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Oleic Acid Rich Tree-Borne Oilseeds from Forests of Assam, India Bithika Chaliha1, 2, Rumi Kotoky2, Debajit Saikia2, S

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Oleic Acid Rich Tree-Borne Oilseeds from Forests of Assam, India Bithika Chaliha1, 2, Rumi Kotoky2, Debajit Saikia2, S Journal of Oleo Science Copyright ©2020 by Japan Oil Chemists’ Society doi : 10.5650/jos.ess19228 J. Oleo Sci. 69, (2) 105-114 (2020) Oleic Acid Rich Tree-borne Oilseeds from Forests of Assam, India Bithika Chaliha1, 2, Rumi Kotoky2, Debajit Saikia2, S. C. Nath2, and Siddhartha P. Saikia2＊ 1 Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai– 600113, INDIA 2 Medicinal Aromatic & Economic Plants Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, INDIA Abstract: North East India is a home of tremendous and versatile vegetative oil bearing materials because of the subtropical climatic conditions. Screening, characterization, and domestication of high yielding tree- borne oilseeds rich in oleic acid and tocopherol are highly demandable from industrial aspects. As very few studies have been carried out in this regard from this region, our investigation aims to exploit new sources of tree-borne oilseeds rich in omega fatty acids for edible and non-edible purposes from both known and unknown plants. Six lesser-known tree-borne oilseeds were characterized based on oil content, tocopherol composition and metal content. The fatty oil was found more in Dysoxylum procerum (50%). The dominating fatty acid was oleic acid ranged between 38.4 to 64%. The oil of Terminalia bellirica showed high content of tocopherol (0.05%). Among eleven metals (Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cd, As, Na, K) in all the six fatty oil contents, Pb and Cu showed high concentrations as compared to the codex standard while Fe values of all the oil contents were below the permissible concentrations. Key words: fatty acids, oleic acid, tocols, trace elements, SFA, MUFA and PUFA 1 Introduction sponsible for elongation of other fatty acids which are pre- Edible oils are structurally composed of tri-acylglycerol cursors for eicosanoids（prostaglandins）. Thus, deficient molecules formed by unsaturated（oleic, linolenic, linoleic oleic acid status may also indicate deficient eicosanoid pro- acids etc.）and saturated fatty acids（capric, lauric, myristic, duction, signifying a need for EFAs3）. palmitic, stearic etc.）esterified to Glycerol units1）. As oils Scientific studies have established that oleic acid has of seeds contain mainly unsaturated fatty acids therefore beneficial effect on cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory seed oils are preferred more as an alternative to saturated diseases4）. High proportion of monounsaturated acid espe- animal fats like bacon, butter and hydrogenated vegetable cially oleic acid in the diet is linked with a high reduction products. Linoleic, linolenic and oleic acids are called the essential Abbreviations: ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, Ca: Calcium, Cd: fatty acids（EFAs）as they provide nutrition to the human Cadmium, Cu: Copper, DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid, DWB: body. Among the fatty acids, oleic acid is considered most Dry Weight Basis, EFAs: Essential fatty acids, EFSA: The European Foods Safety Authority, EPA: Eicosapentaenoic acid, important fatty acid particularly during gestation-lactation 2） FA: Fatty acids, FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FDA: Food period . Oleic acid is naturally occurring and is classified and Drug Administration, GC-MS: Gas chromatography–mass as a mono-unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid. It is the most spectrometry, HDL: High density lipoprotein, HPLC-FLD: common monounsaturated omega fatty acid in human cells High Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids, where it is detection, ICP–AES: Inductively coupled plasma atomic important for proper membrane fluidity. Membrane fluidity emission spectroscopy, IPNI: The International Plant Names is responsible for hormone responsiveness, infectivity of Index, K: Pottasium, LDL: Low density lipoprotein, Mg: pathogens, mineral transport and immune competence. Magnesium, Mn: Mangenese, MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids, Na: Sodium, Pb: Lead, PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty Oleic acid is also a major source of energy for cells. It is ca- acids, SFA: Saturated fatty acids, WHO: World Health tabolized to acetyl groups used for energy（ATP）production Organization, Zn: Zinc, ω-3: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), ω-6: and biosynthesis of many essential metabolites. Biosynthe- Omega-6 fatty acids (n-6), ω-9: Omega-9 fatty acids (n-9), sis of this class of fatty acid utilizes the same enzymes re- ppm: parts per million ＊Correspondence to: Siddhartha P. Saikia, Medicinal Aromatic & Economic Plants Group, Biological Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, INDIA E-mail: [email protected] Accepted December 16, 2019 (received for review September 13, 2019) Journal of Oleo Science ISSN 1345-8957 print / ISSN 1347-3352 online http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jos/ http://mc.manusriptcentral.com/jjocs 105 B. Chaliha, R. Kotoky, D. Saikia et al. Table 1 Passport