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A Study of the Pipe Roll Evidence Concerning Illegal Land Clearance, 1154-1189 Kevin Dale Hill Iowa State University

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A Study of the Pipe Roll Evidence Concerning Illegal Land Clearance, 1154-1189 Kevin Dale Hill Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2002 Assarting and governmental development in twelfth-century England: a study of the pipe roll evidence concerning illegal land clearance, 1154-1189 Kevin Dale Hill Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the European History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Hill, Kevin Dale, "Assarting and governmental development in twelfth-century England: a study of the pipe roll evidence concerning illegal land clearance, 1154-1189 " (2002). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 377. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/377 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction i* dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Assarting and governmental development in twelfth-century England: A study of the pipe roll evidence concerning illegal land clearance, 1154-1189 by Kevin Dale Hill A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Agricultural History and Rural Studies Program of Study Committee: Kenneth G. Madison, Major Professor Adrian A. Bennett Linda R. Galyon Andrejs Plakans Philip B. Zaring Iowa State University Ames, IA 2002 Copyright © Kevin Dale Hill, 2002. All rights reserved. UMI Number 3051468 Copyright 2002 by Hill, Kevin Dale All rights reserved. UMI* UMI Microform 3051468 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Kevin Dale Hill has met the requirements of Iowa Stale University Signature was redacted for privacy. Major Profes Signature was redacted for privacy. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 PART I: CHRONOLOGICAL NARRATIVE 26 INTRODUCTION 27 THE 1150s AND 1160s 28 THE 1170s 33 1170 33 1171 38 1172 42 1173 45 1174 48 1175 51 1176 55 1177 58 1178 63 1179 71 THE 1180s 78 1180 78 1181 85 1182 93 1183 100 1184 106 1185 111 1186 120 1187 126 1188 133 CONCLUSION 135 PART H: COUNTIES AND PARDONS 136 INTRODUCTION 137 BERKSHIRE THROUGH DOREST AND SOMERSETSHIRE 138 iv Betkshire, 1171-1187 138 Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire, 1164-1187 146 Cambridge and Huntingdonshire, 1159-1187 152 Carlisle, 1163-1170 157 Corwall, 1180-1186 157 Cumberland, 1178-1182 158 Devonshire, 1172-1184 159 Dorset and Somerset, 1171-1179 162 ESSEX AND HERTFORDSHIRE THROUGH SHROPSHIRE 164 Essex and Hertfordshire, 1170-1187 164 Gloucestershire, 1160-1187 170 Hereford in Wales, 1170-1187 173 Lancashire, 1176 176 Northamptonshire, 1160-1187 176 Northumberland, 1170-1185 184 Nottingham and Derbyshire, 1160-1187 185 Oxfordshire, 1170-1188 188 Rutland, 1160-1187 190 Shropshire, 1160-1187 192 SOUTHAMPTONSHIRE THROUGH YORKSHIRE 195 Southamptonshire, 1171-1187 195 Staffordshire, 1160-1187 202 Surrey, 1177-1187 205 Sussex, 1179-1187 208 Warwickshire and Leicestershire, 1166-1187 209 Wiltshire, 1171-1188 214 Worcestershire, 1170-1187 217 Yorkshire, 1170-1187 221 INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS PARDONED FOR ASSARTING 225 CONCLUSION 279 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 280 APPENDIX A: DATA SORTED CHRONOLOGICALLY 297 APPENDIX B: DATA SORTED BY SHIRE 318 APPENDIX C: PARDONS EXTENDED 339 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 346 V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would not have been possible without the support of many people whose efforts kept me going in a variety of ways. I wish to thank the following people: My committee: Andrejs Plakans; Adrian Bennett and Linda Galyon, who came out of retirement to read my dissertation; Philip Zaring, who not only came out of retirement but whose teaching and way of looking at the past influenced me from the beginning of graduate school as a student through my time as his teaching assistant; and Kenneth Madison, my major professor whose door was always open and who proved to be a font of knowledge for both "nuts and bolts" questions and philosophical inquiries. Those whose efforts helped fund my graduate education: Olivia Madison who hired me as a teaching assistant for the Library 160 program; and George McJimsey, who hired me as the academic advisor and a lecturer for the Department of History, which provided me with secure employment. My fellow graduate students: Kevin DeLange, who provided encouragement and conversed with me frequently about this project during its formative stages; David EdsaU, whose computer expertise has been invaluable, but more importantly his philosophical conversations about the field of history kept me engaged when the project seemed to grow old; and Kenneth Cox, whose insight and advice on both history and graduate school have been invaluable. My parents, Steven and Shirley Hill, and my grandmother, Avis HiD, all of whom steadily encouraged me to persist. Finally, I owe great debt to my wife, Lisa, who has been with me throughout graduate school She never questioned my goals and she patiently allowed me to pursue them. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION From the sixth to the eighth centuries, agricultural laborers undertook a massive clearance of woodland in England. By 1086, the time of the Domesday survey, only fifteen percent of England remained wooded. From about 1086 through 1286, a great and increasing need for land on which to grow food developed. The response to this demand brought all varieties of land—fen, waste, and cleared forest—under the plow. Those fanning the land cleared small patches of land, called assarts, in and along the edges of forests. Assarts slowly encroached upon the woods. In Chiltems and Sussex Weald 180,000 hectares (444,600 acres) of woodland were cleared in approximately 260 years. Extensive clearances occurred in the wooded areas of Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Surrey, Berkshire, Northampton, Derbyshire, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, Somerset, Dorset and Suffolk. By 1350, the area of England which remained wooded had shrunk to ten percent1 Assarting had an important impact on the countryside of medieval England, but assarts and their economic and political ramifications have largely been neglected by historians. This study of assarting provides a broad examination of the Pipe Roll evidence concerning assarts on royal lands in England between 1154 and 1189, making a contribution not only to land history, but to our understanding of the development of medieval government and the Exchequer. The study of assarting is essential to understanding the growth of government and the impact it had on the countryside. The evidence found in the Pipe Rolls indicates that illegal 'Paul Stamper, "Woods and Parks," in The Countryside of Medieval England, Grenville Astill and Annie Grant, eds. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1988), 129. 2 assarting in the Anglo-Norman era not only occurred more frequently than historians heretofore have believed, but that contrary to historiographically established notions, it was not truly discouraged by the crown's use of the dreaded Forest Law. The engine driving the land clearance was a growing population and the need for food. The land was clearly worth the price of the fine to the assarters, and evidence suggests that the crown saw the infractions made by assarters as tolerable because of the income it drew from the fines levied on the cleared lands. No one has undertaken a study dedicated to assarting, and what information has been published focuses largely on the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and treats assarting as a tangent of some other subject The aim of this study is to explore some of the economic and political issues concerning the crown's interest in and the profits it derived from assarting during the twelfth century. The evidence presented in this discussion is organized and presented in three parts. The primary goal of the first part is to establish a chronological narrative account of the events concerning assarts and assarting activity throughout the realm of England between 1154 and 1189. This account will illustrate both the magnitude of the activity and the manner in which the royal government coped with the situation. The second part is a shire by shire narrative account of the evidence. This is designed to illustrate the geographical range of the enforcement of laws concerning assarting, as well as to illustrate how the Exchequer continued to monitor the situation from year to year in a given area.
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