DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity What Role for the OSCE?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity What Role for the OSCE? Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity What Role for the OSCE? Stefan Wolff Institute for Conflict, Co-operation and Security University of Birmingham 2 Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity Chişinău Railway Station in the Moldovan capital is the starting point for a 180km journey to Odesa through the Transdniestrian region. The resumption of the passenger railway service Chişinău-Tiraspol-Odessa in 2011 was a significant step in a confidence-building process long supported by the OSCE. (Credits: OSCE/Jonathan Perfect) What Role for the OSCE? 3 Contents Acknowledgments 4 List of Abbreviations 5 Introduction 6 The Context of Economic Connectivity and Diplomacy in the OSCE Region 9 From the Helsinki Final Act to Ministerial Council Decision 4/2016 9 The Crowded Space of Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity in the OSCE Region 11 Free Trade Organisations 11 Multilateral Organisations 11 Development Organisations 12 Examples of Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity in the OSCE Region 14 Sub-regional Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity 14 Central Asia 14 South Caucasus 16 Western Balkans 17 Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity in the Context of Protracted Conflicts 19 Cyprus 19 Georgia 20 Moldova 22 A Role for the OSCE? Conclusions and Recommendations 24 Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity across the OSCE Area: Drivers and Factors of Success 24 Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity: A Future Perspective for the OSCE 26 Annex: OSCE Activities with Regard to Economic Connectivity 28 References 30 Cover Image: Flags with the OSCE logo in Russian, English and German in front of the Hofburg in Vienna. (Credits: OSCE/Mikhail Evstafiev) 4 Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity Acknowledgments My interest in economic diplomacy and Realising this idea has only been possible Bicer, Dagmar Caganova, Alexandra Dienes, connectivity was sparked several years ago with the support of many individuals and Samuel Goda, Jonas Graetz, Lala Jumayeva, when Wolfang Zellner of the Centre for OSCE organisations. Thanks are due to my own Argyro Kartsonaki, Nino Kemoklidze, Nadejda Research at the University of Hamburg and institution, the University of Birmingham, for Komendantova, Brigitte Krech, Daniel Kroos, Philip Remler invited me and my colleague their generous financial support of my work George Kyris, Jacopo Maria Pepe, and Nino Kemoklidze to write a paper on ‘Trade as with the OSCE for the past three years, Sebastian Relitz. a Confidence-building Measure’. This paper allowing me and other colleagues involved informed a report by the OSCE Network of to travel and to host two workshops here in Moreover, I have had the privilege of many useful Think Tanks and Academic Institutions on Birmingham. Another workshop was kindly conversations with colleagues from the OSCE ‘Protracted Conflicts in the OSCE Area: hosted by the Secretariat of the Energy and Delegations of participating States, and the Innovative Approaches for Co-operation in Community in Vienna, in co-operation with report has much benefited from their insights the Conflict Zones’.1 The following year, I was the Office of the Co-ordinator of OSCE and observations. Thanks are therefore also due in the fortunate position to lead a project of Economic and Environmental Activities, to Aida Balganova, Alina Belskaia, Tomáš Bičan, the OSCE Network on ‘OSCE Confidence and I am also very grateful for an insightful David Buerstedde, Sabine Feyertag, Bernd Building in the Economic and Environmental discussion with Dr Dirk Buschle, the Deputy Forster, Marion Gratt, Claudio Habicht, Alistair Dimension: Current Opportunities and Director of the Energy Community. Hodson, Rati Japaridze, Noura Kayal, Kornelia Constraints’, which resulted in a report of Lienhart, Giulia Manconi, Kairat Sarybay, the same title.2 In the course of working This report is based on many different Franziska Smolnik, Andreas Stadler, and on this second project, intellectually very contributions. Invaluable assistance was Yaroslav Yurtsaba. stimulating discussions began with the provided first of all by Alessandro Savaris, Economic Governance Unit within the Office who worked as the principal research fellow Ultimately, the usual disclaimer applies: the of the Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic on the project, thanks to financial support from views expressed in this report are my own and and Environmental Activities. After many such the Economic and Social Research Council do not necessarily reflect those of any of the discussions with Andrei Muntean, Brigitte University of Birmingham Impact Acceleration individuals and organisations mentioned above. Krech, and Zukhra Bektepova, the idea of Account. Contributions at the workshops in a more comprehensive report on economic Vienna and Birmingham have informed specific diplomacy