DOCSLIB.ORG

XML Documents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
XML Documents Alphabet Soup: The XML Document Overview The first tutorial in this series introduced the core Extensible Markup Language (XML) technologies. This tutorial covers construction of a well-formed XML document. An XML document contains data marked up using tags that define the meaning of the data. In this tutorial, we use Microsoft Internet Explorer and Crimson Editor, a freeware text editor, to display and edit XML documents. Well-formed Data As a minimum, XML enforces the well-formed data requirement. This requires that all data nest between opening tags and closing tags, the tags are identical except the closing tag has a slash character (/) as a prefix, and the tags balance. Well-formed XML Data: Open Internet Explorer. In Internet Explorer, open WellFormed.xml (click File à Open à Browse, navigate to the location where you stored the XML files, change Files of type to All Files, select WellFormed.xml, click Open, and click Ok). Internet Explorer displays the well-formed file as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: WellFormed.xml 1 Each XML document may have at most one root element. Because of this, WellFormed.xml has a Names root element; the first line shows the <Names> opening tag and the last line shows the </Names> closing tag. Notice that Internet Explorer shows all tags and data. Click the minus sign (-) beside the <Names> opening tag. Internet Explorer collapses the selected element as shown in Figure 2. Click the plus sign (+) to expand the element so that the document looks like Figure 1 again. Figure 2: Collapsed WellFormed.xml As shown in Figure 1, each individual name element rests between a <Name> opening tag and </Name> closing tag. You have probably noticed that most of the names do not make much sense. Do not worry about this yet, we will address the actual contents of the elements in the next tutorial. Problems with XML Data: XML data are not well formed if there are any problems with the tags used or the tags do not balance. When an XML-enabled application, like Internet Explorer, encounters a problem with XML data, the application displays an error message. Open NotWellFormed.xml in Internet Explorer. Internet Explorer displays an error message similar to Figure 3. 2 Figure 3: XML Error 1 On line three, the closing tag starts with a lowercase letter but the opening tag starts with an uppercase letter. Leave Internet Explorer open and open NotWellFormed.xml in Crimson Editor. Correct the case of the closing tag (Figure 4). Save the file. Figure 4: Corrected Closing Tag on Line 3 Refresh the page in Internet Explorer (Figure 5). Internet Explorer detects another error and displays an error message (Figure 5). 3 Figure 5: XML Error 2 In this case, Internet Explorer reports that the </Names> closing tag and <Name> opening tag do not balance. To track down the source of this error, start with the line indicated in Figure 5 and work backwards. Notice that the element on line 4 does not have a closing tag. In Crimson Editor, add a closing tag on line 4 (</Name>) as shown in Figure 6. Save the file. Figure 6: Line 4 Correction Refresh the page in Internet Explorer. Unfortunately, Internet Explorer reports the same error as in Figure 5. This means a problem with tags balancing still exists. Working backwards starting at line 4, verify that each element has a valid opening tag and closing tag. Lines 3 and 4 are ok; 4 however, the closing tag in line 2 does not have a slash. Add the slash to the closing tag (Figure 7). Save the file. Figure 7: Slash in Closing Tag Refresh the page in Internet Explorer. At this point, the document is well formed (Figure 8). Figure 8: Corrected XML Document The problems encountered illustrate several rules related to XML documents: 1. XML is case sensitive – uppercase and lowercase characters are different. 2. Opening and closing tags must be the same, except the closing tag starts with a slash (/). 3. Tags must balance – every opening tag must have a closing tag. 5 XML Hierarchy An XML document conforms to a hierarchical structure similar to an inverted tree. The root element (or root entity) is the top of the tree and represents the contents of the XML document as a whole (Figure 9). Each element below the root element is either a simple element or a complex element. A simple element represents a single fact. A complex element represents multiple facts clustered together (e.g., an address), multiple occurrences of the same type of information (e.g., family members), or some combination of these. Figure 9: XML Document Hierarchical Structure Root Element Element 1 Element 2 Element n Element 1.1 Element 1.2 Element 1.n Element Element Element 1.n.1 1.n.2 1.n.n Figure 10 illustrates the differences between a simple element and a complex element, using a “bank account” structure. In this structure, the account id and balance represent facts about a bank account. A single bank account may have