Q994.41 Jai II I --ZW4W·· COVE · AUTHORITY ·

Dawes Point Battery, I The Rocks

I

History, Preliminary Archaeology and Research Design

Report pa·epared by A. Wayne Johnson and Louise Zarmati

Q994.41 J(H

I llil~lllijlll~f~~ lllillfl~l H00454 I , The Rocks I

I Contents I 1.1 Dawes' , 1788-1791 ...... 3 1.2 Construction of The Battery, 1789 ...... 6 I 1.3 Dawes Point, 1789-1819 ...... 8 1. 4 The Battery and Greenway Building, 1819-185 6 ...... 10 I 1.5 Expansion and Use as a Military Installation, 1856-1880s ...... 13 1.6 An Urban Landscape, 1880s- 1925 ...... 14 I 1.7 Construction of the , 1925 to Present...... 16 2.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT: EXCAVATION OF TRENCHES ...... 18 I 2.1 Description ofthe Remains ...... 18 2.2 Conclusion ...... 21 I 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN ...... 22 3 .1 Da\ves' ...... 22 I 3.2 The Battery ...... 22 3.3 The Greenway Building ...... 24 I 3.4 Military Personnel and their Families ...... 24 3 .5 The Military in The Rocks and Millers Point ...... 26 I 3.6 Other Uses ofthe Site ...... 26 4.0 REFERENCES ...... 27 I 4.1 Prim~ry Sources ...... 27 4.2 Secondary Sources ...... 27 5.0 COMPARATIVE TABLE OF RESEARCH DESIGN ...... 29 I .J !J. f"\ I ~ ll l ,j I I Authority, Apri/1995 I 2 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks I 1.0 HISTORY OF DAWES POINT

I 1.1 Dawes' Observatories, 1788-1791 I 1.11 The First Observatory In September 1786, after the decision was made to send the to Botany Bay, Second Lieutenant William Dawes of the contacted Nevil Maskelyne, the Astronomer I Royal. Dawes offered to join the colonial expedition in order to make astronomical observances, specifically to test Maskelyne's prediction that Halley's comet would return in 1788 and be visible first in the southern hemisphere. Maskelyne arranged for the Board of I Longitude to approve an astronomical project for Dawes and to lend the instruments to the Fleet.1 The First Fleet landed at Sydney Cove in January 1788, and by August2 Dawes had I established a wooden observatory on the western point of Sydney Cove, which he named Point Maskelyne.3 The point was subsequently named after Dawes. I Southwell explains, A Mr. Dawes. lieutenant of marines, and also astronomer, whose abilities in that science are such that he is under the direction of the Board of I Longitude for the purpose of making some singular observations while in this country, to effect which he has a valuable sett of instruments, and an I observatory is erected. 4 The observatory was located a short distance from the encampment. Hunter's first map of Sydney Cove, (Fig. 1} dated March 1, 1788 already shows location ofthe observatory and the I positions of the tents.5 In July 1788 Captain Watkin Tench says that the observatory is, . . . nearly completed, and when fitted up with the telescopes and other I astronomical instruments sent out by the Board of Longitude, will afford a desirable retreat from the listlessness of a camp evening at . One of the principal reasons which induced the Board to grant this I apparatus was, for the purpose of enabling Lieutenant Dawes, of the I S. Saunders, Astronomy in Colonial , unpublished Ph.D. thesis, , 1990. I pp. 76-77. 2 Collins, D.,An Account ofthe English Colony in New South Wales, London, 1789. Vol. 1, p. 15. 3 Dawes to Maskelyne, 17 November, 1788, The Board of Longitude Papers. Cited inS. Saunders, p. 77. I 4 HRA I, 47. Cited in Tench, Sydney's First Four Years. Fn. 6, p. 118. 5 Surveyed by Captain John Hunter and inscribed, 'The position of the encampment & buildings are as they stood 1st. March, 1788', in W. Bradley manuscript, Jouma/1786-92. Reproduced in T. McCormick, First I Views ofAustralia, 1788-1825: A History ofEarly Sydney. 1988. p. 38. I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 3 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I marines, (to whose care it is intrusted) to make observations on a comet which is shortly expected to appear in the southern hemisphere. 6 I Dawes chose an exposed sandstone outcrop on the western side of the cove to build the observatory because it would provide a solid foundation for the mounting of the instruments, especially the quadrant. 7 I The quadrant was the most important instrument. It was used to measure local time with Greenwich time, as well as and longitude. It was necessary for this delicate instrument to be set onto an unmovable foundation so that the readings were accurate.8 I Tench records that hundreds of observations and calculations were recorded which estimated the position of the observatory at

I 33 °52 '30" south, and the longitude at 151 °20' 30" east ofGreenwich.9

By April 30, 1788 Dawes sent a sketch (Fig. 2) of the completed wooden observatory to I Maskelyne.l o He says,

I have, notwithstanding with the assistance offour marines of my own party I and three or four convicts when the Governor has allowed me, cleared a point of land of trees, and am now getting on as fast as possible with an observatory which I hope will be completed and the instruments in it by July I sometime. This has not however been done without a good deal of my own and my servants' bodily labour which shall when necessary be cheerfUlly employed in the same cause. The situation struck me at first sight to be so I eligible and all the necessary materials so conveniently at hand, that I did not hesitate a moment to determine on setting about a permanent one at once a sketch will say more than words. II I The diagram Dawes drew in his letter shows that the observatory was split level: on the higher level was the octagonal quadrant room which sat on top of the rock, and the larger rectangular room was built on the lower level abutting the rock. He also provides a good written description I of the structure of the building. The dimensions of the lower room were given as sixteen feet long by twelve feet wide.

I ..~I have got an exceeding good stone cut into the form of a fulstrum of an octagonal pyramid whose base is 2.5 fl and top 1.5 fl this is to be placed on I the center of the octagonal rooms and the quadrant on the top of it. The

6 Tench, p. 72 I 7 Saunders, p. 77. 8 Saunders, p. 84. I 9 Tench, p. 72. 10 Letter from Dawes to Maske1yne with description and sketch of observatory, Dawes' correspondence, 1786- 92, Greenwich Observatory. Cited in R. J. McAfee (ed.),Dawes's Meteorological Journal. 1981. pp. 16-17. I 11 Cited in Saunders, p. 78. I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 4 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I roof is to tum around on three or more rollers. A stair case of communication between the upper and lower room, and the proposed place for the astronomical clock. The roof of the lower room is to be so I constructed and to make good against the side of the upper room and the ridge ofit is to be several inches below the top ofthe quadrant.12

I During the first week of July 1788 Dawes moved into the wooden observatory. By the beginning of August he had all the instruments on shore, unpacked and fixed ready for use, including the quadrant 13 and by the first week of August had begun to search for Halley's I comet.I4 I 1.12 The Second Observatory One year later, in July 1789, David Collins wrote that,

The observatory building15 which was erected on our first landing being I found small and inconvenient, as well as for the purpose of observing as for the residence of Lieutenant Dawes and the reception of the astronomical instruments, the stone-cutters began preparing stone to construct another, I the materials for which were found in abundance on the spot, the west point ofthe Cove./6