and economic connectivity sections of the following report and thanks was born. are due to their authors: Luca Anceschi, Devin What Role for the OSCE? 5 List of Abbreviations AA Association Agreement GIS Geographical Information System AHDR Association for Historical Dialogue and Research GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting GLR Green Line Regulation BEREC Body of European Regulators for Electronic ICT Information and communication technologies Communications IPA Instrument for Pre-Accession (European Commission) BRI Belt and Road Initiative ITC Inland Transport Committee BTC Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline ITIO International Transport Infrastructure Observatory BTE Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum natural gas pipeline OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development C2C City-to-City OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe CAEWDP Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program RCC Regional Co-operation Council CBM Confidence-building measure SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation CEFTA Central European Free Trade Agreement SEECP South-East European Co-operation Process CEI Central European Initiative SGS Société Générale de Surveillance DANIDA Danish International Development Agency SIDA Swedish International Development Agency DCFTA Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area SMEs Small and medium-sized enterprises EATL Euro-Asian Transport Links SMMU Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development SPECA Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia EEA European Economic Area TERP Transitional Economic Rehabilitation Programme EEU Eurasian Economic Union UNDP United Nations Development Programme EFTA European Free Trade Area UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ERP Economic Rehabilitation Programme UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime EU European Union UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia EUBAM European Union Border Assistance Mission to WB6 Western Balkans Six (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova and Ukraine Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, FDI Foreign direct investment Montenegro, and Serbia) WTO World Trade Organization 6 Economic Diplomacy and Connectivity Introduction Economic connectivity refers to ‘any form Economic connectivity is a major driver of informal economic relationship among of economic development. It can enhance states or regional groupings, including opportunities for the economic participation of trade, business activities, financial private sector companies, including small and relationships, human mobility, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), business state-sponsored economic relations.’3 associations, and individuals. Economic This includes, inter alia, economic connections connectivity has also been demonstrated to related to ‘trade, FDI, migration, information be particularly effective at the local level as and communication technologies (ICT), witnessed by several initiatives promoted in the air transport and portfolio financial flows.’4 past decades by the United Nations and the Economic connectivity has the potential to European Union based on the so-called City- increase opportunities for improved economic to-City (C2C) approach.8 relations between (and within) states, and as such is very different from the notion Economic connectivity is multidimensional of economic integration. The latter refers and most beneficial when it ties countries to mutual agreements between countries and regions together across multiple in a specific geographic region to reduce channels. As evidenced in a recent or remove barriers to the free movement World Bank paper, ‘[t]he growth impact of of people, goods, capital, or services (ie, multidimensional connectivity is higher than the reduction of customs duties and free trade impact of each of the individual network indices, agreements) or to co-ordinate their fiscal, suggesting that overall connectivity is more trade and monetary policies. important than each of the individual channels separately.’9 From a policy perspective, the Economic connectivity is a significant implication is that promoting multidimensional between countries, economic connectivity feature of current globalised societies, connectivity is more impactful for overall growth increases not only economic development characterised by an increasing multiplicity and development, while closing down one potential but also interdependence and of both political and economic interactions. channel of connectivity may have a negative thus vulnerability. Managing vulnerability At the same time, economic connectivity impact beyond just this channel.10 by developing and implementing a common itself is nothing new but has been a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commercial Attaché, Embassy of Mexico the Embassy of Ireland In
