste regulated under Law no. 211/2011 on waste management.

Decision of Tulcea County Council no. 104/2009 approves the Integrated Waste Management Master Plan for Tulcea County and the list of priority investments for the “Integrated Waste Management System in Tulcea County”, a project financed through SOP Environment.

According to the Report on environment condition in Tulcea County, for 2013, waste management investments are envisaged, as follows:

Commissioning of Măcin Town Waste Transfer Station. Commissioning of the “Integrated waste management system in Danube Delta localities”, consisting of the development of the following centers: o waste collection, selection, and transfer center in Chilia Veche;

o waste collection, selection, and transfer center in Sulina;

o waste collection, selection, and transfer center in Sf. Gheorghe;

o waste collection, selection, and transfer center in Crişan;

o reclaimable waste collection centers in all Danube Delta localities;

o mixed waste collection centers (household and reclaimable) in certain localities (those with population agglomerations - blocks of flats).

Implementation of the measures under the Project Waste Management System for Tulcea County, funded under SOP Environment, Priority axis 2 “Development of integrated waste management system and rehabilitation of historically contaminated sites”, Major intervention field 2.1. Development of integrated waste management systems and expansion of waste management infrastructure, through the development of: o Mihai Bravu mechanical-biological treatment station;

o Mihai Bravu landfill;

o close down of incompliant landfills Isaccea, Măcin, Sulina; o 100% selective collection;

o composting in 60% of the households;

o execution of access roads;

o execution of quays;

o purchase of the Danube Delta waste transfer ship;

o purchase of long-distance carrier vehicles.

In order to ensure an efficient household waste selective collection and recovery system, Constanţa County Council is implementing the project Integrated Waste Management System in Constanţa County, a project funded under SOP Environment, Priority Axis 2 “Development of integrated waste management system and rehabilitation of historically contaminated sites”, Major intervention field 2.1. Development of integrated waste management systems and expansion of waste management infrastructure”. The main project-specific objectives include the development of Tortoman landfill with a capacity of 970,000 tons and of the mechanical-biological treatment and composting stations Ovidiu and Tortoman.

The Report on environment condition in Tulcea County, for 2013, presents the waste management objectives, which consist of the prevention and mitigation thereof, through:

The development of clean technologies, with low natural resource consumption; The development of technologies and the trading of goods that, through the way in which they are manufactured, used or discarded do not have an impact or have the lowest impact on the increase of the waste volume or hazard level, or over the pollution risk; The development of suitable technologies for the final elimination of hazardous materials from waste to be capitalized; Material and energetic waste reclamation, with the conversion thereof into secondary raw materials or the use of waste as an energy source. 3.1.14. EFFICIENT USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES

3.1.14.1. EXPLOITATION OF NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES In the researched area, the National Agency for Mineral Resources has issued 3 active licenses for the exploitation of industrial, construction and decorating chalk in Ceamurlia de Jos and of Niculiţel Diabase. Moreover, 3 operating licenses have been issued for the Granodiorite in Greci – Măcin and the Industrial and construction chalk in Mahmudia and Corbu, as well as an exploration license for Niculiţel Diabase32.

According to the Report on environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013, non-renewable natural resources are represented in DDBR by quartz sand for the steel industry, heavy metal ores in littoral sandbanks, peat, etc.

The sands in the river-marine banks have been exploited, respectively the ones on Caraorman sandbank (quartz sand – 90.8 % SiO) to be used in the manufacture of glass and in the technological process at Galaţi Iron and Steel. After the Danube Delta has been declared as a Biosphere Reserve,

32 Source: http://www.namr.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Permise_active.htm, accessed on 14.04.2015. the exploitation works ceased and the plants and unfinished constructions have been abandoned, which no longer fit into the delta landscape. Coastline sand has been processed for the extraction of certain heavy metals. The heavy metal industrial extraction and processing from Chituc sandbanks ceased in the ’90s as these activities do not correspond to the reserve status.

3.1.14.2. RENEWABLE RESOURCE USE According to the Report on environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013, residents are entitled to a fish quota for household consumption of approximately 3 kg/family/day or only one fish, if its weight exceeds 3 kg, as well as to a reed quota of 2t /household for specific constructions (fences, roofs, household annexes).

In 2013, the authorities issued 25 reed harvesting licenses for household use, 45 household fishing licenses, and 15 farming licenses on temporary surfacing lands.

The reed resource is capitalized by companies with ongoing concession agreements in the areas: Black Sea Coastline, Roşu – Puiu – Împuţita, Holbina – Dranov, Sinoe, Buhaz, as well as through direct award to legally established organizations/ self-employed associations.

For the 2012 – 2013 harvesting season, 10547.5 ha were proposed for reed exploitation for commercial purposes, with an estimated natural harvesting potential of 14 327.98 tons. 30190.0 tons have been harvested, in a percentage of 21.1%. 2254 hectares have been harvested, of which: 1508 hectares mechanically, using specific machineries compliant with the reed stalk safety requirements, i.e. the specific soil work pressure must not exceed 100 gr/cm2 and 746 hectares; manually, using traditional tools, in a percentage of 27.9% (using non-polluting rush-bed harvesting and sanitation technologies established by the resource administrator), with an estimated harvest surface area of 10 547.5 hectares.

For the 2013-2014 harvesting season, 9727.50 hectares were proposed for reed exploitation for commercial purposes, with an estimated natural harvesting potential of 11210 tons33.

In the study area and its neighbourhood are proposed or in operation a number of projects to exploit renewable energy resources (wind, solar, biomass, biogas). Most of these projects belong to the wind sector. According to data available on the website of Transelectrica, total summed power of the wind farms in operation at 20.04.2015 in the study area is 395.79 MW, while installed capacity of photovoltaic power plants is only 7.5 MW. No projects that exploit biomass or biogas were identified in operation.

33 Source: Report on environment condition in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, for 2013.

Figure no. 49 Projects in various stages having as a purpose the capitalization of renewable resources in the researched area

3.1.15. RISK MANAGEMENT The crisis management activities and initiatives in the researched area are coordinated by Tulcea County Committee for Emergencies and by Dobrogea Emergency Inspectorate of Constanţa County.

According to the Assessment Report of the activities carried out by Tulcea County Committee for Emergencies in 2013, the main risk management issues are:

1) The current protection level against the various types of disasters is inadequate considering the risks identified in each locality; 2) The lack of adequate vehicles/machinery at the level of the intervention system or the lack of emergency multidisciplinary training centers; 3) Part of the ISU fleet in the Delta is obsolete, approx. 75% older than 10 years, and almost 60% older than 20 years; 4) The investments made during 2007 – 2013 only covers 30% of the needs; 5) The existence of localities requiring flood protection works. 3.1.15.1. FLOODS

3.1.15.1.1. FLOOD DAMAGES Frequent floods in the researched area are generated by the important precipitation water quantities and by the relatively weak soil permeability. Thus, during 1994 and 2009, except for 2003 when there were no floods, in the other years, there have been between 2 and 16 flood episodes per year. (Source: Plan for the Prevention, Protection, and Mitigation of Flood Effects in Dobrogea Littoral Hydrographic Area)

Three significant historical events have been registered in the Danube Delta34:

a surface area of 2.2 km2 was flooded on 21.01.1998, in Sulina locality - Sulina Arm, the duration of the event being of 3 days; on 15.03.2006, the Danube flooded a surface area of 1164.927 km2 , the duration of the event being of 60 days; on 01.06.2010 Ciobanu Gârliciu area was flooded over an area of 35,781 km2, the duration of the event being of 60 days. According to the Report on the Assessment of the activities carried out by Tulcea County Committee for Emergencies in 2013, during 12 – 14.09.2013, because of the heavy rain associated with hail and strong wind, 22,365 linear meters of the communal roads were affected in Somova, Isaccea, Baia, and Frecăţei localities, 14 culverts in Frecăţei and Baia localities, the roofs of 18 houses in Frecăţei locality were destroyed. The works for the elimination of the flooding hazard consisted of:

the reinforcement of the flood defence line in Ceatalchioi and Pătlăgeanca localities; the reinforcement of the defence dam between Nufăru Commune and Victoria Locality, at km 100 – 101; the covering of cracks in the protection dams in Crişan Commune and Mila 23 locality, in order to avoid house flooding and farming accidents; the covering of cracks in Maliuc commune protection dam; the reinforcement of the protection dam in Letea locality, C.A. Rosetti commune; the stone reinforcement of the Danube bank in Uzina de Apă area, Pardina commune. The Plan for the Prevention, Protection and Mitigation of Flood Effects in Dobrogea Littoral Hydrographic Area proposes a series of non-structural measures for the mitigation of the flood risks, falling into 7 categories:

Urban and rural policies and planning; Flood forecast; Communication; Alarm systems; Mobilization; Coordination and operating procedures; Insurance and compensation. The main non-structural measures in the Plan for the Prevention, Protection and Mitigation of Flood Effects in Dobrogea Littoral Hydrographic Area, concerning the environmental aspects, refer to:

Cleaning and maintenance (sanitation) of natural river beds; Maintenance of the existing vegetation; Planting of river riparian species ensuring quick slope covering and favouring the natural blooming of other species;

34 Source: http://www.rowater.ro/EPRI%20Rapoarte/PFRA%20Dunare_2.pdf – Report on the Preliminary Assessment of the Flood Risk, accessed on 16.04.2015 Specific vulnerability and farming use analysis. 3.1.15.2. AFFECTED AREAS FLOOD LIMITS The Plan for the Prevention, Protection and Mitigation of Flood Effects in Dobrogea Littoral Hydrographic Area proposes flood mitigation measures in the following exposed localities: Mihail Kogălniceanu, Corbu, Nufăru, Ceatalchioi, Beştepe, Maliuc, Luncaviţa, Babadag, Greci.

According to Directive 2007/60/EC on flood risk assessment and management, flood hazard and risk maps have been elaborated. The flood risk map for the researched area includes the delimitation of the current flood risk areas (4 risk areas – non-significant residual risk, low, medium, and high risk), the high flood risk being located around Caraorman, for a maximum flow with 10% outflow probability and with an occurrence probability once every 10 years.

Figure no. 50 Flood limits in the study area

(Source: http://gis2.rowater.ro:8989/flood)

3.1.15.3. ISU INTERVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE The required intervention infrastructure in the researched area is insufficient and requires modernization, especially in rural areas and on the DDBR territory. In Sarichioi and Luncaviţa communes, there are Volunteer Emergency Services operational 24/7. The special intervention vehicle of Sarichioi Volunteer Service serves 3,459 households as compared to the 2,000 limit set through the Order of the Minister of Interior no. 718/2005, as amended and supplemented, while in Luncaviţa Commune it serves 2,398 households. The following actions have been proposed in order to increase the efficiency of Tulcea County Committee for Emergencies35: institutional structure with a credible response capacity and intensified operational partnership; maintenance and modernization of the existing infrastructure. The modernization of the ISU intervention structure requires the provision of warning-information equipment, as none of the Tulcea localities is equipped with radio devices allowing for message dispatch in case of emergencies.

3.1.16. RAISING AWARENESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Regarding the environmental issues awareness level, according to Tulcea Local Environmental Action Plan (PLAM), renewed in 2011, the local community knowledge is insufficient in terms of the environmental laws in force, their rights and responsibilities. Moreover, young people are insufficiently involved in educational environment-related extra-curricular activities.

In 2000, DDBRA developed the Public awareness-raising strategy, also at a planning level, meant to raise the local population awareness and attract the support and involvement in the DDBR management decision-making process, as well as to ensure proper information and raise awareness amongst visitors and tourists. DDBRA has supported and initiated various projects in the reserve, including the “Improvement of the DDBR Pontic biodiversity section, through awareness-raising, information, visitation” (DDBR-CIV) implemented during 01 January 2011 - 31 December 2013. The results of this initiative included the development of Tulcea, Sulina, and Crişan information centers. Information and environmental education centers are available in Chilia Veche, Sf. Gheorghe, and Murighiol.

The strategy action area includes numerous initiatives meant to increase the information and awareness level, of which we mention:

 The Project “Danube Delta – paradise almost lost! Information and awareness-raising campaign on Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve biodiversity protection” or “Delta Semper” – implemented during 2011 – 2012 by Save the Danube and the Delta Association in partnership with Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Administration (DDBRA).  The Project “Measures meant to increase conservative and participative management efficiency in Măcinului Mountains area” – implemented during 2010 – 2011 by the National Center for Sustainable Development36. The non-governmental sector currently activating in the researched area is mainly represented by: “Ivan Patzaichin-Mila 23” Association, Save the Danube and the Delta Association, the Romanian Eco-Tourism Association, and World Wide Fund – WWF Romania. At the level of local communities, Danube Delta Local Work Group, established in 2012 under Axis 4 LEADER PNDR aims at supporting and encouraging local actors for the development of the community, through the accessing of funds available under the local strategy. GAL Territory includes Beştepe, Nufăru, Mahmudia, Murighiol,

35 Sursa: Raportul de Evaluare a activităţilor desfășurate de Comitetul Judeţean pentru Situaţii de Urgenţa Tulcea în anul 2013 36 Source: http://www.actionamresponsabil.ro/proiect-rsc/masuri-de-eficientizare-a-managementului- conservativ-si-participativ-in-zona-muntilor-macinului-2009-2011. Valea Nucarilor, Sarichioi, Jurilovca, Ceamurlia de Jos, and Mihai Viteazu Communes, and has a population of 33,632 inhabitants.

3.2. EVOLUTION OF THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IF DDISDS (2030) IS NOT IMPLEMENTED

According to the provisions of Government Decision no. 1076/ 2004, the analysis of the state of the environment, in case DDISDS is not implemented, is required in order to determine the way in which it can contribute to the improvement of environment quality in the researched area.

The analysis of the evolution of the state of the environment, if DDISDS is not implemented, is equivalent with “Alternative 0” and assumes its estimation based on the available data, according to which the current state of the environment has been determined.

Thus, considering the issues presented in the previous sub-chapter in relation to each individual environmental aspect, if DDISDS is not implemented, the evolution of the state of the environment would be characterized by the aspects presented in the table below.

Table no. 9 Evolution of the state of environment if DDISDS (2030) is not implemented Environmental Environment condition development if DDISDS (2030) is not implemented aspects Biodiversity Danube Delta region is a key attraction for a wide range of tourists, and in the absence of adequate implementation measures for border demarcation and signalling protected areas, buffer zones, fishing areas, travel routes, camping and parking areas etc., the pressure on species and habitats of conservation interest will be increasing more and more.

The development and implementation of a modern/ efficient monitoring system and a predictive model for the dynamic of sedimentation in the Danube Delta is a key element, and in its absence an inappropriate management regarding actions for desilting of canals, dredging and management of sediment deposits, will be maintained. Also, there will still be obstacles in natural water circulation, leading to blocking the access channels and eutrophication in areas with low water flow.

In the absence of investment to support local action to reduce nitrate pollution of waterways, a high tendency of pollution from agricultural activities and livestock will be maintained.

In the absence of completion of studies and technical assistance for biodiversity conservation and restoration of ecosystems and natural habitats in the Natura 2000 network, an inadequate conservation status of species and habitats of community interest affected by anthropic impacts will persist.

Population and The emigration rate increasing trend will maintain, both towards other counties human health and outside Romania.

The existing healthcare infrastructure will be maintained; insufficiently developed for emergency intervention so as to avoid all human health risks. Environmental Environment condition development if DDISDS (2030) is not implemented aspects Soil and land The soil pollution process caused by the inadequate waste management and the use unavailability of the sewage system, as well as by the anthropic activities in the researched area will persist.

Water Surface waters will continue to be polluted with untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater.

The underground water hazard because of the uncontrolled waste storage will be maintained.

Air The ammonia emission (NH3) increase trend will be maintained.

Climate A potential increase of the flood risk is estimated if climate change adaptation changes measures are not implemented.

Material values An economic decrease is estimated in the DDISDS intervention area because of the lack of investments in the sectors: tourism, fishing and aquaculture, agriculture and rural development, etc.

Cultural The cultural heritage in the intervention area will not be capitalized at a level that heritage would turn it into a sustainable social and economic development source.

Landscape Anthropic activities will continue to represent a landscape deterioration source.

Energy A decrease of the energy efficiency is estimated, caused by insufficient efficiency investments and by the failure to promote renewable energy source use.

Sustainable The Danube Delta accessibility level will continue to be a reduced one. transport

Waste The pollution risk will persist, especially for soil and underground water, as a management consequence of inadequate waste management and of the unavailability of the adequate waste generation, collection and storage infrastructure, including floating ones.

Efficient use of Natural water circulation obstacles will continue to exist. natural The deforested areas will be even wider. resources

Risk No advanced emergency intervention system will be available for pollution risks. management Environmental Environment condition development if DDISDS (2030) is not implemented aspects Raising The adequate information on the existing and future EU funding opportunities that environmental can contribute to the social and economic development and to the maintenance of awareness air quality in the analysed area will remain unknown.

Poor and disfavoured population will not be informed on the possibility to participate in various decision-making processes where it can express a point of view concerning the social and economic and environmental aspects directly affecting them.

In addition to the above, by not implementing DDISDS there are no sufficient funds for addressing environmental problems mentioned above.

DDISDS proposes interventions that take into account the social and economic development of the Danube Delta without, however, neglecting the environmental protection aspects. The analysis of the current environment condition reveals the existence of environmental issues and pressures that could become even more important if DDISDS is not implemented. The examples are presented in the table above.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AREA LIKELY TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY DDISDS (2030) IMPLEMENTATION

DDISDS covers the RBDD territory and its neighbouring areas, Tulcea city, four towns (Babadag, Isaccea, Măcin and Sulina) and four communes (Corbu, Istria, Mihai Viteazu and Săcele) that are part of the territorial-administrative unit of Constanţa County, all four being located in the vicinity of the Razim – Sinoe lagoon. The environmental characteristics of the areas that may be affected by the strategy implementation were presented in the previous chapter.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS RELEVANT TO DDISDS (2030) Both the Needs Assessment prepared by the World Bank, and chapter 3 - Relevant aspects of the state of the environment and its likely evolution without implementation of the DDISDS, identify problems in area study which were considered when drafting the DDISDS. In this regard, we have presented in the table below, relevant environmental issues to the DDISDS that may contribute to the deterioration of the quality of environment.

Table no. 10 Relevant environmental problems for the DDISDS (2030) Environmental aspect Main relevant environmental problems for DDISDS (2030) Biodiversity Lack of a unitary inventory and mapping of habitats and species of conservation interest in the study area (mainly DDBR). It P1. is also necessary to update the assessments of the conservation status of habitats and species of interest. P2. Lack of an integrated analysis model in the Danube Delta for dynamics of liquid and solid flow of the Danube. Lack of assessments regarding the carrying capacity of the protected species as well as of those with economic (see also P3. P51). P4. Reduction of aquatic habitats due to sedimentation processes. Human presence through all its forms (extension of urbanization, tourism, infrastructure, economic activities), represents a P5. pressure on wildlife and natural habitats. The existence of a high yet not fully unexploited potential for ecological restoration (mainly in the abandoned fisheries P6. facilities). Although the trend of the last decade is the decrease in concentrations of pollutants in water, they remain a factor of P7. pressure on the aquatic and water-dependent species. Naval transport represents the main pressure factor, due to both oil spills in water (generated by vessels underway, and the P8. stationed abandoned ones), considered to be the main pollutant in the Delta (see factsheet) and due to changes induced to banks and channels, as well as the disturbance of species activity due to noise and vibration. Rapid development of the wind sector (both in the study area, but especially in its southern neighbouring part) has P9. increased pressures (habitat loss, mortality, disturbance) on bird and bats species. Hidromorphological changes and change in land use, as well as pollution of Danube favoured the entering and the P10. expansion of invasive and allochtonous species in the study area. Population and human P11. The rate of population decline in the study area is approx. two times higher than the national level. health There is a trend of population aging, the share of age groups from 0 to 19 years of the total population from the study area P12. halved in the past 20 years. There is a steady trend of increased poverty in the South-East Region, having the second highest value at national level in P13. 2013. The highest national value of the poverty risk was recorded in this region (people at risk of poverty or social exclusion). Environmental aspect Main relevant environmental problems for DDISDS (2030) An increasing trend in the number of people leaving the residence is recorded in the last decade in the study area, as P14. compared to previous years and to the people who take up permanent residence in the area. School dropout rate in the project area is higher than the national average for all school groups and higher even than the P15. South East Development Region average for high school, vocational, post-secondary and foremen education. There are a large number of ethnic minorities in the study area who are mostly well integrated. The Roma minority (which P16. groups seven ethnic groups) has integration difficulties mainly in terms of access to education and employment. Lack of access to drinking water and food specificity makes intestinal parasites affecting about 17% of children aged 3-15 P17. years in the Danube Delta and over 40% of them have different health problems. Low access to health services, health infrastructure and insufficient or poorly distributed personnel, lack of healthcare P18. facilities and prolonged response in remote areas. Soil and land use P19. In terms of agricultural use, soils within DDBR fall in IV and V quality classes. Even if the use of plant protection products is restricted in DDBR, a trend of increase in the quantities of plant protection P20. products used is recorded in the remaining localities of the study area is (in 2013 the total amount per hectare is 4 times higher than in 2008). P21. It is known the existence of at least one contaminated site in the study area (red residue dump at Mineri). Lack of studies on the best options for land use from an ecological and social point of view. These studies are particularly P22. important to make decisions on maintaining agricultural uses and performing some ecological restoration programs in agricultural facilities. Water All surface water bodies in the study area achieve good chemical status. No natural water bodies are in very good ecological status, nor heavily modified water bodies at maximum ecological potential. In terms of ecological status /potential, in the P23. study area, the Danube and its branches reach the good state / potential. In the lagoon complex area, lakes Razim and Goloviţa - irrelevant state, Zmeica – good state and Sinoe – bad state. In terms of quantity and quality, all groundwater bodies are considered in a good state, except that in all groundwater

P24. bodies exceedances were recorded in relation to local quality standard or threshold values for different indicators (ex. NH4

(ammonium), Cl (chlorine), NO3 (nitrates), NO2 (nitrogen) and PO4 (phosphate)). P25. In recent years a significant increase was recorded in the number of water bodies in good ecological status, but hydro- Environmental aspect Main relevant environmental problems for DDISDS (2030) morphological alterations of these bodies may lead to the reconsideration of the classification into an inferior quality state. P26. Incomplete coverage with integrated water management systems and sewage for localities within the study area.

Air P27. There is a growing trend of NH3 emissions from agricultural activities in the study area. P28. No measurements on air quality are performed on the DDBR territory. Climate change One of the main scenarios on climate change in the Danube Delta and the Black Sea coastal region forecasts the acceleration P29. of coastal erosion processes. These could be followed by physical changes in the habitats of species of conservation and economic interest. Climate change impacts may be enhanced by silting processes of canals and lakes in the Delta, mainly by increasing P30. eutrophication and hypoxia phenomena. It is necessary to increase wetland areas through ecological restoration interventions to increase carbon storage capacity P31. and to increase resilience to climate change-related phenomena. P32. Lack of a Local Action Plan for coordination of interventions related to climate change adaptation. Material values Classic tourism represents one of the main forms of pressure within DDBR, without being a significant source of income for P33. the inhabitants. Interventions are required to develop ecotourism, to diversify the touristic offer and to increase the number of overnight stays in the touristic reception structures. As a result of the changes of habitat conditions and exploitation over the last decades, fish stocks have declined, and the P34. structure of fish communities changed. It is necessary to strengthen the capacity to assess the catch quotas based on the carrying capacity of this resource, as well P35. as the estimations of the quantities of fish caught. P36. The existence of about 10 abandoned fish farms, which potential cannot be exploited ecologically, nor economically. Soil productive capacity is limited by soil quality, lack of proper irrigation infrastructure as well as restrictions on the use of P37. fertilizers and plant protection products. Cultural heritage P38. There is a rich material cultural heritage in the study area, poorly preserved or enhanced. The long history of the area, as well as religious and ethnic diversity have led to the development of many traditions P39. (including food) that are not properly capitalized and are endangered. Landscape P40. The degradation of the natural landscape due to anthropogenic changes suffered as a result of the expansion of Environmental aspect Main relevant environmental problems for DDISDS (2030) urbanization, agricultural and fishery facilities, industrial activities and morphological alterations along the Danube and within the Delta. Change of the traditional rural landscape, especially in the Core Delta, as a result of architectural changes, use of new P41. building materials and abandonment of some of the existing buildings. Energy efficiency P42. Electricity consumption in municipal buildings in Tulcea is higher than in most growth poles in Romania. P43. The existence of a small number of rehabilitated buildings in the study area. P44. Water supply and wastewater treatment services in the study area have high electricity consumption. Sustainable transport P45. Urban transport is inefficient due to existing routes and obsolete fleet. Residents of the Core Delta have reduced accessibility towards Tulcea and communities can be isolated during the winter P46. season. P47. The local road network is in a poor condition, limiting the access of locals and tourists and keeping a high risk of accidents. Silting processes affect water transport. This way of transport is preferable compared to road transport, as long as it is P48. performed with modern and environmental friendly equipment. Railway transport (outside Core Delta) is not currently a viable alternative to road transport, although it is preferable in P49. terms of environmental protection. Waste management P50. An integrated waste management system is not yet functional in the area. The particularity of floating waste, including waste that comes from outside the study area, requires interventions to collect P51. and manage. Currently there is a very low degree of recycling and waste recovery, most of the collected quantities being disposed in P52. landfills. Efficient use of natural P53. Lack of assessments on the carrying capacity of natural resources. (see also P3) resources The study area has a high potential in terms of using renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass) and there is expected P54. an increase of the intentions to promote these types of projects, depending also on the national support mechanisms. Development of industrial renewable capacities can generate significant environmental impacts. Risk management P55. Poor response capacity in the Danube Delta in cases of accidental pollution and other emergencies. P56. Floods represent an essential process for biodiversity in the study area, but can cause casualties and property damage due Environmental aspect Main relevant environmental problems for DDISDS (2030) to insufficiency / degradation of existing infrastructure. Raising awareness on P57. Lack of effective and continuous information on the state of environmental components. environmental issues Reduced involvement of local communities in taking decisions concerning the protection and management of natural P58. resources. Lack of awareness, especially in rural areas at the household level, on the consequences caused by inadequate management P59. of waste and wastewater, as well as other forms of impact on the natural environment. P60. Low capacity among local governments regarding strategic planning for sustainable development of communities. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OBJECTIVES SET AT NATIONAL, COMUNITARY OR INTERNATIONAL LEVEL RELEVANT TO THE DDISDS (2030)

In order to set the framework for the assessment of the potential significant effects on the environment, generated by DDISDS implementation, several relevant environmental objectives (SEA Objectives) were selected and assessed. These are directly related with:

Environmental aspects indicated in Annex 2 of GD no. 1076/2004;

Environmental problems relevant to DDISDS, as result of the current state of environment analysis;

Objectives and types of interventions/ projects proposed by the DDISDS;

Environmental objectives set at national and/ or regional level.

