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Back to a Water City search for a sustainable living typology in new developed area of Huzhou City PROJECT REPORT Qi LU (1530984) Studio: Urban Climate Master of Urbansim Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Mentor: Ir. Marjolein van Esch (Environmental Design) Ir. Willem Hermans (Urban Design) Prof. ir. Dirk Sijmons (Environmental Design) Date: Jun 22th . 2010 2 Content Part I .Research Question 1. General Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2. Problem Statement---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 3. City System Analysis-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 4. Aim and Strategy-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 5. Research Question--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 Part II Theoretical and Site Research 6. Water System----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 7. Climate Adaptive Measures----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35 8. Urban Structure-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 9. Open Space & Water Culture--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61 Part III Planning and Design 10. Regional Scale------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63 11. Pedestrian Pocket Scale------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67 12. Community Scale---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73 Part IV Refl ection 13. Evaluation------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95 14. Acknowlegement---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99 15. Reference-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101 3 Part I Research Question 1. General Introduction 1.1 Location (1) 1.2 General Information (1) 2. Problem Statement (3) 3. City System Analysis 3.1 Impact of Climate Change (5) 3.2 Impact of Urban Development (7) 3.3 Main Changes of physical characteristics and possible intervention (13) 3.4 Conclusion (16) 4. Aim and Strategy 4.1 Aim of Project (17) 4.2 Strategy (17) 5. Research Question (19) 2 1. General Introduction 1. General Introduction 1.1 Location The City of Huzhou locates in the Yangtze Delta Metropolitan area of China. This Delta area is one of the most developed areas in China. It covers only 1% of the total area of China but houses 6% of the national population and produces 16% of total GDP (Chen et al., 2001). Changzhou Wuxi Yixing Suzhou Taihu Lake Huzhou Jiaxing Yangtze Delta Metropolitan Taihu Catchment Six Cities around Taihua Lake Map: Location of Huzhou City However, the rapid economic development also brings many negative impacts to the city, such as the huge consumption of energy, pollution, loss of traditional culture, etc. These changes also increase the impact of the global warming and become big threat for future development. Among these problems, water pollution is the most serious one faced by the whole region. Huzhou lies in the central part of Yangtze Delta metropolitan area, It takes 160km to Shanghai, 75km to Hangzhou, 220km to Nanjing, and 200km to Ningbo. 1.2 General information The whole municipality of Huzhou City covers an area of 5818km2, with a population of 5.8million. Taihu Lake lies on its north-east and West Tianmu Mountain sits on its south-west. I chose Huzhou to develop my project because it locates at the upstream area of Taihu Catchment and have a big environmental impact for the neighboring cities. It's also because that a big urban expansion is already planned by the government. How to expand the city in a more sustainable way becomes an urgent question for both Huzhou city and the whole region. Yangtze River 220km 160km Taihu Lake H Huzhou Municipality 75km 200km Hangzhou Bay West Tianmu Mountain Map: Strategic location in Yangtze delta Metropolitan Map: Landform of Huzhou Municipality (Chen et al., 2001) (Dumont and Qin, 2008) 1 The municipality consists of 2 Districts and 3 Counties. The municipality center is located in Wuxing District near Taihu Lake. The new urbanization according to City Plan (2003-2020) will takes place between Wuxing and Nanxun District Centers. Taihu Lake Wuxing Districtrict NanxunNanxun DistrictDiss Map: Location of Wuxing and Nanxun Districts Wuxing District (860km2) and Nanxun District(706km2) used to be one whole District, and was just divided into two Districts in 2003. They have a close historic relationship, and will again be connected spatially into the so called "Central Urban Area" according to City Plan (2003-2020). I will mainly focus on this area due to its huge potential threats and opportunities. WWuxinguxing NNanxunanxun Map: CIty Plan (2003-2020) for Central Urban Area (Huzhou Municipality, 2003) 2 2. Problem Statement 2. Problem Statement The dense water network is the most important identity for Huzhou City. In the ancient times, all the cities and villages organized themselves along the river network, all the activities used to rely on the water. Typical Water City Scenery in the region (Yumo, 2009) Now, the urban expansion and densification have completely changed the relationship between water and urban space. Water is no longer the organizer of the urban space but one landscape element inside the city. Moreover, due to water pollution and fl ood risk, which is caused by urban development and climate change, water issue becomes a big problem for the city. City Center of Huzhou (Seng lin zhong de mao, 2009) This problem may become even worse because according to the City Plan (2003-2020), The constructed area in the "Central Urban Area" will increase from 62km2 to 116km2, and the population will increase from 0.58 million to 1 million. Only two ecological corridors in the current rural area will be preserved to connect with Taihu Lake. Large area of paddy land and wetland 3 will be replaced by housing development. This change will again have a huge impact on the city system, especially the water defense capacity and water quality of Huzhou city. Wuxin (City Center of Huzou) Nanxun 2km 6km 20km Historic City Center 1983 1990 2003 2020 Map: Change of Urban Scale (illustrated by author according to City Plan (2003-2020)) As a city located in delta area, Huzhou already experienced a series of negative effects from global warming. The city has two important tasks at this stage: to solve the water problems brought by urban development and climate change; and to decrease its negative impact on global warming. My project will mainly focus on this new residential area, to see how to develop a sustainable living typology by re-achieving the good relationship between water and city. 4 3. City System Analysis 3. City System Analysis In order to find the most suitable intervention and further define my research question, the city system is analyzed as a whole to see the infl uences of climate change on the city and measures to be taken. Scheme: infl uences of climate change on the city and measures to be taken (Source: Studio Reader) For the situation of Huzhou, climate change and urban development are two independent causes but interact with each other and caused larger physical changes in the city system. As a result, the scheme are modifi ed into the below one for analyzing Huzhou. Urban development Climate Change physical characteristics adaptation use and functions mitigation Scheme: infl uences of climate change and urban development in Huzou 3.1 Impact of climate change 3.1.1 Main character of climate in Huzhou Huzhou has a typically semi-tropical climate. There are four clearly different seasons in one year. The rain season comes in the hot summer. The yearly precipitation is 761-1780mm. Average humidity is higher than 80%. 11-14 days will go above 35 degrees in summer. The daily temperature difference can reach 9.9C. (Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, 2009) 30 250 25 200 20 150 15 100 10 50 5 0 0 123456789101112 123456789101112 Average temperature per month (C) Average rainfall per month (mm) (Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, 2009) (Huzhou Meteorological Bureau, 2009) 5 3.1.2 Main changes in climate For Huzhou City, the climate change are mainly obeserved in four aspects: 1.The summer becomes hotter and drier. Except for the global rise of average temperature, another important reason is bai-u rain season comes earlier. Since rain is important for mitigating the hot weather in summer, this change makes the gap between two rain seasons 10 days longer than in average, and makes the summer even hotter and drier. 2.The city experienced several abnormally cold days in winter, and disastrous weather in the winter also increased. By disastrous weathers, I mean snow storm, hailstone, ect. 3.Thirdly, the rain is more concentrated. For example, in June 2008, 90% of rain in bai-u rain season was concentrated in 5 days. 27th June got 86.8mm rainfall in one day. This can be a big threat for the fl ood defense system. 4.Finally, the acid rain becomes one serious problem