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In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence
In Defense of Rap Music: Not Just Beats, Rhymes, Sex, and Violence THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Crystal Joesell Radford, BA Graduate Program in Education The Ohio State University 2011 Thesis Committee: Professor Beverly Gordon, Advisor Professor Adrienne Dixson Copyrighted by Crystal Joesell Radford 2011 Abstract This study critically analyzes rap through an interdisciplinary framework. The study explains rap‟s socio-cultural history and it examines the multi-generational, classed, racialized, and gendered identities in rap. Rap music grew out of hip-hop culture, which has – in part – earned it a garnering of criticism of being too “violent,” “sexist,” and “noisy.” This criticism became especially pronounced with the emergence of the rap subgenre dubbed “gangsta rap” in the 1990s, which is particularly known for its sexist and violent content. Rap music, which captures the spirit of hip-hop culture, evolved in American inner cities in the early 1970s in the South Bronx at the wake of the Civil Rights, Black Nationalist, and Women‟s Liberation movements during a new technological revolution. During the 1970s and 80s, a series of sociopolitical conscious raps were launched, as young people of color found a cathartic means of expression by which to describe the conditions of the inner-city – a space largely constructed by those in power. Rap thrived under poverty, police repression, social policy, class, and gender relations (Baker, 1993; Boyd, 1997; Keyes, 2000, 2002; Perkins, 1996; Potter, 1995; Rose, 1994, 2008; Watkins, 1998). -
The Heart of Rock and Soul by Dave Marsh
The Heart of Rock and Soul by Dave Marsh 90 LOVE IS STRANGE, Mickey and Sylvia Produced by Bob Rolontz; written by Ethel Smith [Bo Diddley] Groove 0175 1957 Billboard: #11 Mickey Baker's middle name was "Guitar," or anyway that's how they billed the tough, red-headed Kentuckian as one of the leaders of the great band featuring saxophonists Sam "The Man" Taylor and King Curtis that dominated New York's R&B recording scene in the fifties. Sylvia - Little Sylvia, she was originally called - was a lot younger than Mickey but she convinced him to teach her guitar. It was also Sylvia's idea that she and Mickey should form a team (although he swears he couldn't convince her to make their relationship more intimate, which suggests something about the veracity of things that happened later). They hooked up musically sometime in 1955. Their manager persuaded Bob Rolontz, a former Billboard reporter running Groove Records, RCA's R&B label, to sign them up. They came up with "Love is Strange" at their second session. Allegedly, they were given the song by Ethel Smith, Bo Diddley's wife. Maybe they were, but Smith didn't write it. Bo did. He didn't want to cut it himself because he was pissed off at his music publishers because they never gave him enough money, so he passed the song along. Rolontz at first thought the concept was crazy, especially because they wanted a children's chorus to sing the refrain, then insisted that the duo sing it themselves and rehearse the number with unheard-of thoroughness. -
Discography of the Turbo Label
The Labels of Joe and Sylvia Robinson The All-Platinum Label was formed by Joe and Sylvia Robinson, husband and wife in New Jersey in 1969. Sylvia Robinson was one-half of the duo Mickey and Sylvia of “Love is Strange” fame. George Kerr and the Robinson’s were responsible for A&R. Joe Robinson had parlayed a music publishing company that he established years before in New York into the All-Platinum, Stang, and Turbo record labels. Artists included his wife Sylvia, The Moments, Brother to Brother, Shirley and Company, Linda Jones, Jack McDuff and Chuck Jackson The labels were All-Platinum, Stang, Turbo and Vibration. All-Platinum distributed Charisma (US) which released Malcolm X recordings, More which released Eldridge Cleaver recordings and Maple which released R&B and Psychedelic. In the late 70’s All-Platinum went bankrupt. The Robinson’s then