Environmental protection objectives considered relevant for the DDISDS assessment are listed in Table no. 11.

Table no. 11 Environmental objectives relevant to DDISDS assessment Environmental aspect Relevant environmental objective 1. Biodiversity O.R.1 Conservation of natural habitats and species of wild flora and fauna, including with maintaining and developing of the natural protected areas 2. Population and human O.R.2 Diminishing risk factors and improving life style condition health and health status of human population

3. Soil and land use O.R.3 Limiting impact on the soil and maintaining its productive capacity 4. Water O.R.4 Improving ecological and chemical status/ecological potential of water bodies and maintaining their ecological functions 5. Air O.R. 5 Improving air quality

6. Climate change O.R.6 Prevention and minimization of negative effects caused by climate change 7. Material values O.R.7 Prevention and reduction of economic loss

8. Cultural heritage O.R.8 Protection and conservation of cultural heritage including preservation of local traditions and customs 9. Landscape O.R.9 Protection and improving of natural landscape and traditional rural one 10. Energy efficiency O.R.10 Improving energy efficiency and use of energy resources Environmental aspect Relevant environmental objective 11. Sustainable transport O.R.11 Reducing environmental externalities of transport activities 12.Waste management O.R.12 Reducing waste generation and quantities of wastes eliminated through disposal

13. Conservation/ efficient O.R.13 Reduction of non-renewable resources exploitation and use of natural resources facilitation of using renewable ones

14. Risks management O.R.14 Preventing natural risks effects and limiting of the accidental pollutions 15. Raising environmental O.R.15 Improving behaviour regarding environmental protection through encouraging sustainable practices and awareness public participation

7. POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

7.1. DDISDS (2030) ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

The proposed assessment methodology is in accordance with legal requirements, methodological guidelines and best practices recommendations. The methodological principle is to consider the size of the potential effects as being determined by two main parameters:

1. Magnitude of modifications proposed by the types of interventions/projects. Magnitude represents a tridimensional parameter that takes into account: a. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the proposed modifications (e.g.: improving/ decreasing the quality of a resource, changing of structural or functional parameters of an environmental aspect etc.); b. Spatial extension (e.g.: locally, at the level of more TAUs, at the level of the whole DDISDS area); c. Temporal extension (e.g.: during the construction, during the programming period, more than the programming period). Based on the identification scheme of the types of interventions/ projects according to their location, as well as on the possibilities of spatial delimitation of their impact area (Figure no. 51), DDISDD contains the following types of interventions/ projects:

Type A: types of interventions/ projects for which the location is not relevant to the analysis (generally those that do not involve construction works and by their nature do not have the potential to generate negative effects on sites of Community importance); Tip B: types of interventions/ projects that are relevant to the analysis (by their nature), but information concerning their location are not known; Tip C: types of interventions/ projects that are relevant to the analysis (by their nature), but information concerning their location are not sufficient (approximate/ incomplete location); Tip D: types of interventions/ projects that have a clear location (vector data in SHP format were provided by the beneficiary or other parties directly concerned), but the impact area cannot be clearly defined; Tip E: types of interventions/ projects that have a clear location and for which can be achieved an exactly demarcation of the impact area.

Figure no. 51 Scheme of identification of DDISDS types of interventions/ projects, based on their location and possibility of delimitation of the impact area 2. Sensitivity of the potential affected areas. Five sensitivity classes were proposed: very high, high, moderate, low, no sensitivity. The land use categories and/ or administrative limits that are part of each sensitivity level vary from one environmental aspect to another. For some environmental aspects the sensitivity classes can be spatialized. For example, we present bellow, the sensitivity classes used for „biodiversity” (including Appropriate assessment study) and „landscape” (see Figure no. 52): a) Very high sensitivity: natural reserves, strictly protected areas and integral protection areas; b) High sensitivity : all natural surfaces inside SCI/ SPAs, excluding areas with very high sensitivity; c) Moderate sensitivity: all semi-natural surfaces (e.g.: agricultural fields, meadows) inside SCI/ SPAs and natural surfaces outside SCI/ SPAs excluding areas with very high and high sensitivity; d) Low sensitivity: anthropic areas inside SCI/ SPAs limits and all semi-natural areas outside SCI/ SPAs, excluding all the above mentioned categories; e) No sensitivity: all anthropic areas outside the limits of SCI/ SPAs. The assessment of the impact was achieved for those types of interventions/ projects with a clear location, based on GIS analysis, quantifying the areas of Natura 2000 sites from the study area that could be affected by the proposed types of interventions/ projects (the distances and impact areas were calculated in plan, without taking into account the Digital Terrain Model).

For the other categories of projects, those with approximate/ incomplete location and those for which no information is known about their location, the impact assessment was performed on the scoring system presented in Table no. 12, the estimation of the impact magnitude and sensitivity of the area being achieved, mainly, based on data and information from the scientific literature and on the expert opinion.

Using a matrix (Table no. 12) for assessing the effects of a plan implementation has three advantages:

1. Represents a guarantee of using a uniform measure for assessing the effects of any project of the Strategy and any environmental aspect/ environmental objective analysed; 2. Constitutes an efficient tool for communicating the assessment results, to both specialists and to the general public; 3. The results of spatial analysis concerning the location and size of the impacts can be used in a facile manner. The proposed matrix has, of course, a number of limitations of which the most important are:

1. Not always the magnitude of a project/ type of intervention can be assessed with such an accuracy so to be classified in one of the classes of magnitude. To avoid this difficulty we use a precautionary approach: classifying in a higher class. 2. The scoring (assigning a value from -3 to +3) is given for each project/ type of intervention proposed in the Strategy, even if some of the types of interventions could include more projects. In this case, the assigned value corresponds either to the potential cumulative impact (if any), or to the project likely to produce the highest negative effects. More details regarding the methodology are available in Chapters 4.3.1 and 6 of the Appropriate Assessment Study.

Table no. 12 Matrix for assessment of the potential effects significance of DDISDS implementation Magnitu Moderat Moderat High Low Low High de e No e negative negative positive positive negative modificati positive magnitu magnitu magnitu magnitu Sensitivit magnitu on magnitu de de de de y de de Very high -3 -3 -2 0 +2 +3 +3 sensitivit y High sensitivit -3 -3 -2 0 +2 +3 +3 y Moderat e -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 sensitivit y Low sensitivit -2 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +2 y No -1 -1 -1 0 +1 +1 +1 sensitivit Magnitu Moderat Moderat High Low Low High de e No e negative negative positive positive negative modificati positive magnitu magnitu magnitu magnitu Sensitivit magnitu on magnitu de de de de y de de y

Where: -3 Potential significant negative effects -2 Potential moderate negative effects -1 Potential low negative effects No effects can be identified (! Doesn’t necessary mean there are no 0 effects) +1 Potential low positive effects +2 Potential moderate positive effects +3 Potential significant positive effects

Figure no. 52 Sensitivity classes of the area of DDISDS implementation (for biodiversity and landscape) 7.2. ENVIRONMENTAL POTENTIAL EFFECTS GENERATED BY THE DDISDS IMPLEMENTATION

7.2.1. ANALYSES REGARDING DDISDS OBJECTIVES

Strategic objectives. The formulation of the two strategic objectives is highly inspired, reflecting easily the two strategic directions of interest: natural heritage conservation and the sustainable development of the local communities. DDISDS vision and the strategic objectives indicate a proper understanding of the sustainable development principle, which is dimensioning of the socio- economic activities within the limits of productive and support capacity of the natural ecosystems from Danube Delta region.

Sectoral objectives.

1. DDISDS sectoral objectives are formulated so as to indicate the main guidelines for each sector of interest for the Strategy. However, in some cases, the sectoral objectives’ text is not very well correlated with the justifications (e.g.: see „priority actions” for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management sector, p. 65, DDISDS version from 27 February 2015, Romanian version) or with the proposed projects/ types of interventions. It is recommended that the tables with the proposed projects/ types of interventions to contain also a clear specification regarding the sectoral objective of which belong; 2. There is a relative lack of unity in the formulation of some sectoral objectives - some of them are formulated in a generalist way, while others have a specific, measurable character (e.g.: „Developing a climate friendly and resilient area by integrating climate change into local public policies and planning” vs. „.... - create a special extension team for the Danube Delta”); 3. S.O.4 „ Supporting eco-friendly Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)” is not supported by additional information and neither by the projects/ types of interventions. It is also the case of S.O.48 „Preserving the cultural heritage of the ethnic minorities in the study area”, that does not have a clear support through the proposed projects; 4. S.O.6. „Increasing the use of renewable energy sources within the study area” require an additional wording regarding the type and size of the promoted projects, so as to encourage the household services/ small size solutions to the detriment of the large scale projects (especially wind energy, photovoltaics or hydro); 5. In DDISDS is proposed the development of „sustainable nature- and culture-based tourism”. However the usage of the term "ecotourism" is avoided, which would put the Strategy text in connection with other planning documents at national level (eg.: National Biodiversity Strategy and National Strategy for the Development of Ecotourism in Romania) or the legislation in force concerning the protection of biodiversity (GEO 57/ 2007 with further amendments and supplemented). 7.2.2. THE ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE DDISDS SECTORAL OBJECTIVES AND THE RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES (SEA OBJECTIVES)

The purpose of this assessment is to identify possible synergies or inconsistencies between the two sets of objectives (DDISDS sectoral objectives and the relevant environmental objectives).

This assessment was performed according to the Guidelines regarding the environmental assessment for plans and programs, elaborated within the project EuropeAid/121491/D/SER/RO (PHARE 2004/016 – 772.03.03) “Strengthening the institutional capacity for implementation and enforcement of the SEA Directive and Reporting Directive”.

The compatibility relationship was analysed within the matrix, as follows:

“+” if the objectives are compatible; “-” if the objectives are not compatible; “?” when it was considered that the compatibility depends on certain assumptions; “=” when the objectives are identical or nearly identical; If between the two analysed objectives was not identified any connection, the box was left blank. All DDISDS objectives address at least one relevant environmental objective. This is very important and shows that in formulating the strategy objectives all needs identified in the study area were taken into consideration.

For 65% of DDISDS objectives, direct relationship with one or more of the SEA objectives could not be determined. This is a positive aspect and indicates that DDISDS objectives are very specific, each of them aiming to address a certain environmental issue through its formulation (without generating compatibilities or incompatibilities with other environmental objectives).

A number of 5 objectives of DDISDS are formulated nearly identically with the SEA objectives, constituting practically a guarantee that those relevant environmental objectives will be directly addressed by the proposed interventions. These are: S.O.5 “Increasing energy efficiency ... “, S.O.6 “Increased use of renewable energy sources ...”, S.O.12 “Reducing vulnerability to risks ...”, S.O.41 “Improving access to medical services ...”, S.O.48 “Preserving cultural heritage ...”.

In 75 % of the cases that have established direct links with SEA objectives, they are compatible, indicating that the strategic objective could lead to relevant environmental objectives. In 22% of cases the connection is not clear, due to some information missing in the text which would have allowed an interpretation. For these situations it is necessary either a completion of the Strategy’s objectives, either a clear detailing of the interventions related to each sectoral objective.

Sectoral objectives of the DDISDS that aimed enhancing the territorial connectivity and accessibility in the core Delta (S.O.28 and S.O.29), are considered incompatible with some of the relevant environmental objectives. Although beneficial in terms of economic development of the area and increase in the living standards of the population, these objectives may not be compatible with protecting biodiversity and improving air quality. For the incompatibility situations, the Environmental report proposes measures to avoid and reduce the occurrence of significant adverse effects (see Chapter 9 of this Report). Direct link with SEA objectives 35% Lack of a direct link with SEA objectives 65%

Figure no. 53 Direct connections of DDISDS objectives with SEA objectives (relevant environmental objectives)

Objectives are The relationship is identical not clear 1% 22%

Incompatibility 2%

Compatibility 75%

Figure no. 54 Assessment of the compatibility of DDISDS sectoral objectives with relevant environmental objectives Table no. 13 The assessment matrix of the compatibility between the DDISDS sectoral objectives and the relevant environmental objectives (SEA objectives) RO2 Relevant environmental objectives Population RO6 RO7 RO8 RO10 RO11 RO13 Use RO1 RO3 RO4 RO9 RO12 Waste RO14 Risk RO15 Public (SEA objectives) and RO5 Climate Material Cultural Energy Sustainable of natural Biodiversity Soil Water Landscape management management participation Human Air change values heritage efficiency transport resources Sectoral objectives Health PILLAR I: PROTECTING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL RESOURCE ASSETS BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT S.O.1. Developing of the planning and biodiversity and ecosystem management + + ? + + ? + + + + ? + + ? capacity (including monitoring) S.O.2. Preserving, protecting and capitalizing the natural heritage and + + + + + + ? + + + + ? combating/reducing the impact of the anthropic polluting activities S.O.3. Developing research, education and training in biodiversity and natural ? + ? ? heritage protection fields S.O.4. Supporting eco-friendly Small and ? Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY S.O.5. Increasing the energy efficiency of the study area in economic, residential + + + + = + + and public buildings and public service provision fields S.O.6. Increasing the use of renewable ? + + + = ? energy sources within the study area S.O.7. Improving local expertise, information availability and energy + + + efficiency awareness CLIMATE CHANGE S.O.8. Developing a climate friendly and resilient area by integrating climate ? + + + + + + + change into local public policies and planning S.O.9. Promoting development of a low carbon economy through targeted + ? + + adaptation measures by reducing GHG emissions S.O.10. Developing partnerships and financing instruments in the field of + + + ? + climate change S.O.11. Raising the awareness of the population and businesses on climate + + + + change DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT (DRM) S.O.12. Reducing the vulnerability to all risks, while improving the quality of + = emergency services, based on national and county risk assessment, and develop RO2 Relevant environmental objectives Population RO6 RO7 RO8 RO10 RO11 RO13 Use RO1 RO3 RO4 RO9 RO12 Waste RO14 Risk RO15 Public (SEA objectives) and RO5 Climate Material Cultural Energy Sustainable of natural Biodiversity Soil Water Landscape management management participation Human Air change values heritage efficiency transport resources Sectoral objectives Health and maintain an adequate response capacity S.O.13. Assessing the main risks, elaborating risk maps for earthquakes + + ? + + + + ? + and floods, and implementing projects to reduce these risks S.O.14. Elaborating a County Integrated Information System for the Management of Emergency Situations as part of the ? + + + + + + ? National Information System for Disaster Management POLLUTION EMERGENCY S.O.15. Developing an advanced information management system for hazardous wastes which may cause a + + + + + ? ? + pollution spill and represents a threat to the DD S.O.16. Reducing pollution risks and the response time by developing a prevention plan, providing adequate + + + + + + + + + equipment and training of human resources PILLAR II: IMPROVING THE ECONOMY BY FOSTERING THE AREA’S COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES TOURISM S.O.17. Developing and promoting the Danube Delta as an integrated tourism destination with a rich portofolio of + + + + + ? + + sustainable tourism products and services by capitalizing the natural and cultural heritage S.O.18. Establishing a local destination management mechanism based on the ? ? + + + - + active participation and ownership of local stakeholders S.O.19. Encouraging local population to run small tourism businesses that meet ? ? ? + + ? + quality and sustainability standards, and that are economically viable FISHERY AND AQUACULTURE S.O.20. Correcting the ecological imbalance among predator and prey fish + + + ? species and restoring environmental quality S.O.21. Increasing the economic value of ? + + ? ? fishing and aquaculture activities RO2 Relevant environmental objectives Population RO6 RO7 RO8 RO10 RO11 RO13 Use RO1 RO3 RO4 RO9 RO12 Waste RO14 Risk RO15 Public (SEA objectives) and RO5 Climate Material Cultural Energy Sustainable of natural Biodiversity Soil Water Landscape management management participation Human Air change values heritage efficiency transport resources Sectoral objectives Health S.O.22. Increasing quality job + ? opportunities in the fishing sector AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT (ARD) S.O.23. Promoting the integration of agri- food producers (especially organic products) into the value-chain in order to ? + help them benefit from the advantage of being close to external markets and from the tourism opportunities in the area S.O.24. Supporting diversification of agricultural and non-farm activities for ? + + ? + job creation by encouraging active involvement of local communities S.O.25. Promoting young farmers access to land to enable improved revenue flows + ? to the local population S.O.26. Preserving, protecting, capitalizing and promoting the natural ? + + ? + + and movable and immovable cultural heritage in rural areas S.O.27. Improving the local population/farmers access to information regarding the possibilities of tapping CAP + + + + funds – create a special agriculture extension team for the Danube Delta PILLAR III: IMPROVING CONNECTIVITY TRANSPORT S.O.28. Increasing territorial connectivity to ensure access to markets in Tulcea, the rest of Romania, and also the EU; equal connectivity for enterprises, individuals, - + - - + + ? and goods in the DD territory, taking great care to protecting the existing environmental heritage S.O.29. Increasing accessibility in the core DD area to support the development of - + - - + ? - ? tourism and fisheries, and the mobility for residents in sparsely populated areas S.O.30. Improving health and protecting the environment by minimizing emissions and the consumption of resources ? + + + + + (including energy) by the transport system INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) RO2 Relevant environmental objectives Population RO6 RO7 RO8 RO10 RO11 RO13 Use RO1 RO3 RO4 RO9 RO12 Waste RO14 Risk RO15 Public (SEA objectives) and RO5 Climate Material Cultural Energy Sustainable of natural Biodiversity Soil Water Landscape management management participation Human Air change values heritage efficiency transport resources Sectoral objectives Health S.O.31. Providing full access to + + + broadband internet network S.O.32. Supporting widespread private, + + + business and public use of ICT S.O.33 Ensuring synergies with other sectors to promote the transfer of + + + + + + + + + ? + + ? + knowledge, services and economic development PILLAR IV: PROVIDING BASIC SERVICES WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS (WSS) AND INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT (IWM) S.O.34. Providing drinking water in order to meet the quality of life standards and the economic development objectives, + + + + + + + ? subject to demand, financial feasibility, and operation and maintenance constraints S.O.35. Supporting collection of wastewater in a centralized manner (subject to demand, financial feasibility, and operation and maintenance + + + + + + ? + ? constraints) and moving away from the current use of pit latrines which constitute a health hazard in prone to flood areas S.O.36. Adopting treatment methods of centrally-collected wastewater either in a + + + + + ? conventional or a more low-cost way SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT (SWM) S.O.37. Improving the recycling rate so as to achieve the corresponding EU target of ? ? ? + + 50% to which Romania is committed S.O.38. Implementing of waste reduction, reuse and recycle in local communities, in order to assure efficient and sustainable + + + + + + + + + + + management, resource saving, environmental protection and tourism destination development S.O.39. Management of floating waste + + + + ? + + material S.O.40. Increasing the capitalization + degree of waste collected from + + + households and businesses HEALTHCARE RO2 Relevant environmental objectives Population RO6 RO7 RO8 RO10 RO11 RO13 Use RO1 RO3 RO4 RO9 RO12 Waste RO14 Risk RO15 Public (SEA objectives) and RO5 Climate Material Cultural Energy Sustainable of natural Biodiversity Soil Water Landscape management management participation Human Air change values heritage efficiency transport resources Sectoral objectives Health S.O.41. Improving the access to primary health care (PHC) services based on = + prevention and early detection and treatment of chronic diseases S.O.421. Supporting the effective control of epidemics, , early warning and ? + + + coordinated response, and risk factors surveillance S.O.43. Improvinge health infrastructure for primary, secondary and tertiary care, + ? and the related service delivery system adjusted to modern technologies EDUCATION S.O.44. Providing lifelong learning opportunities to create labor skills for the + ? ? 21st century economy S.O.45. Supporting secondary and vocational education that prepare students for the global knowledge + + + economy and for the specificities of the local economy S.O.46. Increasing the quality of the primary education and early-education ? ? ? systems SOCIAL INCLUSION AND PROTECTION S.O.47. Reducing labor related and human capital disparities among Roma people by providing improved integrated + + + services in all dimensions and aspects of exclusion (education, health, housing, employment) S.O.48. Preserving the cultural heritage of + = + the ethnic minorities in the study area S.O.49. Improving social outcomes by making social protection programs more + + + relevant PILLAR V: PROMOTING EFFICIENCY, AFFORDABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT S.O.50. Providing efficient and cost- + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + effective public services S.O.51. Improving evidence-based strategic and budgetary planningacross all levels of governance in the DD region + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + in order to support environmental and economic objectives RO2 Relevant environmental objectives Population RO6 RO7 RO8 RO10 RO11 RO13 Use RO1 RO3 RO4 RO9 RO12 Waste RO14 Risk RO15 Public (SEA objectives) and RO5 Climate Material Cultural Energy Sustainable of natural Biodiversity Soil Water Landscape management management participation Human Air change values heritage efficiency transport resources Sectoral objectives Health S.O.52. Increasing participatory decision- making in synergy with the + environmental and economic objectives

7.2.3. ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE SECTORAL OBJECTIVES OF DDISDS

The purpose of this assessment is to identify the compatibility between the sectoral objectives of the Strategy. The same sectoral objectives as in the previous section were considered for the assessment (S.O.1 – S.O.52).

The assessment matrix is presented in Table no. 14, the compatibility relationships being identified as: “+” if the objectives are in accordance, “x” if the objectives are in contradiction, “?” if the relationship between the objectives is not clear, and blank box if between the two analysed objectives no connection was identified.

In a first stage of the analysis it was determined whether a connection existed or not between DDISDS objectives. Lack of a link is a good indicator of objectives’ complementarity, indicating the fact that at least 58% of cases address distinct issues.

For situations where links were identified (42%), the largest shares have the compatibility situations (approx. 94.2%), indicating that the implementation of the most of the Strategy’s objectives will be supported through efforts of the implementation of other sectoral objectives.

Existence of a direct link between DDISDS objectives 42% Lack of a direct link between DDISDS objectives 58%

Figure no. 55 Direct links between DDISDS objectives

In 6% of cases the link is not clear due to lack of information in the text of the objectives that would have allowed an interpretation (compatibility or incompatibility). For these situations it is necessary either a completion of the Strategy’s objectives, either a clear detailing of the interventions related to each sectoral objective. 29 situations of this circumstance were identified (see Table no. 7-3)..

Link is not Contradiction clear < 0.01 % 6%

Compatibility 94%

Figure no. 56 Compatibility assessment between DDISDS sectoral objectives

A conjugated interpretation on the results of the two analysis of the Strategy's objectives (see previous section), may lead to the conclusion that DDISDS objectives have a high degree of compatibility, as well as a high level of addressability of the environmental aspects. In conclusion, there is a high level of addressability of the environmental problems in the study area.

Table no. 14 The assessment matrix of the compatibility between the DDISDS sectoral objectives

7.2.4. CONCLUSIONS OF THE APPROPRIATE ASSESSMENT STUDY

DDISDS is a long-awaited strategy having the capacity to assure that the development of Danube Delta area will be built on solid foundation, by conserving the natural capital. DDISDS has several ambitious interventions aiming to restore the natural processes on several transformed areas, to reduce pollution and to identify and reduce other existing pressures on wildlife. However, the Strategy contains also a set of interventions susceptible to generate significant negative effects on Natura 2000 components.

The AA study proposes a simple methodology for identification and assessment of impacts in accordance with the Strategy level of details and the available information on the presence and conservation status of Natura 2000 habitats and species.

Though GIS was used as a supporting tool for the assessment, the early stages of development for most of the Strategy projects do not allow proper quantification of impacts. For conducting the assessment, the types of interventions/ projects were classified by their location and the possibility of spatial delimitation for the related impact areas in 5 categories: Type A (90 projects) - projects for which the location is not relevant for analysis, Type B (24 projects) - projects that are relevant to the analysis (by their nature), but no information is yet available on their location, Type C (15 projects) - projects that are relevant to the analysis (by their nature), but not enough information is available about their location (approximate/ incomplete location), Type D (4 projects) - projects with a specific location but the area of impact cannot be clearly defined, Type E (6 projects) - projects with a specific location, for which a clear delimitation of the area of impact can be defined.

