TAXON: amazonica SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk

Taxon: Family:

Common Name(s): Amazon lily Synonym(s): Eucharis grandiflora hort. Eucharist lily

Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 2 Apr 2015

WRA Score: -1.0 Designation: L Rating: Low Risk

Keywords: Naturalized, Understory Herb, Shade tolerant, White-flowered, Sterile

Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y

Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 1 of 13 TAXON: Eucharis amazonica SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk

Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 y -- , corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 y 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally ( 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 n yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents)

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Supporting Data:

Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "An understory herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominently in the Huallaga valley Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, in the Vicinity of Moyobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500-1,500 m. Eucharis and (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the Widely cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone. Occasionally adventive 'in the and probably elsewhere."

102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA

103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, "An understory herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the northeastern Peru, most prominently in the Huallaga valley in the Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 Vicinity of Moyobamba and Tarapoto...500-1,500 m."

202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220

203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Gilman, E.F. 2007. Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lily, Eucharist Lily. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, University of Florida, "USDA hardiness zones: 10 through 11" Gainesville, FL. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015] Missouri Botanical Garden. 2015. Eucharis amazonica. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/Pla "Zone: 10 to 11" ntFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a448. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015]

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Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "An understory herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominently in the Huallaga valley in the Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, Vicinity of Moyobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500-1,500 m. Widely Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone. Occasionally adventive 'in the West Indies and probably elsewhere."

Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, "Widely cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the greenhouse plant in the temperate zone." Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220

301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. 2005. "Eucharis amazonica" ... "Distribution in Puerto Rico: Naturalized or and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and persistent in forest understory. Reported from Adjuntas and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States Arecibo." National Herbarium 52: 1-415 Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, "Occasionally adventive 'in the West Indies and probably Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the elsewhere." Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Lorence, D.H. 2015. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. No evidence from the Hawaiian Islands http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflo ra/index.htm. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015]

302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia

303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia

304 Environmental weed n

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Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia

305 Congeneric weed n Source(s) Notes Randall, R.P. 2012. A Global Compendium of Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western No evidence Australia

401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n Source(s) Notes " 3.5-6 cm diam., neck 2.8-4.5 cm long, tunics brown. usually 2-4; petiole (15-)25-3 (-50) cm long, 5.5-9 mm thick; lam- ma long-elliptic, (20-)30-40(-50) cm long, (10-) 12-18 cm wide, length/width ratio usually greater than 2, acuminate. subcordate at Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, the base and attenuate to the petiole, lustrous, dark green adaxially Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the and shallowly or inconspicuously plicate, abaxial surface lighter Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 green, cuticular striations obscure or largely absent, margins coarsely undulate. Scape 4.5-7(-8) dm tall, ca. 1-1.5 cm diam. proximally, ca. 5 mm diam. distally, terete; primary bracts (30-)35-58 (-61) mm long, broadly ovate-lanceolate, green"

402 Allelopathic Source(s) Notes Fujii, Y., Parvez, S. S., Parvez, M., Ohmae, Y., & Iida, O. [Demonstrates allelopathic potential under laboratory conditions] 2003. Screening of 239 medicinal plant species for "Table 1. Screening of litter of 239 medicinal plant species under allelopathic activity using the sandwich method. Weed different families using the sandwich method" [Eucharis grandiflora - Biology and Management, 3(4): 233-241 *** indicates increasingly strong inhibitory activity.]

403 Parasitic n Source(s) Notes Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "Herb, erect, scapose, to 80 cm high (32 in), arising from Timber Press, Portland, OR underground, clump-forming bulbs." [No evidence. Amaryllidaceae]

404 Unpalatable to grazing animals Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication Unknown

405 Toxic to animals y

Source(s) Notes

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Qsn # Question Answer "At least 15 phenanthridine alkaloids including lycorine, have been identified in the leaves, stems, and bulbs of Eucharis. The concentrations of the alkaloids are highest in the outer layers of the bulbs." ... "The greatest risk is to household pets that eat the bulbs of Knight, A. 2007. A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden the plant." ... "Clinical Signs. Vomiting, excessive salivation, Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL abdominal pain, diarrhea, and difficulty in breathing, are associated with the phenanthridine alkaloids present in the lily family." ... "Poisoning is rarely fatal and can generally be treated symptomatically."

406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens n Source(s) Notes Missouri Botanical Garden. 2015. Eucharis amazonica. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/Pla "No serious insect or disease problems. Slugs and snails are attracted ntFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a448. [Accessed 1 Apr to the foliage." 2015] Gilman, E.F. 2007. Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lily, Eucharist Lily. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, University of Florida, "Problems include caterpillars, spider mites, and bulb mites. Amazon Gainesville, FL. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/. [Accessed 1 Apr lily is occasionally bothered by viruses and bulb rot." 2015]

407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans Source(s) Notes Quattrocchi, U.. 2012. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, [Medicinal] "Whole plant infusion drunk as an emetic tea" Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL [Toxic to pets. Could possibly poison humans if ingested, but see Quattrocchi (2012)] "At least 15 phenanthridine alkaloids including lycorine, have been identified in the leaves, stems, and bulbs of Eucharis. The concentrations of the alkaloids are highest in the outer Knight, A. 2007. A Guide to Poisonous House and Garden layers of the bulbs." ... "The greatest risk is to household pets that Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL eat the bulbs of the plant." ... "Clinical Signs. Vomiting, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and difficulty in breathing, are associated with the phenanthridine alkaloids present in the lily family." ... "Poisoning is rarely fatal and can generally be treated symptomatically."