Data of the six collected oilseed trees. Weight Availaility Sl. Flowering Fruiting Oil Scientific Name Local Name Family Distribution /Seed (Tons/Hectare Locality No. Time Time source (Gm.) /Annum) Lakhimpur, Chrysophyllum Nowgong, Mizoram, 1. roxburghii Kolmow Sapotaceae April-May Nov-Dec 1.2-2.4 8 -10 Jorhat Kernel Cachar, N.C.Hills, G.Don Khasi&Jayantia Hills Nambor Dysoxylum Reserve 2. Amari/ Lali Meliaceae Assam and Meghalaya Dec-Jan May-July 1.0-3.5 10-12 Kernel procerum Hiern. Forest, Golaghat Fairly common Elaeocarpus Elaeocar- throughout the province 3. Poreng April-May Aug-Sept 0.3-1.7 2-3 Jorhat Seed robustus Roxb. paceae except perhaps in the N.E. frontier district Nambor Clausena Khasi Hills, Lushai hills, Kalomar- July- Reserve 4. suffruticosa Rutaceae Assam, Chittagong hill March-June 0.7-1.9 4-5 Seed icha August Forest, Wight &Arn tracts Golaghat Eucalyptus Lemon Cultivated in certain Jan- 5. Myrtaceae Jan-March 0.1-1.5 7 - 10 Jorhat Seed citriodora Hook. scented gum parts of the province. March Terminalia Hot season Combret- Dec- 6. bellirica Bhumora Throughout the province after new 0.3-0.9 3.5-4 Jorhat Kernel aceae February (Gaertn.) Roxb. leaves in the risk of coronary heart disease5）and it is effective in IPNI. Among the six plants studied, only two have been re- lowering LDL cholesterol content6）. ported earlier for their fatty oil content（Table 1）. The six To access the quality quotient of the selected oilseeds species are quite known locally for their medicinal uses by and to determine the inorganic profile of these oils, physi- various people. The folklore uses are listed below（Table co-chemical properties, trace elements, tocopherol（vitamin 2）. E）content, etc are important along with their chemical properties because of the metabolic role of some elements in the human organism. These elements act as co-factors of enzymes and as organizers of the molecular structure of 2 Materials and Methods the cell and its membrane. In excess amount they can be Matured fruits of the selected six treeborne oilseed toxic and also their insufficiency may lead to metabolic dis- species were collected from Gibbon and Nambar Reserve orders7）. The various trace elements present in edible oil forest of Jorhat and Golaghat district, Assam, India respec- such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn and Mn are essential micro- tively and stored in normal room temperature. The seeds nutrients for human growth. Pb and Cd being toxic ele- were separated from the fruits by scraping the fruits pulp ments are well known for causing various disorders in manually. Later the seeds were sun dried for about three human8）. Tocopherols belong to the family of vitamin E days and whole seeds were powdered in grinding machine active substances which occur in plants in variable amounts （Hammer mill）. The powdered samples were than subject- and their biological antioxidative activity varies between ed to oil extraction with petroleum ether（60℃-80℃）as individual compounds9）. Vegetable oils provide the best solvent in Soxhlet apparatus as per standard methods. The sources of vitamin E. oil was thus obtained after the solvent was removed under The utility of oils depend on their properties and these reduced temperature and pressure through rotavapour. compositions10）. Lack of information on their composition The oil samples thus obtained were immediately analyzed, and utilization can be considered as a barrier than real where delay is anticipated oils are stored in refrigerator at shortage of oils. Hence, in the present approach, a detailed 4℃. Physico-chemical properties like refractive index, sa- investigation has been performed on the physico-chemical ponification value and acid value of the oils were deter- properties, metal composition and tocol content of six tree- mined following the established method. Refractive index borne oilseeds from North-East India which are found to was determined at room temperature using Abbe’s Refrac- be rich in oleic acid and have been attempted to under- trometer. Iodine value was determined by Wijs’ Method. stand their commercial exploitation in future. The six Fatty Acid Methyl Ester（FAME）was prepared from the oil plants that have been selected for study were confirmed in using Indian standard methods. The FAME was identified 106 J. Oleo Sci. 69, (2) 105-114 (2020) Tree-borne Oilseeds Table 2 Folklore uses of the studied oilseed trees. Sl. Species Name Medicinal Property Plant Parts Used Common Uses No. The seed formulations are used to treat pneumonia at Sivasagar district of Assam11). In Mizoram, the plant is called Chrysophyllum Seeds, fruit, 1. The fruit contains a significant amount of Theipabuan and the ripen fruits roxburghii leaves amino acids and minerals12). The leaves are are eaten locally14). antibacterial13). Dysoxyllum Tender twigs and leaves decoction are taken for Leaves, twigs, The wood is reddish in colour 2. procerum diarrhea and dysentery15). wood and used in furniture. Elaeocarpus Plant parts are used in diarrhoea and dysentery, Fruits, Leaves, Unripe fruits are used as 3. robustus mouth-wash for inflammation of gums16). bark pickles17). Dried whole plant powder is mixed with water, Clausena and sprayed over the face to get sense from suffruticosa Whole plant, Stem bark is pounded and used 4.
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