DOCSLIB.ORG

Dates/Birdingrarebirdreportdateframe.Htm)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dates/Birdingrarebirdreportdateframe.Htm) Appendix C Foraging Guilds Bird Forage Guilds Forage Common Name Food Habits General Comments Guild American Wigeon Vegetation, snails, beetles, crickets. Dominantly vegetarian (eg. eelgrass and algae) Eurasian Wigeon Vegetation, eelgrass Gadwall Leaves, stems and tubers of aquatic plants. Eats some small fishes and aquatic invertebrates Green-winged Teal Feeds on seeds and aquatic invertebrates (eg. Mollusks, aquatic insects, seeds) Primarily eat vegetation - Blue-winged Teal Vegetative parts of aquatic plants as well as seeds. Also consumes aquatic invertebrates. Sometimes eat small fishes Mallard Eats seeds, rootlets and tubers of aquatic plants, insects, mollusks, amphibians, small fishes (mostly vegetation). and aquatic invertebrates Northern Pintail Mostly vegetation. Feed on seeds and nutlets of aquatic plants, amphipods and other invertebrates. American Coot Submergent vegetation in open water. Leaves, seeds and roots of aquatic plants. Some animal food. Hooded Merganser Small fishes, crayfishes and other crustaceans obtained by diving underwater. Northern Shoveler Seeds of sedges, bulrushes, sawgrass, etc. Also eats mollusks, aquatic insects and crustaceans. Bufflehead Eats aquatic insects, crustaceans, mollusks, crustaceans, snails, amphipods, small fishes and some aquatic plants. Surf Scoter Mainly invertebrates, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic insects with some aquatic plants in summer. Barrow's Goldeneye Mollusks (especially blue mussels), some seastars, and marine worms. Dives for mussels and invertebrates . Black Scoter Mollusks comprise a majority of the diet; the blue mussel. Also eats crustaceans, some fishes and plant foods. Eat mostly aquatic insects, Common Goldeneye Aquatic insects, crustaceans and aquatic plants. crustaceans, animal food. Common Merganser Eats mainly fishes, also amphibians, crustaceans, mollusks and other invertebrates. Sometimes eat aquatic Greater Scaup Mollusks and in some areas eats seeds leaves, stems of plants. vegetation but minimal Diving Ducks Diving Harlequin Duck Mostly benthic aquatic invertebrates, mostly crustaceans and mollusks, also insects and a few small fishes. Long-tailed Duck Crustaceans, fishes and their eggs, mollusks, and aquatic insects. Aquatic plants (roots, leaves, buds, seeds). Mysis spp., Onisimus spp., and biva White Winged Scouter Mostly animal food, eats mollusks, crustaceans, aquatic insects and fishes. Killdeer Small invertebrates. Pacific Golden-Plover Primarily feeds on insects. Also eats some small mollusks and crustaceans. Black-bellied Plover Marine worms, insects, mollusks, crustaceans. Black Oystercatcher Mollusks, probes sand for marine worms. Semipalmated Plover Marine worms, small mollusks and crustaceans, insects eggs and larvae. Dunlin Larvae of flies and mosquitoes, crustaceans, marine worms, mollusks, and insects. Red Knot Mainly mollusks, eggs of crabs and horseshoe crab, insects, some seeds and small fishes. Marbled Godwit Mollusks, crustaceans, worms, insects. Feed mostly on invertebrates, Red Phalarope Insects, crustaceans, larval fishes and small jelly fishes. mollusks, crustaceans, fishes, ShorebirdsGreater Yellowlegs Small fishes, Ducks Dabbling insects and their larvae, snails, crabs, worms and tadpoles. worms Long-billed Dowitcher Insects and their larvae, mollusks, crustaceans, marine worms, spiders and seeds of aquatic plants. Spotted Sandpiper Small invertebrates. Western Sandpiper Aquatic insects, also eats mollusks, worms, crustaceans and algae. Least Sandpiper Small insects, crustaceans, mollusks, and worms. Wilson's Phalarope Insects, mosquitoes and crane flies. On salt flats may feed on alkali flies, brine shrimp, seeds of aquatic plants. Rock Sandpiper Crustaceans, small mollusks, insects and worms. Black Turnstone Slugs, mollusks, and crustaceans. Seaweeds