Most of the projects are intersecting or placed inside existing Natura 2000 sites. At least for the E type project it was estimated that a number of 15 types of habitats, 6 species of plants, 13 of invertebrates, 19 of fish, 12 of amphibians, 9 of reptiles, 25 of mammals and 45 of birds of community interest, may be affected by the implementation of the proposed projects. Among these, 3 species of fish (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Acipenser stellatus and Huso huso) are listed as CR (Critically Endangered) and 1 species of birds (Falco cherrug) is listed as EN (Endangered) on the IUCN Red List.

Interventions which are most likely to generate negative effects are represented by projects proposing construction works (transportation, flood risk management, channels rehabilitation, ports rehabilitation or rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure). The significant negative effects were estimated for the taxonomical groups: habitats/ vegetation, fish and birds. Habitats are likely to be the most affected Natura 2000 component considering the transportation projects, the rehabilitation of ports and the rehabilitation of Sulina Channel.

Fishes represent the taxonomic group that accumulate the most positive effects (approx. 23.7 % of the total assessment scores), given especially the interventions from the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management and Fishery and Aquaculture sectors (e.g. I.5 Equipment and operating costs for physical interventions to restore natural water circulation and key habitat areas, respectively I.44 Improve fish habitat), which influences directly the aquatic ecosystems.

All interventions aiming to restore water circulation, natural ecosystems and habitats are of great importance for the study area and are most likely to generate significant benefits for most of the Natura 2000 components. However, it should be emphasise that even these interventions can generate impact on protected aquatic species (particularly species with low mobility) which should be addressed by proper avoidance and mitigation measures and that the success of these projects should preferably not be based on constructive solutions requiring continuous human intervention (e.g. installation of stop locks for sedimentation reduction).

The overall results of the assessment indicate that the positive effects generated by the proposed interventions/ projects of DDISDS are of 57 %, while the total of negative effects is of 43 %. The positive effects are mostly associated with the interventions from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Pollution Emergency, Fishery and Aquaculture, Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD), Water supply and sewerage systems(WSS) and integrated water management (IWM), Solid Waste Management and Education sectors, while the negative effects are associated with the interventions from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management (I.12 – I.14), Energy Efficiency (I.15 and I.17), Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Tourism, Fishery and Aquaculture, Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD), Transport and other (I.139 Urban Renewal Interventions) sectors.

The types of interventions/ projects susceptible to generate significant negative effects are:

 I.81 Modernization of national road DN 22 Constanţa – Tulcea – Măcin – Brăila;  I.88 Rehabilitation and modernization of the Sulina Channel. Of the above mentioned projects, modernisation of Sulina Channel is able to generate long distance effects which cannot be correctly estimated at this time due to the lack of technical design details of various proposed works (in the following period a new feasibility study will be developed). Also, for the implementation of the project for Sulina Channel rehabilitations was suggested, along several proposed measures, to include solutions to avoid long term and long distance effects, to avoid habitat loss and to reduce to minimum extent the alteration of fish’s habitats.

In order to avoid and reduce the expected impacts on the Natura 2000 species and habitats, a set of 23 avoidance and mitigation measures were proposed. Their aim is to eliminate the significant negative impacts, as well as to reduce other negative impacts.

Probably the most important measure, to assure the vision of DDISDS is applied, is the prioritisation of interventions. No physical intervention should be started in the absence of sufficient knowledge on Natura 2000 components distribution and assessment of conservation status, in the absence of a predictive model for water and sediment flow or without knowing the carrying capacity of ecosystems and their main resources (fish, reed, water availability).

Any significant impact has the potential to affect the conservation status of Natura 2000 habitats and species. In order to assure that all impacts are adequate avoided and mitigates, a monitoring program based on 6 indicators, which should be well correlated with the management plans for Natura 2000 sites in the study area and well correlated with existing monitoring programs for related plans and programs, was proposed for the DDISDS.

7.2.5. ASSESSMENT OF TYPES OF INTERVENTIONS/ PROJECTS PROPOSED FOR DDISDS IMPLEMENTATION

Within DDISDS, Action Plan and ITI proposal for Danube region, 139 types of interventions/ projects were identified, their assessment (Table no. 15) being carried out based on the methodology presented in Chapter 7.1 of this document. Subsequently, these were completed and correlated to the sheets of the proposed projects to be funded by ITI (October 2015), presented in Appendix II of the Appropriate Assessment Study.

Few general comments regarding the types of interventions/ projects proposed are presented below:

1. There is certain overlapping between the content of the types of interventions/ projects (e.g.: I.49 – Consolidation of INCDD analytical capacity with I.50 – Improve fisheries research and development activities in research institutes, public institutions and fishermen associations, I.23 – Works for protection against floods in 14 cities/ communes with I.78 – Support rehabilitation of infrastructure for floods protection). As well, part of the components of the type of intervention/ project I.54 – Modernization of rural infrastructure (water, sanitation, roads, schools, etc.) are also included within other types of interventions/ projects, such as those in the domain of water supply sewerage systems (WSS) and integrated water management (IWM), solid waste management (SWM), agriculture and rural development (ARD), transport and education (eg. I.80, I.99, I.100); 2. Type of intervention/ project I.73 – Exit of old farmers and transfer of assets, cannot be assessed from the perspective of its impact on the environment, because its meaning can’t be understood; 3. Type of intervention/ project I.128 – Other interventions for social protection can’t be assessed due to the fact there are no clear specifications of the proposed interventions; 4. Although in the Needs Assessment Report Draft are references to the necessity of implementing measures to combat invasive alien species in the Danube Delta area, in DDISDS are very few references to invasive species, being mentioned rather as a side effect of some projects oriented for another purpose. Subsequently, in the description of the sheets of the projects proposed to be funded by ITI (October 2015) this issue is addressed through the proposal of a project that aimed directly the knowledge of the invasive species impact in DDBR and the elaboration of the precautionary management measures; 5. For some projects justifications are in contradiction (e.g.: justification to I.51 and project I.5). A first assessment of the types of interventions/ projects proposed within DDISDS, consisted in identifying how these types of interventions/ projects are addressing the existing environmental issues, relevant for the study area of DDISDS. The analysis revealed the identification of five specific environmental issues, for which there are no interventions proposed within DDISDS, belonging to the following sectors:

Biodiversity: P9 – “Rapid development of the wind sector (both in the study area, but especially in its southern neighbouring part) has increased pressures (habitat loss, mortality, disturbance) on bird and bats species”. The issue of the wind energy is addressed within the DDISDS, but there is a need of clear clarifications concerning the size of the projects that will benefit from financial support. The proposal of SEA team is to avoid developing industrial projects and to focus on developing renewable energy sources exclusively in rural areas and public facilities; Water: P25 – “In recent years a significant increase was recorded in the number of water bodies in good ecological status, but hydro-morphological alterations of these bodies may lead to the reconsideration of the classification into an inferior quality state”. DDISDS treats the issue of improving the condition of water bodies. SEA team draws attention on potential conflicts that may occur between the interventions proposed for flood protection as well as those aimed to improve the navigation traffic and the ones regarding the maintenance/ improving the state of the surface water bodies. We consider that such conditionings ( maintenance of the water bodies status) are needed for all types of interventions/ projects that propose hydromorphological alterations; Air: P28 – “No measurements on air quality are performed on the DDBR territory“. Existing data (see also section 3.1.6) suggests that, on DDBR level, air quality should not be a major concern in terms of non-compliance with legal requirements. It is recommended, however, that at least for the proposed interventions of DDISDS to consider also the assessment of the air quality in the implementation areas, mainly for the projects from the transport sector and for those involving significant components of construction work; Climate change: P29 – “One of the main scenarios on climate change in the Danube Delta and the Black Sea coastal region forecasts the acceleration of coastal erosion processes. These could be followed by physical changes in the habitats of species of conservation and economic interest”. Coastal erosion issue is not directly addressed in DDISDS, but preliminary steps are provided for identifying and managing efforts regarding reducing the effects and adapting to climate change. SEA report propose also to consider the elaboration of an “Action plan“ for climate change in the study area; Sustainable transport: P49 – “Railway transport (outside Core Delta) is not currently a viable alternative to road transport, although it is preferable in terms of environmental protection”. Although the “Needs Assessment Report “identifies the need to rehabilitate the rail road between Medgidia – Tulcea, this is not mentioned in the interventions/ projects of the DDISDS. SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS The assessment of the types of interventions/ projects, according to the methodology presented in section 7.1 of the present report, has led to the identification of some potential significant negative effects on the relevant environmental objectives RO1 (Biodiversity) and RO4 (Water), generated by implementing DDISDS. The types of interventions/ projects likely to generate such effects are:

I.81. Modernization and improving traffic safety on DN 22 Constanţa – Tulcea – Măcin – Brăila, with possibility of including a bridge over Danube River (the feasibility study being prepared). The location of this project in relation to the sensitivity classes established for the study area and its overlapping with an area with very high sensitivity ( Babadag-Codru Forest Natural Reservation) is presented in Figure no. 68; I.88. Rehabilitation and modernization of Sulina Channel. The proposed works are overlapping with high sensitivity areas in what concern the biodiversity and the surface water bodies. The magnitude of the activities required is extended (approx. 70 km), while the modifications occurred on Sulina Channel may induce changes in the adjacent wetlands. It is recommended that the approval of this type of works to be given only after the existence of a hydraulic model that analyses the effects of the proposed works on the entire DDBR level. OTHER POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EFFECTS The low negative effects sums up approx. 13.7 % of the total identified effects, while the moderate negative effects, sums up only 2.2 %. Moderate potential negative effects are likely to appear for the following relevant environmental objectives: RO1 Biodiversity, RO8 Cultural heritage, RO9 Landscape and RO15 Public participation, mainly due to:

Works for protection against floods (I.23); Reduce sedimentation in major lakes with the installation of stop locks (I.40); Modernization of rural infrastructure (water, sanitation, roads, schools, etc.) – I.54 – through the inclusion of the communal road 3 situated in the close proximity of Pădurea Letea Nature Reserve, and of the communal roads 2 and 4 located, also, in areas with high sensitivity; Modernization of county roads (I.81, I.83, I.84, I.87); Modernization of Tulcea, Sulina, Măcin, Isaccea, Mahmudia and Chilia ports (I.85. The low negative effects appear in the case of 24 interventions/ projects and can affect 11 out of 15 relevant environmental objectives. For the relevant environmental objectives: RO2 Population and Human health, RO7 Material values, RO10 Energy Efficiency and RO14 Risk management, have not been identified potential negative effects.

POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT POSITIVE EFFECTS

The share of the potential significant positive effects likely to be generated by the types of interventions/ projects on the relevant environmental objectives represents approximately 1.1 % of the total generated effects. Potential significant positive effects were identified in the case of relevant environmental objectives: RO1 (Biodiversity), RO4 (Water), RO8 (Cultural heritage), RO12 (Waste management) and RO15 (Public participation). The main types of interventions/ projects generating potential significant positive effects belong to the sectors: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management (I.2 and I.6), Water supply and sewerage systems (WSS) and integrated water management (IWM) (I.99), Tourism (I.36) and Solid Waste Management (I.102, I.103).

OTHER POTENTIAL POSITIVE IMPACTS

The share of the potential moderate positive effects represents approximately 18.5 % of the total generated effects, while the potential low positive effects presents a share of about 64%. High values of the potential moderate positive effects resulted in the case of relevant environmental objectives: RO2 (Population and human health) and RO7 (Material values), which reveals the focus of DDISDS on economic development of the study area, as well as on the protection of population and human health. Concerning the potential low positive effects, high values appear also for the relevant environmental objectives: RO2 (Population and human health) and RO7 (Material values). Another environmental objective that registers high values of potential low positive effects is RO15 Public participation. The main interventions contributing to these values belong to the sectors: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Energy Efficiency, Disaster Risk Management, Tourism, Fishery and Aquaculture, Agriculture and Rural Development, Water supply and sewerage systems (WSS) and integrated water management (IWM), Solid Waste Management, Transport, Healthcare, Education, Social Protection and Inclusion and Administrative Capacity and Program Management.

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% -3 40% -2 30% -1 20% 0 10% 1 0% 2 3

Figure no. 57 The share of the assessment notes awarded for each environmental aspect

OR15 Public participation

OR14 Risk management

OR13 Use of natural resources

OR12 Waste management

OR11 Sustainable transport

OR10 Energy efficiency

-3 OR9 Landscape -2 OR8 Cultural heritage -1 1 OR7 Material values 2 3 OR6 Climate change

OR5 Air

OR4 Water

OR3 Soil

OR2 Population and human health

OR1 Biodiversity

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure no. 58 The total of the assessment notes awarded for each relevant environmental objective (SEA objective)

1,11%

2,22% 13,86% 0,37% 18,48% Potential signifficant positive effects

Potential moderate positive effects

Potential reduced positive effects

Potential signifficant negative effects

Potential moderate negative effects

63,96% Potential reduced negative effects

Figure no. 59 The impact assessment for each relevant environmental objective (SEA objective)

In Figure no. 61- Figure no. 71 are presented the types of interventions/ projects for which it was possible the spatial localization (exactly or approximate). Table no. 15 Assessment matrix of the potential effects on the environment generated by the implementation of the proposed types of interventions/ projects within the ITI proposal for Danube Delta region Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Development and implementation of P5, P21, I.1 measures to reduce high 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 P50 solid waste in natural areas. Border demarcations and signage of strictly protected areas and buffer areas, sport fishing areas, touristic routes, camping, parking areas, etc. P5, P33, I.2 And development high 2 1 3 P35, P59 and implementation

of a monitoring and information system, incl. Technology such as motion-activated cameras, watchtowers. Improve evidence- based management

Pillar I Pillar by developing and implementing a modern/efficient P2, P30, I.3 high 2 2 2 1 2 monitoring system P48

and predictive model for sedimentation

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management Ecosystem and Biodiversity dynamics in the Danube Delta. An in-depth institutional analysis (functional review) of DDBRA and the associated administrative I.4 reforms with the aim high P58 1 1 1 1 of improving its managerial performances, and the legislative framework governing the management of Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces DDBR area to allow local residents to become active participants in guarding and managing the natural resource. Capacity building measures for the communities and DDBRA. Equipment and operating costs for P4, P6, physical interventions I.5 medium P10, P31, 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 to restore natural P34 water circulation and key habitat areas Restoration of ecological systems and natural habitat within the “Natura 2000” network for species of European conservation concern, together with P3, P6, I.6 development of an medium P31, P40, 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 integrated monitoring P58 system covering the whole DD area (including cross- border areas) And “Improve fisheries data collection and analysis “ Studies and TA for biodiversity conservation and restoration of ecosystems and I.7 medium P1, P6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 natural habitats within “Natura 2000” network affected by anthropic impacts Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Feasibility studies and technical projects for the restoration of natural habitats affected by non- ecological activities in agricultural, fishery and forestry polder. Investments for the P6, P31, I.8 medium 1 1 1 1 1 1 restoration of natural P36, P40

habitats affected by non-ecological activities in agricultural, fishery and forestry polders - integral or partial ecological restoration works. Natural capital accounting studies to determine the I.9 highest value uses of medium P3, P53 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 land and natural resources for optimal management Reforestation of areas where the natural forest I.10 lower P6, P10 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 vegetation has

disappeared or been degraded. Investments to support local action to reduce nitrate pollution of the P7, P23, I.11 lower 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 waterways from P59

agricultural and livestock rearing activities Development of an International Center lower I.12 of Advanced Studies P1 -1 2 Danube – Danube Delta – Black Sea for Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces biodiversity preservation

Integrated pest management – develop and lower I.13 implement an P3 -1 2 1 2 1 integrated pest management strategy for mosquitoes Integrated reed I.14 lower P3, P53 -1 1 2 management strategy

Promoting the use of renewable energy sources. Investments in pilot projects promoting the use of renewable energy sources (wind, solar energy, heat pumps, biomass, micro-hydro I.15 medium P54 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 etc.) and non-

pollutant technologies,

including the development and introduction of environmentally friendly propulsion systems in the Delta Energy efficiency Energy Improving the energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy I.16 sources in public lower P42, P43 1 1 1 1 2 1 buildings (schools, hospitals, administrative buildings, etc.) Extending and improving the energy I.17 lower - -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 efficiency of public

lighting Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Improving the energy efficiency and increasing the use of I.18 lower P43 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 renewable energy

sources of the residential stock Create a CC partnership platform, including a community-driven climate adaptation fund targeted at low income families, a lower I.19 micro grant or loan P32 1 1 1 1 1 mechanism to support SMEs, and a partnership facility to promote private and public collaboration for innovative climate actions Designate a unit within ADI ITI with a clear mandate to address climate change issues (e.g.

Climate change Climate targeting of investment, providing applicant I.20 lower P32 1 1 2 information,

coordinating the public and private sectors) with a small number of dedicated and knowledgeable staff, and capable of working cross-sector Develop clear and easy to use local lower I.21 guidelines for climate P32 1 1 1 change and energy efficiency programs. Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Provision of special machinery and equipment for I.22 high P55 2 1 1 2 interventions by IES

and SMURD in

disaster situations Works for protection I.23 against floods in 14 medium P56 -2 2 -1 -1 2 -2 2 -1 cities/communes Modernization, rehabilitation and construction of Inspectorate for lower I.24 Emergency Situations P55 1 1 1 (IES) infrastructure facilities in TULCEA + Măcin + Crişan + Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Management Risk Disaster Babadag + Topolog Create and maintain an inter-institutional lower I.25 environmental and P55 1 health risk factor database Complete coherent and comprehensive pollution emergency response and P55, P56, I.26 prevention plans, medium 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P57 covering both water

and land, and both mobile and fixed sources of pollution Create an inter- institutional Pollution I.27 medium P55, P58 1 Emergency Response

Team

Pollution Emergency Pollution Purchase of equipment to enable the first response lower I.28 team to quickly P55 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 access pollution incident sites in the Core Delta Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Create and maintain an inter-institutional environmental liability data-base for I.29 lower P57 1 1 data sharing and

better coordination across agencies for pollution prevention Development and high I.30 Installation of Visitor P5, P33 -1 2 1 -1 1 -1 1 Infrastructure Institutionalization of a Danube Delta high I.31 Destination P33 2 2 1 Management Organization (DMO) Design and implementation of a destination-wide I.32 high P33 2 2 1 1 program for product

and attraction development Implementation of a

support mechanism

for fostering entrepreneurship, particularly

Pillar II Pillar medium Tourism I.33 P33 2 1 1 2 innovative and

sustainable nature– and culture-based tourism MSME’s and social tourism Implementation of a region-wide program P38, P41, I.34 medium 1 1 2 1 for beautification of P59

settlements Program for improved quality of I.35 medium P33 2 accommodation

facilities and services Cultural heritage interventions I.36 medium P38 -1 1 3 1 (rehabilitation,

preservation, etc.) Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Development of a destination I.37 lower P33 1 1 1 1 interpretation

(learning) program. Develop and roll out program for emergency and first I.38 lower P55 1 1 aid for tourism

workers, service providers Develop a specialized I.39 tourism research reduced P33 1 observatory Reduce sedimentation in high I.40 major lakes with the P4, P34 -2 1 1 -2 1 -1 installation of stop locks Dredge major lakes to I.41 high P4, P34 2 2 1 1 1 restore water depth

Support transition from artisanal capture to recreational fishing (Improve ecotourism venues to accommodate the I.42 high P33, P34 1 1 1 1 1 1 needs of recreational

fishers; Promote and provide training in sustainable recreational fishing

Fishery and Aquaculture and Fishery (catch-and-release fishing etc.) Support artificial reproduction of valuable species like pike and zander and I.43 high P34 1 1 construct simple

landing facilities in places of fisher concentrations Improve fish habitat medium I.44 P4, P34 2 1 1 1 1

Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Regulate or eliminate medium I.45 uncontrolled fish P5, P35 1 1 1 1 1 1 camping Review and revise regulations on taxes I.46 medium P36 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 in the fishing and

aquaculture industry Improve fisheries medium I.47 data collection and P35 1 1 analysis Replace or modify medium I.48 cherhana based P35 ? system Strengthen analytical I.49 medium P1, P3, P35 1 capacity at DDNRI Improve fisheries research and development activities in research I.4 I.4 I.50 medium P35, P57 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 I.49 institutes, public 9 9 institutions and fishermen associations lower I.51 Improve aquaculture P36 -1 1 1

Support small scale fish processing; Diversity home and village level fish processing by introducing small scale canning units (for Gibel carp and lower I.52 other low value fish P33 2 1 like roach and bream) and improve small scale smoking systems (smoking bags or small electric smokers); mainly to produce delicacies to visiting tourists Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Modernization of facilities for collection I.53 / processing / medium P37 1 1 marketing of agricultural produce P15, P16, Modernization of P17, P23, rural infrastructure I.54 medium P24, P26, -2 1 1 1 -1 1 1 (water, sanitation, P44, P46, roads, schools, etc.) P47, P50 P11, P12, I.55 Jobs creation - P13, P14, 1 2 P16 Protection and improvement of P38, p39, I.56 - 1 1 2

natural resources P40

(soil, water) Completion of land restitution and land I.57 book registration for - P37, P22 1 1 land/farms consolidation Support for environment-friendly P11, P12, I.58 agricultural activities - P13, P14, 1 1 1 within Natura 2000 P16 sites

Agriculture and Rural Development Rural and Agriculture Enlarge the access to I.59 vocational education - P15 1 for agriculture Modernization of quality control I.60 - P17 1 systems for agricultural products Improved information on local and I.61 European financing, - P60 1 1 including projects preparation Improvement of Advisory/consulting I.62 and training activity - P14, P60 1 for farmers / rural labor Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Fostering organic P19, P20, I.63 farming activities in medium 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 P37 the Delta region Take-up of farming P12, P13, I.64 activities by young medium 1 P14 generations Modernization/rehabi medium I.65 litation of irrigation P37 -1 -1 1 2 infrastructure Consolidation and P13, P14, I.66 modernization of medium 1 2 P27 small farms Creation of small lower I.67 businesses outside P13, P14 1 1 agriculture Modernization of lower I.68 technical endowment P27, P37 -1 1 1 1 2 of farms Bottom-up initiatives I.69 lower P14 1 2 for local development

Afforestation of agricultural and non- lower I.70 agricultural land in P22, P40 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 the Danube Delta region Conservation of local patrimony and I.71 lower P38, P39 1 2 1 1 traditions (including

handicrafts) Release of land through concessions I.72 lower P22 1 by Tulcea County

Council Exit of old farmers I.73 lower P12 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? and transfer of assets Foster establishment P14, P37, I.74 of producer lower 1 1 1 P58 groups/organizations Stimulate creation of short supply chains I.75 lower P33 1 for the benefit of

tourism activities Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Support branding/certification of agricultural I.76 lower P19, P20 2 1 products and their

marketing on international markets Enable participation of farmers and I.77 lower P19, P20 -1 1 processors to risk

management tools Support rehabilitation I.2 I.2 I.78 of flood protection lower P56 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 I.23 3 3 infrastructure Enable participation of farmers and I.79 lower P55, P58 1 1 processors to risk

management tools Educational infrastructure lower I.80 upgrade (especially P15, P16 1 1 for primary and secondary education Modernization of national road DN 22 I.81 medium P47 -3 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -2 -1 -1 -1 Constanta - Tulcea -

Măcin - Brăila Modernization of county road DJ229E, medium I.82 sector I and II, P47 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Niculiţel - Zebil -

Sarichioi

Modernization of county road DJ222N, I.83 medium P46, P47 -2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 Tulcea - Pardina -

Pillar III Pillar Transport Chilia Veche Modernization of county road DJ226 medium I.84 Sector DN22B - Corbu P47 -2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 - Săcele - Istria - Mihai Viteazu Modernization of Tulcea, Sulina, Măcin, I.85 lower P8 -2 1 -1 -3 -1 1 2 -2 1 -2 Isaccea, Mahmudia

and Chilia ports Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Development and lower I.86 modernization of - -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 airport infrastructure Modernization of county roads (regional transport infrastructure): • DJ222B Baia- Ceamurlia de Sus; • DJ222 Visina- Ceamurlia de Sus; • DJ 223A I.87 lower P47 -2 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Enisala – Babadag –

Slava Rusă, km 54+724-38+798; traseul Cetatea Histria - DN22/ Tariverde. Rehabilitation and lower I.88 modernization of the P48 -3 1 -1 -3 1 2 -1 1 1 Sulina Channel

Internet / ultra-fast I.89 internet for green high P33 1 1 1 tourism Improvement of e- government services I.90 medium P57 1 1 1 and local public

monitoring systems Support of ICT for businesses through e- I.91 lower - 1 1 portal and grant

facility Formulating and lower I.92 implementing open P57 1 1 data policies Increasing vertical integration of ICT I.93 lower - 1 innovation solutions

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Technology Communication and Information in the local economy. Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Increasing private investments in RDI I.94 lower - 1 and encouraging the

demand for RDI. Increasing knowledge, technology and staff transfer with RDI I.95 lower P57 1 1 skills by means of

partnerships between private and research environment Increasing the excellence of scientific basis as I.96 lower - 1 engine for innovation,

by developing RD infrastructure. Increasing the involvement in EU level research by unlocking the excellence potential in RDI, such as within I.97 lower - 1 the framework

program Horizon 2020 and by attracting talents and advanced skills to the RDI national system. Developing ITC infrastructure and systems and digital I.98 skills to support lower P15 1 1 1 1 education, health, online culture and digital inclusion Projects in areas with I.99 > 2000 Population high 2 2 1 3 1 1 -1 1 1 1

equivalent P17, P23, P24, P26, Projects in areas with

Pillar IV Pillar P44 I.100 < 2000 Population medium 1 2 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1

management Water supply and and supply Water

sewerage systems systems sewerage equivalent and integrated water water integrated and Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Collection of Floating I.101 Waste in River high P51 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 Channels Investments in SWM Systems for Handling Separated Waste (waste separation at I.102 medium P50, P52 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 source, collection,

sorting and transportation facilities). Public education and awareness program I.103 medium P59 1 2 3 on waste

management Composting bins for P7, P24, lower I.104 rural households to P50, P52, 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1

