Scavenger Hunt!

Please be mindful that because this is a botanical garden, you cannot pick anything. To keep yourself and the plants safe and happy, walk only on the paths.

Thank you for visiting. For more information, including all educational programs and activities, visit our website: www.leachgarden.org

1 John and Lilla Leach & the History of the Garden

Leach Garden, as well as the whole Portland Metro Area, rests on traditional village sites of many tribes who made their homes along the Columbia River, creating communities and summer encampments to harvest and use the plentiful natural resources of the area.

Jacob Johnson operated a sawmill here during the second half of the 19th century. After that, the property was reportedly a pig farm. John and Lilla Leach purchased the four plus acres for $10 as a country getaway in 1931. They built the Stone Cabin across the creek first, then the Manor House and they moved here to live in 1936. They called their home “Sleepy Hollow.”

Lilla was an accomplished botanist who found and documented five species of plants as yet unknown to science. She won the American award for botany and was the first recipient of the Eloise Payne Luquer medal given by the Garden Clubs of America. John was a successful drugstore owner and a civic leader. In 1957, the new YMCA on SE Foster Road was named for him. They lived here until John died in 1972. John and Lilla left their property to the City of Portland to be “a public botanical park and museum”.

Lilla packs up one of their donkeys John and Lilla Leach 1955 for a backcountry botany trip

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Item #1

Facing the Manor House, walk up the small set of 4 stairs. Look left at the garden bed just beside the stairs. Find the unusual potted plants in the ground.

What kind of plants are these? A) the above ground part of a carrot B) they’re not plants at all C) carnivorous plants D) parasitic plants Answer on next page.

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The answer is C. These are carnivorous pitcher plants in the Sarraceniacea family.

Darlingtonia californica, also called a cobra lily, is found in Oregon.

Like other plants, carnivorous plants get energy from the sun. However, they have adapted to living in wet areas that don’t have enough nutrients by getting most of what they need from insects and other small animals.

The leaves are hollow tubes with nectar inside attracts insects. Once inside, the insect gets confused by light areas that look like exits, and eventually falls into a pool of liquid at the bottom of the stalk. Once there, bacteria decompose it, and absorb nitrogen and other nutrients.

Fun fact: A pitcher plant in Borneo attracts woolly bats that roost in the pitchers. Their poop provides the plant with nitrogen, and the bats get a safe, relatively pest free environment to roost in.

Nepenthes rafflesiana elongate and a Wooly bat (inside on the right)

4 Item # 2 Now look to the other side of the steps. There is a very large gingko tree. Look behind it, to the right. Do you see the very tall grass?

What kind of grass is this? A) Bamboo B) Wheatgrass C) Crabgrass D) Lemongrass Answer on next page.

5 The answer is A. This is black bamboo. Botanical Name: Phyllostachys nigra Origin: China and Eastern Asia

Bamboo is evergreen, and this one can reach 35 feet tall. The world record for the fastest growing plant is a bamboo that can grow at up to 35 inches per day (0.00002 mph). When this bamboo is two years old the stems become black, but may be brown. After it dies, it often turns a pale brown. Can you identify some relative ages?

Item #3

From this location turn left and head around the Manor House. In the middle of the stone and brick terrace, you’ll see a large Hawthorne tree. Look carefully to find the rows and rows of small holes on the trunks

What made these holes? A) They are a natural part of the tree itself B) Squirrels stashing acorns for the winter C) large carpenter ants D) red-breasted sapsuckers Answer on next page.

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The answer is D. These holes were made by a woodpecker called a red-breasted sapsucker. They make sap flow out of the tree.

Sapsuckers do not suck sap. They lap it up with the tip of the tongue. Sapsuckers also search for and eat insects. Most trees easily survive the hundreds of tiny holes these birds drill - in the same way that maple trees survive humans tapping them for maple syrup.

Item #4 Now head towards the two big potted plants in front of the brick bench. Turn right, following the “One Way” sign/ Keep walking until you see a set of 5 stairs next to a “Banana Slug Crossing” sign. Walk down those stairs and turn right. When you see the “Ferns” sign, turn right again. Walk along this path until you come to a part of the trail that has a raised and snaking pattern in the ground. Look for the raised roots on the path. These are from the tree on your left.

What kind of tree is this? A) Pine B) Maple C) Douglas-fir D) Western red-cedar Answer on next page. 7 The Answer is D. This is a Western red-cedar. Botanical Name: Thuja plicata Origin: Western North America This is an evergreen with a fast growth rate adding 2 to 2.5 feet each year. It can grow up to 200 feet tall, but most are about 70 feet. It can live over one thousand years.

Fun fact: Western Red Cedar is not a real cedar. It is an arborvitae, which are often used for hedges and screening.

Item #5 Now go straight and see if you can find your way to a small silver colored bridge. This is a seasonal footbridge, which is lifted in the fall as the water level rises.

What is the name of the water flowing through this area? A) Columbia River B) Blue Lake C) Sandy River D) Johnson Creek Answer on next page.