408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems n Source(s) Notes Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, [No evidence, and unlikely given habitat] "An understory herb of Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the lower and mid-montane rain forest..." Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora [No evidence, and unlikely given succulent foliage] "The rather - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other succulent foliage does not stand up to wear and tear, so the plants Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI are not suited for locations where traffic and contact are likely."

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Qsn # Question Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y Source(s) Notes Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, "An understory herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the northeastern Peru..." Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "Fertile soils in partially shades places are preferred." Timber Press, Portland, OR Gilman, E.F. 2007. Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lily, Eucharist Lily. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, University of Florida, "Light requirement: plant grows in the shade" Gainesville, FL. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015]

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y conditions if not a volcanic island) Source(s) Notes "Soil pH - Acidic, Neutral Learn 2 Grow. 2015. Eucharis amazonica. Soil Drainage - Well Drained http://www.learn2grow.com/plants/eucharis-amazonica/. Soil type - Loam" [Accessed 2 Apr 2015]

Gilman, E.F. 2007. Eucharis amazonica Amazon Lily, Eucharist Lily. FPS198. Revised. IFAS, University of Florida, "Soil tolerances: occasionally wet; acidic; sand; loam; clay" Gainesville, FL. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/. [Accessed 1 Apr 2015]

411 Climbing or smothering growth habit n Source(s) Notes Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "Herb, erect, scapose, to 80 cm high (32 in), arising from Timber Press, Portland, OR underground, clump-forming bulbs."

412 Forms dense thickets Source(s) Notes Llamas, K.A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber Press, "A sterile triploid cultigen which has been cultivated for centuries. Portland, OR Forms large clumps in moist areas."

501 Aquatic n Source(s) Notes [Terrestrial herb] "An understorv herb of lower and mid-montane Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominently in the Huallaga Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the valley in the Vicinity of Moyobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500- Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 1,500 m."

502 Grass n

Source(s) Notes

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Qsn # Question Answer USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) "Family: Amaryllidaceae subfamily: tribe: [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Stenomesseae. Also placed in: Liliaceae" Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed 31 Mar 2015]

503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) "Family: Amaryllidaceae subfamily: Amaryllidoideae tribe: [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Stenomesseae. Also placed in: Liliaceae" Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed 31 Mar 2015]

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Source(s) Notes Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "Herb, erect, scapose, to 80 cm high (32 in), arising from Timber Press, Portland, OR underground, clump-forming bulbs."

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 n habitat Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "An understory herb of lower and mid-montane rain forest of northeastern Peru, most prominently in the Huallaga valley Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, in the Vicinity of Moyobamba and Tarapoto (Fig. 99), 500-1,500 m. Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the Widely cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone. Occasionally adventive 'in the West Indies and probably elsewhere."

602 Produces viable seed Source(s) Notes "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, ever been collected in fruit; pollen stainability is only 50-65%; and Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the viable seed has never been produced in cultivation. It is therefore Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 conceivable that all populations of E. amazonica constitute a single clone." Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora "The plant is easily propagated by seed,, division of mature plants, or - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other removal of offsets. Seed should be sown immediately upon ripening Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI since it does not remain viable for long." [But see Meerow (1989)]

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Qsn # Question Answer 603 Hybridizes naturally y Source(s) Notes "Amazon lily has long been called E. grandiflora Planchon & Linden, Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora but a recent thorough revision of the revealed that this name - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other must be applied to a naturally occurring hybrid that is not cultivated Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI outside a few botanical gardens."

604 Self-compatible or apomictic n Source(s) Notes "On the basis of greenhouse pollination attempts, virtually all Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, species of Eucharis and Caliphruria demonstrate some degree of self- Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the incompatibility. This observation suggests that most species are Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 predominantly outcrossing." ... "Of all species in cultivation, only E. castelnaeana sets capsules with self-pollen."

605 Requires specialist pollinators y Source(s) Notes "The large, white, heavily and sweetly fragrant of E. Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, amazonica (subg. Heterocharis) was considered a model moth- Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the pollinated flower by Percival (1965). She noted that the nectar level Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 in the tube rises to a maximum height of 23% tube length, thus effectively preventing access to all but long-tongued insects."

