Araliaceae Panax Quinquefolius

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

An Introduction to the PCO Forest Grown Verification Program: Fall 2017 Eric Burkhart, PhD Plant husbandry options Wild steward Wild simulated Woods cultivated Re-seeding Extra seeding Cultivation Potential benefits to producers under the ‘Forest Grown’ program include: Crop documentation Price premiums in the marketplace New domestic markets Branding for quality control Exemptions from regulations Plants currently eligible for verification under the ‘Forest Grown’ program: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) False-unicorn root (Chamaelirium luteum) Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) Ramp or Wild leek (Allium tricoccum) Wood geranium (Geranium maculatum) Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum, P. pubescens) Verification Process Applicant submits Forest Grown Management Plan PCO Conducts On-site Inspection Verification Decision Issuance of Verification Partners to date….. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U78PzsGbrF0 Cost Share Available: Common name Scientific name Quantity needed (lbs) American ginseng Panax quinquefolius 500-1100 (Forest grown 10-15 currently) Black cohosh Actaea racemosa 2,100 Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis 2,700 Wild yam Dioscorea villosa 2,300 Solomon’s seal Polygonatum biflorum 600-2,000 Blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides 1,000 Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis 300 Wood geranium Geranium maculatum 135-200 Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum 100-300 Spikenard Aralia racemosa 250-300 Partridgeberry Mitchella repens 300-400 Stoneroot Collinsonia canadensis 300 How do we get folks in these supply chains (and earning income!) sooner rather than later? The low hanging fruit approach = work with landowners to manage, steward and harvest from existing populations (and towards polycultural forest farming) Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis Mayapple Podophyllum peltatum Bloodroot Sanguinaria canadensis Blue cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides Wild yam Dioscorea villosa Wild leek/Ramp Allium tricoccum Black cohosh Actaea racemosa Black cohosh Root and Herb Prices 1974-2012: Wild and Cultivated Break even prices: black cohosh model EH Early harvest NSC No stock costs NAC No annual costs $90 $77 $80 $76 $69 $70 $57 $60 $60 $56 $50 $39 $40 $28 $30 $26 $25 Price ($US/lb/dry wt) Price($US/lb/dry $20 $10 $2 $3 $1 $0 MIN MAX 6 yr NSC NAC 4 yr NSC NAC MEAN EH (4) EH (3) EH, NSC, NAC EH, NSC, NAC Historic prices Seed Transplants https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6m-gUhki__U Break even prices: black cohosh case study Mtn Rose Price 2016 Producer 1 Producer 2 + plant medicine!! Eric Burkhart [email protected] www.ShaversCreek.org.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Title Studies in the Morphology and Systematics of Berberidaceae (V
Studies in the Morphology and Systematics of Berberidaceae Title (V) : Floral Anatomy of Caulophyllum MICHX., Leontice L., Gymnospermium SPACH and Bongardia MEY Author(s) Terabayashi, Susumu Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of Citation biology. New series (1983), 8(2): 197-217 Issue Date 1983-02-28 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/258852 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University MEMolRs OF THE FAcuLTy ol" SclENCE, KyOTO UNIvERslTy, SERMS OF BIoLoGy Vol. VIII, pp. 197-217, March l983 Studies in the Morphology and Systematics of Berberidaceae V. Floral Anatomy ef Cauloplrytlum MICHX., Leontice L., Gymnospermium SpACH and Bongardia MEY. Susumu TERABAYASHI (Received iNovember 13, l981) Abstract The floral anatomy of CauloPh71tum, Leontice, G"mnospermittm and Bongardia are discussed with special reference given to vasculature. Comparisons offloral anatomy are made with the other genera og the tribe Epimedieae. The vasculature in the receptacle of Caulopnjilum, Leontice and G]mnospermiitm is similar, but that of Bongardia differs in the very thick xylem of the receptacular stele and in the independent origin ef the traces to the sepals, petals and stamens from the stele. A tendency is recognized in that the outer floral elements receive traces ofa sing]e nature in origin from the stele while the inner elements receive traces ofa double nature. The traces to the inner e}ements are often clerived from common bundles in Caulop/tyllttm, Leontice and G"mnospermittm. A similar tendency is observed in the trace pattern in the other genera of Epimedieae, but the adnation of the traces is not as distinct as in the genera treated in this study.
[Show full text]
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
[Show full text]
The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants
medicines Review The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants William N. Setzer 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 2 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriﬂora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines. Keywords: Cherokee; Native American; traditional herbal medicine; chemical constituents; pharmacology 1. Introduction Natural products have been an important source of medicinal agents throughout history and modern medicine continues to rely on traditional knowledge for treatment of human maladies [1]. Traditional medicines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine [2], Ayurvedic [3], and medicinal plants from Latin America [4] have proven to be rich resources of biologically active compounds and potential new drugs.