Solid Waste Management SolidWaste process organic waste P59 Investments in treatment and lower I.105 disposal facilities for P50 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 construction and demolition waste Recovering waste collected from P50, P52, I.106 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 households and P58 economic agents Consolidate the response capacity of Public Health Directorate (PHD) by I.107 medium P57 2 1 designing and

implementing an

environmental health surveillance system Rehabilitation/moder lower I.108 nization of facilities, P18 1 1 Healthcare and IT equipment Modernization and equipment, and organize a functional I.109 lower P18 2 building block at

Tulcea Emergency Hospital (including for Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces integrated ambulatory department), and for Măcin Hospital Rehabilitation /transformation of TB pavilion at Tulcea Emergency Hospital I.110 lower P18 2 to a social

accommodation center (residential care shelter) Create public ambulatory centers by rehabilitating I.111 lower P18 2 closed hospital

buildings in Babadag and Sulina Ensure interoperability of medical information lower I.112 systems at health P18 1 1 1 care level (telemedicine and e- health) Reforms to increase cost-effectiveness of sector governance/manage ment (hospital lower I.113 payment mechanism P18 1 1 to incentivize public ambulatory, family doctor, and telemedicine systems) Information, education and communication P18, P57, I.114 lower 1 2 campaigns on healthy P59

and hygienic environment Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Ambulances for emergency care and I.115 lower P18 2 rehabilitation civil

works Provide area specific lower I.116 training for medical P18 1 professionals Increase the prevalence of health lower I.117 programs focused on P18 2 1 prevention and screening Provision of relevant, accessible and incentivized LLL programmes in I.118 sustainable tourism, medium P11, P58 1 1 1 1 1 1 agriculture and fishery in Community Centers for Permanent Learning Creating an Education & Training Network for students living in remote areas or with less than 2000

I.119 lower P15 1 population to provide

access to primary and lower secondary

Education quality education for all Provide support for creating VET schools that are relevant, attractive and inclusive, and which produce a workforce P11, P15, I.120 with knowledge & lower 1 1 1 1 1 P58 skills of international standard and relevance to the global demands of the nature-based tourism and Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces recreational fishing market

Enhance kindergartens and nursery services through development, support, lower I.121 rehabilitation and P15 1 provision of equipment to increase access to early childhood education and care (ECEC) Bring Early school leavers back to school lower I.122 through school after P15 2 school and second chance programs Create partnerships between employers, E&T providers and research bodies to lower I.123 ensure better P13 1 1 1 performance of education system in addressing labour market needs Develop early childhood (0-6 years) institutional

I.124 lower P16 1 infrastructure in

communities with high share of Roma

Protection Scaling up school mediators in schools

Social Inclusion and and Inclusion Social I.125 lower P16 1 with high percentage

of Roma Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Implementing community grants for I.126 lower P15 1 educational

intervention Facilitate lower I.127 regularization of P13 1 1 property rights Other social I.128 protection lower P13 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? interventions SME subsidies for job lower I.129 placement for NEETs P13, P16 2 in relevant fields Improve digital literacy among the I.130 lower P16 1 2 1 Roma and vulnerable

groups Increase the access to as well as the I.131 lower P13, P18 2 efficiency of social

service provision Strengthening local administrative

capacity for strategic planning and budgeting, decision I.132 medium P60 1 making, human

resource management and monitoring and evaluation Identification, development and

Pillar V Pillar implementation of measures to increase transparency, I.133 medium P60 1 1 1 inclusiveness, ethics

and integrity, and reduce corruption in public authorities and institutions Administrative Capacity and Program Management Program and Capacity Administrative Technical Assistance medium I.134 (TA) for ITI program P60 1 management Relevant environmental objective RO13 Priority of the Addressed RO2 RO6 RO8 RO11 No. of Types of RO RO7 RO10 RO12 Use of RO14 RO15 Pill Dom type of environme RO1 Populat RO4 RO Clima Cultur RO9 Sustaina interventions/pr interventions/project 3 Mater Energy Waste natura Risk Public ar ain intervention/p ntal Biodiver ion and Wat 5 te al Landsc ble ojects s Soi ial efficie managem l managem participa roject problems sity human er Air chan herita ape transpor l values ncy ent resour ent tion health ge ge t ces Revise regulations to improve the design of household subsidies to improve lower I.135 affordability of P60 2 1 services, and a more efficient targeting and use of financial and natural resources Improving access and quality of services I.136 lower P60 1 2 provided by the

judicial system Actions intended to ensure the coordination between the public institutions dealing I.137 - P57, P60 1 1 1 1 with the conservation of biodiversity and the ecological reconstruction of the Danube Delta The development and I.138 implementation of - P60 1

online services

Urban Renewal s s I.139 medium P41 1 2 2 1 1 1

Interventions Other Other

Other Other

categorie categorie

Some of the projects proposed within the interventions bellow requiring environmental impact assessment and/ or appropriate assessment at the implementation phase (the order is given by the type of intervention/ project number not by the size of the potential effects):

I.2. Border demarcations and signage of strictly protected areas and buffer areas, sport fishing areas, touristic routes, camping, parking areas, etc. And development and implementation of a monitoring and information system, incl. Technology such as motion- activated cameras, watchtowers; I.5. Equipment and operating costs for physical interventions to restore natural water circulation and key habitat areas; I.6. Restoration of ecological systems and natural habitat within the “Natura 2000” network for species of European conservation concern, together with development of an integrated monitoring system covering the whole DD area (including cross-border areas); I.8. Feasibility studies and technical projects for the restoration of natural habitats affected by non-ecological activities in agricultural, fishery and forestry polder. Investments for the restoration of natural habitats affected by non-ecological activities in agricultural, fishery and forestry polders - integral or partial ecological restoration works; I.10. Reforestation of areas where the natural forest vegetation has disappeared or been degraded; I.11. Investments to support local action to reduce nitrate pollution of the waterways from agricultural and livestock rearing activities; I.13. Integrated pest management – develop and implement an integrated pest management strategy for mosquitoes; I.14. Integrated reed management strategy; I.15. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources. Investments in pilot projects promoting the use of renewable energy sources (wind, solar energy, heat pumps, biomass, micro-hydro etc.) and non-pollutant technologies, including the development and introduction of environmentally friendly propulsion systems in the Delta; I.16. Improving the energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources in public buildings (schools, hospitals, administrative buildings, etc.); I.17. Extending and improving the energy efficiency of public lighting; I.22. Provision of special machinery and equipment for interventions by IES and SMURD in disaster situations; I.23. Works for protection against floods in fourteen cities/ communes; I.24. Modernization, rehabilitation and construction of Inspectorate for Emergency Situations (IES) infrastructure facilities in TULCEA + Măcin + Crişan + Babadag + Topolog; I.36. Cultural heritage interventions (rehabilitation, preservation, etc.); I.39. Develop a specialized tourism research observatory; I.40. Reduce sedimentation in major lakes with the installation of stop locks; I.41. Dredge major lakes to restore water depth; I.43. Support artificial reproduction of valuable species like pike and zander and construct simple landing facilities in places of fisher concentrations; I.44. Improve fish habitat; I.45. Regulate or eliminate uncontrolled fish camping; I.51. Improving Aquaculture; I.52. Support small scale fish processing; Diversity home and village level fish processing by introducing small scale canning units (for Gibel carp and other low value fish like roach and bream) and improve small scale smoking systems (smoking bags or small electric smokers); mainly to produce delicacies to visiting tourists; I.54. Modernization of rural infrastructure (water, sanitation, roads, schools); I.65. Modernization/rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure; I.68. Modernization of technical endowment of farms; I.70. Afforestation of agricultural and non-agricultural land in the Danube Delta region; I.78. Support rehabilitation of flood protection infrastructure; I.80. Educational infrastructure upgrade (especially for primary and secondary education; I.81. Modernization of national road DN 22 Constanţa - Tulcea - Măcin – Brăila; I.82. Modernization of county road DJ229E, sector I and II, Niculiţel - Zebil – Sarichioi; I.83. Modernization of county road DJ222N, Tulcea - Pardina - Chilia Veche; I.84. Modernization of county road DJ226 Sector DN22B - Corbu - Săcele - Istria - Mihai Viteazu; I.85. Modernization of Tulcea, Sulina, Măcin, Isaccea, Mahmudia and Chilia ports; I.86. Development and modernization of airport infrastructure; I.87. Modernization of county roads (regional transport infrastructure):  DJ222B Baia- Ceamurlia de Sus;  DJ222 Visina- Ceamurlia de Sus;  DJ 223A Enisala – Babadag – Slava Rusă, km 54+724-38+798;  traseul Cetatea Histria - DN22/ Tariverde; I.88. Rehabilitation and modernization of the Sulina Channel; I.99. Projects in areas with > 2000 Population equivalent; I.100. Projects in areas with < 2000 Population equivalent; I.104. Composting bins for rural households to process organic waste; I.105. Investments in treatment and disposal facilities for construction and demolition waste; I.108. Rehabilitation/modernization of facilities, and IT equipment; I.109. Modernization and equipment, and organize a functional building block at Tulcea Emergency Hospital (including for integrated ambulatory); I.110. Rehabilitation /transformation of TB pavilion at Tulcea Emergency Hospital to a social accommodation center (residential care shelter); I.111. Create public ambulatory centers by rehabilitating closed hospital buildings in Babadag and Sulina; I.124. Develop early childhood (0-6 years) institutional infrastructure in communities with high share of Roma; I.139. Urban Renewal Interventions. Additional considerations on prioritization of interventions The ITI proposal for Danube Delta contains a prioritization of the projects, based on their eligibility for EU financing. Thus, 15 of those are considered high priority projects, belonging to the sectors: Biodiversity and ecosystem management, Disaster risk management, tourism, Fishery and aquaculture, Information and communication technologies, Water and sewerage systems and Solid waste management. A number of 40 projects are of medium priority, while 73 projects are considered projects with lower priority.

Comparing with the initial version of DDISDS, where 103 types of interventions/ projects have been identified, in the ITI proposal, the Action Plan and the final version of SIDDDD (June 2015) their number increased to 139.

In case of some of the intervention sectors of DDISDS, there are no modifications towards the initial version of those, as follows: Education, Climate change, Disaster risk management, Pollution emergences.

A new sector has been introduced: „Other categories”, corresponding to project I.139 Urban Renewal Interventions, with medium priority, according to ITI proposal.

Out of the 139 analyzed interventions, 11 are included only in the final version of DDISDS (June 2015), and do not correspond to any of the priority category. These are: I.55, I.56, I.57, I.58, I.59, I.60, I.61, I.62, from the domain Agriculture and rural development, I.106 (Waste management), I.137 şi I138 (Administrative capacity and program management).

All other sectors suffered modifications related with the inclusion of new interventions, reformulations of existing interventions, or elimination of some projects from the initial list of DDISDS.

The ITI proposal for Danube Delta (programming period for 2014-2020), contains a number of 16 projects, considered by the Government with national priority, being already assessed within other strategies or plans, such as The General Master Plan for Transport or the Regional Water Masterplan. The projects evaluated by the Government as of national priority are part of the following domains: Biodiversity, Transport, Health, Social inclusion, Water and sewerage systems, Disaster risk management, Energy efficiency, Administrative capacity, Education, Tourism and ICT.

Within the Appropriate Assessment of the DDISDS was highlighted the importance of the prioritisation of interventions, by following the steps presented below:

1. Finalisation of habitat mapping and species inventories within Natura 2000 sites; 2. Implementation of the monitoring system and of the predictive models; 3. Implementation of technical assistance and the preparation of studies to support the scientific-based decisions; 4. Implementation of physical interventions. SEA team appreciates that the prioritisation should ensure that the scientifically base is sufficiently consolidated at the moment when the proposed physical interventions will be implemented. Despite the fact that the Danube Delta is the most important protected area and the largest Natura 2000 site in Romania it still lacks a complete inventory and mapping of its protected species and habitats. As a consequence, management decisions are still based on project to project approach with significant difficulty to assess the cumulative impacts and the effects on each species’ conservation status.. A framework for prioritisation in accordance with Strategy’s vision and objectives is presented in the following figure, the blue circles indicating the main criteria for a prioritisation based on scientifically-guided environmental management (see the steps presented above).

Habitat mapping Risk management Pollution control and species intervention & Social aspects inventory capacity (I.22, I.28)

Monitoring & predictive models (I.2, I.3)

Studies & Technical Management assistance decisions (I.7, I.8)

Transport Ecosystem Physical restoration (I5, interventions (I.87, I.88) I6, I10)

Disaster risk Fishery and management aquaculture (I.23) Tourism (I.40, I.41)

(I.30)

Figure no. 60 Proposed hierarchy for DDISDS interventions/projects prioritization

Additional considerations regarding social aspects

Social problems in the study area are largely identical to those of the rest of the country but added to them the specific living in an environment dominated by natural ecosystems, particularly deltaic ecosystem, such as:

 Reduced accessibility to public services;  Low economic opportunities;  Existence of a high share of ethnic minorities confronting with social inclusion problems. 1) Reduced accessibility to public services

Access to public services is limited and water transport is often the only option to travel to the delta. Poor accessibility does not offer the opportunity to benefit from public health services and education. In cases of medical emergencies boats are used for transferring patients from the Delta, but they are not available at night and need time for at least 2 to 3 hours to reach medical facilities.

According to the Needs assessment report, Tulcea County recorded the largest decline in the resident population (over 15%) in the period 2002-2011, the study area lost about 16% of the population, mostly being registered in the central area Delta, thereby reducing the density of population. In order to provide public services in small municipalities that have a low population density, a significantly higher financial effort is necessary than in areas with high population density.

Thus, the Needs Assessment Report shows the need to invest in transport enabling physical access all over the Delta and in the study area, and contribute to the economic development of the area through the provision and development of transport infrastructure.

Proposed projects in the field of transport ensure connectivity of the study area with TEN-TR corridor in the Danube, and opening of the road towards Southern and Northern Europe. Connection of the study area with the northern part of the country, but also with neighbouring countries contribute to development through trade and tourism development in the Danube Delta region.

Another specific problem in the area consists in limited access of population from remote areas of Danube Delta to water supply and sewerage networks. This situation may lead to risks regarding deterioration of quality of environmental factors and health of human population.

DDISDS proposes projects for improvement and extension of water supply and sewerage networks, with high importance in assuring drinking water, waste water treatment, as well as necessary infrastructure to investments in the study area.

2) Economic opportunities

The main economic activities of the study area are represented by tourism, fishing and agriculture, and capitalization of economic opportunities in the area is one of the main pillars of DDISDS implementation. Needs assessment report states that improving infrastructure services will contribute to tourism development, but would require specific tourism infrastructure by providing access to accommodation facilities and guided expeditions to attract tourists in all seasons of the year. Also, a special emphasis is put in promoting natural and cultural values of the study area through information and awareness activities on the importance and national and international value of those.

DDISDS proposes protecting the environment in the Danube Delta region, raising living standards and strengthening the region so as to ensure economic and social development of the study area, and enable people to perform various activities to ensure a decent living.

3) Existence of a high share of ethnic minorities confronting with social inclusion problems

The Needs Assessment Report characterizes the study area by the presence, in a proportion of 15% of the total population of ethnic minorities, which is three times higher than the national average.

According to the employment indicators presented in the Needs Assessment Report about 75% of ethnic minorities were identified as employed, compared to 60% Romanian employees. However, even if the results regarding the labour market are favourable to the ethnic minorities, their main problems are related to preservation of cultural heritage and education.

A particular problem is of the Roma population, average employment rate in the study area is similar to the national one, and the share of enrolment in education is half that of the Romanian population.

Social protection programs fail neither to address the problems faced by ethnic Roma population nor to reduce its level of poverty. Also, the remoteness of the area makes it difficult to study Roma inclusion among policy makers and local communities and poor services and health education fail to meet their needs.

Analysing the needs of ethnic minorities and those of the local population, the Needs Assessment Report presents for the social inclusion domain the following sectoral objectives:

 Decrease deficiencies on access to the labour market and human capital gaps among Roma population through improved delivery of services within each of, as well as across, the dimensions of exclusion;  Preservation of cultural heritage for the ethnic minorities in the study area. DDISDS recommendations on social inclusion aim to foster cultural identity between ethnic groups in order to diversify the area, in terms of culture and create interest for tourists.

DDISDS propose inclusion and social protection in 8 projects, assigned at low priority, which meet the needs identified in the Needs Assessment Report on social services. There is also a type of intervention / project which proposes strengthening and promotion of cultural heritage values of the area. However, no project contributing to the preservation of cultural heritage of ethnic minorities in the study area was found, although one of the sectoral objectives of the Strategy refers to this aspect. Our proposal is to consider, as a potential leverage in terms of tourism development, a measure that places emphasis on preserving the cultural heritage of ethnic minorities.

DDISDS is outlining the direction needed for economic and social development of the Danube Delta region by conserving natural heritage and sustainable cultural heritage and traditions of the area. Additional considerations regarding climate change issues The impact of climate change at local level can be identified in increasing the risk of natural disasters such as floods, droughts and fires from natural causes, which will threaten local communities in the studied area.

Danube Delta is particularly vulnerable to climate change; fact took into discussion also by WWF, which conducted in the Report of vulnerability to climate change (2012), impact scenarios o of climate change on various environment and socio-economic factors. In the Danube Delta, the main changes will be determined by the annual average temperature increase and change in the seasonal distribution of precipitation. Other changes, in terms of hydro-meteorological parameters will be the consequence of the interaction between them and the impact of raising the level of the Black Sea.

Similar issues were noted while assessing needs in the study area, which are reflected in aspects of DDISDS sectoral objectives. Climate change, in terms of mitigation and adaptation are found in some areas of intervention such as: biodiversity and ecosystem management, energy efficiency, climate change, disaster risk management, fishery and aquaculture, agriculture and rural development.

According to the Needs Assessment Report, the local communities understand that climate change is a threat, but understand very little about how they should react. During public consultations, residents have expressed concern about climate change. This is reflected particularly in areas where agriculture is the major occupation, such as Jurilovca and Sarichioi or in which there is an increased risk of flooding, such as Partizani and Ilgani. Both residents and institutional actors, including municipalities and DDBRA have expressed interest in implementing mitigation activities and particularly in the increasing share use of reusable energy. However, the link between climate change and its effects on daily life of local population is not fully acknowledged or understood. Even among some representatives of local institutions climate change concept exists as a vague concept and not as a phenomenon which is based on a solid legal basis and which has a quantifiable local impact.

DDISDS proposed interventions in the specific area dedicated to climate change are classified as low priority projects by the ITI proposal for Danube Delta (2014-2020). They embrace issues related primarily to technical assistance, capacity building and institutional development, strengthening collaboration between the public and private sectors. These interventions address the needs specified in climate change section of the Needs Assessment Report and support the strategic objective 2: Develop a sustainable, green local economy capitalizing on the area’s comparative advantages, supported by improved services.

In addition, the measures proposed in other domains of the strategy meet the needs of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. In other cases may lead to increased CO2 emissions, as shown in the table below.

Table no. 16 Types of interventions/ projects of DDISDS contributing to climate change mitigation, respectively to climate change adaptation

Climate change mitigation

Projects leading to increased CO2 emissions I.81 Modernization of national road DN 22 Constanta - Tulcea - Măcin – Brăila*

I.82 Modernization of county road DJ229E, sector I and II, Niculiţel - Zebil – Sarichioi*

I.83 Modernization of county road DJ222N, Tulcea - Pardina - Chilia Veche*

I.84 Modernization of county road DJ226 sector DN22B - Corbu - Săcele - Istria - Mihai Viteazu*

I.86 Development and modernization of airport infrastructure

I.87 Modernization of county roads (regional transport infrastructure)*:

 DJ222B Baia- Ceamurlia de Sus;  DJ222 Visina- Ceamurlia de Sus;  DJ 223A Enisala – Babadag – Slava Rusă, km 54+724-38+798; traseul Cetatea Histria - DN22/ Tariverde.

Projects contributing to decrease in GHG

I.15 Promoting the use of renewable energy sources. Investments in pilot projects promoting the use of renewable energy sources (wind, solar energy, heat pumps, biomass, micro-hydro etc.) and non- pollutant technologies, including the development and introduction of environmentally friendly propulsion systems in the Delta

I.16 Improving the energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources in public buildings (schools, hospitals, administrative buildings, etc.)

I.17 Extending and improving the energy efficiency of public lighting

I.18 Improving the energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources of the residential stock

I.85 Modernization of Tulcea, Sulina, Măcin, Isaccea, Mahmudia and Chilia ports

Adaptation to climate change

I.6 Restoration of ecological systems and natural habitat within the “Natura 2000” network for species of European conservation concern, together with development of an integrated monitoring system covering the whole DD area (including cross-border areas), supporting evidence-based decision making and community participation

I.8 Identify additional polder areas eligible for ecological restoration. This will include feasibility studies and technical projects for the restoration of natural habitats affected by non-ecological activities in agricultural, fishery and forestry polders - integral or partial ecological restoration works

I.10 Reforestation of areas where the natural forest vegetation has disappeared or been degraded I.19 Create a CC partnership platform, including a community-driven climate adaptation fund targeted at low income families, a micro grant or loan mechanism to support SMEs, and a partnership facility to promote private and public collaboration for innovative climate actions

I.20 Designate a unit within ADI ITI with a clear mandate to address climate change issues (e.g. targeting of investment, providing applicant information, coordinating the public and private sectors) with a small number of dedicated and knowledgeable staff, and capable of working cross- sector

I.21 Develop clear and easy to use local guidelines for climate change and energy efficiency programs

I.41 Dredge major lakes to restore water depth

I.51 Improve aquaculture

I.70 Afforestation of agricultural and non-agricultural land in the Danube Delta region.

* Projects contributing to increased CO2 emissions only for short term, subsequently contributing to the improvement of the traffic conditions and therefore to the reduction of CO2 emissions, for long term.

Figure no. 61 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the type of intervention/ project “ Restoration of ecological systems and natural habitat within the “Natura 2000” network for species of European conservation concern, together with development of an integrated monitoring system covering the whole DD area (including cross-border areas), supporting evidence-based decision making and community participation” (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 62 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the type of intervention/ project “ Reforestation of areas where the natural forest vegetation has disappeared or been degraded” (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 63 The location of the project “Development of an International Center of Advanced Studies Danube – Danube Delta – Black Sea for biodiversity preservation” (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management sector), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 64 The locations of the projects/ types of interventions from DRM sector in relation with the Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region. A- project detail “Works for protection against floods”, B - project detail “Modernization, rehabilitation and construction of Inspectorate for Emergency Situations (IES)”

Figure no. 65 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the project/ type of intervention “Implementation of a region-wide program for beautification of settlements” (Tourism sector), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 66 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the projects/ types of interventions “Improve fish habitat. Reduce sedimentation in major lakes with the installation of stop locks. Dredge major lakes to restore water depth.” (Fisheries and aquaculture sector), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 67 The location (approximately/ incomplete) of the projects/ types of interventions “ Modernization of rural infrastructure (water, sanitation, roads, schools, etc)” (ARD), in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 68 The locations of the projects/ types of interventions from Transport sector in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 69 The location (approximate/ incomplete) of the projects/ types of interventions from WSS and IWM sector, in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 70 The location of the projects/ types of interventions from SWM sector in relation with the Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region

Figure no. 71 The location of the projects/ types of interventions from Healthcare sector in relation with Natura 2000 network from the Danube Delta Region 8. POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH IN A TRANSBOUNDARY CONTEXT

None of the proposed types of interventions/ projects generates potential significant effects on the environment and health in a transboundary context.

The only project likely to generate significant effects in a transboundary context was included in the initial version of DDISDS: I.85 (I.77 before) – Modernization of Tulcea, Sulina, Măcin, Isaccea, Mahmudia and Chilia ports, through including the proposal to build a channel between Mm36 and Mm42.

Within the SEA process, the SEA team proposed the exclusion of this project from DDISDS, due to its magnitude and the impossibility of identification and quantification of all the effects, especially long term and long distance effects (e.g. potential effect on Chilia branch). The project is not included in the final version of DDISDS.

9. MEASURES PROPOSED TO PREVENT, REDUCE AND COMPENSATE ANY POSSIBLE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO IMPLEMENTATION OF DDISDS (2030)

9.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Most of the potential effects generated by the types of intervention/ projects proposed are of positive nature, but the assessment revealed also the possibility of occurrence of some negative effects, including significant ones.

Significant negative effects are associated to projects from Transport sector, referring to Rehabilitation and extension of DN22 Constanţa-Tulcea-Măcin-Brăila.

For many of the projects for which it was considered the possibility of appearance of some significant effects (including DN22), measures to reduce and mitigate effects were identified. In order to set prevention, reduction and compensation measures, all interventions that may generate negative effects on one or more environmental aspects have been assessed.

Following the analysis performed, we consider necessary to perform the appropriate assessment and the environmental impact assessment for all the interventions mentioned in chapter 8 of the present report, as well as the compliance of the measures presented in the next sub-chapters.

9.2. MEASURES TO ADDRESS POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT NEGATIVE EFFECTS

The measures proposed to avoid potential significant negative effects on the environment, have been proposed for the environmental aspects that could be influenced by the proposals included in the DDISDS.