8 The answer is D. This is Johnson Creek.

The creek begins in Boring, Oregon and then joins the Willamette river in Milwaukie after 26 miles.

William Johnson put a sawmill on the bank of the creek in the 1840s.

Salmon are found in the creek, but not at the high numbers there were in the past. There are also native mussels, river lamprey, and lots of crawdads! Look carefully when you’re on the bridge and you may see a crawdad!

Item #6 After crossing the bridge, follow the one-way path along the creek. On the right, you’ll see the Stone Cabin. The cabin was built in 1933.

The slate used for the roof was left over after construction of the Reed College library!

Lilla and John Leach used it on the weekends. They never actually lived in the cabin.

Episodes of the television series Grimm and Portlandia were shot here.

9 From the front of the Stone Cabin, standing just below the steps at the door, look toward the creek. There are four more stone steps. Walk down them and take the right hand path. You’ll see a large tree on the left, just where the path splits again.

What kind tree is this? A) Dawn redwood B) Big Leaf maple C) Giant Sequoia D) Douglas Fir Answer on next page.

10 The answer is A. This is a dawn redwood Botanical Name: Metasequoia glyptostroboides

Unlike most conifers, the dawn redwood drops its leaves in the fall, is bare in winter and grows new leaves in the spring. The dawn redwood was once one of the most widespread tree species in the northern half of the world -- including Oregon. It was thought to have been extinct for 20 million years, but, in 1944, a Chinese forester found a few thousand trees in China, and since then the tree has been planted all over the world. Dawn redwood fossils are Oregon’s state fossil and are commonly found here.

11 Item #7 Proceed on the path past the redwood tree until you come to an area with benches and a fireplace.

This area was used by the Leaches as an outdoor kitchen, and to entertain guests. You can stand inside the fireplace, but do not climb on any part of the fireplace or the stone walls. See if you can spot the petrified wood built into the fireplace. What is petrified wood? A) Bone B) Glass C) Metal D) Fossil Answer on next page.

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The answer is D. Petrified wood is a fossil --a piece of a tree that has turned into stone.

A fossil is the naturally preserved remains or traces of animals or plants that lived in the past. There are two main types of fossils; body and trace. Body fossils include the remains of organisms that were once living and trace fossils are the signs like footprints, tracks, trails, and burrows.

Follow the “One Way” signs until you come back to pedestrian bridge

Item #8 Go back over the footbridge and turn left. Walk up the stairs, following the “One Way” signs until you are at the main entrance to the Garden. Walk to the back of the Manor House, around the right side, where the hawthorne tree is. Go to the two potted plants in front of the stone bench again, but this time, turn left and go up the trail. It will lead you up 3 sets of stairs: Count 30 steps. Walk up the trail to the right, keeping the chain link fence on the right side. Look for two large trees with thick, craggy bark on the right.

What type of trees are these? A) Maple B) Douglas-fir C) Western red-cedar D) Pine Answer on next page.

13 The answer is B. These are Douglas-fir trees. Botanical Name: Pseudotsuga menziesii This evergreen is Oregon’s state tree. It can grow 300 feet tall. Its native range is along the west coast from California to the middle of British Columbia. They usually live about 250 years, but some have lived more than 1,000 years. Fun Facts:  It is not a real fir. It has its own genus, Pseudotsuga which means false hemlock.  An oral legend tells how a mouse tried to find shelter from a fire. A Douglas-fir tree told the mouse to climb up and crawl into one of its cones. There the mouse found safety. Pick up a cone and see if you can spot little mice tails and legs sticking out from the scales of the cone.

Item # 9 Walk farther up the trail along the chain link fence. After passing two more large, close- together Douglas fir trees, look for this plant. It may not have berries or flowers depending on the season.

What is this plant? A) Oregon-grape B) Salmonberry C) Salal D) Huckleberry Answer on next page.

14 The answer is A. This is Oregon-grape. Botanical Name: Berberis aquifolium also known as Mahonia aquifolium It’s native to the west coast, all the way up through British Columbia, and is Oregon’s state flower. The berries aren’t very good, but they can be made into tasty a jam.

Item # 10

Continue up the hill, keeping to the right along the chain link fence. Eventually, you will come to a meadow.

Walk into the meadow and look to left, along the edge of the trees, for some very large, round. These came from a Douglas fir tree that had to be cut down for safety reasons.

You will see many rings inside the wood rounds, starting at the outer edge and getting smaller, all the way to the center. Some trees have two sets of rings. This happens when they have more than one trunk or when a branch and the main trunk have fused.

What are these rings? A) They show where insects tunneled inside the tree B) They are growth rings, one for each year C) It’s just a pretty pattern and has no significance D) They’re layers of nitrogen, an important nutrient the tree gets from the soil Answer on back.

15 The answer is B. These are growth rings.

Each spring and summer a tree adds new layers of wood to its trunk. The wood formed in spring grows fast, and is lighter. In summer, growth is slower. So the wood has smaller cells and is darker. When the tree is cut, the layers appear as alternating rings of light and dark wood.