[Show full text]
Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders
REVIEW published: 21 August 2018 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00557 Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders Maria A. Neag 1, Andrei Mocan 2*, Javier Echeverría 3, Raluca M. Pop 1, Corina I. Bocsan 1, Gianina Cri¸san 2 and Anca D. Buzoianu 1 1 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 3 Department of Environmental Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile Edited by: Berberine-containing plants have been traditionally used in different parts of the world for Anna Karolina Kiss, the treatment of inﬂammatory disorders, skin diseases, wound healing, reducing fevers, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland affections of eyes, treatment of tumors, digestive and respiratory diseases, and microbial Reviewed by: Pinarosa Avato, pathologies. The physico-chemical properties of berberine contribute to the high diversity Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo of extraction and detection methods. Considering its particularities this review describes Moro, Italy various methods mentioned in the literature so far with reference to the most important Sylwia Zielinska, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland factors inﬂuencing berberine extraction. Further, the common separation and detection *Correspondence: methods like thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and Andrei Mocan mass spectrometry are discussed in order to give a complex overview of the existing [email protected] methods. Additionally, many clinical and experimental studies suggest that berberine Specialty section: has several pharmacological properties, such as immunomodulatory, antioxidative, This article was submitted to cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and renoprotective effects.
[Show full text]
Deer Resistant Native Plants
Deer Resistant Native Plants Forbs and Ferns Aconitum spp. (monkshood) Ionactis linariifolia (stiff aster) Actaea spp. (Cohosh and baneberries) Jeffersonia diphylla (twinleaf) Allium spp. (wild onion) Lobelia spp. (cardinal flower and great blue) Amsonia spp. (blue star) Lupinus perennis (sundial lupine) Anemone spp. (anemone) Maianthemum spp. (mayflower) Aquilegia canadense (columbine) Matteuccia struthiopteris (ostrich fern) Arisaema spp. (Jack in the pulpit) Mitchella repens (partridge berry) Asarum canadense wild ginger) Monarda spp. (bee balm) Asclepias spp. (milkweed) Oenothera fruticosa (evening primrose) Astilbe biternata (wild astilbe) Opuntia humifusa (prickly pear) Baptisia spp. (wild indigo) Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple) Campanula rotundifolia (harebell) Pycnanthemum spp. (mountain mint) Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh) Rudbeckia spp. (black eyed Susan) Chelone glabra (turtle) Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot) Chimaphila spp. (spotted wintergreen) Solidago spp. (goldenrod) Coreopsis rosea (pink tickseed) Spigelia marilandica (Indian pink) Delphinium exaltatum (larkspur) Stylophorum diphyllum (celandine poppy) Dicentra spp. (bleeding heart) Symphyotrichum spp. (American asters) Dryopteris spp. (wood ferns) Symplocarpus foetidus (skunk cabbage) Echinacea purpurea (coneflower) Talinum calycinum (fame flower) Eryngium yuccifolium (rattlesnake master) Thalictrum thalictroides (anemonella) Eupatorium spp. (Joe Pye weed Tiarella cordifolia (foam flower) Euphorbia corollata (flowering spurge) Veronicastrum virginicum (culvers
[Show full text]
Analytical Methods for Determination of Magnoflorine and Saponins from Roots of Caulophyllum Thalictroides
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 56 (2011) 895–903 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpba Analytical methods for determination of magnoflorine and saponins from roots of Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Using UPLC, HPLC and HPTLC a,∗ a a a a Bharathi Avula , Yan-Hong Wang , Chidananda Swamy Rumalla , Zulfiqar Ali , Troy J. Smillie , a,b,c,∗∗ Ikhlas A. Khan a National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA b Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA c Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Analytical methods including HPLC, UPLC and HPTLC are presented for the determination of major alka- Received 23 April 2011 loid and triterpene saponins from the roots of Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. (blue cohosh) and Received in revised form 15 July 2011 dietary supplements claiming to contain blue cohosh. A separation by LC was achieved using a reversed Accepted 22 July 2011 phase column, PDA with ELS detection, and ammonium acetate/acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase. Available online 29 July 2011 Owing to their low UV absorption, the triterpene saponins were detected by evaporative light scattering. The eight triterpene saponins (cauloside H, leonticin D, cauloside G, cauloside D, cauloside B, cauloside Keywords: C, cauloside A and saponin PE) and the alkaloid magnoflorine could be separated within 35 min using Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx.