Table no. 17 Measures to address potential significant negative effects generated by the implementation of DDISDS types of interventions/ projects Environmental Measure aspect In order to be in line with the vision and strategic objectives of the DDISDS, prioritisation of interventions should follow the next steps: 1) finalisation of habitat mapping and species inventories within Natura 2000 sites; 2) implementation of the monitoring system and of M1 the predictive models; 3) implementation of technical assistance and the preparation of studies to support the scientific-based decisions; 4) implementation of physical interventions. Interventions aiming directly the pollution control (e.g. nitrates reduction in water, floating waste, implementation of water supply and M2 sewage systems) should be treated with high priority. Any intervention directly connected with or necessary to the management of the Natura 2000 sites should be preceded by thorough M3 scientific studies and the solutions to be implemented will be chosen after analysing several alternatives. Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the Natura 2000 sites but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment M4 of its implications for the sites in view of the sites’ conservation objectives. Appropriate assessment process should be initiated at the earliest stages of design. Biodiversity All interventions, particularly those addressed to biodiversity management and those containing construction works, should include M5 actions to address climate change adaptation. The projects locations have to take in consideration the updated limits of the Natura 2000 sites, according the last revisions, and the M6 results of the Natura 2000 habitats and species mapping and inventory, in order to avoid their destruction/ alteration. Reconsideration of projects/ projects components locations in order to avoid location inside Natura 2000 sites, where possible, or M7 inside areas with very high and high sensitivity. Projects for which there are no acceptable alternatives to assure the avoidance of impacts should be subject of compensatory measures, which should be effective before the implementation of the projects. Types of interventions / projects for flood protection works involving structural measures (e.g. dykes, embankments) should be strictly M8 limited to the protection of inhabited areas (localities). In order to avoid negative impacts associated to structural measures for flood protection, it is necessary to take in consideration the M9 implementation of non-structural measures (green infrastructure) based on the knowledge database that will be generated by the DDISDS interventions under the Biodiversity domain and on the existing data on flooding limits. Environmental Measure aspect The interventions for afforestation of agricultural and non-agricultural land in the Danube Delta region has to be done only after the M10 identification and assessment of existing species and habitats in order not to affect features of conservative interest. Only native species, specific to the area, has to be considered for planting. Considering the sensitivity of the study area (biosphere reserve, Natura 2000 sites, scientific reserves, migration route etc.), the use of M11 renewable energy sources should be restricted to small-scale projects (mainly households, public institutions). All interventions involving buildings rehabilitation should implement first an inspection on existing birds’ nests and bats roosts and M12 propose adequate measures to avoid disturbance, damage or killing.

The exploitation of any natural resources should be performed within the limit of their carrying capacity and in this respect the M13 identification of acceptable limits for exploitation should represent a study priority. For all types of interventions/ projects that have the potential to limit the species transit or migration (e.g. transport infrastructure, flood protection works), including rehabilitation of existing infrastructure, there has to be identified and implemented feasible M14 technical solutions, based on studies and adequate field investigations, which to ensure the highest degree of permeability and avoidance of connectivity interruption between the habitats of the conservative interest species. All projects intersecting or located in the vicinity of reproduction habitats for birds and mammals of conservation interest will M15 implement measures to reduce noise and vibrations to levels which assures disturbance avoidance. M16 All interventions on banks of water bodies will be carried out so as to preserve or recreate spawning grounds for fish and amphibians. In the case of the interventions for irrigations and flood protection, it is preferable to rehabilitate existing infrastructure, construction M17 of new ones being the last option. Development and modernization of airport infrastructure has to be performed based on thorough assessment of birds’ activity, taking M18 in consideration a much larger area than the project location due to the large distance on which disturbance of birds activity may appear.

M19 It is recommended to implement a work schedule which aims to plan the execution time of the works, for all types of interventions / Environmental Measure aspect projects involving constructions within or in the immediate vicinity of Natura 2000 habitats and Natura 2000 species habitats, so they would not affect critical areas37 for species of community interest (e.g. to avoid working in the breeding / nesting months of bird species, the hibernation / reproduction months of some small mammals, during the months when amphibians lay eggs, during fish spawning period etc.). The interventions in agriculture should be conditioned by the implementation of a minimum set of ecological agricultural principles M20 (e.g. use of natural fertilizers, non-use of genetically modified organisms, non-use of antibiotic in livestock, etc.). All proposed projects/types of intervention has to include measures for avoiding installation of invasive species, as well as their M21 monitoring and control during the project lifetime. For all projects/types of interventions that propose construction works (except of the ecological reconstruction works), it is M22 recommended (where possible) to avoid the use of natural resources from inside natural protected areas. For all projects with potential negative impacts on Natura 2000 habitats and species it is necessary to implement multiannual M23 monitoring programmes in order to assess residual impact, as well as the success of the implemented avoidance/ mitigation/ compensatory measures. Compliance with minimum distances of sanitary protection towards protected territories when locating projects likely to cause M24 discomfort and risk to the population, and where appropriate, increase of these distances based on health impact studies. Inclusion within the projects of relevant measures for the protection of the human population in areas where the proposed M25 Population interventions/ projects are close to inhabited areas (e.g. reduction of noise by providing windbreaks, sound-absorbing panels). and human The provision of monitoring programs for air quality, water quality and noise in the areas of the proposed interventions/projects likely health M26 to cause discomfort and risk to the population, both during construction and operation, allowing the adoption of appropriate measures to reduce the impact on human health. All measures aiming to protect citizens’ life and health should consider non-chemical means of implementations (e.g. pest control, M27 mosquito control). Soil M28 Under the proposed projects planning and design it should be consider limiting the amount of land occupied temporarily (during

37 The critical areas for species of community interest mean: areas of shelter, hibernation, reproduction, feeding, nesting, which are found within habitats with high favorability for species under conservation in the Natura 2000 site. Environmental Measure aspect construction activities) or permanent (during the operation). For all interventions/ projects involving construction work it is important when selecting sites to achieve an identification of available M29 land areas that have been or are affected by constructions, thus minimizing surfaces with natural soil subjected to anthropisation. M30 Provision of quantifiable measures for water consumption efficiency within the water supply interventions. Avoid implementation of interventions/ projects (including flood protection works) that may lead to worsening of water bodies’ M31 Water chemical and ecological status/ ecological potential. Avoid implementation of interventions/ projects that involves interruption of water bodies’ lateral connectivity, except of areas where M32 inhabited areas protection is strictly necessary. To be correlated with M.9, M.10 and M.15. Avoidance of sensitive areas from the air quality point of view when locating interventions/ projects that involves high emissions of Air M33 atmospheric pollutants during the operation or functioning phase. Climate M34 Development of a local Action Plan for climate change. change See also M5, M9.

Material Identification of financial mechanisms that can ensure compensation of material and financial loss for the population affected by land- M35 values use restrictions inside natural protected areas.

Location of proposed projects so as to avoid archaeological sites, historical monuments and other elements of the immovable national M36 cultural patrimony. Cultural Integration of all buildings (including wastewater treatment plants) into the traditional landscape and use of traditional architecture heritage M37 and local materials. M38 Elaboration of guidelines/ regulations for traditional construction and architecture. M39 Location of proposed interventions/ projects so as to avoid damage to areas of significant landscape values. Landscape M40 Inclusion within the proposed interventions/projects of landscape restoration measures, including ecological restoration works. See also M37, M38. Energy See M11, M12. efficiency Environmental Measure aspect Elaboration of waste management plans at project level (where applicable), which to ensure minimisation of generated waste M41 Waste quantities, as well as their use and recovery in accordance with the waste hierarchy. See also M2, M7. Conservation/ efficient use of See M11 and M13. natural resources Risk See M.2, M.4, M.5, M.8, M.9, M.14, M.17. management Environmental awareness M42 Ensuring transparency and access to information in the decision making process and encouraging of local community involvement. raising

10. REASONS THAT LED TO SELECTING THE DDISDS ALTERNATIVES In order to initiate the SEA procedure, a first version of the Danube Delta Sustainable Development Strategy has been submitted to the Ministry of Environment, Waters and Forests.

During the first working group meeting (February 5, 2015), certain requirements have been addressed by the working group members, for modification and completion of DDISDS, as follows:

Compliance of the Environmental Report with the framework content of the GD 870/ 2006, in order to be approved through a Governmental Decision. Presentation of precise bibliographical references and improvement of translation into Romanian language, as well as correcting the abbreviations and acronyms section. Analysing the impact of the Black Sea on the deltaic area. Presentation in the chapter “climate change” of actions proposed by the Action Plan of the National Strategy for Climate Change 2013 – 2020, approved by GD 529/ 2013. Presentation of adaptation measures in what regards the GHG emissions, especially that the Danube Delta may be of particular interest to this topic. Until the second working group (22nd of April, 2015) the DDISDS was not yet revised, however, new types of projects/ interventions were included in the ITI proposal, May 2015. The assessment of the types of interventions/ projects was performed based on the new ITI proposal (see chapter 7).

The third working group meeting held on 24th of July, 2015, subsequently the DDISDS being revised, a new analysis of the objectives and the proposed interventions being necessary.

Comparing with the initial version of DDISDS, the final version (June 2015) has suffered modifications in terms of reformulation of the sectoral objectives and of the type of interventions/ projects, by elimination or introduction of new ones.

At the time of elaboration of the present Environmental Report, the types of interventions/ projects were completed/ detailed through the sheets of the projects proposed to be financed by ITI, in october 2015, which were taken into account, being necessary the review of the analysis performed in the chapter 7.

By the proposal of the SEA team, in the final version of DDISDS, the proposal of construction of the new channel from Mm36 to Mm42 (components of the intervention regarding the ports modernization) was eliminated, due to its implications and lack of alternatives. The implementation of this project would overlap with high sensitivity areas from biodiversity point of view, and the magnitude of proposed modifications, both locally (the excavation works), and at distance (possible hydrological modifications that were not analysed), is high. The elimination of this project is beneficial for the environment, especially for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem protection, of high value for the DDISDS implementation area. 11. MEASURES FOR MONITORING THE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS OF DDISDS (2030) IMPLEMENTATION Article no. 10 of the EU Directive regarding the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) no. 2001/42/ EC, adopted into national legislation by GD no. 1076/ 08.07.2004 on establishing the procedure for environmental assessment of plans and programs, stipulates the need for monitoring in order to identify, at an early stage, any potential adverse effects of implementing the plan, and take the necessary remediation measures.

The monitoring is carried out by reference to a set of indicators allowing measuring the positive and negative impacts on the environment. These indicators must be set such as to facilitate the identification of changes induced by the plan implementation.

The achievement of the monitoring program is the responsibility of the plan’s holder. According to the art. 27 of GD 1076/ 2004 "The owner of the plan or program is required to submit annually until the end of the first quarter after the monitoring, the results of the monitoring program to the competent environmental authority that issued the environmental permit".

The responsible body for the implementation of the monitoring program of the Strategy is MRDPA, as the holder of the DDISDS (2030).

The monitoring is recommended with an annual frequency. Table no. 18 Indicators proposed for monitoring the effects of DDISDS (2030) Relevant env. Institutions collecting Indicator Target objective indicator data Habitat loss. Surfaces of Natura 2000 habitats/ habitats of species of community interest inside Natura 2000 sites irreversibly affected as a These surfaces should be result of the DDISDS interventions/ projects implementation * insignificant at the level of each Habitat alteration. Surfaces of Natura 2000 habitats/ habitats of Natura 2000 habitat/ habitat of species of community interest inside Natura 2000 sites reversibly affected as a result of the DDISDS interventions/ projects species of community interest construction * which are subject of Disturbance. Surfaces of habitats of species of community interest conservation in each potentially inside Natura 2000 sites affected by one or more disturbing factors affected Natura 2000 site (e.g. human presence, noise) as a result of the DDISDS interventions/ projects implementation * Mortality. Mortality of community interest fauna species as a result of the DDISDS types of interventions/ projects construction and “0” mortality MRDPA based on data O.R.1 Biodiversity operation. and results provided by projects’ owners. As close to the situation Connectivity. Assessment of the success of measures for avoidance established in the analysis of ecological connectivity interruption (structures for permeability, regarding the baseline lateral connectivity and longitudinal connectivity assurance). conditions at the project phase In an ideal situation, it is Habitat enhancement. Increased habitats surfaces for species of expected that: Habitat community interest as a result of interventions aimed at reducing the enhancement (ha) + anthropic pressures and ecological restoration. To be based on the Compensatory measures (if confirmation of species presence and activity outside existing any) (ha) > Habitat loss (ha) + habitats. Habitat alteration (ha) + Disturbance (ha). Relevant env. Institutions collecting Indicator Target objective indicator data O.R.2 Population Number of illnesses cases caused by infectious and parasitic diseases Decreasing compared to DSP Tulcea and Constanţa and human heath (caused by water pollution and poor sanitation) current situation MRDPA based on data Not exceeding the acceptable O.R.3 Soil Areas of natural soil affected by proposed interventions. and results provided by limit of habitat loss projects’ owners ABA Dobrogea Litoral Number of water bodies in good chemical and ecological status/ Increasing compared to current O.R.4 Water (water management ecological potential situation authority) MRDPA based on data Areas affected by exceeding of air pollutants thresholds O.R. 5 Air Preferably none and results provided by corresponding to DDISDS interventions projects’ owners MRDPA based on data O.R.6 Climate Balance of GHG emissions (t/year) corresponding to DDISDS Positive balance (reduction > and results provided by change interventions generation) projects’ owners

O.R.7 Material Ratio between local population average income and national average Tulcea and Constanţa Increasing values income Statistic Directions

O.R.8 Cultural Number of rehabilitated historical monuments and conserved Increasing Tulcea and Constanţa heritage archaeological sites County Councils Equal to the areas modified by MRDPA based on data O.R.9 Landscape Areas (ha) with landscape improvement measures and results provided by proposed projects projects’ owners O.R.10 Energy Electricity and thermal consumptions of households and public County council Tulcea and Decreasing efficiency institutions Constanţa O.R.11 Sustainable Total value of annual emissions of CO from transport activities Decreasing EPA Tulcea and Constanţa transport 2 O.R.12 Waste Quantities (t/y) of generated wastes and eliminated through disposal Decreasing EPA Tulcea and Constanţa Relevant env. Institutions collecting Indicator Target objective indicator data O.R.13 Use of Share of renewable sources in the total energy production Increasing EPA Tulcea and Constanţa natural resources ANAR - ABA-Dobrogea- O.R.14 Risk Number of citizens exposed to one or more risks Decreasing Litoral management EPA Tulcea and Constanţa MRDPA based on data O.R.15 Public Number of beneficiaries of sustainable development information Increasing and results provided by awareness campaigns projects’ owners * It will be performed based on data collected for each species and each habitat type potentially affected, for all projects with potential negative impact on Natura 2000 species and habitats. 12. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy (DDISDS) 2030 it’s promoted by the Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA), as owner, and was developed by the World Bank Group.

The development of DDISDS has started with preparation of a Diagnostic Report, which has analysed the current opportunities and constraints. The Vision for the Danube Delta Region was derived through additional consultations with the local communities and authorities. All these documents were the support for the identification of the physical investments, legislative and policy reforms, of needs related to institutional development and technical assistance, resulting in Needs Assessment Report which identifies measures and interventions for achieving the Strategy’s goals.

The vision for the Danube Delta Region (2030) was defined following the consultation with all stakeholders and derived from the visions defined for the two sub-areas of the region (Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve and its surrounding areas), due to their different characteristics:

The two strategic objectives of DDISDS were derived from this agreed version:

Conserve the unique environmental assets through scientifically-guided environmental management, by empowering local communities to be proactive guardians of this unique global heritage; Develop a green and inclusive local economy, based on sustainable consumption and protection, resource efficiency, capitalizing on the area’s comparative advantages, supported by improved public services. Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy (DDISDS) 2030 has five pillars deriving from the two strategic objectives mentioned above (environmental protection and economic development). Each pillar comprises several specific objectives as follows:

Pillar I – Protecting the environmental and natural resource assets:

o Biodiversity and ecosystem management:

. S.O.1. Developing of the planning and biodiversity and ecosystem management capacity; . S.O.2. Preserving, protecting and capitalizing the natural heritage and combating/reducing the impact of polluting anthropic activities;

. S.O.3. Developing research, education and training in biodiversity and natural heritage protection fields;

. S.O.4. Supporting eco-friendly SMEs.

o Energy Efficiency:

. S.O.5. Increasing the energy efficiency of the study area in economic, residential and public buildings and public service provision fields;

. S.O.6. Increasing the use of renewable energy sources within the study area;

. S.O.7. Improving local expertise, information availability and energy efficiency awareness.

o Climate Change:

. S.O.8. Developing a climate friendly and resilient area by integrating climate change into local public policies and planning;

. S.O.9. Promoting development towards a low carbon economy through targeted adaptation measures and by reducing GHG emissions; . S.O.10. Developing partnerships and financing instruments in the field of climate change; . S.O.11. Raising the awareness of the population and businesses on climate change adaptation

o Disaster Risk Management:

. S.O.12. Reducing vulnerability to all risks, while improving the quality of emergency services, based on national and county risk assessment, and develop and maintain an adequate response capacity;

. S.O.13. Assessing the main risks, elaborating risk maps for earthquakes and floods, and implementing projects to reduce these risks;

. S.O.14. Elaborating a County Integrated Information System for the Management of Emergency Situation as part of the National Information System for Disaster Management.

o Pollution emergency:

. S.O.15. Developing an advanced information management system for hazardous wastes which may cause a pollution spill and threat to the DD;

. S.O.16. Reducing pollution risks and the response time by developing a prevention plan, providing adequate equipment and training of human resources. Pillar II – Improving the economy: o Tourism:

. S.O.17. Developing and promoting DD as an integrated tourism destination, with a rich portfolio of sustainable tourism products and services, by capitalizing the natural and cultural heritage;

. S.O.18. Establishing a local destination management mechanism that is based on active participation and ownership of local stakeholders;

. S.O.19. Encouraging local population to run small tourism businesses that meet quality and sustainability standards, and that are economically viable.

o Fishery and aquaculture:

. S.O.20. Correcting the ecological imbalance among predator and prey fish species, and environmental quality;

. S.O.21. Increasing the economic value of capture fisheries and aquaculture;

. S.O.22. Increasing quality job opportunities in the fish sector.

o Agriculture and Rural Development:

. S.O.23. Promoting integration of agri-food producers (especially organic) into the value-;

. S.O.24. Supporting diversification of agricultural and non-farm activities for job creation by encouraging active involvement of local communities;

. S.O.25. Promoting young farmers' access to land to enable improved revenue flows to the local population;

. S.O.26. Preserving, protecting, capitalizing and promoting the natural and movable and immovable cultural heritage, in rural areas;

. S.O.27. Improving the local population/farmers' access to information regarding the possibilities to tap CAP funds – create a special extension team for the Danube Delta.

Pillar III – Improving Connectivity:

o Transport:

. S.O.28. Increasing territorial connectivity to ensure access to markets in Tulcea, the rest of Romania, and also the EU; equal connectivity of enterprises, individuals, and goods in the DD territory, with great attention to protecting the existing environmental heritage;

. S.O.29. Increasing accessibility in the core DD area to support development of tourism and fisheries, and the mobility for residents in sparsely populated areas; . S.O.30. Improving health and protecting the environment by minimizing emissions and the consumption of resources (including energy) by the transport system.

o Information and Communication Technology (ICT):

. S.O.31. Providing full access to broad-band internet;

. S.O.32. Supporting widespread private, business and public use of ICT;

. S.O.33 Ensuring synergies with other sectors to promote transfer of knowledge, services and economic development.

Pillar IV – Providing basic services:

o Water supply and sewerage systems (WSS) and integrated water management (IWM):

. S.O.34. Providing potable water to meet quality of life standards and economic development objectives, subject to demand, financial feasibility, and operation and maintenance constraints;

. S.O.35. Supporting the collection of wastewater in a centralized manner (subject to demand, financial feasibility, and operation and maintenance constraints) and moving away from the current use of pit latrines which constitute a health hazard in prone to floods areas;

. S.O.36. Adopting treatment methods of centrally-collected waste water either in a conventional or a more low-cost way.

o • Solid Waste Management (SWM):

. S.O.37. Improving the recycling rate so as to achieve the corresponding EU target of 50% which Romania is committed to;

. S.O.38. Implementing of waste reduction, reuse and recycling in local communities in order to assure efficient and sustainable waste management, resource saving, environmental protection, and tourism destination development;

. S.O.39. Management of floating waste material.

. S.O.40. Increasing the capitalization degree of waste collected from households and businesses

o Healthcare:

. S.O.41. Improving access to primary health care (PHC) services based on prevention and early detection and treatment of chronic diseases;

. S.O.42. Supporting effective control of epidemics, , early warning and coordinated response, and risk factors surveillance; . S.O.43. Improving health infrastructure for primary, secondary and tertiary care, and the related service delivery system adjusted to modern technologies.

o Education:

. S.O.44. Providing lifelong learning opportunities to create labour skills for the 21-st century economy;

. S.O.45. Supporting secondary and vocational education that prepare students for the global knowledge economy and for the specificities of the local economy;

. S.O.46. Increasing the quality of the primary education and early-education systems.

o Social Inclusion and Protection:

. S.O.47. Reducing labor related and human capital disparities among Roma people by providing improved integrated services in all dimensions and aspects of exclusion (education, health, housing, employment);

. S.O.48. Preserving the cultural heritage for the ethnic minorities in the study area;

. S.O.49. Improving social outcomes by making social protection programs more relevant and effective in the study area.

Pillar V – Promoting efficiency, affordability and sustainability:

o Administrative Capacity and Program Management:

. S.O.50. Providing efficient and cost-effective public services;

. S.O.51. Improving evidence-based strategic and budgetary planning across all levels of governance in the DD region in order to support environmental and economic objectives;

. S.O.52. Increasing participatory decision-making in synergy with the environmental and economic objectives.

The sectoral objectives, in turn, are implemented through several types of interventions/ projects detailed within the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy (DDISDS) 2030.

The Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy (DDISDS) 2030 went through the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) procedure, according to Governmental Decision no. 1076/ 2004 regarding the procedure on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment, which transposes in the Romanian legislation the SEA Directive - European Council Directive no. 2001/42/ EC on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programs on the environment. The environmental report has been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Appendix content. 2 "Content - frame of the Environmental Report" from Governmental Decision no. 1076/ 2004. The development of the Environmental Report consisted in the following steps:

 Analysis of the DDISDS relationship with other relevant plans and programs;

 Analysis of the environment in the study area (issues relevant to DDISDS, taking into account the existing available data and information);

 Identification of a set of aspects and environmental issues that are relevant to the study area that can be addressed directly through DDISDS;

 Formulation of the relevant environmental objectives for the identified aspects and environmental issues, which DDISDS should address;

 The analysis of the likely evolution of the environment condition (of those relevant aspects identified above) in case of not implementing the provisions of DDISDS (Alternative “0”);

 Assessment of the environmental effects of implementing DDISDS by analysing the way how the DDISDS’s objectives and proposed measures contribute to the achievement of the relevant environmental objectives;

 Accomplishment of an overall assessment that can provide an overview of possible future evolutions of the environment condition, in case of implementing the provisions of DDISDS;

 Proposal a set of recommendations based on the analyses performed, to prevent, reduce or offset any potential adverse environmental impact associated with the implementation of DDISDS;

 The elaboration of a list of indicators proposed for monitoring the effects of DDISDS on the environment.

The environmental, social and economic aspects considered in the assessment were: biodiversity, population and human health, soil and land use, water, air, climate change, material values, cultural heritage, landscape, energy efficiency, sustainable transport, waste, efficient conservation/ use of natural resources, risk management and raising awareness on environmental issues.

The analysis of the current environment condition was performed for each selected environmental aspect. Following this analysis it was identified a set of environmental problems for which have been formulated relevant environmental objectives (objective that lead to solving these environmental problems), linked to the objectives set at national and regional level and with the European and international obligations that Romania has in the field of environmental protection. The relevant environmental objectives considered within the assessment were:

R.O.1 Conservation of natural habitats and species of wild flora and fauna, including with maintaining and developing of the natural protected areas; R.O.2 Diminishing risk factors and improving life style condition and health status of human population; R.O.3 Limiting impact on the soil and maintaining its productive capacity; R.O.4 Improving ecological and chemical status/ecological potential of water bodies and maintaining their ecological functions; R.O. 5 Improving air quality; R.O.6 Prevention and minimization of negative effects caused by climate change; R.O.7 Prevention and reduction of economic loss; R.O.8 Protection and conservation of cultural heritage including preservation of local traditions and customs; R.O.9 Protection and improving of natural landscape and traditional rural one; R.O.10 Improving energy efficiency and use of energy resources; R.O.11 Reducing environmental externalities of transport activities; R.O.12 Reducing waste generation and quantities of wastes eliminated through disposal; R.O.13 Reduction of non-renewable resources exploitation and facilitation of using renewable ones; R.O.14 Preventing natural risks effects and limiting of the accidental pollutions; R.O.15 Improving behaviour regarding environmental protection through encouraging sustainable practices and public participation. The environmental assessment analysed the way in which the DDISDS’s objectives and proposed interventions contribute to achieving the relevant environmental objectives. It also has been analysed the compatibility of the DDISDS’s sectoral objectives, as well as their compatibility with the relevant environmental objectives proposed within the SEA. The purpose of the assessing the compatibility of the objectives is to identify possible synergies and differences between the two sets of objectives (DDISDS and SEA).

The assessment of the DDISDS was performed at the level of types of interventions/ projects. Positive and negative contributions to the relevant environmental objectives were noted and situations where the Strategy does not contribute or brings low contributions to achieve these objectives were identified. Thus, a total of 139 types of interventions/ projects proposed in the sectors covered by DDISDS were assessed. Within the evaluation process were taken into account also the sheets of the projects proposed to be financed by ITI (October 2015), presented in Appendix II of the Appropriate Assessment Study.