I This evidence, together with Dawes' letter to Maskelyne below indicates that a second, more substantial stone observatory, was constructed to replace the original wooden one. It is likely I that the battery was also built at the same time. In April 1790 Dawes wrote to Maskelyne saying that he had moved to a comfortable house and II that the instruments were well mounted with the clock and the quadrant being particularly well­ fixed. He mentioned the security and new locations of the instruments in detail, with special reference to the quadrant, claiming,

I could you see it... [you would think that] it could not be better .fixed.17 Various views of early Sydney from 1788 to 1819 clearly show only one building on the site, I as wells as the flagstaff and the guns mounted on the battery.l8 On the early mapsl9 the I 12 Dawes to Maskel)1le, 30 April, 1788, The Board of Longitude Papers. Cited in Saunders, p. 81. 13 Ibid, p. 87. 'I 14 Ibid, p. 100. 15 Dawes to Maskel)1le, 16 April, 1790, The Board ofLongitude Papers. Cited in Saunders, p. 111. I 16 Collins, D., Vol. l, p. 61. Cited in Saunders, p. 112. 17 Saunders, pp. 111-112. 18 See relevant maps and paintings in this document taken from T. McCormick, First Views ofAustralia, 1788- I 1825: a History ofEarly Sydney. 1988. I Sydney Cove Authority, April 1995 I 5 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I building is labelled 'observatory', but on Lesueur's map of 1802 (Fig. 3) he describes it as a 'signal house' ('Batterie du Pavilion des Signaux').20 It is most likely once Dawes left the colony in 1791 the function of the building changed from an observatory to a guardhouse and I the whole area was dedicated to defensive and military purposes. Depictions of Dawes Point indicate that this single building was demolished in 1819 and replaced by the castellated I guardhouse designed by . 1.13 Archaeological Evidence I In October 1925, while demolition of buildings on the site was being carried out to build the southern approaches to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, a stone marked 'RIR 1789' (Fig. 4) was found in the internal stone wall of the old military building.21 In a letter of 19 February, 1926, I Kathleen Butler, Secretary to the Chief Engineer of the Harbour Bridge describes the stone to the Principal Librarian of the Public Library ofNew South Wales,

[It was] probably part of the first [stone] Observatory, being afterwards I incorporated in the Military buildings, which consisted offour rooms with stone walls nearly three feet thick. It was discovered at about the centre of the building in the wall of the room marked on the plan as the Non-Com 's I room, the inscription being covered with plaster.

The great thickness of the stone walls of this part of the building prove that I they were ofa much older type than the other portion which was constructed of brick - many of the bricks being marked with a broad arrow and others I with various old brickmakers' marks. 22 Butler believed the 'RJR 1789' stone to have been part of Dawes' second stone observatory and that it was incorporated into the Greenway Building, however, it is equally possible that it was I I part of the original battery construction, and that it could have been taken from the battery and built into the Greenway Building when the battery was reinforced (rebuilt?) in 1819. Further I archaeological investigations may help to clarify this. I 1.2 Construction of The Battery, 1789 ·

I I In April 1788 Governor Phillip discharged Dawes from his duties as a marine officer on the I Sirius and ordered him to the position of Engineer and Artillery Officer. Phillip needed Dawes' I

19 See map of Sydney in 1788 attributed to Francis Fowkes, convict and watercolour of 1788 in William I Bradley's manuscript. In McCormick, pp. 37 and 38. 20 See 'Plan de la Ville de Sydney Capitale des Colonies Anglaises, Aux Terres Australes' by Lesueur. In McCormick, p. 96. I 21 The stone was found 1260 feet East and 1652 feet North from Trig. Station Eat the Time Ball Staff of and about 65 feet above sea level. AO 4/8724. 22 K. Butler to Principal Librarian, Public Library of New South Wales, 19 February, 1926, cited in Saunders, I pp. 114-115. i II Sydney Cove Authority, Aprill995 I 6

I I j I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I skills to help with the siting and construction of the of the settlement. Ross23 was not pleased with the appointment, and mentions that,

I ... the subalterns of the detachment are in no shape reliev 'd by his joining us.24 Likewise, Dawes himself did not wish to perform all the duties required for job. He complained I to Maskelyne that they prevented him from,

attending to the observatory so much as you would expect, & as I wished. .. I I soon found that almost the whole ofmy time was to be employed in business, very different indeed from that of an Engineer and Officer of Artillery, but I which I was ordered to do in consequence ofdoing those duties. 25 On 2 February 1788 Dawes visited the French settlement at La Perouse and found that they had already constructed a stockade with two small guns as a defence against attack from the I Aborigines. In July 1788, six months after establishment of the English settlement, there were still no substantial defences to protect Sydney Cove. On July 14, 1788 Ross complained that he was I concerned with the possibility of an attack from 'the Indians' whom he did not believe were,

that harmless, inoffensive race they have in general been represented to I be.26 I Likewise Tench comments on July 14, 1788 that, Amidst our public labours, that no fortified post, or place of security, is yet begun, may be a matter ofsurprise. 27 I Dawes was made responsible for constructing the first British fortifications in the colony, perhaps as a result of these complaints. The first was a small earthen redoubt constructed around the flagstaff near the southern end of Sydney Cove at what is now I Macquarie Place. It contained two 2. 7 kg iron guns. In July 1788 Dawes was instructed by Governor Phillip to construct another redoubt on the eastern side of Sydney Cove and it was I completed in November. Eight canon were brought from the Sirius.28 I

23 Robert Ross was commandant of marines. He was appointed Lieutenant Governor in 1786 and was second- I in-command to . 24 Ross to Stephens, 10 July, 1788, HRNSW, I, Part 2, p. 172. Cited in Saunders, p. 76. I 25 Dawes to Maskelyne, I 7 November, I 788, The Board of Longitudinal Papers. Cited in Saunders, pp. 9I-92. 26 Ross to Stephens, lOth July 1788, HRNSW, I, ii, 171. Cited in Tench, fn. 9, p. 118. 27 Tench, p. 72. I 28 Austin, M., The Army in , 1840-50: Prelude to the Golden Years, 1979. pp. 150-151. I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 7 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I It is not kno"'n for certain when the battery was constructed at Dawes Point, or whether Dawes himself was responsible for the construction of this fortification as well29 , but it is likely that it was built at about the same time that the stone observatory was col}Structed at the site, possibly I in 1789. It was not long before Dawes fell out of favour with Phillip.30 He was ordered to leave the Colony and departed in November 1791. As a result the observatory fell into disuse and the I whole of Dawes Point was reserved for military purposes. This is with the exception of George Street (now the extension of Lower Fort Street) which led to the public wharf and gave access to the North Shore. Although George Street effectively divided the military reserve, there do not I appear to have been any buildings constructed on the western side of the street until Barney's I works in the 1850s. 1.3 Dawes Point, 1789-1819 The following chronology was compiled from written and pictorial sources which show that the I battery was maintained and repaired when necessary until the new guardhouse, designed by Francis Greenway, was constructed in 1819.