for small marine animals, may also eat berries but primarily aquatic invertebrates. Common Snipe Earthworms, insect larvae, small crustaceans, and molluscs. Plant fibers and grit are also consumed. Bird Forage Guilds Forage Common Name Food Habits General Comments Guild Bonaparte's Gull Primarily insects and fishes, also crustaceans and marine worms and scavenges. California Gull Insects, mice. Glaucous-winged Gull Fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, garbage and carrion. Herring Gull Various animals and garbage. Fishes, mollusks, crustaceans Mew Gull Fishes, Crustaceans and mollusks, scavenges in harbours. Gulls and garbage Ring-billed Gull Animals and plant material and garbage. Western Gull Fish crustaceans, mollusks, worms, garbage. Thayer's Gull Fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, marine worms, carrion and garbage. Ross's Gull Beetles, gnats and other insects. Common Loon Piscivorous - any prey they can see, yellow perch, flounder, rock cod, minnows, crustaceans… Horned Grebe Invertivore, Piscivore - mainly small fishes, crustaceans and aquatic insects; also amphibians and leeches. Red-breasted Merganser Invertivore, Piscivore -mostly fishes plus some crustaceans. Insects important to young. Common Murre Mostly fish diet. Eat mainly fishes; some also Pelagic Cormorant Feeds on fishes; also consumes crabs, shrimps, marine worms, and amphipods. eat crustaceans, aquatic Brandt's Cormorant Feeds on small fishes and squid; also feeds on crabs and shrimps. insects, mollusks Pigeon Guillemot Mainly on small fishes; also includes mollusks, crustaceans, and marine worms. Red-necked Grebe Mainly on small fishes; also eats aquatic and land insects, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic worms, tadpoles. Red-throated Loon Mainly fishes; also eats shrimps, snails, aquatic insects and some aquatic plants. Piscivorous Diving Birds Pied-billed Grebe Eats mainly fishes, crustaceans, insects; also amphibians, other invertebrates. Brant Goose Mainly eelgrass, saltmarsh grass, sea lettuce; also forage on grains in fields. Primarily eat marsh Canada Goose Marsh grasses, sprouts of winter wheat, clover, cattails, bulrushes, algae; also eats mollusks and small crustaceans. vegetation; eat grains during Snow Goose Eats grains; uproots sedges, marsh grasses, and aquatic plants (eats stem, rhizomes, roots, bulbs). Swans Geese/ Geese/ food shortage Trumpeter Swan Aquatic vegetation. Young eat aquatic insects and crustaceans and in 5 weeks feed on aquatic plants. Some grazing. DABBLING DUCKS American Wigeon (Anas americana) • Feeds on leaves, stems, buds, and some seeds of pondweeds, wigeon grass, grasses, and sedges. Forges in shallow water and grazes in fields. May also some snails, beetles, and crickets (Terres, 1980). • Study in Boundary Bay - Zostera japonica comprises a large single percentage of the diet. Leaves most important to widgeon (Baldwin & Lovvorn, 1994). • Wigeon are almost exclusively vegetarian. On estuaries, wigeon consume aquatic plans such as eelgrass (Zostera spp.) and algae (Entraomorpha sp.). Over the years, changes in availability of items may have lead to changes in wigeon feeding habits. Inland pasture is now more important that either mudflats or salt marshes for European Wigeon in Britian. In the Fraser delta it appears that the agricultural areas provide a greater feeding opportunity for wigeon between October and January, than do the marshes (Duynstee, 1992). Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope) • Feed on intertidal Zostera beds in Northern Europe (Fox, 1996). • Prefer open feeding sites, such as agricultural areas and hayfields. Graze on P. trivialis leaf tips. (Jacobsen, 1992). • Wigeon are almost exclusively vegetarian. On estuaries, wigeon consume aquatic plants such as eelgrass (Zostera spp.) and algae (Enteromorpha sp.). Over the years, changes in availability of these marsh plants may have lead to changes in wigeon feeding habits. Inland pasture in now more important that either mudflats or saltmarshes for European Wigeon in Britian. In the Fraser delta it appears that the agricultural areas provide a greater feeding opportunity for wigeon between October and January, than do the marshes (Duynstee, 1992). Gadwall (Anas strepera) • Feeds on leaves, stems, and tubers of aquatic plants. Also eats algae and seeds of sedges and grasses. Occasionally grazes in pastures and grain fields; may feed on acorns. Eats some small fishes and aquatic invertebrates (e.g., insects, crustaceans). Aquatic invertebrates comprise about half the diet in spring and summer; eats green portions of aquatic plants in non-nesting season; feeds generally in water 15-66 cm deep (Ringelman 1990). Juveniles initially eat equal amount of animal and plant food; plant food begins to dominate after 2 weeks (Ringelman, 1990). • They are considered herbivorous, except during spring when some aquatic invertebrates are consumed. Gadwall was documented to consume the following invertebrates: insects (caddis flies, beetles, true flies, midges), crustaceans (fairy shrimps, water fleas). • Spring and Summer – filamentous algae, widgeongrass, musckgrass, sago pondweed, elodea, fairy shrimp, seed shrimp, water fleas, midges, beetle larvae. Fall and Winter – Filamentous algae, dwarf spikerush, widgeongrass, spiked watermilfoil, baby pondweed, seed shrimp, fragrant flatsedge, redroot sedge. Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca) • Eats aquatic plants; seeds of sedges, smartweeds, pondweeds, and grasses; aquatic insects, mollusks, crustaceans and tadpoles. In fall waste grain. Also eats berries, grapes, acorns. Dabbles in shallow water, also forages on land. • Study in Boundary Bay – Amphipods, primarily Corophium insidiosum were the greatest fraction of the green-winged teal diet. (Baldwin and Lovvorn, 1994). • Green-winged
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Surf Scoter (Melanitta Perspicillata) Survey Stanley Park 1999-2000
    Surf Scoter (Melanitta perspicillata) Survey Stanley Park 1999-2000 Prepared for: Daniel J. Catt, Wildlife Management Instructor British Columbia Institute of Technology Burnaby, BC & Dr. Sean Boyd, Research Biologist Canadian Wildlife Service Delta, BC Prepared by: Christine Williams, student Fish, Wildlife, Management Technology i Surf Scoter Survey, 1999-2000 Stanley Park _______________________________________________________________________________ British Columbia Institute of Technology Summary The Stanley Park Surf Scoter Survey was made possible through a co-operative arrangement between the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) and the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). The purpose of the study was to document the distribution and abundance of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) observed along the Stanley Park foreshore in Vancouver, British Columbia from October 1999 to April 2000. An oil spill occurring on November 24, 1999 gave the survey another objective in the form of monitoring the effects of the spill on the distribution and abundance of Surf Scoter that utilise the foreshore of Stanley Park as wintering habitat. The Stanley Park foreshore sees large concentrations of wintering Surf Scoters from late October to April/May. The rocky shoreline, extensive mussels beds and combination of winds and tide make the foreshore an important habitat for Surf Scoters. Data were gathered and analysed from November 3, 1999 to April 15, 2000 to document the following: • Trends in the abundance and distribution of Surf Scoter throughout the wintering season • Observer variability in data collection • Tidal influence on Surf Scoter abundance and distribution • Sex ratios of Surf Scoter observed along the Stanley Park foreshore The results of the data analysis show the following: • Distribution: The Stanley Park foreshore was not utilised uniformly by Surf Scoters throughout the survey period.