formed Sugar Hill Records in 1979 with Milton Malden and financial funding of Morris Levy, the owner of Roulette Records and pioneered Rap Music The Sugar Hill label's first record was "Rapper's Delight" (1979) by The Sugarhill Gang, which was also the first Top 40 hip hop single. Afterwards Grandmaster Flash, The Sequence, Funky Four Plus One, Crash Crew, Kool Moe Dee, The West Street Mob, and Melle Mel joined the label. Sugar Hill's in-house producer and arranger was Clifton "Jiggs" Chase. The in-house recording engineer was Steve Jerome. Al Goodman, leader of The Moments, ran the show and George Kerr was a major producer. Joe and Sylvia's sons Joey and Leland were also active in the business. -
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five To download an editable PowerPoint, visit edu.rockhall.com Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: Fast Facts • Formed in 1976 in the South Bronx, New York; broke up by 1986 • Members: DJ Grandmaster Flash and rappers Melle Mel, Kidd Creole, Mr. Ness/Scorpio, Cowboy, and Rahiem • Recorded at Sugar Hill Records, the first hip-hop record label • Grandmaster Flash revolutionized the use of turntables in hip-hop by developing techniques such as “scratching” and “punch phrasing.” • First hip-hop group to be inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (2007) Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: Important Bronx Locations New Jersey ▪ South Bronx (Bronx), New York New York City Recognized birthplace of hip-hop music and culture; Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five’s home neighborhood Queens ▪ Harlem (Manhattan), New York Recorded with Enjoy Records until 1980 ▪ Englewood, New Jersey Brooklyn Recorded with Sugar Hill Records (the first hip-hop record label) from 1980 to 1984 Staten Island Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: Two Essential Songs “Superappin’” “The Message” • Released in 1982 on Sugar Hill • Released in 1979 on Records Enjoy Records • Features Melle Mel and guest • One of the earliest rapper Duke Bootee rap records ever sold • Conveys the difficulties of life in the • Mimics the “hip-hop South Bronx, with lyrics about jam,” a live performance poverty, violence, and with audience interaction drug use • Hip-hop was originally heard • Early example of at lengthy dance parties, so a “conscious rap,” where 12-minute song seemed very lyrics convey a serious, short! often political message Grandmaster Flash’s Turntable Innovations • Grandmaster Flash developed turntable techniques and special effects that gave DJs more musical freedom. -
The Heart of Rock and Soul by Dave Marsh
The Heart of Rock and Soul by Dave Marsh 20 BE MY BABY, The Ronettes Produced by Phil Spector; written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich, and Jeff Barry Philles 116 1963 Billboard: #2 DA DOO RON RON, The Crystals Produced by Phil Spector; written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich, and Jeff Barry Philles 112 1963 Billboard: #3 CHRISTMAS (BABY PLEASE COME HOME), Darlene Love Produced by Phil Spector; written by Phil Spector, Ellie Greenwich, and Jeff Barry Philles 119 1963 Did not make pop charts To hear folks talk, Phil Spector made music out of a solitary vision. But the evidence of his greatest hits insists that he was heavily dependent on a variety of assistance. Which makes sense: Record making is fundamentally collaborative. Spector associates like engineer Larry Levine, arranger Jack Nitzsche, and husband-wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich were simply indispensable to his teen-art concoctions. Besides them, every Spector track featured a dozen or more musicians. The constant standouts were' drummer Hal Blaine, one of the most inventive and prolific in rock history, and saxophonist Steve Douglas. Finally, there were vast differences among Spector's complement of singers. An important part of Spector's genius stemmed from his ability to recruit, organize, and provide leadership within such a musical community. Darlene Love (who also recorded for Spector with the Crystals and Bob B. Soxx and the Blue Jeans) ranks just beneath Aretha Franklin among female rock singers, and "Christmas" is her greatest record, though it was never a hit. (The track probably achieved its greatest notice in the mid-eighties, when it was used over the opening credits of Joe Dante's film, Gremlins.) Spector's Wall of Sound, with its continuously thundering horns and strings, never seemed more massive than it does here. -