The rings in the middle are the oldest. Count the dark rings, and you will know the tree’s age.

You have finished the scavenger hunt!

Thank you for visiting Leach Botanical Garden

Feel free to enjoy the meadow. You can return to the Manor House using the same path along the chain link fence that you used to come up.

For more information/a list of references, please contact the education coordinator, [email protected]

16 Written by Leilayni Lauth, Leach Horticulture Intern, Summer 2016. Modified and edited by jvrilakas 2019

Literature Cited: https://www.arborday.org/trees/ringslivingforest.cfm https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/30/science/tree-rings-climate.html https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22530090-100-tiny-bat-makes-home-in-a-carnivorous-plant/ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1141 https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Red-breasted_Sapsucker/overview “Phyllostachys nigra.” Royal Horticultural Society. Web. 07 Aug. 2016 Bell and Jaquith “Phyllostachys nigra.” Bamboo Garden Nursery. Web 07 Aug. 2016 “Phyllostachys nigra.” Plants For A Future. Web 07 Aug. 2016 “Black Bamboo.” Monrovia. Web. 07 Aug. 2016 Dharmananda, Subhuti. 2004. “Bamboo As Medicine.” Institute for Traditional Medicine. Web. 07 Aug. 2016 “Thuja plicata.” Missouri Botanical Garden. Web 08 Aug. 2016 “Thuja plicata” Plants For A Future. Web 08 Aug. 2016 “Western Red Cedar” Tryon Life Community Farm. Web. 08 Aug 2016 “Species: Thuja plicata.” Index of Species Information. U.S. Forest Service. Web 08 Aug. 2016 Hansen, Wallace H.“Thuja plicata.” The Wild Garden. Hansen’s Northwest Native Plant Database. Web 08 Aug 2016 Tkaczyk, Filip. “Antifungal Herbs: Healing Allies.” Alderleaf Wilderness College. Web. 08 Aug. 2016 “Thuja plicata.” Evergreen Hedging. Greenshutters Nurseries & Garden Center. Web 08 Aug. 2016 Hudson, James, et. al. “The Antimicrobial Properties of Cedar Leaf (Thuja Plicata) Oil; A Safe and Efficient Decontamination Agent for Buildings.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8.12 (2011): 4477–4487. PMC. Web. 8 Aug. 2016. “Western Red Cedar Thuja plicata.” Keele University. Web 08 Aug 2016 Chase, Jeri. 2008 “Western Redcedar, ‘Tree of Life.’” Forests For Oregon. Oregon Department of Forestry. Web. 08 Aug 2016 “Johnson Creek Report Card.” Environmental Services. City of Portland. Web 08 Aug 2016 Koberstein, Paul. 07 April 2016. “Long history of Johnson Creek Pollution.” Portland Tribune. Web. 08 Aug 2016 Johnson, Steve. “Johnson Creek.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Web. 08 Aug. 2016 “Johnson Creek Watershed History.” Environmental Services. City of Portland. Web. 08 Aug 2016 Binus, Joshua. 2004. “Johnson Creek Flood Control.” The Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Web. 08 Aug 2016

17 “Mahonia aquifolium.” Landscape Plants: Images, Identification, and Information.” Oregon State University. Web. 10 Aug 2016 Lang, Frank. “Oregon Grape.” The Oregon Encyclopedia. Oregon Historical Society. Web. 10 Aug 2016 “Oregon Grape.” WebMD. Web. 10 Aug. 2016 “Oregon Grape.” 2015. U-M Health System. University of Michigan. Web. 10 Aug 2016 Vengarick, Courtney. 2013 Leach Garden News. Leach Botanical Garden. Web. 10 Aug. 2016 “Pseudotsuga menziesii.” Missouri Botanical Garden. Web. 10 Aug. 2016 “Douglas-fir.” National Wildlife Federation. Web. 10 Aug. 2016 “Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga)” Common Trees of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University. Web. 10 Aug. 2016 Bohan, Heidi. 2006 “The Mouse, Douglas-fir, and the Great Forest Fire.” Starflower Foundation. Web. 10 Aug. 2016 Simard in the 2011 documentary “Do Trees Communicate?” http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20141111-plants-have-a-hidden-internet PBS Radio Lab podcast “From Tree to Shining Tree” Wolhlleben, The Secret Life of Trees https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/fossil/353144

Photographs Cited:

Photos: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22530090-100-tiny-bat-makes-home-in-a-carnivorous- plant/ https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1141 Bartley, Glenn. “Pileated Woodpecker.” Guide to North American Birds. National Audubon Society. Web. 20 Aug. 2016 Tersk, Lauren. 2014. “Oregon Grape.” CNPS. California Native Plant Society. Web. 20 Aug. 2016. Phot by Jessica Merz - Flickr: Hybrid Red-Breasted and Red-Naped Sapsucker, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19443055 Dawn redwood fossils https://www.facebook.com/OregonCavesNPS/photos/a.124718077726448/885526998312215 /?type=1&theater

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