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Communication Patterns of Domestic Cats in a Home Environment

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Communication Patterns of Domestic Cats in a Home Environment Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 4-1979 Communication Patterns of Domestic Cats in a Home Environment Mary Ellen J. Ratuszny Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy Commons Recommended Citation Ratuszny, Mary Ellen J., "Communication Patterns of Domestic Cats in a Home Environment" (1979). Master's Theses. 2030. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2030 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Communication Patterns of Domestic Cats in a Home Environment by Mary Ellen J. Ratuszny A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 1979 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From the inception of this project, Dr. Roger Ulrich continued to offer his encouragement and challenging critiques. I am especially thankful for our numerous discussions on animal behavior which guided the development of the thesis. I am indebted to Drs. Paul Mountjoy, Chris Koronakos, and Robert Hinde for patiently reviewing the manuscript and providing constructive feedback. I finally wish to thank Dennis Strasser, reference librarian, and the many other persons who supported my cat-watching with similar enthusiasm. Mary Ellen J. Ratuszny Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Micrdrlims International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 4EJ. ENGLAND Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1 3 1 2 9 7 7 RATUSZNY, MARY ELLEN J. COMMUNICATION PATTERNS OF DOMESTIC CATS IN A HOME ENVIRONMENT. WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY* M . A . , 1 9 7 9 University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 © Copyright by Mary Ellen J. Ratuszny 1979 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION ......................... 1 II M E T H O D ............................... 8 III ACQUAINTANCE........................... 10 IV PERSONALITIES AND POSSESSIONS .... 18 The Basic C a t ...................... 18 The First Year ................. 19 A Two-Cat Household ............. 33 Temporary Guests ............... 42 Absence and Reestablishment .... 45 V DISCUSSION............................. 48 Connecting Links ................ 48 The Clinical Domain .................50 A Wider Relationship ............ 52 REFERENCES.............................56 APPENDIX; A GUIDE TO THE LANGUAGE OF DOMESTIC C A T S ................ 59 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INTRODUCTION It might not be so far-fetched to consider that all living things from time to time, or at all times, are trying to tell us something— if we would only stop and observe and understand. (Corey, 1977, P. 96) Within the sizeable range of literature on animal behavior, the observation and analysis of communication systems are significant areas of concentration. The interpretation of postures, gestures, facial expressions, and vocalizations offer several key implications. First, such interpretation implies relationship and social interaction. The types of messages sent and the conditions under which they occur are often innate and species-specific (Ewer, 1961). Second, by classification of these behaviors and observations of interactions, it is possible to con­ struct sin overview of the species' social network, the rules governing the types of contact within and between species. Once this general schema is taken into account, individual differences become more apparent, particularly as a function of phylogenetic development. This concentration on understanding the communication systems of other species can be viewed as one step on a continuum (a network of the ways in which organisms are interrelated physiologically, socially, and psychologically). After focusing exclusively on other species, the next step considers the observer as a participant in the interspecies 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 relationship. One method of exploring such relationships finds the observer considering his/her personal interactions with nonhuman organisms. When two or more organisms share a resident area or interact frequently, they acquire patterns of perceiving and communicating their needs, intentions, aggressions, and other messages. A number of writers have observed the communication systems of other species and become directly involved in some degree of communicative interactions. This has occurred particularly in the course of research with primates (van Lawick-Goodall, 1971; Patterson, 1978) and dolphins (Lilly, 1975). The translation of communication systems or living in harmonious interaction with other species is discussed less formally in other works (Lorenz, 1952, 1964; Mowat, 1965; Boyd, 1974; Leslie, 1974; SchSfer, 1975). My particular interest in felines, however, was ignited by my experience of living with a cat and attending to the interactions between us and between her and other humans. As one trained in the discipline of clinical psychology, I viewed the cats more as case studies than as experimental subjects. Through observation of the animal's gestures, postures, and expressions, it should be possible to evaluate to a great extent how that animal interprets certain aspects of its present environment. This capability has obvious merits Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 in the practice of counseling or clinical psychology in addition to the traditional field of animal behavior. Before this information can be effectively applied in the counseling process, however, the clinician must develop a sensitive awareness of the client's nonverbal communications. One dimension of this exploration into feline communication behavior therefore involves a self-training in the obser­ vation and interpretation of nonverbal messages in general. An examination of previous research with domestic cats provided two basic types of information: (a) acquaintance with the behaviors comprising feline communication, and (b) general methods of study. The number of studies which focus on communication patterns of domestic cats are very limited in relation to the physiological, experimental, and popular literature. Observations on postures and voice were often included incidentally in studies of sexual behavior (Michael, 1961) and social interaction (Baron, Stewart, & Warren, 1957). General discussions of behavioral patterns and situational contexts are provided in several volumes. Fox (1977) drew upon Leyhausen (1973) for an overview of postures and facial expressions. Correlates of threat and aggression displays appear to be detailed most frequently (Lorenz, 1964; Darwin, 1965; Ewer, 1968; Keeker, 1970; Wada & Sato, 1973). Playful and affectionate gestures are also described (Darwin, 1965; Ewer, 1968; Necker, 1970; Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 4- West,
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