I 1800 In 1800 the stability of the battery is called into question. The battery consists of I 0 guns and 14 embrasures formed of stone and earth miserably put together, with a parapet of twelve inches, as under, I and a breastwork four feet four inches high; the whole in such a state that many parts ofthe work fall to pieces when the guns are jired.JJ

I 1801 As a result improvements are made and by 1801 it is reported that the battery,

has been reconstructed and is now capable of annoying any vessels with I effect.32

1802 Detail from a sketch of the western side of Port Jackson by Charles Alexander I Lesueur (Fig. 5) shows Dawes Point with a single, rectangular building, flag-pole and battery.33 I

I 29 The 'R/R 1789' stone which was found in 1925 might represent the initials of Robert Ross, who could have been in charge of the construction of the battery while Dawes was responsible for the observatory. 30 On December 13, 1790 Phillip ordered Dawes to participate in a punitive expedition against the Aborigines I who were accused of killing Mr. M'Entire, Phillip's gamekeeper. Dawes objected on religious and moral groWlds and initially refused to go. He later relented informing Phillip that 'he was sorry that he had been persuaded to comply with the order'. Governor Phillip to Lord Grenville, 7 November, 1791. HRNSW, L Part I 2, p. 546. 31 Return ofGWlS and State ofBatteries, October 1, 1800. HRA. 668. 32 King to Portland, 10 March, 1801, HRA Vol. ill, 73. I 33 'Vue d'un quartier de Port-Jackson' by Charles Alexandre Lesueur, dated to 1802. In McCormick, p. 104. I Sydney Cove Authority, April 199 5 I 8 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I 1805 Detail from an unsigned watercolour dated to ca. 1805 (Fig. 6) shows a sentry on guard at Dawes Point. The rectangular building and flag-pole are clearly visible in I this view from the western side.34 1806 It is noted that of the twelve guns mounted at the battery eight were out of I operation.35 1808 Governor is arrested and a salute is fired at the battery.36 I 1811 David Dickson Mann mentions Dawes Point in his description of Sydney, Where the yellow flag is seen flying, on Dawses 's Point, there is a I Battery, and Lookout-house, 37 1812 Detail of a watercolour attributed to J.W. Lewin (Fig. 7) shows a view of Dawes I Point looking west with single, rectangular building, flag-pole and battery.38 1815-17 A view of Sydney Cove from Dawes Point looking toward Campbell's warehouses (Fig. 8) shows the walls of the battery, three cannon and a civilian in conversation I nith a soldier.39

1819 Late in the Macquarie administration a substantial stone guardhouse with I castellated tower is added to the battery. Work on the tower of the guardhouse starts on the July 24, 1819 and finishes on October 7, 1820.40

I 1818/19 Sophia Campbell paints a watercolour from Mrs Macquarie's Point41 showing Dawes Point with the single, rectangular building, the battery and cannon (Fig. I 9).42 I 34 'A View of Part of Port Jackson from Dawes's Point Sydney Cove', artist unknown. In McCormick, p. 121. I 35 Return of Ordnance, 13 August 1806, HRA, Vol. VI, 131. 36 Bligh to Castlereagh, 30 June, 1809. HRA, Vol. VI, 521. 37 Mann, D.D., The Present Picture ofNew South Wales, 1811. I 38 'Sydney from the North Shore' attributed to J.W. Lewin, ca. 1812. In McCormick, p. 149. 39 'A View of the Cove and Part of Sydney, New South Wales. Taken from Dawe's Battery', engraving by W. Preston from an original drawing by Captain Wallis. In McCormick, p. 181. I 40 Bon wick Transcripts Box 1 pp. 411-413. Evidence on plan and construction of Dawes Point Battery 1821: Cureton to Bigge. 41 The original painting must have been done before the Greenway building was constructed in 1819/20. The I artist later updated the work by adding pencil sketches of and Fort Dawes (Fig. 10), the castellated Greenway building in the upper right corner. 42 ' Sydney Battery Guard House Dawes Point' by Sophia Campbell, ca. 1818. In McCormick, p. I 159. I Sydney Cove Authority, Aprill995 I 9 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I 1.4 The Battery and Greenway Building, 1819-1856

As part of the building program of Governor Macquarie, Dawes Point Battery was upgraded I and a new guardhouse added in 1819. The new building was designed by Francis Greenway who had proposed a much grander scheme but was reduced to, I build a sort of screen in the plainest way; with embrasures towards the harbour, and to cover the walls with shingles, as it now appears, making a circular glacis for the guns now there, in consequence the whole buildings I with the magazine were spoiled in appearance and utility.·H Greenway provided a building plan to scale and visited the site an average of two to three times per week. Despite this the roofline of the final building was discovered to be off line with the I battlements.44 Plans to link the battery with Fort Macquarie on never eventuated and Dawes Point Battery was left to evolve over the years.45 The following chronology shows how the site developed as a military installation during the period 1819- I 1856.

1820 Panorama of Sydney Cove (Fig. 11) shows the south-west view of the new I Greenway guardhouse, the flagpole and guns mounted on the battery.46 I paints a watercolour (Fig. 12) which shows the front of the II Greenway building47 and the Dawes Point and Fort Macquarie fortifications guarding the entrance to the harbour.

I 1822 This earliest survey map48 (Map 1) of the site after the expansion shows the basic structures on Dawes Point ca. 1822: the battery, the Greenway building and paths constructed to provide access from Fort Phillip, Lower George Street and I The Rocks.49

Governor Macquarie describes the site as: I A New Guard house (stone built) at Dawses Battery and the Battery itself greatly improved.50 I

43 Francis Greenway, quoted in Kerr and Broadbent, Gothick Taste in the Colony ofNSW. 1980. p.44. I 44 Bonwick Transcripts, Ibid. 45 Thorp, W., Dawes Point Reserve: a Report Prepared for Sydney Electricity, July 1994. p. 8. i I 46 'Continuation of a View from Bunkers hill Includeing daws' es (sic) battery and Fort Lachlan & South head light house', by R. Read Senr. 1820. In McCormick, p. 177. 47 'North view of Sydney, New South Wales, Joseph Lycett', 1820. In McCormick, p. 192. I 48 Dawes Point Battery, Source: SAONSW AO, Map 6313. 49 Dawes' observatory does not appear on this map of ca. 1822. It was probably demolished to make way for the Greenway building. I 50 Return ofPublic Works, Macquarie to Bathurst, 21 July, 1822. HRA Vol. X, 687. I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 10 II I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I In spite of the additions it is still criticised for its uselessness and style. The Surveyor General sees it as, i I another attempt in the style of castellated Gothic- a style ofbuilding as ill adapted to the purposes of modern defence, as the attempt at its imitation in this instance is miserably and contemptibly defective and II irregular in itself. 51

I 1826 In a dispatch dated 9 May 1826 to the Colonial Office, Lieutenant General Sir II writes to the Colonial Office regarding the defences of the colony, It has not yet been in my power to make a report respecting the defenceless state of the Colony. I shall write on the subject by an early opportunity as I am satisfied Government will not allow so valuable a I I possession to remain any longer unprotected A single frigate could in a very short time destroy the Town [of Sydney] without the possibility at I present ofpreventing it. 52 1829 Robert Burford writes, I I it [Dawes' Point Battery] is inadequate to the defence of the town I against any respectable force. 53 I 1839 A description of the battery states that, Dawes Battery is a curved jleche, the length round the crest of the parapet being 120 feet; the interior slope is two feet high and retained by I a stone wall; the remainder of the parapet is formed of earth; it mounts eighteen guns, viz., six six-pounders and twelve twelve-pounders; the whole of them are en barbette; The site of this battery is considerably I I above the level of the water.54

1842 A tinted lithograph (Fig. 13) shows three soldiers at Dawes Point Battery.55 The I cannon are not fixed, but are mounted on carriages.