Finally, by summing the grades given, an overall assessment of the DDISDS effects on the environment was performed. The results of this assessment revealed that the implementation of DDISDS will generate positive effects in the proportion of approx. 84% and negative effects of 16%. Potential positive effects have been identified for the relevant environmental objectives RO15 (Public participation), RO12 (Waste management), RO8 (Cultural heritage), RO4 (Water) and RO1 (Biodiversity). High levels of moderate potential positive impacts resulted for the relevant environmental objectives RO2 (Population and Human Health) and RO7 (Material values), which demonstrates DDISDS’ focus on the economic development of the study area and on the protection of population and human health.

Most of the positive effects are associated with actions aimed at protecting and restoring ecological systems and natural habitats affected by anthropogenic impacts and those from sectors: water supply and sewerage systems, energy efficiency, tourism, information and communication technology, solid waste management and healthcare, while negative effects were identified particularly in the transportation sector-related projects. None of the proposed types of interventions/ projects generates potential significant effects on the environment and health in a transboundary context. The only project likely to generate significant effects in a transboundary context was included in the initial version of DDISDS: I.85 – Modernization of Tulcea, Sulina, Măcin, Isaccea, Mahmudia and Chilia ports, through including the proposal to build a channel between Mm36 and Mm42. Within the SEA process, the SEA team proposed the exclusion of this project from DDISDS, due to its magnitude and the impossibility of identification and quantification of all the effects, especially long term and long distance effects (e.g. potential effect on Chilia branch). The project is not included in the final version of DDISDS.

For DDISDS the Appropriate Assessment evaluation was developed in accordance with Art. 6 (3) of Directive 92/43 / EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora and the Order 19/2010 approving the Methodological Guide adequately assess the potential effects of the plans and projects on protected natural areas of community interest .

The Appropriate Assessment study was developed by EPC Consultanţă de Mediu SRL and findings have been included in the Environmental Report. Proper evaluation study analyses the potential effects of the implementation of types of interventions/ projects to be financed through DDISDS on the national network of Natura 2000 sites.

AA study proposes a simple methodology for identifying and assessing the impacts in line with the strategy and the level of detail of available information on the presence and conservation status of Natura 2000 habitats and species.

Although GIS (Geographic Information Systems) was used as a support tool for assessment, early stages of development of most projects do not allow proper quantification of impacts. For the assessment, types of interventions / projects were classified into 5 categories depending on the location and the possibility to spatially limit the associated impact areas: Type A (90 projects) - projects for which the location is not relevant for analysis, Type B (24 projects) - projects that are relevant to the analysis (by their nature), but their location information in unknown, type C (15 projects) - projects that are relevant to the analysis (by their nature), but information on their location is not sufficient (approximate / incomplete location info), Type D (4 projects) - projects for which a specific location exists, but their impact cannot be clearly defined, Type E (6 projects) - projects for which there is a specific location and have a clear demarcation of the impact area.

The outcomes of the Appropriate Assessment concerning the potential effects of the DDISDS implementation on the national network of community interest sites are:

 Most of the projects are intersecting or placed inside existing Natura 2000 sites. At least for the E type project it was estimated that a number of 15 types of habitats, 6 species of plants, 13 of invertebrates, 19 of fish, 12 of amphibians, 9 of reptiles, 25 of mammals and 45 of birds of community interest, may be affected by the implementation of the proposed projects. Among these, 3 species of fish (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Acipenser stellatus and Huso huso) are listed as CR (Critically Endangered) and 1 species of birds (Falco cherrug) is listed as EN (Endangered) on the IUCN Red List.  Interventions which are most likely to generate negative effects are represented by the projects proposing construction works (transportation, flood risk management, channels rehabilitation, ports rehabilitation or rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure). The significant negative effects were estimated for the taxonomical groups: habitats/ vegetation, fish and birds. Habitats are likely to be the most affected Natura 2000 component considering the transportation projects, the rehabilitation of ports and the rehabilitation of Sulina Channel.  Fish are the taxonomic group that accumulate the most positive effects (approx. 23.7 % of the total assessment scores), given especially the interventions from the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management and Fishery and Aquaculture sectors (e.g.: I.5 Equipment and operating costs for physical interventions to restore natural water circulation and key habitat areas, respectively I.44 Improve fish habitat), which influences directly the aquatic ecosystems.  All interventions aiming to restore water circulation, natural ecosystems and habitats are of great importance for the study area and are most likely to generate significant benefits for most of the Natura 2000 components. However, it should be emphasise that even these interventions can generate impact on protected aquatic species (particularly species with low mobility) which should be addressed by proper avoidance and mitigation measures and that the success of these projects should preferably not be based on constructive solutions requiring continuous human intervention (e.g. installation of stop locks for sedimentation reduction).  The overall results of the assessment indicate that the positive effects generated by the proposed interventions/ projects of DDISDS are of 57 %, while the total of negative effects is of 43 %. The positive effects are mostly associated with the interventions from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Pollution Emergency, Fishery and Aquaculture, Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD), Water supply and sewerage systems (WSS) and integrated water management (IWM), Solid Waste Management and Education sectors, while the negative effects are associated with the interventions from Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management (I.12 – I.14), Energy Efficiency (I.15 and I.17), Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Tourism, Fishery and Aquaculture, Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD), Transport and other (I.139 Urban Renewal Interventions) sectors.  Types of interventions/ projects susceptible to generate significant negative effects are:  I.81 Modernization of national road DN 22 Constanţa – Tulcea – Măcin – Brăila;  I.88 Rehabilitation and modernization of the Sulina Channel.  Of the above mentioned projects, modernisation of Sulina Channel is able to generate long distance effects which cannot be correctly estimated at this time due to the lack of technical design details of various proposed works (in the following period a new feasibility study will be developed). Also, for the implementation of the project for Sulina Channel rehabilitations was suggested, along several proposed measures, to include solutions to avoid long term and long distance effects, to avoid habitat loss and to reduce to minimum extent the alteration of fish’s habitats.  In order to avoid and reduce the expected impacts on the Natura 2000 species and habitats, a set of 23 avoidance and mitigation measures were proposed. Their aim is to eliminate the significant negative impacts, as well as to reduce other negative impacts.  Probably the most important measure, to assure the vision of DDISDS is applied, is the prioritisation of interventions. No physical intervention should be started in the absence of sufficient knowledge on Natura 2000 components distribution and assessment of conservation status, in the absence of a predictive model for water and sediment flow or without knowing the carrying capacity of ecosystems and their main resources (fish, reed, water availability).  Any significant impact has the potential to affect the conservation status of Natura 2000 habitats and species. In order to assure that all impacts are adequate avoided and mitigates, a monitoring program based on 6 indicators, which should be well correlated with the management plans for Natura 2000 sites in the study area and well correlated with existing monitoring programs for related plans and programs, was proposed for the DDISDS.

To reduce the risk of potential negative effects arising from implementation of the operational program a set of measures to prevent and reduce was proposed, aimed at analysed environmental issues, and will contribute to the capacity of the program to address identified environmental issues.

To avoid the occurrence of significant environmental effects following the DDISDS implementation, the following measures should be considered in the development and evaluation of proposals:

M1. In order to be in line with the vision and strategic objectives of the DDISDS, prioritisation of interventions should follow the next steps: 1) finalisation of habitat mapping and species inventories within Natura 2000 sites; 2) implementation of the monitoring system and of the predictive models; 3) implementation of technical assistance and the preparation of studies to support the scientific-based decisions; 4) implementation of physical interventions.

M2. Interventions aiming directly the pollution control (e.g. nitrates reduction in water, floating waste, implementation of water supply and sewage systems) should be treated with high priority.

M3. Any intervention directly connected with or necessary to the management of the Natura 2000 sites should be preceded by thorough scientific studies and the solutions to be implemented will be chosen after analysing several alternatives.

M4. Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the Natura 2000 sites but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the sites in view of the sites’ conservation objectives. Appropriate assessment process should be initiated at the earliest stages of design.

M5. All interventions, particularly those addressed to biodiversity management and those containing construction works, should include actions to address climate change adaptation.

M6. The projects locations have to take in consideration the updated limits of the Natura 2000 sites, according the last revisions, and the results of the Natura 2000 habitats and species mapping and inventory, in order to avoid their destruction/alteration.

M7. Reconsideration of projects/projects components locations in order to avoid location inside Natura 2000 sites, where possible, or inside areas with very high and high sensitivity. Projects for which there are no acceptable alternatives to assure the avoidance of impacts should be subject of compensatory measures, which should be effective before the implementation of the projects.

M8. Types of interventions / projects for flood protection works involving structural measures (e.g. dykes, embankments) should be strictly limited to the protection of inhabited areas (localities).

M9. In order to avoid negative impacts associated to structural measures for flood protection, it is necessary to take in consideration the implementation of non- structural measures (green infrastructure) based on the knowledge database that will be generated by the DDISDS interventions under the Biodiversity domain and on the existing data on flooding limits.

M10. The interventions for afforestation of agricultural and non-agricultural land in the Danube Delta region has to be done only after the identification and assessment of existing species and habitats in order not to affect features of conservative interest. Only native species, specific to the area, has to be considered for planting.

M11. Considering the sensitivity of the study area (biosphere reserve, Natura 2000 sites, scientific reserves, migration route etc.), the use of renewable energy sources should be restricted to small-scale projects (mainly households, public institutions).

M12. All interventions involving buildings rehabilitation should implement first an inspection on existing birds’ nests and bats roosts and propose adequate measures to avoid disturbance, damage or killing.

M13. The exploitation of any natural resources should be performed within the limit of their carrying capacity and in this respect the identification of acceptable limits for exploitation should represent a study priority.

M14. For all types of interventions/ projects that have the potential to limit the species transit or migration (e.g. transport infrastructure, flood protection works), including rehabilitation of existing infrastructure, there has to be identified and implemented feasible technical solutions, based on studies and adequate field investigations, which to ensure the highest degree of permeability and avoidance of connectivity interruption between the habitats of the conservative interest species.

M15. All projects intersecting or located in the vicinity of reproduction habitats for birds and mammals of conservation interest will implement measures to reduce noise and vibrations to levels which assures disturbance avoidance.

M16. All interventions on banks of water bodies will be carried out so as to preserve or recreate spawning grounds for fish and amphibians. M17. In the case of the interventions for irrigations and flood protection, it is preferable to rehabilitate existing infrastructure, construction of new ones being the last option.

M18. Development and modernization of airport infrastructure has to be performed based on thorough assessment of birds’ activity, taking in consideration a much larger area than the project location due to the large distance on which disturbance of birds activity may appear.

M19. It is recommended to implement a work schedule which aims to plan the execution time of the works, for all types of interventions / projects involving constructions within or in the immediate vicinity of Natura 2000 habitats and Natura 2000 species habitats, so they would not affect critical areas for species of community interest (e.g. to avoid working in the breeding / nesting months of bird species, the hibernation / reproduction months of some small mammals, during the months when amphibians lay eggs, during fish spawning period etc.).

M20. The interventions in agriculture should be conditioned by the implementation of a minimum set of ecological agricultural principles (e.g. use of natural fertilizers, non- use of genetically modified organisms, non-use of antibiotic in livestock, etc.).

M21. All proposed projects/types of intervention has to include measures for avoiding installation of invasive species, as well as their monitoring and control during the project lifetime.

M22. For all projects/types of interventions that propose construction works (except of the ecological reconstruction works), it is recommended (where possible) to avoid the use of natural resources from inside natural protected areas.

M23. For all projects with potential negative impacts on Natura 2000 habitats and species it is necessary to implement multiannual monitoring programmes in order to assess residual impact, as well as the success of the implemented avoidance/mitigation/compensatory measures.

M24. Compliance with minimum distances of sanitary protection towards protected territories when locating projects likely to cause discomfort and risk to the population, and where appropriate, increase of these distances based on health impact studies.

M25. Inclusion within the projects of relevant measures for the protection of the human population in areas where the proposed interventions/ projects are close to inhabited areas (e.g. reduction of noise by providing windbreaks, sound-absorbing panels).

M26. The provision of monitoring programs for air quality, water quality and noise in the areas of the proposed interventions/projects likely to cause discomfort and risk to the population, both during construction and operation, allowing the adoption of appropriate measures to reduce the impact on human health. M27. All measures aiming to protect citizens’ life and health should consider non- chemical means of implementations (e.g. pest control, mosquito control).

M28. Under the proposed projects planning and design it should be consider limiting the amount of land occupied temporarily (during construction activities) or permanent (during the operation).

M29. For all interventions/ projects involving construction work it is important when selecting sites to achieve an identification of available land areas that have been or are affected by constructions, thus minimizing surfaces with natural soil subjected to anthropisation.

M30. Provision of quantifiable measures for water consumption efficiency within the water supply interventions.

M31. Avoid implementation of interventions/ projects (including flood protection works) that may lead to worsening of water bodies’ chemical and ecological status/ ecological potential.

M32. Avoid implementation of interventions/ projects that involves interruption of water bodies’ lateral connectivity, except of areas where inhabited areas protection is strictly necessary. To be correlated with M.9, M.10 and M.15.

M33. Avoidance of sensitive areas from the air quality point of view when locating interventions/ projects that involves high emissions of atmospheric pollutants during the operation or functioning phase.

M34. Development of a local Action Plan for climate change.

M35. Identification of financial mechanisms that can ensure compensation of material and financial loss for the population affected by land-use restrictions inside natural protected areas.

M36. Location of proposed projects so as to avoid archaeological sites, historical monuments and other elements of the immovable national cultural patrimony.

M37. Integration of all buildings (including wastewater treatment plants) into the traditional landscape and use of traditional architecture and local materials.

M38. Elaboration of guidelines/ regulations for traditional construction and architecture.

M39. Location of proposed interventions/ projects so as to avoid damage to areas of significant landscape values.

M40. Inclusion within the proposed interventions/projects of landscape restoration measures, including ecological restoration works.

M41. Elaboration of waste management plans at project level (where applicable), which to ensure minimisation of generated waste quantities, as well as their use and recovery in accordance with the waste hierarchy. M42. Ensuring transparency and access to information in the decision making process and encouraging of local community involvement.

With regard to monitoring the environmental effects of implementing DDISDS, a set of indicators was proposed, consisting in one indicator for each relevant environmental objective, except for RO1 Biodiversity which applied the set of monitoring indicators proposed in the Appropriate Assessment Study. The Monitoring program of effects generated by DDISDS (2030) implementation aims at identification and prevention of potential negative effects on the environmental components and enables proposing additional measures to reduce environmental impact and remediation of potentially affected areas.

The proposed indicators to monitor the effects of DDISDS are:

1. Surfaces of Natura 2000 habitats/ habitats of species of community interest inside Natura 2000 sites irreversibly affected as a result of the DDISDS interventions/ projects implementation;

2. Surfaces of Natura 2000 habitats/ habitats of species of community interest inside Natura 2000 sites reversibly affected as a result of the DDISDS interventions/ projects construction;

3. Surfaces of habitats of species of community interest inside Natura 2000 sites affected by one or more disturbing factors (e.g. human presence, noise) as a result of the DDISDS interventions/ projects implementation;

4. Mortality of community interest fauna species as a result of the DDISDS types of interventions/ projects construction and operation;

5. Assessment of the success of measures for avoidance of ecological connectivity interruption (structures for permeability, lateral connectivity and longitudinal connectivity assurance);

6. Increased habitats surfaces for species of community interest as a result of interventions aimed at reducing the anthropic pressures and ecological restoration. To be based on the confirmation of species presence and activity outside existing habitats;

7. Number of illnesses cases caused by infectious and parasitic diseases (caused by water pollution and poor sanitation) ;

8. Areas of natural soil affected by proposed interventions;

9. Number of water bodies in good chemical and ecological status/ ecological potential;

10. Areas affected by exceeding of air pollutants thresholds corresponding to DDISDS interventions;

11. Balance of GHG emissions (t/year) corresponding to DDISDS interventions;

12. Ratio between local population average income and national average income; 13. Number of rehabilitated historical monuments and conserved archaeological sites; 14. Areas (ha) with landscape improvement measures;

15. Electricity and thermal consumptions of households and public institutions;

16. The total amount of annual CO2 emissions from transport;

17. Quantities (t/y) of generated wastes and eliminated through disposal;

18. Share of renewable sources in the total energy production;

19. Number of persons exposed to one or more risks;

20. Number of beneficiaries of sustainable development information campaigns.

Given the fact that there is a considerable number of authorities and institutions involved in the sectors addressed by DDISDS (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Energy Efficiency, Climate Change, Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Pollution Emergency, Tourism, Fishery and Aquaculture, Agriculture and Rural Development, Transport, Information and Communication Technology, Water supply and sewerage systems (WSS) and integrated water management (IWM), Solid Waste Management, Healthcare, Education, Social Inclusion and Protection, Administrative Capacity and Program Management and Other Categories), the owner of the Strategy (MRDPA) will collect data on the proposed indicators on the basis of the final assessment of projects, its main responsibility being to centralize and present the indicators proposed in an appropriate manner.

The consideration of the proposals from the Environmental Report, with regard to the implementation of DDISDS projects will ensure the reduction of the potential negative effects associated with implementing the Strategy and the possibility of improving the positive effects.

13. SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. National Strategy for Sustainable Development Horizon 2013-2020-2030 2. Integrated Sustainable Development Strategy for Tulcea County between 2014 – 2020 (https://www.cjtulcea.ro/sites/cjtulcea/AnunturiPublice/Pages/diverse-anunturi.aspx ) 3. Report regarding the environmental state in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, 2013 4. Master Plan for protection and rehabilitation of coastal area, 2012 5. Report regarding the environmental state in Tulcea county, 2012 and 2013 6. Report regarding the environmental state in Constanta county, 2012 and 2013 7. Dobrogea-Littoral River Basin Management Plan, 2015 8. Florin Topoleanu, Gabriel Jugănaru, Cristian Micu: „The inventory of archaeological sites in Tulcea - Case Study: tumuli I”, Eco-Museum Research Institutes in Tulcea, 2008 9. Multiannual National Strategic Plan for Aquaculture 2014 – 2020 10. Plan for the Prevention, protection and mitigation of floods in Dobrogea Littoral Basin Area, 2012 11. Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment Study, WWF Romania 12. http://www.ddbra.ro/ 13. http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=POP108D 14. http://www.rpl2011.djsct.ro/1inceput_j_tab.php?codj=13&den=CONSTANţA 15. http://www.constanta.insse.ro/main.php?id=385, http://www.rpl2011.djsct.ro/1inceput_j_tab.php?codj=13&den=CONSTANţA 16. http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo2&lang=ro&context=11 17. http://www.isudelta.ro/Inspectia%20de%20Prevenire.html 18. http://apmct.anpm.ro/ 19. http://www.rowater.ro/dadobrogea 20. http://www.aquaservtulcea.ro/programe-si-proiecte/?subpage 21. http://www.fonduri-ue.ro/documente-programare/programe-operationale/pos-mediu 22. http://patrimoniu.gov.ro/ro/monumente-istorice/lista-monumentelor-istorice

14. ANNEXES

14.1. RELATION WITH OTHER RELEVANT PLANS, PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES

The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) BIODIVERSITY The National Afforestation Programme implies the increase of areas under forest with an area of 442,000 ha in the period 2010-2035, meaning:  reducing the impact of climate change and desertification risk;  improving the runoff status;  diminishing the risk of floods, landslides, erosion, clogging This programme aims at of reservoirs; expanding the forest areas, in  introducing large areas of land into the economic cycle; order to reduce the impact  improving soil and climatic conditions for agricultural crop generated by the climate (the creation of alternative resources for population and change and the potential risk of employment); desertification. In this regard, National Afforestation 1 2010-2035 the programme envisages the  creating ecological corridors in the areas covered by Programme increase of areas covered with protective forest. forest vegetation in particular These measures are in line with the type of intervention / through afforestation of project belonging to the sector “Biodiversity and Ecosystem degraded lands and the Management”: I.3. “The reforestation of areas where the establishment of protective natural vegetation has disappeared or has been degraded”, forest. which involves the afforestation of areas along the channels in the Delta, about 400 ha of agricultural polders and fishery, i.e. an area of approximately 5,000 ha. The reforestation of those areas where the natural vegetation is gone or degraded will lead to reducing the potential negative effects of vegetation deforestation: the loss of endangered fauna and habitats of species of fish; increasing the amounts of nutrients, sediment and hazardous chemicals; high emissions The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) of GHGs; changes in local and regional hydrological cycle; reduced water retention capacity from the flood and a concurrent loss in flood control. The strategic objectives of the Strategy include:  B. Ensuring the consistency and efficient management of the national network of protected areas;  C. Ensuring a favourable conservation status of protected wildlife species;  D. Sustainable use of components of biological diversity; with the following specific action plan implementation This strategy takes a number of periods (a few relevant examples): key concepts regarding  B14. Making maps of the distribution of natural habitats biodiversity conservation, and wildlife habitat with conservation interest - Period internationally agreed and 2010 -2012; undertaken at community level.  B15. The analysis of coherence of protected natural These take into account the areas, including ecological corridors - Period 2012 - 2013; National Strategy and ecosystem approach, prioritizing  B17. Establishing and implementing the national 2 Action Plan for 2010-2020 the biodiversity by including it in monitoring system in line with the provisions of the Biodiversity Conservation all sectoral policies, or Directive “Habitats” - Period 2010-2020; biodiversity protection and  B18. Developing and implementing monitoring systems of conservation closely linked with protected natural areas - Period 2010 - 2020; economic and social needs of  B24. Developing and adopting the management plans for the people (sustainable protected natural areas - Period 2010 - 2020; development).  C9. Analysis of the conservation status of protected species and selection of species for which National Action Plans for Conservation (NAPC) must be drafted - Period 2010 - 2012;  C10. The development of NAPCs for the species identified as priorities - Period 2012 - 2015;  C11. Implementation of NAPCs for 15 priority species - Period 2013 - 2020; The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030)  C12. The development of NAPCs sites for species with medium priority - Period 2015 -2020;  D2. Developing and adopting methodologies that take into account the value of biodiversity in the cost / benefit analysis in feasibility studies and business plans - Period 2014 - 2016. These strategic objectives together with specific actions mentioned are in line with the types of interventions / projects proposed in the sector “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management” and other types of interventions / projects in other sectors addressed by DDISDS (e.g. I.40. “Support for organic farming within Natura 2000”). The Strategy’s overall objective is to support public institutions with responsibilities in the area of natural protection, to achieve sustainable development of the coastal This strategy supplements the zone and to stop the process of degradation of coastal existing strategies in Romania ecosystems and biological diversity specific to these types of and Bulgaria with data on the ecosystems. The Strategy includes a series of specific current situation of natural objectives in this regard, coupled with an action plan. habitats and biodiversity in the DDISDS also provides, by implementing the types of coastal area borders Cape Midia Coastal Biodiversity interventions within the sector of “Biodiversity and 2008 - - Cape Kaliakra, the ultimate 3 Conservation Strategy for Ecosystem Management” (i.e. the development of an 2020 goal being to improve the Dobrogea integrated monitoring system covering the whole area of the integrated coastal zone Danube Delta: Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve over management in order to Romania’s border with Ukraine and in the bottom of the Prut improve the general state of the floodplain of Moldova) and in the sector of “Disaster Risk coastal environment and the Management (DRM)” (e.g. “soft investment” and technical quality of natural resources in assistance, particularly for: risk assessment on floods, the western Black Sea coast. earthquakes, coastal erosion and fires), a series of proposals that are in line with the specific objectives of the Strategy for the conservation of biodiversity in the coastal area The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) of Dobrogea. CONTAMINATED SITES The strategy aims to provide guidelines for action to investigate the land affected by pollution and adjacent areas, to decide the degree of This strategy offers several actions that can lead to reduced contamination of the site and to area occupied by contaminated sites so as to achieve an determine the manner in which acceptable level of risk to human health and the the corrective actions and environment, on each of the sites addressed, and can thus be National Strategy and validation of the corrected land reintroduced into the economic circuit for recovery. National Action Plan for shall be regulated. In DDISDS, an action on “removing waste and general 4 the management of 2015-2050 The aim of the strategy is to ecological restoring of degraded or abandoned land due to contaminated sites in establish on short-term (2015) previous industrial activities, focusing on those areas that are Romania the principles in the near protected areas” appears in the type of intervention / management of contaminated project “Developing and implementing measures to reduce sites and solving the problem of the flow of solid waste in natural areas” related to the sector contaminated sites that require “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management”. urgent action on the medium term (until 2020), that and this action shall continue on the long term until 2050. WATERS The Master Plan “Coastal The general objectives of the Master Plan are to protect and Protection and Rehabilitation” improve the quality of the environment and living standards presents the current state of of local communities along the Romanian coast of the Black Master Plan “Coastal protection works, the Sea, and to improve security in the south coast area, which is 5 Protection and 2011-2041 continuous process of erosion, threatened by coastal erosion. The coastal erosion is a risk Rehabilitation” the potential effect of extreme factor both socially and economically. storms and climate changes to In DDISDS within the sector “Disaster Risk Management establish the forecasts related (DRM)”, a series of interventions aim “soft investment” and The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) to future effects of erosion and technical assistance, particularly for: risk assessment on risks to land use in order to floods, earthquakes, coastal erosion and fires. identify the critical areas exposed to erosion. The plan aims to establish the To achieve the aim, groundwater quality standards, threshold specific measures necessary to values for pollutants and indicators of pollution of prevent and control groundwater, assessment principles for chemical status of groundwater pollution in order groundwater have been established in this plan. The plan also National Plan for to achieve the environmental has regard to the identification and reversal of significant and Protection of objectives that include, mainly, sustained upward trends, a number of measures and actions 2009 - 6 groundwater against criteria for assessing the good of investigation, assessment and remediation of groundwater 2013 pollution and chemical state of groundwater resource within the contaminated sites, in the development deterioration and criteria for identifying and of the groundwater remediation plan. In the same direction, reversing significant and in the DDISDS, the sector “Biodiversity and Ecosystem sustained upward trends, and Management” provides “Investments to support local action for the definition of the starting to reduce nitrate pollution of waterways in agriculture or levels for trend reversal. animal husbandry”.