    [Show full text]
  • Visualizing Populations of North American Sea Ducks: Maps to Guide Research and Management Planning
    Prepared in Cooperation with the Sea Duck Joint Venture Continental Technical Team Visualizing Populations of North American Sea Ducks: Maps to Guide Research and Management Planning Open-File Report 2019–1142 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Male long-tailed duck. (Photograph by Ryan Askren, U.S. Geological Survey, public domain.) Prepared in Cooperation with the Sea Duck Joint Venture Continental Technical Team Visualizing Populations of North American Sea Ducks: Maps to Guide Research and Management Planning By John M. Pearce, Paul L. Flint, Mary E. Whalen, Sarah A. Sonsthagen, Josh Stiller, Vijay P. Patil, Timothy Bowman, Sean Boyd, Shannon S. Badzinski, H. Grant Gilchrist, Scott G. Gilliland, Christine Lepage, Pam Loring, Dan McAuley, Nic R. McLellan, Jason Osenkowski, Eric T. Reed, Anthony J. Roberts, Myra O. Robertson, Tom Rothe, David E. Safine, Emily D. Silverman, and Kyle Spragens Open-File Report 2019–1142 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior David Bernhardt, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2019 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov/ or call 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https:/store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Duck Curriculum Revised
    Sea Ducks of Alaska Activity Guide Acknowledgments Contact Information: Project Coordinator: Marilyn Sigman, Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies Education: Written By: Sea Duck Activity Guide, Teaching Kit and Display: Elizabeth Trowbridge, Center for Alaskan Coastal Marilyn Sigman Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies Studies P.O. Box 2225 Homer, AK 99603 Illustrations by: (907) 235-6667 Bill Kitzmiller, Conrad Field and Fineline Graphics [email protected] (Alaska Wildlife Curriculum Illustrations), Elizabeth Alaska Wildlife Curricula Trowbridge Robin Dublin Wildlife Education Coordinator Reviewers: Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game Marilyn Sigman, Bree Murphy, Lisa Ellington, Tim Division of Wildlife Conservation Bowman, Tom Rothe 333 Raspberry Rd. Anchorage, AK 99518-1599 (907)267-2168 Funded By: [email protected] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Coastal Program and Scientific/technical Information: The Alaska Department of Fish and Game, State Duck Tim Bowman Stamp Program Sea Duck Joint Venture Coordinator (Pacific) The Center for Alaskan Coastal Studies would like to thank U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service the following people for their time and commitment to sea 1011 E. Tudor Rd. duck education: Tim Bowman, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Anchorage, AK 99503 Service, Sea Duck Joint Venture Project, for providing (907) 786-3569 background technical information, photographs and [email protected] support for this activity guide and the sea duck traveling SEADUCKJV.ORG display; Tom Rothe and Dan Rosenberg of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game for technical information, Tom Rothe presentations and photographs for both the sea duck Waterfowl Coordinator traveling display and the activity guide species identifica- Alaska Dept. of Fish & Game tion cards; John DeLapp, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Waterfowl at Cold Bay, Alaska, with Notes on The
    WATERFOWL AT COLD BAY, ALASKA, WITH NOTES ON THE DISPLAY OF THE BLACK SCOTER Frank McKinney Delta Waterfowl Research Station, Manitoba In 1958, it was my good fortune to spend April and May in the area of Cold Bay, near the tip of the Alaska Peninsula, studying waterfowl. For the waterfowl enthusiast, Alaska will always hold a special fascination. This is the home of the Emperor Goose (Anser canagicus), the Pacific Brant (Branta bernicla orientalis), the Spectacled Eider (Somateria fischeri) and Steller’s Eider (S. steli eri)—birds which relatively few ornithologists have seen in the wild but which are familiar to many through the writings of Brandt (1943), Bailey (1948) and most recently Fisher and Peterson (1955). The main object of this expedition was to