1848 On November 23, 1848 Lieutenant-Colonel Gordon, Royal Engineer, submits a I report to the Governor recommending that the defences of the colony be shifted further to\vard the mouth of the harbour, at Inner South Head and Middle Head. I Gordon proposes that the inner line of defences be maintained and reinforced at II 51 Surveyor General quoted in Kerr and Broadbent, p. 4 3. 52 Cited in M. Austin, p. 151. :• 53 Burford, R. Description ofa View ofthe Town ofSydney New South Wales, 1929, p. II 54 Maclehose, J. Picture ofSydney and Strangers Guide in NSW for 1939. p. 122. II 55 Painting by George Skinner Prout.

I II Sydney CoveAuthority,Apri/1995 I 11 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I Bradley's Head, Pinchgut () and Dawes Point. The battery is to be fitted with six 56 pounder guns as, I This last named spot is very favourably situated for defence ... 56 1849 An inspectional report of May 18, 1849 describes the condition of Dawes Point I Battery as being: In a fair state with the exception of the old work on the Glacis and some breaches on the Sea Border. The only gun-carriage here is in good order I and there are no platforms unless the solid rock be considered such. 57 1850 A sketch of Dawes Point (Fig. 14) by Miss Bamey58 looking north shows the I Greenway building, the Officers' Quarters and various other buildings on the site. 1853 Governor FitzRoy appoints Colonel Barney to improve harbour defences in view of the threat of a European war with Russia. Barney uses Lieutenant-Colonel I Gordon's report of 1848 which suggested forts at Middle Head, Inner South Head and Sow and Pigs reef. Work begins immediately.

I 1854 In March 1854 Britain and France join forces with Turkey to fight against Russian expansion in the Crimean Peninsula. This has a significant effect on the defence strategies in the colony of New South Wales: the fortifications of Sydney I are strengthened59 . The threat also prompts the formation of the first volunteer forces in NSW in 1854 which included artillery.60

I 1855 Governor Denison succeeds. The British are at war with Russia and Barney is ordered to concentrate on the defence of the inner harbour for the protection of Sydney: Dawes Point Battery, Pinchgut (Fort Denison), Kirribilli Point and the II entrance to Bay (Mrs Macquarie's Chair) are reinforced.61 Works at Dawes Point Battery includes the construction of the Artillery Barracks, improvements to the semi-circular battery (at this time known as the Upper I• Battery), construction of the Lower Battery (for field artillery) and (probably) II construction of the Officers' Quarters. I

56 Cited in M. Austin, p.263.

I I 57 M. Austin, Appendix 17. 58 'Copy from the original drawing by M.J. Barney, daughter of Col. '. Victoria Barracks archive. I 59 McNicoll, R.R., The Royal Australian Engineers, 1835-1902, 1977, p. 13. 60 Ibid, p. 66. I 61 NSW Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings, 1855, Vol. 3, p.l013.

I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 12 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I 1.5 Expansion and Use as a Military Installation, 1856-1880s

1856 Detachments of the Royal Artillery are sent to Sydney to be stationed at Dawes I Point Battery. The battery is extended to include the Officers' Quarters and a double line of cannon. An upper line, consisting of the original earthworks and five mounted cannon on traversing platforms, is built. The lower line now holds I fifteen guns of which the two end cannon are mounted on platforms.62 1859 By mid-year Denison reports to the Executive Council that work at Dawes Point I Battery has been completed. Twenty guns have been mounted (the five 42 pounders in the semi-circular upper battery), and the regular artillery housed at Dawes Point Battery and Fort Denison.63

I Once the threat of a Russian attack in the Pacific is over there is no longer the need for the presence of a large number of military personnel in the colony. The British Government therefore sends many of its troops back to England. The colonial government begins to reassess I the use of Dawes Point Battery.

1870 British Regiments depart from Australia, and the responsibility for defence rests I with the local militia.

1874 Commodore James Goodenough proposes the British Naval Station in NSW be I transferred from Garden Island to Dawes Point. At first the idea is favourably received by the Colonial Government who wished to maintain Garden Island for I the 'embellishment of the harbour' .64 1875 A photograph of Dawes Point Battery (Fig. 15)65 shows the semi-circular stone blocks of the battery wall, the circular cuttings in the bedrock66 which enabled I the swivel movement of the cannon, and the cannon themselves mounted on pivots. Four cannon and ammunition are visible in the photograph. I 1876 Plan of Dawes Point (Map 2) shows a number of buildings on the site. These include the Officers' Quarters, the battery, a barracks, a blacksmith and a stable at the northern end of the site. While on the opposite side of the road a second I barracks, a guard room and a public baths are shown. The appearance of a public I I 62 Environmental Partnership Pty Ltd, Dawes Point Reserve Plan of Management, 13. 63 NSW Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings. 1858-9, Vol2, p.27. 64 Goodenough to Pasley, 20 June 1874 (PRO- Admiralty 116/828- Admiralty and Secretariat Cases 1852- I 1959), p.202. 65 SCA collection. 66 Preliminary archaeological excavations by Sydney Cove Authority in February 1995 revealed the circular I cuttings for the gun-mounts as well as the drainage gullies. I Sydney Cove Authority, April 1995 I 13 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I baths is the first sign that the battery is slipping in importance as a strictly defensive position.67

I 1.6 An Urban Landscape, 1880s - 1925

By the 1880s it was no longer necessary for Dawes Point to function as a military area. The I defences on the site soon became redundant and it was used as a recreational area, well­ integrated with the urban landscape which surrounded it. The site was comprised of several buildings and gardens, and the mounds of 'The Old Battery' could clearly be seen. New roads I and other non-military structures were added.