[Show full text]
Black Cohosh & Endangered Species Actaea Racemosa L
Natural Heritage Black Cohosh & Endangered Species Actaea racemosa L. Program State Status: Endangered www.mass.gov/nhesp Federal Status: None Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife DESCRIPTION: Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa, formerly Cimicifuga racemosa) is a striking herbaceous perennial plant of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), with alternate, compound leaves and four to nine malodorous, wand-like, white inflorescences. Though indigenous to rich woodlands, Black Cohosh is also a common garden and herbal medicinal plant, and goes by the other common names Black Snakeroot, Squawroot, and Bugbane. AIDS TO IDENTIFICATION: The leaves of Black Cohosh are 15 to 60 cm (~6–23 in.) in length, smooth, and two to three times “ternately” (i.e., divided in three) compound, with 20 to 70 toothed leaflets. The flowering stem can be quite tall, reaching up to 2.5 m (~8 ft.) in height; it is branched, with several racemes of fetid, white flowers. Individual flowers appear as a mass of stamens with white filaments 5 to 10 mm long, topped by rounded anthers. The fruit is a thick-walled follicle, 5 to 10 mm in size. SIMILAR SPECIES: The leaves of Black Cohosh resemble those of Red Baneberry (Actaea rubra), and White Baneberry (Actaea pachypoda). Like Black Cohosh, baneberries are known from rich woodlands and have compound leaves with toothed leaflets, but they are typically much smaller plants. The most distinguishing characters are the inflorescence and the fruit; in baneberries, the inflorescence is an unbranched raceme, and the fruit are berries, not follicles. HABITAT: In Massachusetts, Black Cohosh inhabits very rich deciduous forests typically with moist alkaline soils.
[Show full text]
Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping Chesapeake Bay Watershed Acknowledgments
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping Chesapeake Bay Watershed Acknowledgments Contributors: Printing was made possible through the generous funding from Adkins Arboretum; Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management; Chesapeake Bay Trust; Irvine Natural Science Center; Maryland Native Plant Society; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; The Nature Conservancy, Maryland-DC Chapter; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Cape May Plant Materials Center; and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Ofﬁce. Reviewers: species included in this guide were reviewed by the following authorities regarding native range, appropriateness for use in individual states, and availability in the nursery trade: Rodney Bartgis, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Ashton Berdine, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Chris Firestone, Bureau of Forestry, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Chris Frye, State Botanist, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Mike Hollins, Sylva Native Nursery & Seed Co. William A. McAvoy, Delaware Natural Heritage Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Mary Pat Rowan, Landscape Architect, Maryland Native Plant Society. Rod Simmons, Maryland Native Plant Society. Alison Sterling, Wildlife Resources Section, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. Troy Weldy, Associate Botanist, New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Graphic Design and Layout: Laurie Hewitt, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Ofﬁce. Special thanks to: Volunteer Carole Jelich; Christopher F. Miller, Regional Plant Materials Specialist, Natural Resource Conservation Service; and R. Harrison Weigand, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Division for assistance throughout this project.
[Show full text]
Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians Native Plant Initiative
Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians Native Plants Initiative Prepared by, Jacqueline Pilette, Wetland Specialist, Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians Environmental Services Department for Conservation Resource Alliance October 19, 2009 Purpose This document is intended to aid resource managers of Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (LTBB) and Conservation Resource Alliance (CRA) in incorporating culturally significant plants into their management plans. In addition, LTBB Citizens and local land- and home-owners that are interested in protecting, preserving, or managing for culturally significant plants can also learn to incorporate them into their management plans, while at the same time contributing to biodiversity and promoting healthy habitats for both wildlife and people on areas within and adjacent to the LTBB Historical Reservation boundary. Acknowledgements: This project was funded through the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Conservation Innovation Grant awarded to Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians and Conservation Resource Alliance from 2006-2009. Chi-miigwech (Thank you) to: Doug Craven, LTBB Natural Resources Department Director; Rachel Schwarz, LTBB Environmental Services Director, Conservation Resource Alliance (CRA) Director Amy Beyer, and CRA staff: Eric Ellis and Chris Pierce, and Dr. Anton Reznicek, University of Michigan Herbarium. Thank you to the following LTBB Tribal Citizens for their valuable help, knowledge, and input on this project: Yvonne Walker-Keshik from LTBB Archives and Records Department, Joe Mitchell (formerly from LTBB Archives and Records Dept.), former LTBB Language Department instructor Isabelle Osawamik, language instructor George Trudeau, traditional storyteller and LTBB elder Simon Otto and his wife Andrea Otto, LTBB Elders Department Coordinator Marie “Tootsie” Miller, LTBB GIS Director Alan Proctor, and to all who participated in surveys and presentations.