    Commercial Attaché, Embassy of Mexico The Embassy of Ireland in Mexico is recruiting a Commercial Attaché who will report to the Deputy Head of Mission responsible for trade and economic promotion. This is a new role and the successful candidate will be offered a one year contract, renewable for a maximum of two additional years. The key objective for the role of the Commercial attaché will be to promote Ireland’s economic interests in Mexico and to facilitate and support Irish companies wishing to enter or expand in the Mexican market, principally in the areas of agribusiness (particularly dairy), ICT (particularly software services for the telecoms industry and digital media), financial services and education. Role Profile Specifically, the new Commercial Attaché will: Cooperate with strategic partners in Mexico to identify and capture economic opportunities for Irish companies, including drafting market opportunity assessments; Expand the Embassy contact network in the agribusiness, ICT, financial services and education sectors and in other sectors as identified by the Embassy as priorities; Consolidate and expand the embassy’s information on Irish companies operating in the Mexican market or seeking to enter the market, as well as maintaining a comprehensive contacts database and networking with key Irish business people; Liaise with and support the development of the recently established Irish-Mexican Chamber of Commerce and work with the Chamber, ProMéxico, COMCE and other Mexican business organisations, as well as Irish state
    [Show full text]
  • Responsible Business Conduct and Economic Diplomacy Tools
    Responsible business conduct and economic diplomacy tools June 2017 mneguidelines.oecd.org This concept note was prepared for the session on promoting responsible business conduct (RBC) through economic diplomacy tools at the Roundtable for Policy Makers that took place on 28 June 2017 within the framework of the OECD Global Forum on Responsible Business Conduct. It sets a basis for reflection and discussion on how RBC standards can be embedded in economic diplomacy. Economic diplomacy refers to government services and support provided to business in foreign markets. This can take the form of financial support such as export credits, investment guarantees and direct lending, but can also include other public services such as trade missions, capacity building activities and access to information and networks through embassies. These tools are not only instrumental to promote foreign trade and investment, but they can also be powerful levers for governments to guide corporate behaviour and support best practice on responsible business conduct (RBC). Although far from mainstream, some governments have recognised this potential and are using economic diplomacy to create incentives for business to behave responsibly. There are several reasons for this. First, governments as economic actors should not contribute to adverse impacts of business operations. Second, although trade and investment promotion is a competitive field among countries, it is in governments' interests to create a level playing field and ensure that companies are subject to fair competition and do not profit from public services with irresponsible practices. Third, insufficient attention to corporate conduct by national companies in foreign markets can negatively affect the country's image abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Diplomacy in Africa: the Impact of Regional Integration Versus Bilateral Diplomacy On
    MWP 2016/18 Max Weber Programme Economic Diplomacy in Africa: The Impact of Regional Integration versus Bilateral Diplomacy on Bilateral Trade Author Sylvanus Author Kwaku and Afesorgbor Author Author European University Institute Max Weber Programme Economic Diplomacy in Africa: The Impact of Regional Integration versus Bilateral Diplomacy on Bilateral Trade Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor EUI Working Paper MWP 2016/18 This text may be downloaded for personal research purposes only. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copy or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper or other series, the year, and the publisher. ISSN 1830-7728 © Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor, 2016 Printed in Italy European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Abstract The paper examines the impact of two main instruments of economic diplomacy regional integration and commercial diplomacy on export flows among African states. We test whether there is any evidence of a trade-off or complementary interaction between these two instruments in trade facilitation. We compare the effects of these two instruments of economic diplomacy on bilateral trade by employing a gravity model for 45 African states over the period 1980-2005. The results show that bilateral diplomatic exchange is a relatively more significant determinant of bilateral exports among African states compared to regional integration. We also find a nuanced interaction between these two instruments of economic diplomacy: the trade-stimulating effect of diplomatic exchange is less pronounced among African countries that shared membership of the same regional bloc.