1878 The authorities change their minds about transferring the British Naval Station I from Garden Island to Dawes Point, deciding to build a public promenade on Dawes Point instead.68

I 1880s A ferry ramp is added on the eastern side of the sea wall for access to Blues Point (service ceased April 1931 ).69

I Mother Mary MacK.illop and the sisters of St. Joseph operate a 'Providence70' at Dawes Point (3 Cumberland St.) to administer to the poor, sick and uneducated of I the area. 1882 The Colonial Government once again offers Dawes Point to the Admiralty for use as a naval base. This is in exchange for all other lands in the Colony possessed by I the Imperial Board of Ordnance, the Commissariat Store71 and all lands claimed by the British Government (including Garden Island). The offer is accepted by the Admiralty and the Colonial Architect is instructed to draw up plans of buildings I required for the site. 72 1883 A change of government results in the offer of Dawes Point being withdrawn. The Admiralty accepts an alternative offer of £50,000 towards improving Garden I Island and this is accepted. 73 Dawes Point never again features as a proposal for I a naval base. I 67 Survey ofDa\ves Point Battery 1876, AONSW AO, Plan 1545. 68 Commodore Hoskins to Admiralty, 19 JWie 1878. PRO- Admiralty 116/828- Admiralty and Secretariat Cases 1852-1959. I 69 A photograph dated 1906 identifies the adjoining seawall and wharf as the explosives jetty. 70 A 'halfway house' which relies on 'Divine Providence', good will and donations for its existence. 71 Now the site of the Musewn of Contemporary Art. I 72 Colonial Secretary's Minute to Governor ofNSW 17 January 1882. PRO- Admiralty 116/828- Admiralty and Secretariat Cases 1852-1959. 73 Commodore Erskine to Admiralty, 27 March 1883. PRO- Admiralty 116/828- Admiralty and Secretariat I Cases 1852-1959. I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 14 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I 1886-7 The headquarters of the Defence Force is established in Phillip Street, and other offices are located at Dawes Point.74 I 1888 The Submarine Mining Corps is formed and based at Berrys Bay. Personnel are quartered at Dawes Point for a short, unspecified period.75 I 1891 Map 3 shows Dawes Point Battery, the Officers' Quarters, the Greenway guardhouse and a number of other buildings on the east side of George St. On the west side is the Artillery Barracks, guard rooms and ancillary buildings (including I stables?). By this stage the Mercantile Rowing Club (later moved George St. as the ) is located on the Harbour below the battery. The public baths, known as the Public Harbour Bath, accessible from the north western part I of George Street, are still present. A photograph (Fig. 16)76 shows General Harry Finn and his son riding on horseback along the western side of the Dawes Point military compound?? . They I are riding past the back of the Artillery Barracks and the public bath house is in the background.

I 1900 The Rocks. including Dawes Reserve, is resumed by the government ofNSW.

1902-4 Brigadier General Harry Finn and family reside in the Officers' Quarters in his I role as Commandant of New South Wales forces. The photographs (Figs. 17 &18)78 show Finn with his wife and children standing outside the stone-built Officers' Quarters79 . A photograph of the interior of one of the rooms of the I Officers' Quarters (Fig. 19) shows the decor to be a mixture of middle-class Victorian domestic with Finn's collection of antique military paraphernalia.80

I A photograph from the Finn collection81 is taken from Dawes Point Barracks looking toward (Fig. 20). It shows the Finn family at the battery I with horses in the foreground and three cannon in the background. I 74 NSW Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings, 1887-88, Vol2, p.l. I 75 NSW Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings, 1889, Vol2, p.l59. 76 Finn papers, Victoria Barracks archive, Sydney. 77 Pier One, built in 1912, is now located on the site. I 78 Finn Papers, Victoria Barracks archive, Sydney. 79 Documentary evidence such as this, as well as a birth certificate (Margaret Cole, daughter of Artilleryman William Cole, born 1856) indicate that wives and children of the servicemen were also housed at this I military site. 80 Finn's collection now forms part of the Victoria Barracks Museum collection. I 81 Finn Collection, Victoria Barracks archive, Sydney.

I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 15 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I 1911-1912 Between these years the Sydney Harbour Trust demolishes the Artillery Barracks and other buildings on the western side of George (Lower Fort) Street, to create Hickson Road as an access to the new Walsh Bay wharves. This part of the site is I quarried extensively obliterating all traces of the buildings.

A plan of the Greenway building and environs dating to 1912 indicates the I proposal to demolish a row of structures behind the Greenway building along George (Lower Fort) Street. The raising of floor levels in the rear rooms of the building is also noted. This work coincided with the widening of the road (thus I necessitating the demolition works) and the construction of Pier One. The current retaining wall along Lower Fort Street dates to this year82 . I The location of the new Government Mint at Dawes Point is proposed.83 1917-1925 Photographs of the site prior to the completion of the Harbour Bridge indicate the existence of two buildings on either side of the Officers' Quarters, which appear I to have a brick ground floors and fibrous cement clad upper floor/ floors. A plan of the Officers' Quarters dating to 1917 does not show these structures. It is possible that they were built as part of the offices for the Bridge construction I company, Dmman and Long.

A photograph of Dawes Point Battery taken ca.l920 (Fig. 21)84looking west I shows one of the cannon of the battery and a retaining wall dividing the battery from the Greenway building and Water Police Building. The bedrock cuttings for I the battery are clearly visible in the foreground of the photograph. By the early part of the twentieth century the battery had ceased to be used by the military. From 1925 part of the barracks was used by the Sydney Water Police I while other barracks buildings were used as a trades school.85

I 1. 7 Construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, 1925 to Present As early as 1815 Francis Greenway devised a plan for the construction of a bridge to span the entrance to Sydney harbour, and several variations, as well as a tunnel option, were proposed I thereafter.- The controversial engineer J.J. Bradfield selected the bridge design by Donnan Long and Company, and the construction contract was awarded to the architects Sir John I Burnett and Partners in 192486 .

I 82 Test trench 5 revealed a flight of 17 steps leading from the rear of the Greenway building to the street. A former entrance at the foot of the stairs had been blocked with ashlar masomy. I 83 AOplan 1756-1757 and 1761. 84 Harbour Bridge photographs, AO 4/8724 85 AO Plan 6317 I 86 Spearritt, P. , The Sydney Harbour Bridge, Allen & Unwin, 1985, p27. I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 16 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I 1925 Construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge begins on the site with the demolition of the Greenway building, the battery and associated buildings.87

I 1925-1931 During the period of the construction of the Harbour Bridge, remaining buildings on the site are used to house the offices of Dorman Long and Co., the Bridge I engineers. 1926 Photograph taken in 1926 (Fig. 22) shows Dawes Point as a construction site for the building of the south pylon of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Most of the I buildings on the site have been demolished. The photography in Figure 23 is taken at the end of Hickson Road, in from of Pier One. It shows the remaining buildings on the Dawes Point site and the retaining wall88 along Lower Fort I Street. 1931 The remaining buildings, including the Officers' Quarters which had been used as an office for the Bridge construction workers, were demolished as the Bridge was I completed and prepared for opening in 1932. I 1933 Dawes Point Park is proclaimed in the Government Gazette. 1995 Sydney Cove Authority begins trial archaeological excavation of the former I Dawes Point Battery. I I I I I I I 87 See photographs of demolition of Dawes Point Battery and Greenway building. 88 One of the doorways in the retaining wall which had been blocked off was discovered in Trench 4 during I preliminary excavations in February 1995. See attached Trench Report. I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 17 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks I 2.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT: EXCAVATION OF TRENCHES

I 2.1 Description of the Remains

Five Trenches were excavated at the site of the Dawes Point Battery in order to ascertain I precisely the location of the fanner battery buildings, and the degree of preservation of potential remains. Figs 23 & 24 show the location of these trenches in relation to the Battery I buildings in 1900 and the current park (scale I :500). All trenches were oriented East-West, the anticipated orientation of the Battery buildings as I indicated in historical plans. 2.11 Trench 1: The Battery

This trench was sited so as to locate the actual battery with its gun emplacements. I Documentary sources and photographs indicated that the battery was cut into the bedrock along with other features connected with the function of the artillery pieces.