investigate the spring behaviour of Steller’s Eider and of the Pacific Eider (Somateria mollissima v-nigra), and if possible to see something of King Eider and Spectacled Eider as well. I was particularly interested in the hostile and sexual behaviour which occurs before breeding and for this reason a centre for wintering birds was chosen in the belief that much of the pair-formation and related activities would occur before the birds moved to their breeding places. Cold Bay proved to be an ideal headquarters for these studies and during April I was able to watch large numbers of wintering Steller’s on Izembek Bay; in May I camped in the middle of a large colony of Pacific Eiders at Nelson Lagoon when breeding was about to begin. My observations on these two species are being incorporated in a detailed analysis of Eider displays, not yet completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Waterfowl in Iowa, Overview
    STATE OF IOWA 1977 WATERFOWL IN IOWA By JACK W MUSGROVE Director DIVISION OF MUSEUM AND ARCHIVES STATE HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT and MARY R MUSGROVE Illustrated by MAYNARD F REECE Printed for STATE CONSERVATION COMMISSION DES MOINES, IOWA Copyright 1943 Copyright 1947 Copyright 1953 Copyright 1961 Copyright 1977 Published by the STATE OF IOWA Des Moines Fifth Edition FOREWORD Since the origin of man the migratory flight of waterfowl has fired his imagination. Undoubtedly the hungry caveman, as he watched wave after wave of ducks and geese pass overhead, felt a thrill, and his dull brain questioned, “Whither and why?” The same age - old attraction each spring and fall turns thousands of faces skyward when flocks of Canada geese fly over. In historic times Iowa was the nesting ground of countless flocks of ducks, geese, and swans. Much of the marshland that was their home has been tiled and has disappeared under the corn planter. However, this state is still the summer home of many species, and restoration of various areas is annually increasing the number. Iowa is more important as a cafeteria for the ducks on their semiannual flights than as a nesting ground, and multitudes of them stop in this state to feed and grow fat on waste grain. The interest in waterfowl may be observed each spring during the blue and snow goose flight along the Missouri River, where thousands of spectators gather to watch the flight. There are many bird study clubs in the state with large memberships, as well as hundreds of unaffiliated ornithologists who spend much of their leisure time observing birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Diving Ducks Wildlife Note
    Diving Ducks Pennsylvania ducks may be grouped into two types: diving ducks and dabbling or puddle ducks. Diving ducks often spend much more of their time farther out from shore than puddle ducks. Both groups can be found on streams, rivers, lakes and marshes. This note covers 15 species commonly called diving ducks. redhead Diving ducks eat seeds and other parts of aquatic plants, form monogamous pairs that last until the female begins fish, insects, mollusks, crustaceans and other invertebrates. incubating eggs; then, the male leaves the area and usually They dive underwater to obtain much of their food. They joins a band of other males. have large broad feet, fully webbed and with strongly lobed hind toes, that act as paddles. Their legs are spaced Nesting habits and habitats vary from species to species. widely apart and located well back on the body, improving Generally, female diving ducks lay 5 to 15 eggs in diving efficiency but limiting agility on land. Their bodies vegetation, tree cavities, or rock crevices over or near the are compact, and their wings have relatively small surface water. Because females do not start incubating a clutch areas; noticeably more narrow than puddle ducks. While until they lay their last egg, young develop simultaneously this arrangement helps their diving and swimming, it and all hatch at about the same time. hinders their ability to become airborne. Instead of Ducklings are covered with down, patterned with shades springing straight out of the water into flight, as puddle of yellow or brown to break up their body outlines.