multiple account holders, each with a name and tax id. Based on this structure, a “bank account” is a complex element since it breaks down into a set of elements. The “account id” and “balance” elements are simple elements since they represent individual facts. An “account holder” is a complex element since it contains two 6 simple elements, “holder name” and “holder tax id.” The collection of “account holders” is a complex element since it may consist of multiple occurrences of “account holder.” Figure 10: Initial Document Hierarchy Bank Account Account Account Balance ID Holders Account Account Holder (1) Holder (3) Holder Holder Account Holder Holder Name Tax ID Holder (2) Name Tax ID Holder Holder Name Tax ID Figure 11 shows sample data in the document hierarchy. Each complex element that breaks down into another level of the hierarchy forms a node. As shown in the sample, a node may contain lower-level nodes. For example, the “account holders” node contains multiple nodes, one for each account holder. The illustration shows three child nodes for the “account holders” parent node; however, nothing defined so far specifies this limit. In the next tutorial, we describe a way to limit the number of child nodes. 7 Figure 11: Sample Data in the Document Hierarchy Bank Account 90210222 Account 23234079 Holders Account Account Holder (1) Holder (3) Account H. Simpson 24512423 Holder (2) N. Flanders 11234129 M. Szyslak 53445231 Open bankacct1.xml in Internet Explorer (Figure 12). Internet Explorer includes a minus sign at each level of the hierarchy so that you can collapse and expand the hierarchy as desired. Figure 12: BankAcct1.xml in Internet Explorer 8 The plus sign beside the second <AccountHolder> tag indicates the node is collapsed. Open bankacct1.xml in Crimson Editor. Make the following changes. Change the account id to 902102. Change the balance to 2323.40. Save the changes. Refresh the page in Internet Explorer. The changes should display as entered. Delete the second account holder’s information (M. Szyslak). Be sure to delete the entire node as indicated in Figure 13. Save the changes. Refresh the page in Internet Explorer. The page should look similar to Figure 14. Figure 13: Deleting the M. Szyslak Node 9 Figure 14: Updated BankAcct1.xml Switch back to Crimson Editor and delete lines 10 (<HolderName>N. Flanders</HolderName>) and 11 (<HolderTaxID>11234129</HolderTaxID>). This creates an empty account holder node. Save the changes and refresh the page in Internet Explorer. Figure 15 depicts the XML document with these changes. 10 Figure 15: XML Document with Empty Node Internet Explorer displays the empty node as <AccountHolder />. This is XML shorthand for an opening tag followed immediately by a closing tag (<AccountHolder></AccountHolder>). You can use this shorthand notation as a placeholder in an XML document when you do not have a value to assign to a node yet. Summary This tutorial described the primary components of an XML document. The next tutorial introduces XML schema definitions. XML Resources Crimson Editor, www.crimsoneditor.com. Microsoft Internet Explorer, www.microsoft.com. 11 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Differential Fuzzing the Webassembly
    Master’s Programme in Security and Cloud Computing Differential Fuzzing the WebAssembly Master’s Thesis Gilang Mentari Hamidy MASTER’S THESIS Aalto University - EURECOM MASTER’STHESIS 2020 Differential Fuzzing the WebAssembly Fuzzing Différentiel le WebAssembly Gilang Mentari Hamidy This thesis is a public document and does not contain any confidential information. Cette thèse est un document public et ne contient aucun information confidentielle. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Technology. Antibes, 27 July 2020 Supervisor: Prof. Davide Balzarotti, EURECOM Co-Supervisor: Prof. Jan-Erik Ekberg, Aalto University Copyright © 2020 Gilang Mentari Hamidy Aalto University - School of Science EURECOM Master’s Programme in Security and Cloud Computing Abstract Author Gilang Mentari Hamidy Title Differential Fuzzing the WebAssembly School School of Science Degree programme Master of Science Major Security and Cloud Computing (SECCLO) Code SCI3084 Supervisor Prof. Davide Balzarotti, EURECOM Prof. Jan-Erik Ekberg, Aalto University Level Master’s thesis Date 27 July 2020 Pages 133 Language English Abstract WebAssembly, colloquially known as Wasm, is a specification for an intermediate representation that is suitable for the web environment, particularly in the client-side. It provides a machine abstraction and hardware-agnostic instruction sets, where a high-level programming language can target the compilation to the Wasm instead of specific hardware architecture. The JavaScript engine implements the Wasm specification and recompiles the Wasm instruction to the target machine instruction where the program is executed. Technically, Wasm is similar to a popular virtual machine bytecode, such as Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL).