I Beneath layers of fill containing Bridge construction debris, the bedrock base of the battery was revealed. A circular groove cut into the rock indicated the turning circle for a cannon, believed to correspond \\ith the centre (no. 3) cannon in the battery. A pier for the Bradfield Highway I slightly cuts this gun emplacement. Also associated with this part of the battery is what appears to be the close fitting covering slabs of a sandstone drain. This feature is evident in Prout's I view ofthe battery in 1842. The trench did not extend as far as the earthwork (east), nor to the back (western extremity) of I the battery. In sununary, the remains in Trench 1 indicate that minimal impact was made on the battery itself and that, as expected, the ground level was raised in 1925, thus buffering the battery from I potential damage done by any heavy machinery working in this area. An overlay of the 1900 site plan and the current trenches (fixed on the location of the stairs in Trench 3) shows that the I position of the located gun emplacement is out by approximately 0.5 metres (Fig. 23). 2.12 Trench 2: Greenway Building

This trench was situated in line with Trench 1, further to the west. It was originally sited on the I expected position of the Greenway building constructed in 1819. Apart from a copper water pipe installed post-1925, no archaeological features were detected in this trench. Fill layers including debris from the Bridge construction were situated on top of bedrock. Over most of its I surface the bedrock appears to have been scoured by heavy machinery. No cuts for foundations etc, were discerned.

I It is possible that the remains here may have been removed by the constant eroding of the surface as part of building works, this being the highest point in the reserve. Alternatively, when the stair was discovered in Trench 3 (see below) the overlay of the Greenway building I and the modern plan was aligned and it appears that this trench may in fact have missed the I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 18 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I Greenway building by as little as 30cm. This then locates the trench coinciding with a hallway in the 1850s infill building between the Greenway building and its north wing. Nevertheless, no architectural features survive where one might expect to find the substantial stone curtain wall I between the central and north wings of the Greenway building. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Sydney Cove Authority, April 199 5 I 19 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I 2.13 Trench 3: Rear of the Greenway Building/ Stair to Lower Fort St.

This trench was located adjacent to the stone retaining wall at Lower Fort Street, in the vicinity I of the blocked doorway visible from the street. This was the rear of the Greenway building where a fight of steps is indicated on plans from 1865 onwards.

I Immediately below the 1925 demolition material two concrete/ bitumen paved surfaces were encountered between which was a cast concrete flight of 17 steps leading down to the blocked doorway. It is obvious from the cast-concrete technology of the stair construction that they I were built after the late 19th century. It is therefore concluded that the stair was modified at the time of the widening of the street in 1912, coinciding with the demolition of the former buildings located at the rear of the Greenway building, and the construction of the retaining I wall. If this were the case, this stair was only in use for about 13 years before demolition.

The 1912 plan of the Greenway building indicates that the floor level of the rear wings of the I building were to be raised at this time. It is possible that the level of the rear yard area was raised at this time and paved, also necessitating an increase in the number of steps. I Amongst the sandstone fill in the stair well there were a number of worked sandstone blocks with rounded profiles. It is probable that these were decorative architectural elements on the fa<;:ade of the Greenway building.

I 2.14 Trench 4: Retaining Wall at the Rear of the Battery

This trench was located in the vicinity of the retaining wall at the rear of the battery at its I northern extremity.

Although no wall was uncovered, an outcrop in the bedrock had been worked to accommodate I the foundations of the wall. To the east, throughout the rest of the trench, the excavation was taken down to a layer of bitumen paving. This appears to correspond with the base of the battery at the entrance to the ramp which led to the Officers' Quarters. As with the preceding I trenches, the fill layers above the remains were debris associated with the construction of the Bridge. I 2.15 Trench 5: Officers' Quarters I Trench 5 was sited in the vicinity of the Officers' Quarters. Approximately one metre of fill covered the archaeological remains which consisted of the I following: 1. Paved bitumen yard 2. Sandstone flagging- most probably relating to a pathway I 3. Concrete paving The sandstone flagging is probably related to a pathway indicated in this vicinity in a I photograph of the Officers' Quarters dating to 1902-3. The bitumen may be belong to a similar

I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 20 I ------I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I date, abutting the flagging. A similarly dated photograph indicates the use of bitumen as a yard surface near the building. Alternatively the bitumen may have been laid during the bridge I construction period from 1925-1931. The concrete paving appears to be a verandah. Its position coincides with the southernmost room of the Officers' Quarters. After 1925 this room was either demolished or else I incorporated into a substantial brick and fibrous cement-clad structure to the south of the Officers' Quarters (seen in Fig 2, lower right). I The fill above these remains consisted of building demolition rubble, almost certainly from the demolition of the structures in this vicinity after the completion of the Bridge decking, piers and I pylon in 1931. 2.2 Conclusion

I The test excavations have indicated that a substantial amount remains of the buildings associated with the Battery. Since the site had been terraced between the Greenway building and the Officers' Quarters, and in view ofthe depth (1 metre) of fill in Trench 5 it is expected I that archaeological remains here will be particularly well preserved.

All deposits removed from the site consisted of fill layers associated with the construction of I the Harbour Bridge or demolition material of the Battery Buildings themselves. No deposits dating before 1925 were disturbed. Further excavation would provide valuable information for I the answering of questions relating to the Research Design proposed for this site. I I I I I I I I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 21 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks I 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN

I 3.1 Dawes' Observatory Dawes' descriptions are detailed enough to provide us with clues as to where the archaeological remains of the Observatory might be found today. A number of pieces of documentary I evidence serve as indicators for the archaeological investigation: 1. Records which give the longitudinal and latitudinal positioning of the Observatory as I latitude 33 o 52 '30" and longitude to be 151 o 20' 2. Dawes' statement that he built the Observatory on a solid stone foundation so that the instruments could be fixed to it. Because it was necessary to fix both the quadrant and the I clock firmly to the rock surface in order to take accurate readings, it is possible that the rock and its cuttings may still be in situ and able to be detected with careful and systematic I archaeological excavation. 3. Collins's mention that the stone for the construction of the second observatory was quarried from the site. Quarry marks may also be in evidence in the archaeological record.

I The following questions have emerged from careful study of the primary sources for the site. Excavation of the site may lead to their clarification:

I 1. How many building phases were there for Dawes' Observatory? 2. How many buildings stood on the site between 1789/90 and 1819? I 3. Was the second observatory (which Collins calls the 'stone' observatory) made entirely of stone, or did it simply have stone foundations and a superstructure of different materials? Should the site of the Dawes Point Observatory be located, archaeological information from it I may shed light on one of the earliest scientific undertakings in the Colony.

