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Resilience of Communal Grasslands in the Ethiopian Highlands: Integrating Gender and Social Learning

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Resilience of Communal Grasslands in the Ethiopian Highlands: Integrating Gender and Social Learning Resilience of communal grasslands in the Ethiopian highlands: Integrating gender and social learning Lemlem Aregu Behailu Doctoral Thesis Department of Economics and Social Sciences & Centre for Development Research Supervisor Assoc.Prof. Dr. Ika Darnhofer Dept. of Economics and Social Sciences Co-Supervisors Priv.Doz. Dr. Maria Wurzinger Centre for Development Research and Dept. of Sustainable Agricultural Systems ao.Univ.Prof. Dr. Werner Zollitsch Dept. of Sustainable Agricultural Systems Dirk Hoekstra International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Vienna, Austria, August 2014 Declaration I declare that this dissertation is my original work and no material in this thesis has previously been submitted at this or any other university. The soft copy of this dissertation can be downloaded from http://www.wiso.boku.ac.at/afo/forschung/ethiopia-resilience/ i ii Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my mother Amleset Gebru (Abestyei) who passed away at the age of 56, on 08 March 2006; and to my father Aregu Behailu iii iv Acknowledgements I am happily taking this opportunity to extend my deepest gratitude to all who have contributed to the success of my Doctoral study. Had it not been many individuals and organizations contributed, I would not have managed to finalize my study and write this thesis. First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ika Darnhofer for her unreserved guidance, follow up, encouragements and absolute supports throughout the completion of my study. I learned a lot under her guidance; she coached me with her critical insights, comments and observations, but all were constructive. I gained academic excellence from the discussions I had with her. Our regular meetings were one of my favorite reflexive learning forums which enabled me to learn and reflect new insights. I would also like to thank her for providing me opportunities to participate in outstanding conferences in resilience in Florence (Italy) and Montpellier (France) which were meant a lot to me. I have also learnt a lot from her strong, hardworking, and well-organized personalities. Ika, my big respect always to you! I am also grateful to my co-supervisor Priv. Doz. Dr. Maria Wurzinger for her inputs and encouragements, and arranging a number of forums to present my research outputs to students and CDR team members. I am also grateful for my co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Werner Zollitsch for his inputs and constructive comments during the development of the proposal and on the final write up of the thesis. I am also grateful to Dr. Michael Hauser for his inputs and valuable comments particularly on the research approach to enrich my proposal. I am grateful to my field supervisor Dirk Hoekstra from Ethiopia. His technical guidance was influential to the success of my data collection. I would also like to thank him for his supports throughout my study. I am grateful to the Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research Development (APPEAR) for giving me the scholarship award to pursue my PhD in Austria. I am also indebted for Improving Productivity and Market Success for Ethiopian farmers project (IPMS) and Livestock and Irrigation Value Chains for Ethiopian Smallholder farmers (LIVES) project for the financial and logistic supports during my data collection in Ethiopia. I would like to thank Dr. Kindu Mekonen and Dr. Mastewal Yami for providing me important tips and information to pursue my scholarship in Austria and study in BOKU; Dr. Martha Negash for her support to authenticate my academic documents in Brussels. Your supports were a doorway to my doctoral study in Austria. This acknowledgment would be incomplete without a warm thank to communities, experts and heads of various organizations in Bure district, who generously and genuinely gave their time to provide information without any reservation and created a learning opportunity to discover their capacity in managing their natural resources. Particular appreciation to communities of Wundgi and Wangedam kebele; thank you so much for giving me your precious time for group discussions, interviews and consultations. I would also like to thank organizations in Bure district and beyond: Bureau of Agriculture, Woreda Administration Office, Woreda Office of Women´s Affair, Woreda Office of Environmental Protection, Land Use and Administration, Bureau of Finance and Economic Development of Amhara Regional State and West Gojam zone, and Amhara Regional Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI). All my fieldwork companions, doing a fieldwork create a bond between people. I am thankful to many individuals, Assefa Simeneh my research assistance, his wife Haimanot, Enchalew, Teshome Dersso, Getachew Mekonnen and everyone else in Bure who facilitated my data collection. I am grateful for Zemen Yigzaw for helping me in taking the GPS coordinates for the Kuwalla communal pasture. I am also grateful for Menale Wondie for his willingness and precious time to do