    [Show full text]
  • XML a New Web Site Architecture
    XML A New Web Site Architecture Jim Costello Derek Werthmuller Darshana Apte Center for Technology in Government University at Albany, SUNY 1535 Western Avenue Albany, NY 12203 Phone: (518) 442-3892 Fax: (518) 442-3886 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ctg.albany.edu September 2002 © 2002 Center for Technology in Government The Center grants permission to reprint this document provided this cover page is included. Table of Contents XML: A New Web Site Architecture .......................................................................................................................... 1 A Better Way? ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Defining the Problem.............................................................................................................................................. 1 Partial Solutions ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Addressing the Root Problems .............................................................................................................................. 2 Figure 1. Sample XML file (all code simplified for example) ...................................................................... 4 Figure 2. Sample XSL File (all code simplified for example) ....................................................................... 6 Figure 3. Formatted Page Produced
    [Show full text]
  • Document Object Model
    Document Object Model DOM DOM is a programming interface that provides a way for the values and structure of an XML document to be accessed and manipulated. Tasks that can be performed with DOM . Navigate an XML document's structure, which is a tree stored in memory. Report the information found at the nodes of the XML tree. Add, delete, or modify elements in the XML document. DOM represents each node of the XML tree as an object with properties and behavior for processing the XML. The root of the tree is a Document object. Its children represent the entire XML document except the xml declaration. On the next page we consider a small XML document with comments, a processing instruction, a CDATA section, entity references, and a DOCTYPE declaration, in addition to its element tree. It is valid with respect to a DTD, named root.dtd. <!ELEMENT root (child*)> <!ELEMENT child (name)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ATTLIST child position NMTOKEN #REQUIRED> <!ENTITY last1 "Dover"> <!ENTITY last2 "Reckonwith"> Document Object Model Copyright 2005 by Ken Slonneger 1 Example: root.xml <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE root SYSTEM "root.dtd"> <!-- root.xml --> <?DomParse usage="java DomParse root.xml"?> <root> <child position="first"> <name>Eileen &last1;</name> </child> <child position="second"> <name><![CDATA[<<<Amanda>>>]]> &last2;</name> </child> <!-- Could be more children later. --> </root> DOM imagines that this XML information has a document root with four children: 1. A DOCTYPE declaration. 2. A comment. 3. A processing instruction, whose target is DomParse. 4. The root element of the document. The second comment is a child of the root element.
    [Show full text]
  • Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Its Role in Supporting the Global Justice XML Data Model
    Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Its Role in Supporting the Global Justice XML Data Model Extensible Markup Language, or "XML," is a computer programming language designed to transmit both data and the meaning of the data. XML accomplishes this by being a markup language, a mechanism that identifies different structures within a document. Structured information contains both content (such as words, pictures, or video) and an indication of what role content plays, or its meaning. XML identifies different structures by assigning data "tags" to define both the name of a data element and the format of the data within that element. Elements are combined to form objects. An XML specification defines a standard way to add markup language to documents, identifying the embedded structures in a consistent way. By applying a consistent identification structure, data can be shared between different systems, up and down the levels of agencies, across the nation, and around the world, with the ease of using the Internet. In other words, XML lays the technological foundation that supports interoperability. XML also allows structured relationships to be defined. The ability to represent objects and their relationships is key to creating a fully beneficial justice information sharing tool. A simple example can be used to illustrate this point: A "person" object may contain elements like physical descriptors (e.g., eye and hair color, height, weight), biometric data (e.g., DNA, fingerprints), and social descriptors (e.g., marital status, occupation). A "vehicle" object would also contain many elements (such as description, registration, and/or lien-holder). The relationship between these two objects—person and vehicle— presents an interesting challenge that XML can address.