I 3.2 The Battery Dawes Point Battery is the earliest in a series of fortifications erected in Sydney for the I protection of the Colony against naval attack. Along with the fortifications at the Heads, Forts Denison, Macquarie and Phillip, and Mrs Macquarie's Battery, Dawes Point Battery is an integral part of the development of Colonial defence.

I After its initial construction in 1789 the Battery underwent a number of upgrades of facilities, reflecting the changing technologies and defence strategies during its life. Most significant of these are the 1819 Greenway, and 1850s Barney works. Apart from scanty historical references I to these works, and a number of illustrations, little is actually known about the phases of the fort's development. No engineering nor architectural plans have been located.

I National Parks and Wildlife Service, with National Estate Grant funding, are currently completing a heritage study of harbour fortifications under their jurisdiction. This of course excludes Dawes Point Battery and Fort Phillip, the two earliest fortifications which are both I located within the area of the Rocks and Millers Point Archaeological Management Plan. The I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I 22 I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

proposed excavations are anticipated to reveal information on the development of the fortifications not available from historic sources, and reflect the changing attitudes to the defence of Sydney from the foundation of the Colony to the building of the Harbour Bridge, a period of over 140 years.

Sydney Cove Authority, April 1995

23 I II Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks I 3.3 The Greenway Building I In 1819 Francis Greenway, a civil architect, was given the task by Governor Macquarie of constructing a guardhouse and improving the fortifications at Dawes Point. The result was a castellated fa<;:ade, one of the earliest examples of Gothick Picturesque architecture in I Australia. The design was criticised for many reasons; the fmal building differed in dimensions from Greenway's plans and the structure was decorative rather than strategic. The guard house was set high above the actual battery, making it a prime, and easy target in the event of attack. I It was initially believed that the guardhouse was built in this exposed position due to topographic considerations however test trenching has revealed that in all probability the bedrock in this vicinity occurred at the same level as the battery and that the Greenway building I was elevated on a terrace to make it more visible from the harbour. To what extent, therefore, was the Greenway building a practical fortification, or does the evidence of its siting indicate it to be more a "stage set".

I Of the handful of Greenway buildings still standing, it is virtually impossible to examine in detail such architectural issues such as site preparation, treatment of the foundations etc. Amongst Greenway's first tasks in 1815 was to supervise the completion of the Sydney I Hospital in Macquarie Street. His main concern was that the foundations were poorly made, a valid criticism in view of the problems that were to face the buildings over the next 180 years. Few, if any, Greenway buildings exist as archaeological remains only. The excavation of I remains associated with Greenway's guard house therefore have the potential to reveal information about the architect's skills. A similar case is the recent Watkins Terrace excavations at Haymarket at which were uncovered foundations of a building by the I Government Architect Ambrose Hallen. None of Hallen's work has survived and the remains provided information considered valuable by the Institutions of Engineers and of Architects.

I The remains of the Greenway building can also provide technical information as to the types of bricks used in the construction and composition of the mortar, both key issues in current debates over the origins of early Government buildings such as Old Government House, I , and the nearby Dairy. I 3.4 Military Personnel and their Families The Battery was, of course, staffed by detaclunents from the British Regiments stationed in the Colony until their withdrawal in 1870. The men who operated the Battery were, if married, I accompanied by their families and often accommodated on the site. Certainly in the 1850s substantial quarters were erected for officers and their families. After 1870 the Battery was staffed by volunteer Colonial Militia. At this stage it is unclear to what extents the barrack I buildings were occupied by Battery personnel. On the other hand it is known that at least one high ranking officer lived with his family at the Officers Quarters in the 1890s even though he I was stationed at Victoria Barracks. Further historical research will provide details of the staffmg of the Battery throughout its life, hopefully shedding some light on the spouses and children of the personnel. Current research I has revealed the birth of a child, Margaret, to William Cole, stationed at the Battery, and his

I I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995 I II 24 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I wife Margaret in 1858. The Battery is given as the place of birth. Can the archaeological evidence, therefore, provide information as to the sorts of activities that the non-military occupants of the Battery were engaged in, and thus do these activities differ from other I domestic sites? Being an institution, do the domestic wares reflect personal tastes or are they Government issue? Can changes in any of these trends be detected over the life of the Battery, I particularly in the change from British regimental personnel to Colonial Militia? I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Sydney CuveAuthority, Apri/1995 I 25 I I I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks I 3.5 The Military in The Rocks and MiJJers Point I Dawes Point Battery is one of a number of military sites within The Rocks and Millers Point. Other sites related to the Battery are the former Military Hospital (now National Trust Headquarters) and Fort Phillip on Observatory Hill and the Garrison Church at Argyle Place. I The area still maintains military connections; from 1915 the 1st General Hospital Unit, and successively since 1988 the 1st Army Psychology Unit have been located next door to the Garrison Church. At the Church itself a museum dedicated to the Vietnam War has been I established. Other sites within the area have turned up buttons from military uniforms­ sometimes from regiments stationed at the Battery. Dawes Point Battery is thus an important artefact in itself an within the cultural landscape of The Rocks and Millers Point. The archaeological excavations are intended to promote this factor as part of the heritage of The I Rocks which sets it apart from other residential areas of Sydney.

I 3.6 Other Uses of the Site Following the withdrawal of the British Garrison the site was utilised for other activities I besides defence. From historical records it is known that part of the site was used as an office for the Water Police and another half-way house run by Mother Mary MacKillop in the late 19th century. Following the reclamation of Princes and Cumberland Streets for the Bridge construction the site provided temporary accommodation for displaced persons awaiting I housing. The Officers Quarters served as offices for Dorman and Long between 1925 and 1931. Evidence from the excavations may therefore shed some light on these non-military uses I of the site. 3.61 A Cemetery?

I Reminiscences of The Rocks recorded at the turn of the century have indicated that Dawes Point was the place of internment for condemned criminals, hanged at the old Sydney Gaol (1797-1830s). It is well documented that Private Thomas Brennan was executed here by firing I squad in 1832, his body buried near the earthwork of the Battery.

If human remains are uncovered there will be the need to treat them reverently, and in accord I with established procedures. Depending on the management options for re-internment, the remains may lend themselves for forensic examination for what they reveal about the state of health of the individual prior to death, and collectively what they may reveal about their I contemporaries. I I I

I Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995

I I 26 I I

I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks I

I 4.0 REFERENCES I 4.1 Primary Sources Bradley, W. Journal 1786-92

I Burford, R. Description of a View of the Town of Sydney New South Wales, (1929), Facsimile Edition, Library of Australian I History, 1978. Collins, D. An Account of the English Colony in New South I Wales, London, 1789. Mann, D.O. The Present Picture ofNew South Wales, 1811. I Tench, W. Sydney's First Four Years, 1979 Edition. Historical Records ofNew South Wales I Historical Records ofAustralia NSW Legislative Assembly Votes and Proceedings

I 4.2 Secondary Sources

Austin, M., The Army in Australia, 1840-50: Prelude to the Golden I Years, 1979

Bach, J., The Australian Station, A History of the Royal Navy in the I South West Pacific, 1921-1913. 1986 Dupain, M. & H. Turner Building the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Photography of I Henry Mallard, Sun Books, 1976. Kerr, J. & J. Broadbent, Gothick Taste in the Colony ofNSW, 1980. I Johnson, A.W. Archaeological Assessment: Dawes Point Battery. For Sydney Cove Authority, 1994.