Rolling Stone Magazine's Top 500 Songs
Rolling Stone Magazine's Top 500 Songs No. Interpret Title Year of release 1. Bob Dylan Like a Rolling Stone 1961 2. The Rolling Stones Satisfaction 1965 3. John Lennon Imagine 1971 4. Marvin Gaye What’s Going on 1971 5. Aretha Franklin Respect 1967 6. The Beach Boys Good Vibrations 1966 7. Chuck Berry Johnny B. Goode 1958 8. The Beatles Hey Jude 1968 9. Nirvana Smells Like Teen Spirit 1991 10. Ray Charles What'd I Say (part 1&2) 1959 11. The Who My Generation 1965 12. Sam Cooke A Change is Gonna Come 1964 13. The Beatles Yesterday 1965 14. Bob Dylan Blowin' in the Wind 1963 15. The Clash London Calling 1980 16. The Beatles I Want zo Hold Your Hand 1963 17. Jimmy Hendrix Purple Haze 1967 18. Chuck Berry Maybellene 1955 19. Elvis Presley Hound Dog 1956 20. The Beatles Let It Be 1970 21. Bruce Springsteen Born to Run 1975 22. The Ronettes Be My Baby 1963 23. The Beatles In my Life 1965 24. The Impressions People Get Ready 1965 25. The Beach Boys God Only Knows 1966 26. The Beatles A day in a life 1967 27. Derek and the Dominos Layla 1970 28. Otis Redding Sitting on the Dock of the Bay 1968 29. The Beatles Help 1965 30. Johnny Cash I Walk the Line 1956 31. Led Zeppelin Stairway to Heaven 1971 32. The Rolling Stones Sympathy for the Devil 1968 33. Tina Turner River Deep - Mountain High 1966 34. The Righteous Brothers You've Lost that Lovin' Feelin' 1964 35. -
PATTI SMITH Eighteen Stations MARCH 3 – APRIL 16, 2016
/robertmillergallery For immediate release: [email protected] @RMillerGallery 212.366.4774 /robertmillergallery PATTI SMITH Eighteen Stations MARCH 3 – APRIL 16, 2016 New York, NY – February 17, 2016. Robert Miller Gallery is pleased to announce Eighteen Stations, a special project by Patti Smith. Eighteen Stations revolves around the world of M Train, Smith’s bestselling book released in 2015. M Train chronicles, as Smith describes, “a roadmap to my life,” as told from the seats of the cafés and dwellings she has worked from globally. Reflecting the themes and sensibility of the book, Eighteen Stations is a meditation on the act of artistic creation. It features the artist’s illustrative photographs that accompany the book’s pages, along with works by Smith that speak to art and literature’s potential to offer hope and consolation. The artist will be reading from M Train at the Gallery throughout the run of the exhibition. Patti Smith (b. 1946) has been represented by Robert Miller Gallery since her joint debut with Robert Mapplethorpe, Film and Stills, opened at its 724 Fifth Avenue location in 1978. Recent solo exhibitions at the Gallery include Veil (2009) and A Pythagorean Traveler (2006). In 2014 Rockaway Artist Alliance and MoMA PS1 mounted Patti Smith: Resilience of the Dreamer at Fort Tilden, as part of a special project recognizing the ongoing recovery of the Rockaway Peninsula, where the artist has a home. Smith's work has been the subject of solo exhibitions at institutions worldwide including the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto (2013); Detroit Institute of Arts (2012); Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford (2011); Fondation Cartier pour l’Art Contemporaine, Paris (2008); Haus der Kunst, Munich (2003); and The Andy Warhol Museum (2002). -
BO DIDDLEY's UNCONVENTIONAL 1950'S SOUND and ITS