    [Show full text]
  • An XML Model of CSS3 As an XƎL ATEX-TEXML-HTML5 Stylesheet
    An XML model of CSS3 as an XƎLATEX-TEXML-HTML5 stylesheet language S. Sankar, S. Mahalakshmi and L. Ganesh TNQ Books and Journals Chennai Abstract HTML5[1] and CSS3[2] are popular languages of choice for Web development. However, HTML and CSS are prone to errors and difficult to port, so we propose an XML version of CSS that can be used as a standard for creating stylesheets and tem- plates across different platforms and pagination systems. XƎLATEX[3] and TEXML[4] are some examples of XML that are close in spirit to TEX that can benefit from such an approach. Modern TEX systems like XƎTEX and LuaTEX[5] use simplified fontspec macros to create stylesheets and templates. We use XSLT to create mappings from this XML-stylesheet language to fontspec-based TEX templates and also to CSS3. We also provide user-friendly interfaces for the creation of such an XML stylesheet. Style pattern comparison with Open Office and CSS Now a days, most of the modern applications have implemented an XML package format that includes an XML implementation of stylesheet: InDesign has its own IDML[6] (InDesign Markup Language) XML package format and MS Word has its own OOXML[7] format, which is another ISO standard format. As they say ironically, the nice thing about standards is that there are plenty of them to choose from. However, instead of creating one more non-standard format, we will be looking to see how we can operate closely with current standards. Below is a sample code derived from OpenOffice document format: <style:style style:name=”Heading_20_1” style:display-name=”Heading
    [Show full text]
  • Markup Languages SGML, HTML, XML, XHTML
    Markup Languages SGML, HTML, XML, XHTML CS 431 – February 13, 2006 Carl Lagoze – Cornell University Problem • Richness of text – Elements: letters, numbers, symbols, case – Structure: words, sentences, paragraphs, headings, tables – Appearance: fonts, design, layout – Multimedia integration: graphics, audio, math – Internationalization: characters, direction (up, down, right, left), diacritics • Its not all text Text vs. Data • Something for humans to read • Something for machines to process • There are different types of humans • Goal in information infrastructure should be as much automation as possible • Works vs. manifestations • Parts vs. wholes • Preservation: information or appearance? Who controls the appearance of text? • The author/creator of the document • Rendering software (e.g. browser) – Mapping from markup to appearance •The user –Window size –Fonts and size Important special cases • User has special requirements – Physical abilities –Age/education level – Preference/mood • Client has special capabilities – Form factor (mobile device) – Network connectivity Page Description Language • Postscript, PDF • Author/creator imprints rendering instructions in document – Where and how elements appear on the page in pixels Markup languages •SGML, XML • Represent structure of text • Must be combined with style instructions for rendering on screen, page, device Markup and style sheets document content Marked-up document & structure style sheet rendering rendering software instructions formatted document Multiple renderings from same
    [Show full text]
  • Swivel: Hardening Webassembly Against Spectre
    Swivel: Hardening WebAssembly against Spectre Shravan Narayan† Craig Disselkoen† Daniel Moghimi¶† Sunjay Cauligi† Evan Johnson† Zhao Gang† Anjo Vahldiek-Oberwagner? Ravi Sahita∗ Hovav Shacham‡ Dean Tullsen† Deian Stefan† †UC San Diego ¶Worcester Polytechnic Institute ?Intel Labs ∗Intel ‡UT Austin Abstract in recent microarchitectures [41] (see Section 6.2). In con- We describe Swivel, a new compiler framework for hardening trast, Spectre can allow attackers to bypass Wasm’s isolation WebAssembly (Wasm) against Spectre attacks. Outside the boundary on almost all superscalar CPUs [3, 4, 35]—and, browser, Wasm has become a popular lightweight, in-process unfortunately, current mitigations for Spectre cannot be im- sandbox and is, for example, used in production to isolate plemented entirely in hardware [5, 13, 43, 51, 59, 76, 81, 93]. different clients on edge clouds and function-as-a-service On multi-tenant serverless, edge-cloud, and function as a platforms. Unfortunately, Spectre attacks can bypass Wasm’s service (FaaS) platforms, where Wasm is used as the way to isolation guarantees. Swivel hardens Wasm against this class isolate mutually distursting tenants, this is particulary con- 1 of attacks by ensuring that potentially malicious code can nei- cerning: A malicious tenant can use Spectre to break out of ther use Spectre attacks to break out of the Wasm sandbox nor the sandbox and read another tenant’s secrets in two steps coerce victim code—another Wasm client or the embedding (§5.4). First, they mistrain different components of the under- process—to leak secret data. lying control flow prediction—the conditional branch predic- We describe two Swivel designs, a software-only approach tor (CBP), branch target buffer (BTB), or return stack buffer that can be used on existing CPUs, and a hardware-assisted (RSB)—to speculatively execute code that accesses data out- approach that uses extension available in Intel® 11th genera- side the sandbox boundary.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Maintenance of Xml-Based Versus Html-Based Websites: a Case Study
    DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF XML-BASED VERSUS HTML-BASED WEBSITES: A CASE STUDY Mustafa Atay Department of Computer Science Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem, NC 27110 USA [email protected] ABSTRACT HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) has been the primary tool for designing and developing web pages over the years. Content and formatting information are placed together in an HTML document. XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language for documents containing semi-structured and structured information. XML separates formatting from the content. While websites designed in HTML require the formatting information to be included along with the new content when an update occurs, XML does not require adding format information as this information is separately included in XML stylesheets (XSL) and need not be updated when new content is added. On the other hand, XML makes use of extra tags in the XML and XSL files which increase the space usage. In this study, we design and implement two experimental websites using HTML and XML respectively. We incrementally update both websites with the same data and record the change in the size of code for both HTML and XML editions to evaluate the space efficiency of these websites. KEYWORDS XML, XSLT, HTML, Website Development, Space Efficiency 1. INTRODUCTION HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) [1] has been the primary tool for designing and developing web pages for a long time. HTML is primarily intended for easily designing and formatting web pages for end users. Web pages developed in HTML are unstructured by its nature. Therefore, programmatic update and maintenance of HTML web pages is not an easy task.
    [Show full text]
  • Webassembly Backgrounder
    Copyright (c) Clipcode Limited 2021 - All rights reserved Clipcode is a trademark of Clipcode Limited - All rights reserved WebAssembly Backgrounder [DRAFT] Written By Eamon O’Tuathail Last updated: January 8, 2021 Table of Contents 1: Introduction.................................................................................................3 2: Tooling & Getting Started.............................................................................13 3: Values.......................................................................................................18 4: Flow Control...............................................................................................27 5: Functions...................................................................................................33 6: (Linear) Memory.........................................................................................42 7: Tables........................................................................................................50 1: Introduction Overview The WebAssembly specification is a definition of an instruction set architecture (ISA) for a virtual CPU that runs inside a host embedder. Initially, the most widely used embedder is the modern standard web browser (no plug-ins required). Other types of embedders can run on the server (e.g. inside standard Node.js v8 – no add-ons required) or in future there could be more specialist host embedders such as a cross- platform macro-engine inside desktop, mobile or IoT applications. Google, Mozilla, Microsoft and
    [Show full text]
  • Schema Based Storage of Xml Documents in Relational Databases
    International Journal on Web Service Computing (IJWSC), Vol.4, No.2, June 2013 SCHEMA BASED STORAGE OF XML DOCUMENTS IN RELATIONAL DATABASES Dr. Pushpa Suri1 and Divyesh Sharma2 1Department of Computer Science and Applications, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra [email protected] 2Department of Computer Science and Applications, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra [email protected] ABSTRACT XML (Extensible Mark up language) is emerging as a tool for representing and exchanging data over the internet. When we want to store and query XML data, we can use two approaches either by using native databases or XML enabled databases. In this paper we deal with XML enabled databases. We use relational databases to store XML documents. In this paper we focus on mapping of XML DTD into relations. Mapping needs three steps: 1) Simplify Complex DTD’s 2) Make DTD graph by using simplified DTD’s 3) Generate Relational schema. We present an inlining algorithm for generating relational schemas from available DTD’s. This algorithm also handles recursion in an XML document. KEYWORDS XML, Relational databases, Schema Based Storage 1. INTRODUCTION As XML (extensible markup language) documents needs efficient storage. The concept of Relational data bases provides more mature way to store and query these documents. Research on storage of XML documents using relational databases are classified by two kinds : Schema oblivious storage, Schema Based storage .Schema oblivious storage does not use any DTD (document type definition) or XML schema to map XML document in to relations[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Schema based storage requires DTD attached with the XML documents itself .