Maclehose, J. Picture of Sydney and Strangers Guide in New South Wales I for 1939. McMee, R.J.(ed.) Dawes' Meteorological Journal, 1981. I McCormick, T. First Views ofAustralia, 1788-1825: a History ofEarly Sydney, 1988.

I McNicoll, R.R. The Royal Australian Engineers, 1835-1902., 1977 I Sydney Cove Authority, April 1995

I 27 I Dawes Point Battery, The Rocks

I - Astronomy in Colonial New South Wales, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Sydney, 1990.

I I Dawes Point Reserve.· a Report Prepared for Sydney Electricity, July 1994.

Sydney Cove Authority, Apri/1995

28 I I Illustrations I I I I r _·.~- \ - ~ I I I

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I FIG 1: Dawes Point 1788 (detail of Plate 4 in McCormick) I I I I I I Illustrations

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I FIG2.: Letter from Dawes to Maskelyne, 30 Apri11788 showing observatory. I I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I I I

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I FIG 3: Dawes Point, 1802 (detail McCormick Plate 62) I I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I

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I FIG 5: Lesuer view of Sydney (detail of Dawes Point), 1802. (Plate 70 in McCormick) I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

I FIG 6: Port Jackson fTOm Dawes Point, 1805 (detail of McCormick Plate 87) . I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I FIG 7: .Dawes Point by Lewin(?), cl812 (detail of McCormick Plate 113). I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I 1...... I I ~ ~~~ I : -~ ~ I!

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I FIG 8: Engraving showing Dawes Battery, 1815-17 (detail of McCormick Plate 145). I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I

I FIG 9: Dawes Battery, 1818 by Sophia Campbell (detail ofMcConnick Plate 159). I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I I - --··- . -·-

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I FIG 11: Dawes Point 1821 (detail of McCormick Plate 181). I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I II

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I FIG 13: Port Jackson from Dawes Point Baltery, 1842. Published in J.S. Prout Sydney Jllustrated. I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

FIG 14: Greenway's Guardhouse in the 1850s from a copy of a sketch made byte daughter of Col. George I Barney (Victoria Barracks Archives). I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I FIG 15 : Battery and Guns, c1875 . (SCA) I I I I I Ill us tra tions I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

FIG 16: Commandant Harry Finn and his son John at the Artillery Barracks, 1903-4. (Victoria Barracks I Archives) I I I I I Illustrations I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I

FIG 17: Commandant Finn and Family outside the Officers Quarters, 1903-4. (Victoria Barracks I Archives) I I I I I Illustrations I I I I

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FIG 18: Commandant Finn and Family outside the Officers Quarters, 1903-4. (Victoria Barracks I Archives). I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I r• II I I I I , I I

I FIG 19: Interior of the Officers Quarters, 1903-4. (Victoria Barracks Archives) I I I I ------~ I Illustrations I I I I I

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I FIG 20: Finn and Family at the Battery, 1903-4. (Victoria Barracks Archives). I I I I I Illustrations I I I I I I I F~ ' 1·- 1 ~ I I I I I I

I FIG 21 : BaLLery and Guardhouse, cl925. (SCA) I I I I -- - I I Illustrations I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I FIG 22: Construction on the site of the Ballery and Guardhouse, 1926. I I I I I I I I I - I I I I · -~'--...... _ __ _ ~~'~,, I ·.. ===r=r==~======l=;J;, I

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I .i'" I • I I MAP 3: DaweS Point 1891. (AO Plan No?) I I I I ------Historical Evidence I Preliminary Archaeological I Research Questions I Further Archaeological Research Evidence 1788 Dawes builds wooden observatory on western promontory of Sydney 1. Can the position of the two Extension of excavations to detect possible Cove 'R/R 1789' block discovered in wall of observatories built by Dawes in 1788- I remains of Dawes' two observatories. Greenway building during demolition • 89 be detected in the archaeological Second observatory buill in stone; 1789 foundation stone for Dawes' second record? battery constructed observatory? 1791 Dawes returns to England - observatory falls out of use- used as a guardhouse (?). Semi-circular rampart and 5 cannon at battery Test trench #1 revealed circular cutting in 1801 Refurbishment of battery bedrock which formed part of gun support for middle (?) gun. therefore indicating that 1804 12 guns. only 4 operational probability of survival of battery is high. 1819 Macquarie administration-improve- ments to battery and work begins on building new guardhouse at Test trench #2 failed to identify remains of Greenway building and suggests that Dawes Point - design by Francis Extension of excavations in order to search foundations were entirely stripped from site Greenway - Demolition of Dawes' 2. Does any evidence of the Greenway for any ex1ant remains of Greenway during construction of Harbour Bridge in second observatory for Greenway Building survive in the archaeological building. 1920s. I building record? 1856-8 Reinforcement of battery due to Blocked doorways in fa9ade of retaining wall fear of Russian attack (Crimean on Lower Fort St. - entrances to pathways to War) - detachment of Royal Greenway building Officers' Quarters. Artillery sent to Sydney and at Test trench #3 revealed a stairwell behind Dawes Point - construction of one blocked doorway which led to Artillery Barracks, Officers' Greenway building and Officers' Quarters. Quarters and upper and lower ring of defences Test trench #4 appears to be remains of the Extension of excavations of ballery to retaining wall which divided the battery from investigate possible evidence of distinct Birth certificate records birth of 3. Can changes in notions of military the Officers' Quarters building phases which could correlate with Margaret Cole, daughter of defence of the colony over time be written and pictorial evidence of changes in William Cole, Artilleryman, at detected in the archaeology of Dawes defences over lime. Dawes Point Battery, June 3, Point Battery? 1858 1860s Further development and construction of military buildings, including Water Police building nex1 to Greenway building Excavation of Officers' Quarters (domestic area) for evidence of the presence of 1870s Additions and maintenance of 4. Is it possible to detect the presence of women and children in a military area. battery and other buildings women and children archa~ologically Excavation of latrines of Officers' Quarters 1880s Referred to as lhe 'Old Battery'. at a site which would have in order to recover artefacts associated with gardens and recreational area traditionally been interpreted as an household/domestic activities, (also under- exclusively male domain? 1902-4 Brigadier General Harry Finn and floor deposits, rubbish, etc.). family resident in Officers' Quarters Trench #5 revealed the pathway and verandah of the Officers' Quarters which are 1925 Demolition of buildings begins for shown in the Finn photos of the building. construction of Harbour Bridge 1930s to present - Dawes Point Park

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