Compared with the first management plan, the draft of the second management plan contains updated data and The draft of the “Management information, and developments / improvements of the Plan for the Danube River, the Draft for the Danube methodologies used and results obtained. Danube Delta, Dobrogea and River, the Danube Delta, The draft of the “Management Plan of the Danube River, the Water River Coastal Area” Dobrogea and Water 2016 - Danube Delta, Dobrogea and Water River Coastal Area” 7 represents the second planning River Coastal Area (draft 2021 provides further measures planned to be implemented in the cycle in terms of developing the version – 22 December period 2016 - 2021 the requirements of the main European Basin and National 2014) Directives on water quality area, with reference to objectives, Management Plans. requirements, enforcement authorities, transitional periods,

measures established, costs to implement the measures, and sources of funding thereof. Among the mentioned documents to ensure the continued The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) development of integrated actions for the development of water and wastewater systems, from the previous cycle of planning, is the “Large Infrastructure Operational Programme (LIOP) 2014-2020”. The types of interventions / projects within the sector “Water supply and sewerage systems and integrated water management (WSS and IWM)” related to DDISDS also have LIOP 2014-2020 as the main source of funding. The main measures stated under this plan cover:  Measures to implement the European legislation for water protection;  Measures on recovery of specific activities cost for water management and services of water supply and sewerage;  Measures to protect bodies of water used or to be used for the abstraction of water intended for human The draft of the National consumption; Management for the This plan aims the balanced  Measures to control samples from water sources for uses; national portion of the management of water resources  Measures to reduce pollution from point sources and for International Danube and aquatic ecosystems other activities with an impact on water status; 2016 - 8 River Basin - Synthesis of protection, primarily concerned  Measures to reduce pollution with priority substances; 2021 the Management Plans with achieving the good status  Measures to prevent and reduce the impact of accidental Drafts for Basins / Basin of surface water and pollution; Spaces (draft version – 22 groundwater.  Measures for water bodies at risk of not achieving the December 2014) environmental objectives. Additional measures to achieve environmental objectives;  Measures to reduce pollution in marine waters. In line with these measures, DDISDS provides a number of types of interventions / projects designed both to prevent degradation of the aquatic environment (e.g. “Equipment and operational costs required for physical interventions to restore natural water circulation and complex key areas”, The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) “Development and implementation of a modern / efficient monitoring system and forecasting model on the dynamic sedimentation of the Danube Delta”) and reduce or phase out emissions of priority substances / priority hazardous substances in surface water (i.e. all investments related to the sector “Water supply and sewerage systems and integrated water management (WSS and IWM)”), and reducing groundwater pollution (e.g. “Investment to support local action to reduce nitrate pollution of waterways in agriculture or animal husbandry”). The main specific objectives of this strategy, in transport area, are: Increasing the attractiveness of the region by improving This strategy envisages the accessibility, continuing the expansion and implementation of new modernization of port, airport, railway and road system technologies on the infrastructure, by creating a multi-modal transport development, maintenance, system; monitoring and protection of Developing the existing terminus points and creating the river, so that the Danube new terminals of transport networks for the transport of The second National becomes a modern river 2011 - goods / people and modernizing their services, in contribution to Develop backbone and compatible with 9 2020 compliance with safety standards and environmental the EU Strategy for the the environment and existing protection; Danube Region ecosystems. Of the 11 priority Developing links between terminals and urban centers areas, Romania will manage 3, with the national and international transport systems namely transport on inland (including the development of belts); waters (with Austria), culture Upgrading and providing access in rural areas; and tourism (with Bulgaria) and Increasing mobility in urban areas; managing environmental risks Developing a plan of economic and financial measures to (with Hungary). support inland waterway transport, whose fundamental aim is to facilitate the modernization of the river fleet flying the Romanian flag. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) The main sectoral objectives laid down within the sector “Transport” for the DDISDS also aim:  To increase territorial connectivity to ensure the access to markets in Tulcea, Romania’s transport networks, and also the European Union; equal connectivity for entrepreneurs, individuals and goods in the territory of DD, with great attention to environmental protection of natural heritage;  To increase accessibility in the heart of DD to support tourism development and fisheries, and mobility for residents of sparsely populated areas;  To improve health and the environment protection by reducing emissions and consumption of resources (including energy) by the transport system. According to the National Plan for the River Basins The plan aims at underlying the Management in Romania, in terms of target objectives in the actions, measures, options, field of population access to drinking water infrastructure, solutions and works necessary the most representative document with targets on water is for: the rehabilitation and the “Sectoral Operational Programme Environment – SOP maintenance of water balance Environment developed in accordance the Community of the requirements of utilities acquis”, with the specific objective of “Improving quality and and availability of water National Plan for the 2013 – access to water and wastewater infrastructure” by providing sources, the use of water 10 River Basins 2020 - water supply and sewerage services in most urban areas by potential, reducing negative Management in Romania 2030 2015, and establishing efficient regional structures for the effects of natural phenomena management of water / wastewater services. on life, health, property and DDISDS offers 18 types of interventions / projects within the human activities and the sector “Water supply and sewerage systems (WSS) and environment, or establishing the integrated water management (IWM)”, primarily aiming to: environmental requirements on Provide drinking water to meet the quality of life and water resources. economic development goals, according to the demand,

financial feasibility, as well as operation and The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) maintenance constraints; Support a centralized wastewater collection (depending on the demand, financial feasibility and operation and maintenance constraints) and abandon the current use of latrines which constitutes a health hazard for potential flood areas; Adopt treatment methods for wastewater collected centrally or in a conventional or cheap manner. Another common point of the National Plan for the River Basins Management in Romania and DDISDS is represented by floods. The main actions, measures and works proposed to ensure the flow capacity of the river banks, the protection of population and property against flooding and securing of works in NPRBM are:  works to increase the flow capacity of the minor beds;  dams;  defence and consolidation of banks;  regularization of beds;  impermanent accumulation; polders, flood enclosures etc.;  securing / rehabilitation of existing works;  other works (bottom sills, culverts, undercrossings etc.). In DDISDS, the sector “Disaster Risk Management (DRM)” also includes a series of works mainly aimed for flood protection, by the type of intervention / project “Flood protection works in Babadag, Ceatalchioi, Beştepe, Greci, Vulturu, Ilganii de Jos, Nufăru, Ilganii de Sus, Luncaviţa, Sulina, Sarichioi, Pardina, Săcele, Sf. Gheorghe”. Implementing this strategy aims The main strands of NSF are: National Strategy of 11 2014-2020 to increase food security and  Strand I: Encourage fisheries and innovative, Fisheries public health in Romania by competitive and knowledge based aquaculture, The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) increasing production of fish including related processing; and fish products from domestic  Strand II: Promoting sustainable fisheries and production, higher quality sustainable and efficient aquaculture in terms of products, in terms of resource use, including related processing; compliance with the  Strand III: Strengthening the system of control, sustainability rules of the sector. inspection and enforcement, and improving data collection activities;  Strand IV: Increasing employment and territorial cohesion in fisheries areas; with a series of specific objectives for each strand. All these strands are in line with the types of interventions / projects under the DDISDS within the sector “Fishery and Aquaculture”; Increasing fish habitats. Reducing sedimentation action in most lakes by installing locks. Dredging the great lakes to restore water depth; Supporting the transition from fishing by traditional means to recreational fishing; Improving Aquaculture: studies on current concessions to establish whether they can be made profitable, including recreational fisheries; Supporting small-scale fish processing; Supporting the system of artificial reproduction of valuable species such as pike and zander, and building wharfs for the increased number of fishermen. Improving data collection and analysis relating to fisheries. FLOODS The aim of the Strategy is to DDISDS proposes, by implementing the types of interventions National Strategy for define the frame for / projects proposed in the sectors: “Biodiversity and 12 2010-2035 Flood Risk Management coordinated, inter-sectoral Ecosystem Management” and “Disaster Risk Management guideline of all the actions taken (DRM)”, a series of measures that are in line with the overall The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) to prevent and reduce the objectives of the National Strategy for Floods Risk consequences of floods on Management: increasing the quality of life by reducing socio-economic life and human damage due to floods, but being prepared for the occurrence health and the environment. of other such phenomena; Thus, it provides for the  mitigating the impact of risk management measures integrated management of (temporal and spatial scale) over ecological systems; water, land and adjacent  appropriate use of resources for the development, resources, such as: spatial maintenance and operation of infrastructure and planning and urban measures to reduce flood risk; development, nature  maintaining appropriate economic activities (agricultural, protection, agricultural and industrial, commercial, residential and recreational) in forestry development, floodplains. protection of transport infrastructure, building and tourist areas, personal protection, etc. CLIMATE CHANGES This strategy has two strands: The sectoral objectives proposed by DDISDS related to the reducing greenhouse gas sector “Climate change” refer to: emissions and increasing the The development of an area susceptible to climate issues

storage capacity of CO2 by by integrating them into public local plans and policies; natural absorbent reservoirs, i.e. Promoting the development towards a low carbon adapting to unavoidable economy by taking targeted measures for adaptation and Romania’s National adverse effects of climate mitigation of GHG emissions; 13 Strategy on Climate 2013-2020 change on natural and Encouraging innovation and adoption of low carbon Change anthropogenic systems. To this technologies. end, the strategy has a number Furthermore, 2 other sectors addressed by DDISDS suggest of adaptation actions at sectoral types of intervention / measures impacting the prevention of level (industry, agriculture and effects generated by climate changes: “Biodiversity and fisheries, tourism, public health, Ecosystem Management” (“The reforestation of areas where building and infrastructure, the natural vegetation has disappeared or has been The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) transport, water resources, deteriorated”) and “Disaster Risk Management (DRM)” forests, energy, biodiversity, (“Works for flood protection in Babadag, Ceatalchioi, insurance, leisure and Beştepe, Greci, Vulturu, Ilganii de Jos, Nufăru, Ilganii de Sus, education). Luncaviţa, Sulina, Sarichioi, Pardina, Săcele, Sf. Gheorghe”). These sectoral objectives are in agreement with the adaptation actions proposed at sectoral level within the Romania’s National Strategy on Climate Change. Among the main actions envisaged in this plan, on the impact and adaptation to climate change, are:  Strengthening the cooperation between authorities, institutes and other stakeholders in the field of adaptation to climate change;  Building adaptation bases: Study for scenarios and This plan represents the main scoping; tool used to implement the  Development of the National Action Plan for National Strategy on Climate Adaptation (NAPA); Change, establishing the  Planning the Research Programme on Adaptation to manner in which progresses Climate Change (RPACC); shall be reported. This plan National Action Plan on 2005 -  Decision tools for planning the adaptation in light of 14 designates tasks and Climate Change (NAPCC) 2007 experience. responsibilities for each DDISDS provides the implementation of the following types institution involved, while of interventions / projects to mitigate and adapt to climate identifying key actors. The plan change: also provides clear deadlines for Creating a partnership platform for CC, including a fund actions and identifies the for climate adaptation for the community aimed at low- potential sources of funding. income families, a micro loan mechanism to support SMEs and partnership opportunities to promote public collaboration on innovative actions regarding CC; Creating a unit with a clear mandate to address climate change situations, including a small but dedicated number of people ready to collaborate at inter-sectoral The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) level; Developing a clear and easy to use local guide on climate change and energy efficiency programmes. Thus, it is noted that the main actions envisaged in the NAPCC are consistent with the types of interventions / projects established within the sector “Climate Change” in DDISDS. This document was produced by Types of interventions / projects proposed in the various WWF in collaboration with sectors covered by DDISDS are in line with the measures set other institutions for the EU out in the Strategy Action Plan, for e.g.: Commission and is a useful Environmental restoration of ponds and agricultural review of the status of trans- polders; boundary Danube Delta and the Designation of water protection areas and possible impacts of climate improvement of banks protection through effects, respectively afforestation along small rivers and lakes; Strategy and Action Plan investigating the resilience of Restoring water dynamics; on Adaptation to Climate 2014 - the DD upon the impact of And so on 15 Change in the Danube 2030 climate change on natural and Delta Region social –economic systems. It contains recommendations of sectoral policies targeted to improve the ability of adaptation of the Danube Delta Basin, and is useful for the development of the integrated strategy and ITI investments in the study area. EMISSIONS

National Programme for The objectives of this national NPRE proposes reducing emissions of SO2, NOx and dust 16 Reducing Emissions of 2007-2017 programme consider reducing resulting from the operation of large combustion plants sulfur dioxide (SO2), the emissions from large (LCPs), by the compliance of 109 large combustion plants The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) nitrogen oxides (NOx) combustion plants by taking with the emission limit values (ELVs). Of these, 36 LCPs had as and dust from large steps to comply with the limits compliance deadline the 20 December 2006, and 73 LCPs combustion plants laid down in the national transitional period between 2007-2013 and 2016-2017 (only (NPRE) legislation, the fulfilment of for 6 LCPs to comply with the NOx ELVs). DDISDS does not commitments undertaken by propose investments in this direction, but the Romania on the limitation of implementation of the type of intervention / project emissions of certain pollutants, “Promoting the use of renewable energy sources” within the

ensuring reductions in SO2 and sector “Energy Efficiency”, funded by LIOP, OS 6.1. NOx, so that their depositions “Increasing the consumption of energy from renewable and concentrations are below resources by new production capacities of energy from critical loads and levels, as well renewable resources less exploited are considering the use of as establishing a monitoring renewable resources for electricity production” that mechanism to fulfill the conforms to the general objective of NPRE. objectives and measures proposed. This plan was developed with the purpose of establishing the national ceiling for emissions of greenhouse gases for industrial activities, constituting major pollution sources and belonging to the scheme for greenhouse gas This plan describes the emission allowance trading in the EU (ETS) and under the GD methodology and the principles 780/2006 establishing the scheme for greenhouse gas based on which the certificates emission allowance trading, as subsequently amended and National allocation plan are allocated, and presents the 2007 - supplemented. Thus, a total of 74,836,235 GHG emission 17 on emission allowances total number of certificates to 2012 allowances was established for 2007 and 379,721,760 for the for greenhouse gases be allocated. It also provides the period 2008 - 2012. At the same time, DDISDS proposes a number of certificates that are number of types of interventions / projects aiming to reduce allocated to each sector or each the emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g. the ones related to plant. the sector “Energy Efficiency”), but excluding the projects covered by the plan, such as those for granting green certificates, or energy producers that are part of the ETS scheme. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) Among the main objectives of the National Action Plan to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in civil aviation is the fulfilment of the strategic commitment towards the EU to This plan seeks to achieve the reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% by 2020, objectives of the aircraft compared to the level of emissions in 1990, up to the operators by participating in the conclusion of an agreement at international level for the EU ETS schema, improving the period post-2012. National Action Plan to efficiency of fuel use by at least DDISDS proposes the implementation of the type of reduce emissions of 2% / year, reducing greenhouse intervention / project “Development and modernization of 18 2011-2020 greenhouse gases in civil gas emissions, informing aircraft Mihail Kogălniceanu airport, Tulcea County” within the sector aviation operators on the new “Transport”, which derives from investment Priority 7.ca of technologies promoted the Priority Axis 2 of LIOP, which refers to the development

internationally, and capping CO2 and improvement of transport systems that respect the emissions from the activities of environment, including those with low noise and low carbon civil aviation sector. emissions, including inland waterways and maritime transport systems, ports, multimodal connections and airport infrastructure, in order to promote sustainable mobility at regional and local level. This plan has the following main Among the main objectives of the National Transitional Plan objectives: ensuring the for combustion plants are the provision of a linear decrease

compliance to 42 plants with in the period 2016 - 2020, national emission ceilings for SO2, National Transitional Plan emission limit values regulated NOx and dust from combustion plants covered by the for combustion plants at European level, providing a provisions of Directive 2010/75 / EU on industrial emissions, covered by the provisions linear decrease in national and ensuring the mechanism for monitoring and reporting of

19 of Chapter III of Directive 2016-2020 ceilings for SO2, NOx emission, the progress in fulfilling the objectives and measures 2010/75 / EU on dust from combustion, and proposed in the Plan. industrial emissions - ensuring the mechanism for DDISDS provides types of interventions / projects directly draft monitoring and reporting the aimed at national ceilings for SO2, NOx emission, dust, progress in fulfilling the combustion from plants, or mechanisms for monitoring and objectives and measures set out reporting progress in fulfilling the objectives and measures in the Plan. set out in the Plan. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) CULTURE The Sectoral Strategy for Culture The overall objective of the Strategy is the “Development of and National Heritage started cultural infrastructure by rehabilitating the existing one and from the analysis of the building of new facilities”. Romanian reality and proposes DDISDS offers a balance between protecting the unique the major development natural heritage and cultural heritage of the Danube Delta milestones of the sector Biosphere Reserve (DDBR), meeting the aspirations of local Sectoral Strategy for “Culture” taking into account inhabitants to improve their living conditions and to identify 20 Culture and National 2014-2020 the specific needs of interested better economic opportunities. The main types of Heritage groups and the general needs of interventions / projects aimed at protecting the cultural the Romanian society, on the heritage and, at the same time, preserving traditions in the one hand, and the need to Danube Delta are those related to the sectors: “Tourism”, harmonize them with the trends “Fishery and Aquaculture”, but not only. and priorities identified in the European Union and the evolutions at international level. ENERGY NEEAP 3 shows the need to NEEAP 3 provides a series of measures and presents energy continue the measures to savings to be realized in the period 2014-2020, to meet the increase energy efficiency target undertook by Romania and compliance with the during the period 2014-2020, requirements of Directive 2012/27/EU, namely a due to the fact that although consumption of 42.99 Mtoe target reduction of primary the share of electricity energy consumption in 2020 is 1.15 million toe, and to limit in National Energy consumption in final energy 2020 the final energy consumption to the amount 30.32 21 Efficiency Action Plan 2014-2020 consumption has tended to rise million toe, the target to reduce this consumption in 2020 is 3 (NEEAP) in the period 2007-2012, of 1.64 million toe. however this share and the low DDISDS proposes within the sector “Energy Efficiency” a consumption per capita still number of types of interventions / projects with the following show low electricity penetration sectoral objectives: level in the social and economic Increasing energy efficiency in the studied area in the activities. economic field, residential and public buildings, and the The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) provision of public services; Increased use of renewable energy sources in the studies area; Improving local expertise, availability of information and awareness of energy efficiency. The type of intervention / project “Promoting the use of renewable energy sources” will be financed by LIOP 2014- 2020, document mentioned in the NEEAP 3 as a program developed by the MFE which considers the realization during the period 2014-2020 of the related thematic objectives related to increasing energy efficiency through the implementation of related investments. This plan examines all areas of According to the NREAP, some of the proposed measures economic and social life, aimed at increasing the production of electricity from presenting the objectives for the renewable sources by producing it in hydroelectric plants of following horizons: 2013, 2020, maximum 10 MW, wind, solar or biogas plants. 2030. The main objective is to DDISDS provides within the sector “Energy Efficiency” the ensure energy security of the implementation of the intervention / project “Promoting the country, based on an efficient use of renewable energy sources” but it does not mention National Renewable 2010 – supply of primary resources. clearly the exact renewable energy sources targeted, but only 22 Energy Action Plan 2020-2030 Production, transport, that will be financed through LIOP, AP6. (NREAP) distribution and supply ensuring continuous supply of all consumers in terms of accessibility, availability and affordability of prices, taking into account the developments in environmental quality. Romania’s Energy This strategy takes into account The targets of the strategy include promoting the production 2010 - 23 Strategy for 2007 - 2020 satisfying the energy needs, of energy from renewable sources. Thus, for 2010 it was 2020 Update for the period both at the present and in the proposed a share of electricity produced from these sources The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) 2011-2020 medium and long term, at a in the total gross electricity consumption by 33%, namely 35% price as low as possible, for 2015 and 40% for 2020. consistent with the modern DDISDS proposes within the sector “Energy Efficiency” several market economy and a decent types of interventions / projects in this area: reducing the living standard in terms of cost of public and household energy, reducing carbon quality, food safety, observing emissions while local economy can become greener, more the principles of sustainable efficient and based on knowledge. In this sense, it moves development. towards fulfilling the Europe 2020 objectives to increase efficiency by 20% by using 20% more energy from renewable sources. These initiatives are aligned, at the same time, with the overall goals of DDISDS to protect the environment and population in the Danube Delta and the general lines of the SER. TRANSPORT The overall objective is to According to the Intermodal Transport Strategy in Romania, develop the national system of achieving a modal transport system in Romania aims as intermodal freight transport, in overall target for 2020 the achievement through this system order to streamline freight of a transport quota representing at least 40% of the volume transport and improve the of freight transported in intermodal transport units (ITU) in impact on the environment and Romania. The main strands in the medium term for the traffic safety in Romania. This period 2013 - 2020 are: can be achieved through: the Strengthening the system of intermodal freight Intermodal Transport 24 2010-2020 modernization and / or transport; Strategy in Romania construction of intermodal Review and update of the strategy of intermodal freight terminals and related transport system nationwide. infrastructure, or by In DDISDS, within the sector “Transport”, the type of implementing a tracking, intervention / project “Modernization of the ports of Tulcea, planning and management Sulina, Măcin, Isaccea, Mahmudia and Chilia”, provides, inter system of intermodal freight alia, in Tulcea port the “provision of equipment for the transport using intelligent transhipment of containers, building a platform for transport systems available on multimodal transport and rehabilitation of access roads to The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) the market. the port platform, and connecting to the ring road of Tulcea County”. This intervention shall be financed through LIOP, AP2 “Development of a multimodal, quality, sustainable and effective transport system”. NRSS objective is that Romania becomes a safe country in terms of road traffic for its citizens, for investors and tourists, for those who transit it, through the progressive reduction in the period 2013 - 2020, the number of road accident victims in order to be included in the common schedule set by EU Member States, in perspective, the number of deceased or seriously injured in the road transport system must be reduced as close to zero, so the level of risk in the road transport system must be at least as low as in any other system of social and economic life under normal conditions. The main strategic objectives are (with the following specific This strategy has as priorities relevant actions): the improvement of legislation Improving safety measures for vehicles; National Road Safety on road, infrastructure safety 25 2013-2020 Construction of a safer road infrastructure by: Strategy and the gradual reduction of the attracting European funds, the design, implementation number of victims of road and development of a network of regional rail transport, accidents. linked to the urban transport network for major conurbations in Romania; Promoting smart technologies. These are in line with the sectoral objectives of DDISDS related to the sector “Transport”:  Increasing the territorial connectivity in ensure the access to markets in Tulcea, Romania’s and the European Union’s transport networks; equal connectivity for entrepreneurs, individuals and freight in the territory of DD, with great attention to environmental protection of natural heritage. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030)  Increasing accessibility in the heart of DD to support tourism and fisheries development, and mobility for residents of sparsely populated areas.  Improving health and environment protection by reducing emissions and consumption of resources (including energy) by the transmission system. According to the General Transport Master Plan of Romania, the following immediate results will occur with its The purpose of the Master Plan implementation: is to identify the projects and A long-term plan for 2020-2030, which will contribute to policies that will best meet the Romania’s economic development in a sustainable transport needs of Romania, for manner; all modes of transport, and thus More efficient use of financial resources in the transport constituting a sound and sector; 2014 – General Transport analytical basis in choosing Improved connections and thus an improved trade with 26 2020 - Master Plan of Romania these policies. Thus, this Master neighbouring countries; 2030 Plan includes: projects for the A high productivity for industry and services in Romania Operational Programme 2014 - and, therefore, a more pronounced growth and 2020 – 2030, major projects of improved living standards; national importance, A durable transport system (sustainable). maintenance and overhaul, The General Transport Master Plan shall include projects for modernization, etc. the Operational Programme 2014 - 2020 - immediate priority. These results are in line with the sectoral objectives of DDISDS for the sector “Transport”, but not only. TOURISM Its purpose is to promote The overall objective of the National Strategy for the ecotourism as the main form of Development of Ecotourism in Romania is to create National Strategy for the tourism, at the expense of conditions for the development of ecotourism in the 27 Development of 2010-2020 classical forms, and increasing protected areas and their adjacent areas, aiming to achieve a Ecotourism in Romania role that ecotourism plays in the competitive ecotourism product nationally and economic development of these internationally. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) areas and the prosperity of local DDISDS proposes the development of “sustainable tourism population. based on nature and culture” by implementing the types of interventions / projects related to the sector “Tourism”, which are consistent with the guidelines of the National Strategy for the Development of Ecotourism in Romania: Development and installation of visitor infrastructure; Institutionalizing a destination organizational management in the Danube Delta (DOM); Planning and implementing of an extended destination - programme for product development and attraction capacity; Implementing a support mechanism for supporting sustainable, natural and innovative tourism by creating micro, small and medium enterprises and social tourism; Implementing a comprehensive program for beautification of settlements. According to the Master Plan for National Tourism in Romania, it is anticipated that Romania’s population will The objective of the Master Plan benefit from tourism development by: for National Tourism in Romania Increased foreign exchange earnings; is formulating an overall policy Bringing the Romanian economy and society to the level framework for the development in EU countries; and sustainable management of Improved quality of life; Master Plan for National 2007 - the tourism industry in terms of 28 The growth and incentives for investment in all areas Tourism in Romania 2026 natural and cultural resources, adjacent to tourism; and presenting this objective in Stimulating job creation; the form of a Master Plan for Stimulating development; long-term Tourism Strengthening the enhancement and preservation of Development (the period 2007 - cultural heritage; 2026). Contributing to the development and preservation of physical and natural resources throughout the country; The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) Distributing the benefits of tourism in all regions of Romania. All these benefits are in line with the sectoral objectives of DDISDS, related to the sector “Tourism”:  Develop DD tourism as an integrated tourist destination, holding a portfolio rich in sustainable products and services based on natural and cultural attractions along with relevant marketing activities;  Establish a mechanism for local management of destinations that relies on the active involvement of local stakeholders;  Encourage local people to open up small businesses that meet the standards of quality and durability and are viable from an economic point of view. A “zoning for recreation and tourism in the DDBR” was performed under this Strategy, being considered as a tool for nature conservation as it complies with the rules of conservation, and a sustainable development mechanism The Enterprise Strategy for which correlates nature conservation with actual visiting the DDBR is a concept development options. The core values of any kind of Enterprise Strategy for that establishes the objectives assessment on various areas proposed are represented by the Danube Delta and actions required to ensure 2008 - three principles adopted by the zoning study mentioned 29 Biosphere Reserve the optimal visiting conditions, 2012 above: (Visitor Management specific for the protected Compliance with conservation areas; Plan) natural area, in accordance with Promoting slow type experience; its management plan. Zoning for fast type experience management.

