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Kampung Oriented Development Model: a Rapid Appraisal of Local Communities

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Kampung Oriented Development Model: a Rapid Appraisal of Local Communities Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 119 2 - 11 Kampung Oriented Development Model: A Rapid Appraisal of Local Communities Muhammad Sani Roychansyah, Andyan Diwangkari 16 ABSTRACT It is obvious that compact city development nowadays becomes wider- spread as one of believed implementation to achieve a sustainable urban form and to reach sustainable communities. The strategy has popularly been tried to be implemented in developed countries in various efforts progressively. In the same time, under debates and unclear situation yet, approaches to deliver compactness strategy are also tried to be applied in developing countries. One of potentials and challenges of this compact city strategy is how to apply its concept into densely, mixed-use, organic, and slum conditions of kampungs as main spatial structure of urban settlements in Indonesia. This paper firstly revisits kampung as an important space unit for social, economy, and physical entity in Indonesian urban structure. Discussion of kampung is also positioned to relate its significances to deal with housing and settlement problems in urban area. A kampung oriented development (KOD) is introduced as an underlying model for compact city development model in Indonesian cities. Based on some propositions of developed model, this paper furthermore aims to examine direct responses from communities of Yogyakarta’s kampungs through a rapid appraisal method. Some findings such as population density control, vertical living based on actual kampung life, tradition and awareness to carry out activities inside kampungs , support public transport use that suitable with the needs, optimum size of kampung that corresponds to kampung facilities and infrastructure provision, as well as some specific programs related to social welfare improvement may adapt and improve appropriateness as well as other future directions of city compactness development in a developing country to deal with its community concerns. Keywords : Compact City, Kampung Revisited, Kampung Oriented Development, Rapid Appraisal, Sustainable Communities 16 Department of Architecture and Planning, Gadjah Mada University III - 120 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area 1. HOUSING PROBLEMS IN URBAN AREA Housing problem is impossibly discussed without related to other daily life factors, from its social dimension to development technique. Clearly in the constitution of Indonesia in article 28H point 1, is described that “Each person has a right for a life of well-being in body and mind, to a place to dwell, to enjoy a good and healthy environment, and to receive medical care.” Explicitly, since dwelling is people basic need therefore it should be based on a comprehensive policy, strategy, as well as program towards an integrative sustainable condition. Indonesia has a huge number of population, estimated in 2009, the number of population will reach 228 million inhabitant (Biro Pusat Statistik, 2008). Population growth will be constantly high, around 1.4% during 2005- 2010. From this one fourth billion of people, half will reside in urban areas. Based on BPS 2008 population census data, population rate that lives in urban areas increases from 35.9% in 1995 to 48.3% in 2005. In 2025, this proportion will change and there will be 68% of Indonesia population lives in urban areas. This phenomenon describes that urbanization level in Indonesia still tend to be higher in the near future. This inevitably brings some consequences on difficulties to control urban sprawl and to manage urban degradation in many parts of urban areas. Moreover, since limitation of urban carrying capacity, this urbanization process is inevitably not followed by better level of urban welfare conditions, including house affordability. The low level of this housing affordability automatically would trigger growth of inadequate condition or slum in urban areas. In Indonesia nowadays is noted that there are 54.000 hectares of slum areas and spread in more than 10.000 locations. Besides, data of backlog of housing from Bappenas (2005) also shows that in 2009 this number will stand at around 11.6 million. Big part of this backlog of housing will unavoidably happen in urban areas. Indeed this number of backlog will be higher if such building fairness, land ownership, and other related indicators are considered. The backlog of housing or discrepancy on housing supply has already been discussed intensively in policy level. Akil (2004) has tried to simulate that every year started from 2004, housing supply should provide 1.2 million/year to bridge this gap. However, from this scenario, undoubtedly government and other stakeholders in formal sectors (private sector and other NGO scheme) is just able to provide maximally 15% from total demand. The rest of 85% demand as recent real condition has traditionally been supplied by informal housing sector or community sector. According to these conditions, The State Minister of Public Housing has launched several related programs such as GNPSR (National Movement for One Million Houses), Gerakan Seribu Tower (Development for Thousands Tower of Housing), development housing in big scale area through site ready development (Kasiba/Lisiba) and housing development interrelated with regional development (RP4D). However, these national housing policies and strategies (KSNPP), especially in urban areas, have still faced many problems seriously. One of Informal Settlements and Affordable Housing 2009 III - 121 biggest issues is that this strategy is somehow lost from actual context of urban system where kampung or other traditional settlement are still dominant and takes an important role in Indonesian urban structure. For these inappropriate transformations, model or approach of housing or settlement development is usually getting wider discrepancies with aimed markets, focus problems that want to be prioritized, and interrelated recent actual issues such as sustainability. 2. KAMPUNG AS URBAN SETTLEMENT MODEL Kampung is a familiar word in Indonesia urban space and has very strong relationship with Indonesian culture itself. Etymologically, Sullivan (1992) differentiated clearly that desa is a residential area within a rural and kampung as residential area within a city. In kampung , people can find social-culture pattern ala Indonesia. Nowadays kampung , which physically becomes a multi dimension residential area where it covers not only physical term of settlement, but also social, economic, and cultural entities. Kampung was born through strong relationship along its urban history and grows organically based on internal and external carrying capacity. However, recent kampung mostly positioned into negative pole in urban development discussion with its higher densely inhabitant, dominated by poor and disadvantaged residents with lack of access to basic infrastructure. Discussions about kampung (refers to a residential or settlement area within a city ) in Indonesia are varies, complex, and interesting to show some existence problems in Indonesia cities (see for example; Setiawan, 2003, Steinberg, 1998, Guiness, 1986, Turner, 1985). Nas (1987) explicitly wrote that Indonesian cities cannot be analyzed without discussing kampung as integral part of the cities. Setiawan (2003) additionally stressed that despite the clear significance of kampung for Indonesian society, the Indonesian government continues to ignore the socio-political aspects of development in kampung , especially in housing markets. It means that social considerations that are vital to the formulation of urban and housing policies have thus been neglected. It substantially does not solve the basic problems of housing in Indonesia. As considerable beliefs, kampung in Indonesia really takes an important role substantially in the process of urban development. As informal or popular settlement sectors in other developing countries, kampung settlements have provided serviceable and affordable shelter for a majority of Indonesian urban households, more than 80% (McGee, 1996). As Setiawan (2003) stated, kampung represents a dynamic process by which groups of people-- mostly the poor--provide their own housing, control their environments, and engage in collective efforts or mutual assistances ( gotong royong ) to improve their lives. Despite its clear significance of kampung for providing space for urban housing, the Indonesian government continues to favour the formal housing sector and to direct its assistance to it. Kampung from perspective of Indonesia government has been neglected as potential resource and confirmed as impermanent solution to cope with recent housing problems. III - 122 Sustainable Slum Upgrading in Urban Area Development that really focused on kampung development was popularly named KIP ( Kampung Improvement Program). Based on Susilo and Taylor (1995) the KIP was initiated in 1969 coincided with Repelita I (midterm national development program), primarily to alleviate the low physical living conditions of the kampungs , using a minimum of technical and administrative resources. However, KIP was only focused on an infrastructure upgrading program for kampungs based on the needs of installation and improvement for roads, pathways, water supplies, drainage, and sanitation. Assumption that the idea of improvement of limited housing and infrastructure would also stimulate the improvement the socio-economic conditions in kampung community, should be reviewed again. In fact, as Setiawan (2003) indicated, that these physical improvements
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