    [Show full text]
  • Diving Ducks
    Fact Sheet 611 Diving Ducks “Bay ducks” and “sea ducks” are what the waters of the Chesapeake Bay, its tributaries, 12 species of Diving Ducks that most com- and the coastal waters of the Shore primar- monly inhabit the Eastern Shore are often ily during winter. None nest here. They all called. Bay ducks include the bufflehead, dive for their food and, in taking wing, do canvasback, common goldeneye, greater not spring directly upward but must patter for some distance across the surface to gain scaup, lesser scaup, redhead, ring-necked momentum to get under way. duck, and ruddy duck. The sea ducks include the black scoter, common eider, old-squaw, This fact sheet describes bay ducks and sea surf scoter, and white-winged scoter. The ducks found on the Eastern Shore and details some management problems for these Diving common eider is seen rarely on the Eastern Ducks. Shore. All of these species use the open Bay Ducks Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) Other names: Butterball, dipper Size: 12 to 16 inches Field Id.: The male (drake) is small with a white body, black back, and dark purplish head with a large white patch extending to the back of his crest from the eyes. He has large, conspicuous white wing patches while in flight. The female (hen) is brown, with a white spot on each cheek and white wing patches in flight. Habitat: It prefers ponds, rivers, and lakes, as well as protected marine areas in winter. Range: The bufflehead is widespread from the Arctic southward. It breeds mainly in Canada and Alaska and winters mainly in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard Papers in the Biological Sciences 2010 Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World: Index Paul A. Johnsgard University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciducksgeeseswans Part of the Ornithology Commons Johnsgard, Paul A., "Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World: Index" (2010). Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard. 19. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciducksgeeseswans/19 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Index The following index is limited to the species of Anatidae; species of other bird families are not indexed, nor are subspecies included. However, vernacular names applied to certain subspecies that sometimes are considered full species are included, as are some generic names that are not utilized in this book but which are still sometimes applied to par­ ticular species or species groups. Complete indexing is limited to the entries that correspond to the vernacular names utilized in this book; in these cases the primary species account is indicated in italics. Other vernacular or scientific names are indexed to the section of the principal account only. Abyssinian blue-winged goose. See atratus, Cygnus, 31 Bernier teal. See Madagascan teal blue-winged goose atricapilla, Heteronetta, 365 bewickii, Cygnus, 44 acuta, Anas, 233 aucklandica, Anas, 214 Bewick swan, 38, 43, 44-47; PI.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Scoter: Species Information for Marine Special Protection Area Consultations
    Natural England Technical Information Note TIN143 Common scoter: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations The UK government has committed to identifying a network of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in the marine environment by 2015. Natural England is responsible for recommending SPAs in English waters to Defra for classification. This and other related information notes have been prepared and will be available at meetings and online so that anyone who might be interested in why the SPA is being considered for classification can find out more about the birds that may be protected. For more information about the process for establishing marine SPAs see TIN120 Establishing Marine Special Protection Areas. Background northernmost Europe and Russia, including north and west Scotland. The Birds Directive (EC Directive on the conservation of wild birds (2009/147/EC) requires member states to identify SPAs for: rare or vulnerable bird species (as listed in Annex I of the Directive); and regularly occurring migratory bird species. The common scoter, Melanitta nigra, is a regularly occurring migratory bird in Europe. It is between 44 and 54 cm long with a wingspan of 79-90 cm1. The typical lifespan of this species is unknown, Female common scoter © www.northeastwildlife.co.uk but the oldest recorded individual was over 13 They are strongly marine outside of the breeding years old2. season, wintering in coastal waters in the Conservation status Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic Sea. UK red-listed bird of conservation concern (for In the UK common scoters are widespread along the breeding population)3. the UK coastline, particularly in shallow waters with sandy substrate4.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Limits Within the Genus Melanitta, the Scoters Martin Collinson, David T
    A paper from the BOURC Taxonomic Sub-committee Species limits within the genus Melanitta, the scoters Martin Collinson, David T. Parkin,Alan G. Knox, George Sangster and Andreas J. Helbig Dan Powell ABSTRACT As part of its reassessment of the taxonomy of birds on the British List, the BOURC Taxonomic Sub-committee has assessed all six recognised taxa of scoters Melanitta against its previously published Species Guidelines (Helbig et al. 2002).We consider that, on the basis of evidence currently available, at least five species should be recognised: Common Scoter M. nigra, Black Scoter M. americana,Velvet Scoter M. fusca,White-winged Scoter M. deglandi and Surf Scoter M. perspicillata.The taxonomic status of the Asian subspecies of White-winged Scoter (stejnegeri) is uncertain, owing to insufficient information on several aspects of its morphology and behaviour. Provisionally, we suggest that it is best treated as conspecific with M. deglandi. © British Birds 99 • April 2006 • 183–201 183 Species limits within the genus Melanitta Introduction regarded as separate species (BOU 1883, 1915; Six taxa of scoters Melanitta are generally recog- Dwight 1914). nised within the seaduck tribe Mergini (Miller For brevity, these taxa will henceforth be 1916; Vaurie 1965; Cramp & Simmons 1977; referred to by their subspecific names, i.e. nigra table 1). The Surf Scoter M. perspicillata is (Common or Eurasian Black Scoter), americana monotypic. The other taxa have traditionally (American and East Asian Black Scoter), fusca been treated as two polytypic species by both (Velvet Scoter), deglandi (American White- the American and the British Ornithologists’ winged Scoter), stejnegeri (Asian White-winged Unions: Velvet (or White-winged) Scoter M.