The sectoral objectives and types of interventions / projects for the sector “Tourism” of DDISDS are fully consistent with the principles and the vision and objectives of Enterprise Strategy for the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve. 30 Strategic Plan for 2009 – The purpose of drafting this The overall objective of the Strategic Plan is the “Sustainable The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) sustainable tourism 2020 document was to develop a development of Tulcea County, by harnessing the natural, development in the strategic plan for sustainable economic and cultural potential, stimulating Danube Delta tourism in the Danube Delta, entrepreneurship, and enhancing human capital through based on desk research, the learning – training”. information gathered in the The Strategic Plan includes a number of priority projects for field, and based on the the development of sustainable tourism in the tourist numerous training sessions, destination Danube Delta and Tulcea County, structured interviews and debate based on 7 priority areas of intervention: workshops with various Transport and access infrastructure to the sights; stakeholders. The reception infrastructure - information centers; Protecting natural resources; Rehabilitation of cultural and heritage objectives; Education and training of human resources in order to increase service quality in tourism; Information and communication; Entrepreneurship; public-private partnerships. The types of interventions / projects proposed in DDISDS within several sectors (e.g. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Tourism, Transport, Education, etc.) are in line with the overall objective of the Strategic Plan, the specific objectives and the 7 priority areas of intervention. WASTE The aim of the strategy is to This strategy aims mainly to significantly reduce waste prioritize the efforts in waste generation rate by encouraging its prevention and reuse, as management, prioritizing waste well as to reduce the amount of waste requiring subsequent prevention by encouraging the management, and improve product design and use of National Waste 31 2014-2020 development and extension of materials in order to increase efficiency in using resources, by Management Strategy separate collection systems, improving product design to reduce the amount of materials recycling and / or recovery with used in the manufacturing process and utilities, such as high efficiency of extraction and energy, water, product lifetime, etc. At the same time, an the use of raw materials from important priority for DDISDS is the promotion of investment The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) waste. Moreover, this strategy in the sector “Solid Waste Management (SWM)”, whose supports the recovery of energy sectoral objectives are in line with the guidelines of the from waste for those that National Waste Management Strategy: cannot be recycled, all these Improving recycling rate so as to achieve the EU actions leading to the objective of 50% to which Romania committed; minimization of waste disposed Effective implementation of waste reduction, reuse and of in landfills. recycling of waste in local communities ensuring the effective and sustainable management, resource saving, environment protection and development of tourist destinations; Floating waste management. Most of the investments referred by DDISDS within this sector shall be financed by LIOP 2014-2020. NWMP envisages, inter alia, promoting energy recovery of about 10% of municipal waste by 2020. DDISDS provides a number of types of interventions / The plan aims to create the projects to be implemented in the sector “Solid Waste necessary framework for the Management (SWM)”. They will be funded mostly through development and LIOP. LIOP provides for investment in the waste sector to implementation of an meet the requirements of the environmental acquis of the EU integrated waste management, by finalizing the implementation of integrated waste systems, National Waste 2004 - efficient from an environmental including energy recovery from waste that will result in 32 Management Plan 2010 and economic point of view. It significant savings of raw materials and implicitly in the contains details about actions to protection of resources. The main types of interventions / be taken to fulfil the waste projects planned in the DD region are: strategy, namely how to Investment in SWM systems on separate treatment of conduct these actions, including waste (waste separation at source, collection, sorting deadlines and responsibilities. and transportation arrangements); Compost bins to households in rural areas to treat organic waste; Waste collection floating on river channels; The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) Investment in methods of treating and disposing of construction and demolition waste; Public education and awareness programme on waste management.

The strategy presents an action plan with a series of 7 basic objectives that consider the following: improving wastewater treatment and sludge used in various ways, to be developed at local, regional and national levels, as well as improving control over industrial discharges in drains, or sludge analysis The overall objective of the capacity at regional and national operators. In the same strategy is the long-term direction, DDISDS provides a sector called “Water supply and sustainable improvement, of sewerage systems (WSS) and integrated water management quality environmental factors, (IWM)”, and a number of types of interventions / projects National Strategy Sludge by minimizing the adverse 33 2012-2040 with the following sectoral objectives: Management effects of inadequate Providing drinking water to meet the quality of life and management of sludge. It economic development goals, according to the demand, proposes feasible options for financial feasibility, as well as operation and the recovery and use of sludge maintenance constraints; (especially in agriculture). Supporting a centralized wastewater collection (depending on the demand, financial feasibility and operation and maintenance constraints) and abandoning the current system of using latrines which constitute a health hazard in potential flood zones; The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) Adopting treatment methods for wastewater collected centrally or in a conventional or cheap. manner SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT This strategy presents 3 The areas of the National Strategy for Sustainable timelines, respectively in 2013, Development of Romania relevant to DDISDS are: 2020 and 2030 that consider the Climate change and clean energy; following: the organic Sustainable transport; incorporation of the principles Sustainable consumption and production; and practices of sustainable Conservation and management of natural resources; development into all public Public health; programmes and policies of the National Strategy for Social inclusion, demography and migration; 2013 – country, as EU member state, 34 Sustainable Development Global poverty and sustainable development 2020-2030 reaching the current average of Romania challenges. level of EU countries in main This strategy proposes a number of national targets for each indicators of sustainable of the 3 time frames (2013, 2020 and 2030) for each of the development, namely the above areas. significantly approximation of The sectoral objectives of DDISDS are in line, more or less, to Romania to the average level of the guidelines set by national targets for the 3 time frames EU countries in terms of for each relevant area of the National Strategy for Sustainable sustainable development Development of Romania. indicators. The Danube Delta Strategy for The main purpose of the Danube Delta Strategy for the 2011-2015 originated in the period 2011-2015 is the economic and social development of need to ensure real conditions the Danube Delta, by providing real conditions for for the economic and social overcoming development gaps, which are based on the Danube Delta Strategy development of local following general objectives: 35 2011-2015 for 2011-2015 communities in the Danube Raising living standards; Delta area, following the Unlocking the economic and cultural potential; initiation of dialogue between Environmental protection and sustainable use of natural local public authorities in the DD heritage. area with the representatives DDISDS 2014 - 2020 offers a balance between protecting the The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) of central specialized bodies, in unique natural heritage and cultural heritage of the Danube order to identify solutions for Delta Biosphere Reserve (DDBR), meeting the aspirations of improving the degree of local inhabitants to improve their living conditions and to development. identify better economic opportunities. DDISDS aims the Danube Delta region, more precisely DDBR, and its surrounding areas, and the two strategic objectives cover both (1) Conservation of the unique environment heritage by an environmental management guided scientifically, and the involvement of local communities in becoming proactive protectors of this unique world heritage; and (2) Sustainable economic and green development, building on the comparative advantages of the region, supported by improved services. The types of interventions / projects proposed in DDISDS are in line with the integrated plan for DDBR the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Master Plan, with its purpose and the overall objective, targeting as main results the following aspects: This Master Plan was developed Performance monitoring system based on satellite in 2005 and presents the notion images; of integrated plan for DDBR and Improved infrastructure in the DDBR localities; the analysis of strategies and Danube Delta Biosphere 2006 - Development of economic activities alternative to 36 interventions in the area, Reserve Master Plan 2015 fisheries; divided into two phases: phase Access to information and ecologic solutions for the I: 2006-2008 and phase II: 2009- conservation of local traditions and the use if 2015 unconventional energies;

Wetlands and restored ecologic / economic functions. The only difference between the 2 strategic documents lies in the fact that the Master Plan aims, mainly, only the administrative units within the Danube Delta itself, while The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) DDISDS aims the Danube Delta Region, composed of DDBR ((i) heart of the Delta (the area between the arms of Sf. Gheorghe and Chilia of the Danube River); (ii) Razim-Sinoe- Babadag lagoon complex with surrounding areas; and (iii) the area along the Danube River, west of the city of Tulcea, towards Galaţi) and its surrounding areas. Moreover, at the end of the Master Plan it is stated that in the next step it shall be extended to cover the surrounding localities of the DDBR territory (Danube estuary between Garvăn and Isaccea, Danube’s floodplain area on the Isaccea - Tulcea and Razim- Sinoe Lagoon Complex). SDSA main strategic directions are: A. Increasing competitiveness of the agri-food sector; B. Ensuring sustainable management of natural resources; C. Improving living standards in rural areas; Agri-food sector development D. Stimulating knowledge-based agriculture. strategy in the medium and long A series of strategic objectives are presented for each of aimed at smart and sustainable these strategic directions. The types of interventions / 2014 - exploitation of the agri-food projects proposed in DDISDS are in line with the strategic Food Sector Strategy for 37 2020 - potential and rural objectives addressed by SDSA, particularly those targeting the medium and long term 2030 development, being a visionary following sectors: support document that sustains Agriculture and rural development (ARD); the progress of agriculture and Transport; rural development Romania. Information and communication technology (ICT); Water supply and sewerage systems and integrated water management (WSS and IWM); Solid Waste Management (SWM); Education. TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT Romania’s Territorial 2014 - Romania’s Spatial Development The Danube Delta is often referred to RTDS, mainly in the 38 Development Strategy 2035 Strategy is a document that issues concerning: The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) underpins the entire system of Accessibility; spatial planning (spatial and Sparsely populated areas; urban planning) at national and Access to utilities; represents the basis for the Raising the living standards of residents by harnessing regional, county and local the natural potential in the Danube Delta; strategic documents (territorial Insufficient road transport network; development strategies, spatial Compact and isolated rural areas; planning, regional development Inequitable access in rural areas to services of general plans), operational interest; documentation (urban plans) And so on and other national development The types of interventions / projects proposed in DDISDS are strategies of territorial in line with many of the measures proposed in RTDS, relevance and impact. especially territorial measures proposed for rural areas (e.g. for “Ensuring equitable access in rural areas to services of general interest” an example of project is “tele-medicine pilot project in the Danube Delta”, that is exactly what is proposed in the DDISDS, the sector “Health”, the types of interventions / projects “Ensuring interoperability of health information systems at healthcare level (telemedicine and e-health)” and “Technical assistance to increase the profitability of the government / administration sector (payment mechanism in hospital for stimulating public outpatient hospital, family doctors and telemedicine systems)”). NSP represents the support for The types of interventions / projects proposed in DDISDS are complex and sustainable in line to with NSP’s provisions regarding the sections: development, including Transport; National Spatial Plan 1997 - territorial regional Water; 39 (NSP - Sections 1, 2, 3, 4, 2009 development, and represents Protected areas; 5 and 8) our country's specific Network of settlements; contribution to the Natural risk areas; development of the European Areas with tourism resources. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) space. NSP has a guiding character and is the basis for the medium and long term sectoral strategic programmes, and determines the size, purpose and priorities of development within the territory of Romania, in agreement with all European requirements. This Master Plan identifies the development needs of the region where the Danube Delta is located. The types of Regional Master Plan for interventions / projects proposed in DDISDS are in line with Southeast Development Region the 10 development priorities of the southeast area. Among outlines the strategic reference the main priority operations of the priority development no. framework for the regional Regional Master Plan for 8 “Protecting and developing the natural heritage and 2010 - planning, identifying the 40 Southeast Development promoting the environmental policy” it is mentioned the 2020 development priorities based on Region Danube Delta, namely: ‘Expanding the regional network of endogenous resources of the protected areas and natural reserves, the rehabilitation of the region, as well as on the coastal infrastructure of the Romanian seaside, reconsidering opportunities offered by EU economic and ecological activities in the Danube Delta”, cohesion policy. operation that lies partly in the types of interventions / projects of DDISDS. Types of interventions / projects The types of interventions / projects proposed in DDISDS are proposed in ZSPDD is intended in line with a series of failures found in the Danube Delta ZSP to be a methodological and legal regarding: the state of the environment, network of Zonal Spatial Plan for the 2008 - tool for the local councils in the settlements, technical infrastructure, territory zoning and 41 Danube Delta 2018 Danube Delta and the coastline supra-territorial context. For example, for the natural affected, the base for the hazards, namely floods, it have been identified a number of territorial development of the villages located on the bank of the Danube River levees that area in line with the are not protected against flooding, or are scarcely protected The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) environmental protection by levees poorly maintained or even destroyed, including: imposed by DDBR and the Băltenii de Jos, Ilganii de Jos, Ilganii de Sus, Vulturu and principles of sustainable Pătlăgeanca, all these places are provided in the type of development. intervention / project related to the sector “Disaster Risk Management (DRM)” of DDISDS: “Works for flood protection”. This ZSP - Black Sea coastline – DDISDS does not provide types of interventions / projects for identifies the failures within the works to protect the Black Sea coastal zone. region of the Black Sea coast on a multi-criteria analysis, defining the relationships between the localities in the territory in the context of sustainable development and in accordance Zonal Spatial Plan for the 2010 – with the specific legislation in 42 Black Sea coast 2020 the field, and detailing the strategic options for sustainable development on the Black Sea coast, focusing on the valorisation of endogenous potential and identifying opportunities for European Community funding sources.

The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) The strategic vision proposed in this document for Sulina 2015 is: “A solidarity, competitive, dynamic and prosperous community, preserver of multicultural European tradition, in an integrated city in the processes of social, economic and territorial development, and in economic circuits and The Integrated Urban European and international information”. The main types of Development Plan for Sulina is projects proposed on the administrative territory of Sulina intended as a document meant Town agree with the Master Plan for the Danube Delta and Integrated Urban to guide the approaches of the 2006 - the types of interventions / projects proposed under DDISDS: 43 Development Plan for decision factors in prioritizing 2015  Water supply; Sulina urban areas, environment,  Wastewater sewers; social, economic and cultural  Waste Management; areas, setting the strategic  Better transport infrastructure; development goals.  Preventing and reducing the effects of natural disasters;  Environmental reconstruction - floods. The works were planned to be carried out in two phases: 2006 - 2008 and 2009-2015. OPERATIONAL PROGRAMMES LIOP 2014 - 2020 meets For the budget year 2014 - 2020, LIOP ensures the Romania’s development needs implementation of investments at local, regional and national identified in the Partnership level in the transport infrastructure (road, rail, air, naval, Agreement 2014 - 2020, and in maritime and intermodal), in the environmental line with the Common Strategic infrastructure and risk management (water, wastewater, Large Infrastructure 2014 - Framework and the Position waste, biodiversity, climate change, disaster management), 44 Operational 2020 Paper of the European as well as investments in energy efficiency (renewable Programme for (LIOP) Commission services. LIOP 2014 sources, cogeneration, distribution and security). - 2020 is a strategic Several types of interventions / projects proposed under programming document that DDISDS shall be financed through LIOP 2014 - 2020, namely covers the transport, those relating to the following sectors: environment and risk  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management; The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) management, namely energy  Climate Change; and energy efficiency, its  Disaster Risk Management (DRM); objective being to contribute to  Emergencies associated to pollution risks; the European Union Strategy for  Tourism; smart, sustainable and inclusive  Fishery and aquaculture; growth, taking into account the  Transport; specific thematic objectives and  Water supply and sewage systems (WSS) and priorities selected based on the integrated water management (IWM); of national, regional and local  Solid Waste Management (SWM). needs. According to the findings of the Report Interim Assessment Update of ROP 2007-2013, it is confirmed that the development needs identified in the previous programming ROP 2014 - 2020 aims to ensure period not only remain current but have even been amplified continuity of strategic vision on by the impact of the financial and economic crisis. Among the the regional development in types of interventions / projects of DDISDS and ROP 2014 - Romania, by completing and 2020 projects there is a clear connection, many of them Regional Operational 2014 - developing the directions and belonging to the following sectors financed by ROP: 45 Programme (ROP) 2020 priorities of regional  Energy efficiency; development contained in NDP  Climate change; and NSRF 2007-2013 and  Tourism; implemented by ROP 2007-2013  Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD); and other national programmes.  Transport;  Health;  Education;  Social Inclusion and Protection. NRDP 2014 - 2020 is a policy NRDP 2014 - 2020 addresses the following objectives: i) National Rural document prepared by the restructuring and increasing the viability of agricultural 2014 - 46 Development Programme Ministry of Agriculture and holdings; ii) sustainable management of natural resources 2020 (NRDP) Rural Development (MARD) and combating climate change; iii) diversification of economic managing the European funds activities, creating jobs, improving infrastructure and services The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) destined for rural development to improve the quality of life in rural areas. from the European Agricultural These are in line with the types of interventions / projects of Fund for Rural Development. It DDISDS, most of them with NRDP 2014 – 2020 as the funding comprises a set of measures source: aiming to develop the agri-food  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management; and forestry sectors of Romania.  Tourism; NRDP measures aim at  Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD); developing and increasing the  Water supply and sewage systems (WSS) and efficiency of agriculture and, in integrated water management (IWM); particular, the passing from a  Education. fragmented, unprofitable agriculture to a modern agriculture. NRDP 2014 - 2020 is designed to maintain the continued efforts of NRDP 2007 - 2013, required for the development of rural areas. COP 2014 - 2020 is a strategic Through its interventions, COP contributes to increasing the document that is mainly aimed competitiveness and economic development by improving at economic growth and jobs, at access, security and use of ICT, and enhancing RDI, and at the a national level. COP proposes same time, COP contributes indirectly to reforming areas solutions to the needs and such as education, health and culture, and to social inclusion challenges of the low level of or poverty reduction. Competitiveness 2014 - national economic The following DDISDS sectors will benefit from the support of 47 Operational Program 2020 competitiveness, particularly in types of interventions / projects through direct intervention (COP) terms of (a) insufficient support of COP: for Research, Development and  Climate change; Innovation - RDI and (b)  Fishery and aquaculture; underdeveloped infrastructure  Information and Communication Technology (ICT); of Information and  Health; Communication Technology -  Education. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) ICT and implicitly underdeveloped services. OPTA 2014-2020 is designed according to the new OPTA 2014-2020 aims at architecture of the coordination, management and control ensuring the efficient and system of ESFI, with four management authorities within the effective implementation of the MFE and aims to support horizontal issues for all OPs European Structural Funds and financed by ESFI, and for the three programs funded by ESFI / Investment in Romania in FC under the direct management of the MFE (LIOP, COP and accordance with the principles Operational Programme OPTA), to assist specific aspects of their implementation. 2014 - and rules on partnership, 48 Technical Assistance DDISDS includes 2 types of interventions / projects related to 2020 programming, evaluation, (OPTA) the sectors: communication, management,  Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management; including financial management,  Administrative Capacity and Programme monitoring and control, on the Management; basis of responsibilities shared that will benefit from the direct support through OPTA 2014- between the Member States 2020. and the European Commission.

HCOP strategy seeks to integrate the human resource HCOP 2014 - 2020 sets out the development needs in all the public programs and policies of investment priorities, goals and Romania as an EU MS, and envisages valuing human capital actions undertaken by Romania as resource for sustainable development in the future. in the field of human resources, The following sectors of DDISDS shall benefit from the continuing the investments of Human Capital support of the types of interventions / projects directly HCOP 2014 - FSE during the period 2007- 49 Operational Programme 2014 - 2020: 2020 2013 and contributing to the (HCOP)  Climate change; overall objective of the AP 2014-  Tourism; 2020, to reduce disparities in  Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD); economic development and  Health; social development of Romania  Education; and EU MS.  Social Inclusion and Protection. 50 Operational Programme 2014 - OPAC Strategy 2014 - 2020 OPAC will promote the creation of modern public The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) Administrative Capacity 2020 addresses the main deficiencies administration, able to facilitate the socio-economic (OPAC) identified in the public development through competitive public services, investment administration and meets the and quality regulations, thereby contributing to the needs and requirements arising objectives of the Strategy Europe 2020. both from the relevant EU The following sectors of DDISDS will benefit from the support legislation and the incident of the types of interventions / projects directly through HCOP national legislation. 2014 - 2020:  Climate change;  Emergencies associated to pollution risks;  Tourism;  Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD);  Information and Communication Technology (ICT);  Solid Waste Management (SWM);  Health;  Administrative Capacity and Programme Management. OPFMA and DDISDS show direct links by the fact that 3 of the OPFMA role 2014 - 2020 is to types of interventions / projects of DDISDS related to the harmonize the policies sector “Fishery and Aquaculture” will be financed directly by Operational Programme objectives and the national OPFMA 2014-2020: for Fisheries and 2014 - community instruments (EMFF 51  Diversification of fishermen who practice commercial Maritime Affairs 2020 measures) with the current fishing by providing services for sustainable (OPFMA) situation and needs of the recreational / fisheries; operators, and the fisheries  Improving Aquaculture; sector in Romania.  Supporting small-scale fish processing. PSNMA 2014 - 2020 aims to PSNMA 2014 - 2020 was developed based on data provided establish the priority in PSNMA 2014 - 2020. The types of interventions / projects Multi-Annual National 2014 - development directions and related of DDISDS related to the sector “Fishery and 52 Strategic Plan 2020 objectives in fisheries and Aquaculture” to be financed directly by PSNMA 2014-2020 for Aquaculture (PSNMA) aquaculture sector, and the were presented above. measures to improve the results The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) (administrative, organizational, institutional, legislative, financial). OTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENTS The Partnership Agreement To achieve the economic growth aspirations reflected in the between the European overall objective of this Partnership Agreement, Romania will Commission and Romania is a have a modern and competitive economy by addressing the document whereby the following challenges: Romanian Government has set I. Competitiveness; Partnership Agreement 2014 - certain funding priorities for the II. People and society; 53 between the European 2020 use of European Structural and III. Infrastructure; Commission and Romania Investment Funds, with the IV. Resources; overall aim to reduce disparities V. Administration and governance. of economic and social All operational programs derive from the PA, and DDISDS development between Romania contains in its turn a number of types of interventions / and EU Member States. projects to be funded through the OP. This plan represents an The overall strategic goal of environment protection is to approach to environmental improve the environmental quality of life in Romania by issues specific to our country, a providing a clean environment, which contributes to materialization of the Romanian increasing the living standards of the population, improving environmental policy, in close the environment quality, preserving and improving Romania’s correlation with the objectives natural heritage. of sustainable development, The strategic objectives in the field of environmental National Action Plan for 2008- 54 being an instrument of protection are: Environmental Protection 2020 environmental policy preservation, protection and improvement of the implementation, which environment quality; promotes the development of protection of human health; major projects with significant sustainable use of natural resources. environmental impact, accompanying the These are in line with the types of interventions / projects implementation of the related to the sectors addressed by DDISDS. The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) legislation in force. It is designed as a national document and is a link between the environmental issues and those of economic and social sectors. Of the six national development priorities, grouping the measures and actions to achieve the global target and specific objectives for the period 2007 -2013 of the National Development Plan, three are found in NDP areas: NDP is the key tool by which Development and modernization of transport Romania will try to recover as infrastructure; quickly as possible the socio- Protection and improvement of the environment; economic development Diminishing the development disparities between the disparities towards the country’s regions. European Union. NDP is a The specific objectives of these 3 national development specific concept of the priorities are: European economic and social  Upgrading the road infrastructure of national National Development 2007 - cohesion policy (Cohesion interest; 55 Plan 2013 Policy) and represents the  Ensuring the inter-operability of railway; strategic planning document  Increasing the freight traffic through internal and and multiannual financial maritime ports; programming, developed a  Modernization of airport equipment and facilities; broad partnership that will  Improving living standards by providing public utilities guide and stimulate the socio- services in the water and waste sectors at the economic development of quality and quantity required; Romania in accordance with the  Improving the environment quality aimed, in EU Cohesion Policy. particular, to be compliant with the relevant EU Directives;  Improving the overall attractiveness and accessibility of the regions;  Increasing the competitiveness of regions as business The relationship of the strategy, plan or programme with Name of Strategy / Plan No. Timeframe Brief Description of Document the Danube Delta Integrated Sustainable Development or Programme Strategy (2030) locations;  Unlocking tourism and cultural potential of regions, and increasing the contribution of these industries to the development of regions;  Increasing the economic and social role of urban centers;  Socio-economic inclusion of the border areas and increasing the attractiveness and accessibility of Romania’s Regions within the European territory. All these specific objectives and are found at the level of types of interventions / projects related to the sectors addressed by DDISDS.