BO DIDDLEY’S UNCONVENTIONAL 1950’s SOUND AND ITS ANTICIPATION OF HIP HOP OVERVIEW ESSENTIAL QUESTION How were Bo Diddley’s recordings an anomaly in relation to 1950s Pop music, and how is his rhythm-driven sound and self-presentation a precursor to Hip Hop style? OVERVIEW From his first appearance on the Billboard R&B chart in 1955 and continuing over his five- decade career, Bo Diddley has been celebrated for the rhythm-driven, percussive sound of his ensemble, at the center of which was Diddley’s guitar playing. If by the Rock era the guitar solo became a symbolic centerpiece in recordings and performances, Diddley’s emphasis was always on the rhythm guitar. His approach didn’t revolve around the single- and double-note leads that came to dominate the music. Instead, Bo Diddley pioneered a sound that involved every member of his combo playing with a percussive sensibility. Rhythm was emphasized over melody, with a vocal style that often approximated Rap set against that rhythmic backdrop. Earlier even than James Brown, Diddley inadvertently pointed to a Hip Hop future. His best-known rhythm guitar pattern (three strokes/rest/two strokes, or “shave and a haircut, two bits”) influenced many. The “Bo Diddley beat,” as it came to be known, appeared on records by Buddy Holly, the Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen, U2, rapper B.o.B., and many others. In Bo Diddley’s own songs, the “Bo Diddley beat” was often combined with remarkably simple chord changes, as can be heard on his self-titled debut single, “Bo Diddley.” Throughout that single-chord song, which went to No. -
LAURA LEVINE Furniture | Kitchen | Bath | Closet | Lighting | Accessories | Art
LAURA LEVINE Furniture | Kitchen | Bath | Closet | Lighting | Accessories | Art ARTIST Laura Levine TITLE Tina Weymouth and Grandmaster Flash, NYC, 1981 MEDIUM Silver gelatin photographic print. Signed, titled, numbered in ink on the front and stamped on the back. Later printing from Laura Levine’s personal archive. DIMENSIONS 21” x 26” | Framed | Edition 7 of 50 16” x 20” | Unframed BIOGRAPHY Levine’s career as a music photographer enabled her to work with everyone from Björk to James Brown for magazines such as Rolling Stone and the New York Rocker (where she was Chief Photographer/Photo Editor). Levine’s intimate photographic portraits of artists from the punk, early hip-hop, New Wave, No Wave, and early downtown New York City music scene have been previously exhibited at New York’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), Steven Kasher Gallery, and are in the permanent collections of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts (Houston), and the Smithsonian Institution’s National Portrait Gallery. PRICE $2,800 | Framed $2,500 | Unframed DZINE Gallery | 128 Utah Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 | www.dzineliving.com/gallery | 415.674.9430 Furniture | Kitchen | Bath | Closet | Lighting | Accessories | Art ARTIST Laura Levine TITLE Joey Ramone, NYC, 1982 MEDIUM Silver gelatin photographic print. Signed, titled, numbered in ink on the front and stamped on the back. Later printing from Laura Levine’s personal archive. DIMENSIONS 21” x 26” | Framed | Edition 4 of 50 16” x 20” | Unframed BIOGRAPHY Levine’s career as a music photographer enabled her to work with everyone from Björk to James Brown for magazines such as Rolling Stone and the New York Rocker (where she was Chief Photographer/Photo Editor). -
“Rapper's Delight”
1 “Rapper’s Delight” From Genre-less to New Genre I was approached in ’77. A gentleman walked up to me and said, “We can put what you’re doing on a record.” I would have to admit that I was blind. I didn’t think that somebody else would want to hear a record re-recorded onto another record with talking on it. I didn’t think it would reach the masses like that. I didn’t see it. I knew of all the crews that had any sort of juice and power, or that was drawing crowds. So here it is two years later and I hear, “To the hip-hop, to the bang to the boogie,” and it’s not Bam, Herc, Breakout, AJ. Who is this?1 DJ Grandmaster Flash I did not think it was conceivable that there would be such thing as a hip-hop record. I could not see it. I’m like, record? Fuck, how you gon’ put hip-hop onto a record? ’Cause it was a whole gig, you know? How you gon’ put three hours on a record? Bam! They made “Rapper’s Delight.” And the ironic twist is not how long that record was, but how short it was. I’m thinking, “Man, they cut that shit down to fifteen