    [Show full text]
  • Automatically Indexing Millions of Databases in Microsoft Azure SQL Database Sudipto Das, Miroslav Grbic, Igor Ilic, Isidora Jovandic, Andrija Jovanovic, Vivek R
    Automatically Indexing Millions of Databases in Microsoft Azure SQL Database Sudipto Das, Miroslav Grbic, Igor Ilic, Isidora Jovandic, Andrija Jovanovic, Vivek R. Narasayya, Miodrag Radulovic, Maja Stikic, Gaoxiang Xu, Surajit Chaudhuri Microsoft Corporation ABSTRACT tools [2, 14, 46] have helped DBAs search the complex search An appropriate set of indexes can result in orders of magni- space of alternative indexes (and other physical structures tude better query performance. Index management is a chal- such as materialized views and partitioning). However, a lenging task even for expert human administrators. Fully au- DBA still drives this tuning process and is responsible for tomating this process is of significant value. We describe the several important tasks, such as: ¹iº identifying a representa- challenges, architecture, design choices, implementation, and tive workload; ¹iiº analyzing the database without impact- learnings from building an industrial-strength auto-indexing ing production instances; ¹iiiº implementing index changes; service for Microsoft Azure SQL Database, a relational data- ¹ivº ensuring these actions do not adversely affect query base service. Our service has been generally available for performance; and ¹vº continuously tuning the database as more than two years, generating index recommendations the workload drifts and the data distributions change. for every database in Azure SQL Database, automatically Cloud database services, such as Microsoft Azure SQL implementing them for a large fraction, and significantly im- Database, automate several important tasks such as provi- proving performance of hundreds of thousands of databases. sioning, operating system and database software upgrades, We also share our experience from experimentation at scale high availability, backups etc, thus reducing the total cost with production databases which gives us confidence in our of ownership (TCO).
    [Show full text]
  • Formally Verifying Webassembly with Kwasm
    Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts Master’s thesis in Computer Science and Engineering RIKARD HJORT Department of Computer Science and Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 Master’s thesis 2020 Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts RIKARD HJORT Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts RIKARD HJORT © RIKARD HJORT, 2020. Supervisor: Thomas Sewell, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Examiner: Wolfgang Ahrendt, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Master’s Thesis 2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone +46 31 772 1000 Cover: Conceptual rendering of the KWasm system, as the logos for K ans Web- Assembly merged together, with a symbolic execution proof tree protruding. The cover image is made by Bogdan Stanciu, with permission. The WebAssembly logo made by Carlos Baraza and is licensed under Creative Commons License CC0. The K logo is property of Runtime Verification, Inc., with permission. Typeset in LATEX Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 iv Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts Rikard Hjort Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg Abstract A smart contract is immutable, public bytecode which handles valuable assets. This makes it a prime target for formal methods. WebAssembly (Wasm) is emerging as bytecode format for smart contracts.
    [Show full text]