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of Anseriformes Based on Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (2002) 339–356 www.academicpress.com A molecular phylogeny of anseriformes based on mitochondrial DNA analysis Carole Donne-Goussee,a Vincent Laudet,b and Catherine Haanni€ a,* a CNRS UMR 5534, Centre de Genetique Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 16 rue Raphael Dubois, Ba^t. Mendel, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France b CNRS UMR 5665, Laboratoire de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, 45 Allee d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France Received 5 June 2001; received in revised form 4 December 2001 Abstract To study the phylogenetic relationships among Anseriformes, sequences for the complete mitochondrial control region (CR) were determined from 45 waterfowl representing 24 genera, i.e., half of the existing genera. To confirm the results based on CR analysis we also analyzed representative species based on two mitochondrial protein-coding genes, cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2). These data allowed us to construct a robust phylogeny of the Anseriformes and to compare it with existing phylogenies based on morphological or molecular data. Chauna and Dendrocygna were identified as early offshoots of the Anseriformes. All the remaining taxa fell into two clades that correspond to the two subfamilies Anatinae and Anserinae. Within Anserinae Branta and Anser cluster together, whereas Coscoroba, Cygnus, and Cereopsis form a relatively weak clade with Cygnus diverging first. Five clades are clearly recognizable among Anatinae: (i) the Anatini with Anas and Lophonetta; (ii) the Aythyini with Aythya and Netta; (iii) the Cairinini with Cairina and Aix; (iv) the Mergini with Mergus, Bucephala, Melanitta, Callonetta, So- materia, and Clangula, and (v) the Tadornini with Tadorna, Chloephaga, and Alopochen.
    [Show full text]
  • Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (And 113 Non-Species Taxa) in Accordance with the 62Nd AOU Supplement (2021), Sorted Taxonomically
    Four-letter (English Name) and Six-letter (Scientific Name) Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (and 113 Non-Species Taxa) in accordance with the 62nd AOU Supplement (2021), sorted taxonomically Prepared by Peter Pyle and David F. DeSante The Institute for Bird Populations www.birdpop.org ENGLISH NAME 4-LETTER CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME 6-LETTER CODE Highland Tinamou HITI Nothocercus bonapartei NOTBON Great Tinamou GRTI Tinamus major TINMAJ Little Tinamou LITI Crypturellus soui CRYSOU Thicket Tinamou THTI Crypturellus cinnamomeus CRYCIN Slaty-breasted Tinamou SBTI Crypturellus boucardi CRYBOU Choco Tinamou CHTI Crypturellus kerriae CRYKER White-faced Whistling-Duck WFWD Dendrocygna viduata DENVID Black-bellied Whistling-Duck BBWD Dendrocygna autumnalis DENAUT West Indian Whistling-Duck WIWD Dendrocygna arborea DENARB Fulvous Whistling-Duck FUWD Dendrocygna bicolor DENBIC Emperor Goose EMGO Anser canagicus ANSCAN Snow Goose SNGO Anser caerulescens ANSCAE + Lesser Snow Goose White-morph LSGW Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Lesser Snow Goose Intermediate-morph LSGI Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Lesser Snow Goose Blue-morph LSGB Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Greater Snow Goose White-morph GSGW Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Greater Snow Goose Intermediate-morph GSGI Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Greater Snow Goose Blue-morph GSGB Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Snow X Ross's Goose Hybrid SRGH Anser caerulescens x rossii ANSCAR + Snow/Ross's Goose SRGO Anser caerulescens/rossii ANSCRO Ross's Goose
    [Show full text]