606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation Source(s) Notes "Bulbs globose, to 7 cm in diam. Leaves with petioles 15-30 cm long; Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. 2005. blades oblong to elliptic or oval, 25-35 × 10-15 cm, the base cuneate Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and or rounded, the apex abruptly short acuminate." ... "Naturalized or the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States persistent in forest understory. Reported from Adjuntas and National Herbarium 52: 1-415 Arecibo." [Persistence or naturalization may indicate ability to spread vegetatively] Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamentals: A Guide. "Propagate by offsets." Timber Press, Portland, OR

607 Minimum generative time (years) 2 Source(s) Notes Shoot Gardening. 2015. Eucharis amazonica (Amazon lily). http://www.shootgardening.co.uk/plant/eucharis- "2-5 years To maturity" amazonica. [Accessed 2 Apr 2015]

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 n growing in heavily trafficked areas)

Source(s) Notes

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Qsn # Question Answer [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits, if produced, lack means of external attachment] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule typical of the nonbaccate- fruited Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, Amaryllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning yellow or brown at dehiscence" ... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit."

702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y Source(s) Notes Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, "Widely cultivated throughout the warm tropics and as a house and Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the greenhouse plant 'in the temperate zone." Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220

703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n Source(s) Notes [Fruits not produced in cultivation. No evidence of produce contamination] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule typical of the nonbaccate- fruited Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, Amaryllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning yellow or brown at dehiscence" ... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit."

704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n Source(s) Notes [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits, if produced, not adapted for wind dispersal] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule typical of the nonbaccate- fruited Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, Amaryllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning yellow or brown at dehiscence" ... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit."

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Qsn # Question Answer 705 Propagules water dispersed Source(s) Notes [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Unknown if fruits or seeds are buoyant or could otherwise be dispersed by water] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule typical of the Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, nonbaccate- fruited Amaryllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning yellow or brown at dehiscence" ... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit."

706 Propagules bird dispersed n Source(s) Notes [E. amazonica, in subg. Heterocharis, lacks adaptations for avian dispersal] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule typical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amaryllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the yellow or brown at dehiscence. In subg. Eucharis, however, the Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 capsule is leathery and bright orange (Fig. 40), contrasting vividly with the shiny black or blue seeds at dehiscence. It is probable, though unsubstantiated, that the combination of fruit and seed color functions mimetically to attract avian dispersal agents (sensu van der Pijl, 1982)."

707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Source(s) Notes [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits, if produced, lack means of external attachment] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule typical of the nonbaccate- fruited Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, Amaryllidaceae. In fruit, the pedicel elongates to two or more times Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the its length at anthesis. In Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning yellow or brown at dehiscence" ... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit."

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Qsn # Question Answer 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut n Source(s) Notes [Fruits not produced in cultivation. Fruits and seeds, if produced, apparently not adapted for ingestion or internal dispspersal] "The mature fruit of Eucharis and Caliphruria is a triloculicidal capsule Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, typical of the nonbaccate- fruited Amaryllidaceae. In fruit, the Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the pedicel elongates to two or more times its length at anthesis. In Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 Caliphruria and Eucharis subg. Heterocharis (E. moorei), the capsule is thin-walled and green, sometimes turning yellow or brown at dehiscence" ... "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has ever been collected in fruit."

801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) n Source(s) Notes "No specimen of E. amazonica, in contrast to most other species, has Meerow, A. W. (1989). Systematics of the Amazon lilies, ever been collected in fruit; pollen stainability is only 50-65%; and Eucharis and Caliphruria (Amaryllidaceae). Annals of the viable seed has never been produced in cultivation. It is therefore Missouri Botanical Garden,76(1): 136-220 conceivable that all populations of E. amazonica constitute a single clone."

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 n yr) Source(s) Notes Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora "The plant is easily propagated by seed,, division of mature plants, or - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other removal of offsets. Seed should be sown immediately upon ripening Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI since it does not remain viable for long."

803 Well controlled by herbicides Source(s) Notes Unknown. No information on herbicide efficacy or chemical control WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication of this ornamental species

804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Source(s) Notes Missouri Botanical Garden. 2015. Eucharis amazonica. "Bulbs do not like to be disturbed and should only be repotted when http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/Pla necessary (i.e., pot looks like it is ready to break)." ntFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a448. [Accessed ]

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication Unknown

Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 12 of 13 TAXON: Eucharis amazonica SCORE: -1.0 RATING: Low Risk

Summary of Risk Traits:

High Risk / Undesirable Traits ‡Thrives in tropical climates ‡Naturalized, and/or adventive in Puerto Rico and the West Indies ‡Demonstrates allelopathic properties in laboratory settings ‡Toxic to house pest if ingested ‡Shade tolerant ‡Tolerates many soil types ‡Geophyte (able to resprout from underground bulbs) ‡Propagated, and possibly spread, by vegetative offsets

Low Risk Traits ‡Widely cultivated, with no reports of invasiveness or negative impacts within introduced range ‡Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs) ‡Ornamental ‡Possibly sterile in cultivation ‡Requires specialized pollinators (long-tongued moths) ‡Self-incompatible ‡Limited, to no, seed production makes inadvertent dispersal unlikely

Creation Date: 2 Apr 2015 (Eucharis amazonica) Page 13 of 13