Algalbiodiversity Overenvironment Ofpune
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9186 1 International Journal of Advance Research, IJOAR .org Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2014, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 ALGAL BIODIVERSITY OVER ENVIRONMENT OF PUNE. Patil V. S. and Patil S. R Corresponding author: Department of Botany, Science Research Centre, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University,Yashwantrao Mohite College, Pune,Maharashtra, India: 411038.E.mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Investigation was carried out from October 2011 to March 2012 using petriplate exposure method with BBM for air sampling. Six sites have been selected for the study of airborne algal biodiversity of Pune city. This study revealed rich, diverse and viable 41 airborne algal genera of which 29 species have been reported. These algal types belong to three classes Cyanophyceae (31 genera and 29 species), Chlorophyceae (07 genera) and Bacillariophyceae (03 genera). The Cyanophyceae dominated (75%), Chlorophyceae (17%) and Bacillariophyceae (08%). Air sampling sites near water resources like Site no. 02 (36 genera) and Site no. 04 (33 genera) revealed more number compared to dry sites like Site no. 01 (29 genera), Site no. 03 (25genera) and Site no. 05 (20 genera). Site wise observations of the six sites reveled maximum number in the unpolluted site i.e. Site no.2 (36 genera) and minimum in the severely air polluted and overcrowded area i.e. site no. 5 (20 genera). However the other Sites range in between maximum incidence and the minimum incidence exhibiting varied environments. The unicellular forms like Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp., colonial form like Chrococcus sp. and filamentous forms like Anabaena sp. and Phormidium sp. have been reported. These findings exhibited frequency of Chrocooccus sp. (33 times) to be highest in occurrence followed by Chlorella sp. (29 times), Anabaena sp. (28 times), Phormidium sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. (23 times) each in the descending order. Key words: Aerophycology, Aerophyco-biodiversity, Airborne algae, Environment. IJOAR© 2014 http://www.ijoar.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9186 Introduction: Map: 1. Highlighting the different sampling sites of Pune Tilak (1983) presented presidential address on ‘Aspects and prospects of aerophycology’; during all India applied phycological congress at Kanpur and for the first time, which incited the investigations of airborne algae in India. In the beginning of 21st century under aerobiology. Subsequently Parshwanath (1979),Singh (1981), Tilak (1983), Santra (1987), Sabia Anis (1989),Sharma (1990), Ramchandra Rao (1996), Jadhav (2006), Qauzi (2010), Tarar (2010) etc. contributed for the development of aerophycology in India. Hence this investigation has been undertaken to elaborate studies on airborne algae at Pune. IJOAR© 2013 http://www.ijoar.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9186 Pune is a mega city having 160 km distance from Mumbai located towards the southern direction at the Latitude 18º32' N, Longitude 72º 51' Eand at Altitude 560 m (1840 ft) above sea level. (Map: 1).As a source of airborne algae there are many water bodies in and around Pune like Mula, Mutha, Ram and Pavana rivers, Pashan and Katraj lake, Ponds, pools, ditches, Streams, Drainages, Industrial water etc. contribute to the airborne algae. Environmental record of meteorological parameters of Pune during study period (from October 2011 to March 2012) have been mentioned below maximum temperature ranging from 28.50 -340 C, minimum temperature ranging from 110-23.90C, rainfall (7.2-10 mm) has been recorded only in the month of October 2011, relative humidity ranges from 19-95% and wind velocity 3.2- 28.8km/h in the direction of West-East. Material and Methods: Six various sites have been selected from different parts of Pune representing different localities and environments. (Table no.2) Air sampling was carried out fortnightly, by riding the two wheeler Activa scooter at the speed of 40-55 km/hr over the roads (Site no. 1 to 6), by using petriplate exposure method (Tilak and Anis1989). The Agarised Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) was used in the culture plates from October 2011 to March 2012 during six months season. Site wise exposed petri plates were well labeled, sealed and incubated in illuminated culture racks with 40 watt fluorescent tube lights, giving a light intensity of 2000 to 2500 Lux at the surface of petriplatesin a A/C culture room at 25 10C temperature for 6 to 14 days or sometimes more. The cultures had been frequently enriched with sterilizes 2 ml. liquid BBM for the enhancement of growth of algae, besides avoiding drying. Petri plates were observed