all the maps I used in this thesis. Special thanks to my colleagues at Centre for Development Research (CDR), Dr. Michael Hauser, Priv. Doz. Dr. Maria Wurzinger, Dr. Lorenz Probst, Florian Peloschek, Verina Pflug, Tamara Wendl, Kumela Gudeta, Asaminew Wolde, Atsede Desta, Joshua Zake, Birgit Habermann, Bella Nyamukure, Lisa Haller, Nora Faltmann, Katrin Harreither, Dr. Romana Roschinsky, Leisa Burrell, Anna Lisa Diop, Dr. Yinager Dessie, Florian Herzog, Sarah Prehsler, Dr. Sarah Ogalleh, Rebekka Kölbl, Anna Hartl and Fabian Wenger; you all have been such a wonderful, supportive and warm people who made my stay in Austria charming. I v should have written many paragraphs on those inspiring discussions, shared lunches, funny stories and laughs we shared together over three years, but that would take too much of papers and time. I am also grateful to the team of Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS): Dirk Hokestra, Dr. Azage Tegegne, Dr. Ranjitha Puskur, Dr. Berhanu Gebremedihn, Kahsay Berhe, Akililu Bogale, Muluhiwot Getachew, Fanos Mekonnen, Dr. Ephrem Tessema, Pamella Yeshitilla, Yasin Getahun, Kebede Assefa, Berhanu Bekele, Birke Enyew, Rebecca Amha, Abrham Getachew, Samson Jemaneh, Dr Moti Jaleta, Dr Yigzaw Dessalegn, Dr Tesfaye Lemma and all staff members of IPMS. Special thanks to LIVES team members, particularly to Dr. Azage and Muluhiwot for their great supports during the data collection period. I felt really at home. I would like to extend my deepest recognition to my Ethiopian friends at BOKU University and University of Vienna, Gebeyehu Belay, Tesfaye Getachew, Menale Wondie, Aschalew Lakew, Sayehalem Kassaw, Eneyew Wondifraw, Muuz Gebremariam, Getu Abebe and Tewodros Getachew, Dr. Tesfaye Feysa, Dr. Tekeba Eshete, Dr. Solomom Abegaz, Dr. Amlaku Asres, Dirba Demisse, Mihret Gellan, Dr. Wossen Argaw, Dr. Abrham Abyu, Dr. Shimelash, Dr. Hailemariam Birke, Hailu Addis, Kassahun Bekele, Kidia Kassiee, Amsalu Abich, I will not forget all the good memories we had together in various events in Vienna. Thank you so much. I am also grateful to my friends Kume and Asei for their friendship, concern, care, encouragements, and valuable inputs all the way through my study. The tours we had together were interesting, funny and memorable. I am indebted to my best friends and sisters in Vienna, Dr. Kahsa Tadel, Meseret Kassie, Atikilt Abebe, and Atsede Desta, thank you so much for the good time we shared together in Vienna. I felt at home when I had a chat with you, truly you were my energy. I would like to thank Aba Berhanu Kassa and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church community in Vienna for the blessed Sunday prayers (kidassie), and zikir, I had with you in Schwechat and other events within Austria. I would also like to thank Dr Lemlem Sisay for her charming and inspiring discussions in a couple of times over lunch and coffee in Vienna. Thank you so much Dr. Shevta Uppal, for covering my place in taking care of my little beloved sister Martha Aregu in my absence to Austria. I am so grateful in meeting you and your friend Dr Sridevi Srinivasan. My appreciation also to Resty Naiga, Rebecca Solomon (Dubai), Antheneh Girma (Germany), Fasil Demeke (Sanaʹa), Birhane Kidane (Wageningen), Mesfine Haile (Copenhagen), Bisrat Agegnehu (Oslo), Solomon Alemu (Vienna), Dr. Getnet Dessalegn (Vienna), thank you so much. I would like to thank Sita Aryal for being my friend, Katrin Harreither for inviting me to your parents’ place in the country side of Austria and translating my abstract in German, Dr. Romana Roschinsky for helping me to do the administration issue that I need to finalize, and Priv. Doz. Dr. Maria Wurzinger and her parents for organizing an interesting excursion in your place, Gutenstein, Austria. I am indebted to the Peloschek family for inviting me to your home in Litschau during the Easter holiday. I cannot forget the holiday I had with Mrs. Traute Peloschek, Dr. Peter Peloschek, Dr. Maria Peloschek, Dr. Philipp Peloschek, Florian Peloschek, Clara Peloschek, and Julia Peloschek in the country side of Austria, Litschau. The fresh air, the community, the church ceremony, the shoulder dancing and the food were memorable. Thank you, Florian for introducing me with your family. My dearest old friends, Atsede Solomon, Awoke Degaga, Eshetayehu Tefera, Feven Workeye, Demekech Gera, Asnaketch Beyene, Rehrahe Mesfin, Adey Melesse, Solome Tibebu, Mekonnen Beyene, Dr. Berhane Lakew, and Timotios Endale; thank you so much, you are always in my side. My deepest gratitude extended to my father Aregu Behailu, sisters, brothers, nephews, nieces cousins, and in laws for their wisdom on me and prayers to my success. I realize that this world is great because of people like you. Your contributions to my achievement as coaches, colleagues, friends and family are always remembered. Thank you so much, God bless you all. On top of everyone, I thank the almighty God for giving me the chance, strength, patience, people and enabling surroundings and conditions to accomplish my study successfully. “Thanks be unto God for his unspeakable gift!” 2 Corinthians 9: 15 vi Prologue My journey towards the ultimate version of this thesis was with aspiration, passion, full energy, and open mind to learn and try new things.
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