[Show full text]
Ethnobotanical Classification System and Medical Ethnobotany Of
ETHNOBOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND MEDICAL ETHNOBOTANY OF THE EASTERN BAND OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS by David N. Cozzo (Under the direction of Brent Berlin) ABSTRACT The Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians live in one of the planet’s most floristically diverse temperate zone environments. Their relationship with the local flora was initially investigated by James Mooney and revisited by subsequent researchers such as Frans Olbrechts, John Witthoft, and William Banks, among others. This work interprets the collective data recorded by Cherokee ethnographers, much of it in the form of unpublished archival material, as it reflects the Cherokee ethnobotanical classification system and their medical ethnobotany. Mooney’s proposed classification system for the Cherokee is remarkably similar to contemporary models of folk biological classification systems. His recognition of this inherent system, 60 years before contemporary models were proposed, provides evidence for their universality in human cognition. Examination of the collective data concerning Cherokee medical ethnobotany provides a basis for considering change in Cherokee ethnobotanical knowledge, for re- evaluation of the statements of the various researchers, and a means to explore trends that were not previously apparent. Index Words: Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians, Ethnobiological Classification Systems, Ethnohistory, Ethnomedicine, Historical Ethnobotany, Medical Ethnobotany, Native American Medicine, Tradition Botanical Knowledge. ETHNOBOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND MEDICAL ETHNOBOTANY OF THE EASTERN BAND OF THE CHEROKEE INDIANS by David N. Cozzo B. S. Eastern Kentucky University, 1995 M. A. Appalachian State University, 1999 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Athens, Georgia 2004 © 2004 David N.
[Show full text]
Genus Caulophyllum: an Overview of Chemistry and Bioactivity
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 684508, 18 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/684508 Review Article Genus Caulophyllum: An Overview of Chemistry and Bioactivity Yong-Gang Xia,1 Guo-Yu Li,2 Jun Liang,1 Bing-You Yang,1 Shao-Wa Lü,1 and Hai-Xue Kuang1 1 Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China 2 Pharmaceutical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China Correspondence should be addressed to Hai-Xue Kuang; [email protected] Received 21 January 2014; Accepted 2 April 2014; Published 4 May 2014 Academic Editor: Yong Jiang Copyright © 2014 Yong-Gang Xia et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Recently, some promising advances have been achieved in understanding the chemistry, pharmacology, and action mechanisms of constituents from genus Caulophyllum. Despite this, there is to date no systematic review of those of genus Caulophyllum.This review covers naturally occurring alkaloids and saponins and those resulting from synthetic novel taspine derivatives. The paper further discussed several aspects of this genus, including pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and cell membrane chromatography for activity screening. The aim of this paper is to provide a point of reference for pharmaceutical researchers to develop new drugs from constituents of Caulophyllum plants. 1. Introduction the safety of blue cohosh with reports of new born babies hav- ing heart attacks or strokes after the maternal consumption Caulophyllum isasmallgenusofperennialherbsinthefamily of blue cohosh to induce labor [7–9].
[Show full text]
Sustainable Energy from Agriculture
Sustainable Energy from Agriculture The Greenbook is dedicated to the farming families of Minnesota. Their innovation, cooperation, and persistence are creating a more sustainable agriculture. Sustainable Energy from Agriculture Program Vision Statement Agriculture in Minnesota will be based on dynamic, flexible farming systems that are profitable, efficient, productive, and founded on ethics of land stewardship and responsibility for the continuing vitality of local rural communities. Minnesotans will strive to understand and respect the complex interconnectivity of living systems, from soil to people, so as to protect and enhance all natural resources for future generations. Minnesota agriculture will sustain an abundance of food and other products as well as meaningful, self directed employment that supports the quality of life desired by farmers and rural communities. Agriculture will foster diversity in all its forms of production, products, markets and cultures. Program Mission Statement To work toward the goal of sustainability for Minnesota agriculture by designing and implementing programs that meet the identified needs and support the creativity of Minnesota farmers. 2 3 July 2004 Minnesota Department of Agriculture 90 West Plato Blvd. St. Paul, MN 55107 651-296-7673 In accordance with the Americans with Disablities Act, an alternative form of communication is available upon request. TTY; 1-800-627-3529. The Minnesota Deparment of Agriculture is an equal opportunity employer. GREENBOOK 2004 • SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND IPM PROGRAM • MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GREENBOOK 2004 • SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND IPM PROGRAM • MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2 3 Introduction to the Greenbook 2004 I am pleased to introduce the 15th edition of the Greenbook, a publication of the Minnesota Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Resources Management and Development Division (ARMD).
[Show full text]