every 4th day for the growth of algae and random samples were picked up for identification. Slide preparation: Little algal material was mounted in 50% glycerin, sealed with transparent nail paintand observed under the binocular research microscopeusing 10X to 100X magnifications. Identification: The algal genera and species have been identified on the basis of their morphological characters using authentic literature and reference slides. Sub-cultures have been maintained after isolation. Results and Discussions: Studies for airborne algae revealed that Site no. 2 and Site no. 4 located near water bodies and hilly regions revealed more diversity and abundance of algal forms in the air of Pune as compared to other dry and polluted Sites (Table No. 1.) IJOAR© 2013 http://www.ijoar.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9186 Table No.1 Total number of genera encountered at Six different sites in the atmosphere of Pune city from October 2011 to March 2012 Sites from dry and polluted area Sites near water resources area Site no.1 29 Site no. 2 36 Site no. 3 25 Site no. 4 33 Site no. 5 20 Site no. 6 31 Site wise and class wise incidence of number of genera in the atmosphere of Pune from October 2011 to March 2012 revealed that Cyanophycean algae dominated other two groups i.e. Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. In the order of dominance 36, 33 and 31 genera have been recorded at Site no. 2, Site no. 4 and Site no. 6 respectively because they have been situated near water resources area. The other sites (Site no.1, Site no. 3 and Site no. 5) revealed comparatively less number of genera (29, 25 and 20) because they have been situated in the dry and polluted areas. (Table no. 1). Cyanophyceae members like Chrococcus sp., Phormidium sp., Anabaena sp. and Nostoc sp., Chlorophyceae members like Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. have been recorded as dominant aerophyco-components in the atmosphere of Pune. (Graph. 1) Chlorophyceae was found to be moderate in incidence in the present studies. Genera from Chlorophyceae at Site no. 1, Site no. 4 revealed 05 genera each. At Site no. 3 with 03 genera and at Site no. 5 and Site no. 6 each with 02 genera each. (Table no. 2). Chlorella sp. and Chlamydomonas sp. were common (Graph.4). Incidence of Bacillariophyceae was comparatively very less at different sites as mentioned below. Only Pinnularia sp., Nitzschia sp. and Navicula sp. have recorded. It revealed 03 genera at Site no. 1 i.e. Pinnularia sp., Nitzchia sp. and Navicula sp., 02 genera. Site no. 2 i.e. Nitzchia sp. and Navicula sp. Site no. 3, Site no. 4 and Site no. 5 with 01 genus each i.e. Pinnularia sp., Nitzchia sp. and Navicula sp. respectively. Site no. 6 reveled no incidence of any Bacillariophyceae member. [Table no: 2]. Table No: 2 Site wise and class wise incidence of number of genera in the atmosphere of Pune from October 2011 to March 2012 Sites no. Name of the sites Cyanophyceae Chlorophyceae Bacillariophyceae Nalstope- Karve- Sangampress- Site no. 01 21 5 3 Cummince college- Warje road Site no. 02 Paud- Pashan- Bavdhan road 29 5 2 Wakad, Aaditya Birla Hospital Site no. 03 21 3 1 road Site no. 04 Pune- Satara road, Sinhagarh road 27 5 1 Site no. 05 Senapati Bapat road 17 2 1 Site no. 06 Sus road –University road 29 2 0 Cyanophyceae members were dominant in the aerosolization process. Cyanophyceae have been represented by unicellular, colonial and filamentous a forms. Chlorophyceae have been represented by most unicellular colonial, flagellate forms and few filamentous forms. IJOAR© 2013 http://www.ijoar.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9186 The given aero algal diversity appeared in the environmental factors like maximum temperature ranging from 28.50-340 C , minimum temperature ranging from 110-23.90 C, rainfall only in the month of October 2011 with 7.2 -10 mm, with relative humidity ranges from 19-95% and within 2-18 miles per hour wind velocity in the direction of South west.[Table no.3] Table no.3 Meteorological data for October 2011 to March 2012. (Web Ref. 17, 18 and 19) Parameters October November December January February Marc Units 2011 2011 2011 2012 2012 h 2012 1. Temperature Max. 0C 32.2 31.7 31.1 28.5 32 34.5 Min. 0C 23.9 22.2 20.0 11 12.5 13.5 2. Rainfall mm 7.2-10 - - - - - 3. Relative humidity % 95 66 57 42 35 19 4. Wind Velocity and direction. mph 7-16 7-18 7-10 2-9 4-7 7-12 South- South- South- South- South- Direction South-West West West West West West IJOAR© 2013 http://www.ijoar.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCE RESEARCH, IJOAR .ORG ISSN 2320-9186 Table no. 4 Incidence of class wise and site wise genera and identified species at six different sites from October 2011to March 2012 Sr. Site Site Site Site Site Site Name of the algae no no.1 no.2 no.3 no.4 no.5 no.6 Cyanophyceae 1.