minutes?” It was a miracle.2 MC Chuck D [“Rapper’s Delight”] is a disco record with rapping on it. So we could do that. We were trying to make a buck.3 Richard Taninbaum (percussion) As early as May of 1979, Billboard magazine noted the growing popularity of “rapping DJs” performing live for clubgoers at New York City’s black discos.4 But it was not until September of the same year that the trend gar- nered widespread attention, with the release of the Sugarhill Gang’s “Rapper’s Delight,” a fifteen-minute track powered by humorous party rhymes and a relentlessly funky bass line that took the country by storm and introduced a national audience to rap. -
SIR 371 Chapel of Love Vocal By: Tony Oxendine Release Date: Vinyl, MP3 and CD – 2009 / 07
SIR 371 Chapel Of Love vocal by: Tony Oxendine Release Date: Vinyl, MP3 and CD – 2009 / 07 Singing Call MS-67 ORIGINAL MUSIC DETAILS: WRITERS: Jeff Barry, Phil Spect or & Ellie Greenwich Hanhurst’s Best Seller listing (July 2009) – No.3 PUBLISHERS: Trio Music Company Inc. EMI Blackwood Music Inc. OBO Mother Original artist: The Dixie Cups Bertha Music Inc. Universal – Songs of Polygram International Inc. Abkco Music Inc. This song, which was previoulsy released by The Ronettes and The Blossoms, was made famous by The Dixie Cups in 1964, spending three weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 (displacing “Love Me Do” by the Beatles). The song tells of the happiness and excitement the narrator feels on her wedding day, for she and her love are going to the "chapel of love," and "we'll never be lonely anymore.". The song was ranked #279 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time! With the help of Doug Bennett, who provided the muisc for this release (see below) we managed to give this track an orchestral sound reminiscent of the way that it would have originally been performed. To make it “Square-Dance-able” we had to speed it up a little, so it becomes a “ballad” with a “faster feel”; somewhat unusual but – in the final analysis – quite effective. The sentiment of the song is quite beautiful and the track builds to a terrific crescendo that should make it a “crowd pleasing - showtune”! Additional Lyrics: Where, When and Who produced the music: Goin' to the chapel - and we're gonna get ma-a-arried I am very happy to tell you that the music for this release was Goin' to the chapel - and we're gonna get ma-a-arried created and recorded – as a special commission – by our very Gee, I really love you - and we're gonna get ma-a-arried good friend Doug Bennett of Global Music Productions. -
Why Hip Hop Began in the Bronx- Lecture for C-Span
Fordham University DigitalResearch@Fordham Occasional Essays Bronx African American History Project 10-28-2019 Why Hip Hop Began in the Bronx- Lecture for C-Span Mark Naison Follow this and additional works at: https://fordham.bepress.com/baahp_essays Part of the African American Studies Commons, American Popular Culture Commons, Cultural History Commons, and the Ethnomusicology Commons Why Hip Hop Began in the Bronx- My Lecture for C-Span What I am about to describe to you is one of the most improbable and inspiring stories you will ever hear. It is about how young people in a section of New York widely regarded as a site of unspeakable violence and tragedy created an art form that would sweep the world. It is a story filled with ironies, unexplored connections and lessons for today. And I am proud to share it not only with my wonderful Rock and Roll to Hip Hop class but with C-Span’s global audience through its lectures in American history series. Before going into the substance of my lecture, which explores some features of Bronx history which many people might not be familiar with, I want to explain what definition of Hip Hop that I will be using in this talk. Some people think of Hip Hop exclusively as “rap music,” an art form taken to it’s highest form by people like Tupac Shakur, Missy Elliot, JZ, Nas, Kendrick Lamar, Wu Tang Clan and other masters of that verbal and musical art, but I am thinking of it as a multilayered arts movement of which rapping is only one component.