    [Show full text]
  • Genocides Andconflicts
    0 1 Genocides and Conflicts in the 20th and 21st Centuries Preface This book provides summaries of some of the mass atrocities that have occurred in the last hundred years. We have intentionally included conflicts that often are not studied in courses about genocide. We encourage readers to learn about these events for two reasons: first, when knowledge of these atrocities is not part of our shared history and memory, those who suffered, and their once- vibrant cultures and communities, are made invisible yet again. Second, it is important for us to realize the breadth of genocides across time and place. ‘Never again’ has come to mean ‘over and over again.’ Perhaps if we can recognize that genocide is a wide-ranging and repetitive scourge on the planet, we can someday reach a world without genocide. Thanks go to Jacob Simpson, Research and Advocacy Associate, and Amalie Wilkinson, Research Intern, for their work on this book. 2 Table of Contents Native Americans, 1492-Present ............................................................................................ 3 Namibia, 1904-1907 ............................................................................................................... 5 The Armenian Genocide, 1915-1923 ....................................................................................... 7 The Ottoman Christian Genocide, 1915-23 ..............................................................................9 The Holodomor, 1932-1933.................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Toolkit on Police Integrity New Chapter 000*:Layout 1 2/24/12 12:01 PM Page 2
    Toolkit_cover 2/22/12 6:30 PM Page 1 Toolkit www.dcaf.ch on Police Integrity new_chapter_000*:Layout 1 2/24/12 12:01 PM Page 1 Toolkit on Police Integrity new_chapter_000*:Layout 1 2/24/12 12:01 PM Page 2 DCAF The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the international community in pursuing good governance and reform of the security sector. The Centre develops and promotes norms and standards, conducts tailored policy research, identifies good practices and recommendations to promote democratic security sector governance, and provides in-country advisory support and practical assistance programmes. DCAF gratefully acknowledges the support of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the production of the Toolkit. The views expressed are those of the authors alone and do not in any way reflect the views of the institutions referred to or represented within this Toolkit. Cover pictures (top to bottom, left to right): © OSCE/Mikhail Evstafiev © 2007 Joi Ito. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license © Danish Police (politi.dk) © 2009 Beijing Patrol. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license © KEYSTONE/AP Photo/Schalk van Zuydam © UN Photo/Christopher Herwig ©DCAF, 2012 All rights reserved. ISBN 978-92-9222-190-4 Design, layout and printing: Valeur, Slovak Republic Published by DCAF (Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces) PO Box 1360 1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.dcaf.ch new_chapter_000*:Layout 1 2/24/12 12:01 PM Page 3 Acknowledgements Pierre Aepli, Senior Police Advisor DCAF (until March 2011) initiated the project, developed the concept and coordinated the writing of the nine chapters of the toolkit.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Diplomacy As an Instrument of Progress and Promotion of the Republic of Croatia
    Economic diplomacy as an instrument of progress and promotion of the Republic of Croatia Babić, Marko Doctoral thesis / Disertacija 2019 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Zadar / Sveučilište u Zadru Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:162:497993 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-07 Repository / Repozitorij: University of Zadar Institutional Repository of evaluation works SVEUČILIŠTE U ZADRU i LIBERTAS MEĐUNARODNO SVEUČILIŠTE ZAJEDNIČKI POSLIJEDIPLOMSKI SVEUČILIŠNI STUDIJ MEĐUNARODNI ODNOSI Marko Babić ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PROGRESS AND PROMOTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Doktorski rad Zadar; Zagreb, 2019. SVEUČILIŠTE U ZADRU i LIBERTAS MEĐUNARODNO SVEUČILIŠTE ZAJEDNIČKI POSLIJEDIPLOMSKI SVEUČILIŠNI STUDIJ MEĐUNARODNI ODNOSI Marko Babić ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PROGRESS AND PROMOTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA Doktorski rad Mentor Viši znanstveni suradnik, Miomir Žužul, dr.sc. Zadar; Zagreb, 2019. UNIVERSITY OF ZADAR BASIC DOCUMENTATION CARD I. Author and study Name and surname: Marko Babić Name of the study programme: Joint postgraduate doctoral study International Relations Mentor: Senior scientific associate Miomir Žužul, PhD Date of the defence: 10 July 2019 Scientific area and field in which the PhD is obtained: social sciences, interdisciplinary social sciences II. Doctoral dissertation Title: Economic diplomacy as an instrument of progress and promotion of the Republic of Croatia UDC mark: 339.9:327>(497.5) Number of pages: 274 Number of pictures/graphical representations/tables: 8/ 15/ 25 Number of notes: 355 Number of used bibliographic units and sources: 148 Number of appendices: 4 Language of the doctoral dissertation: English III.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing Co-Operation to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region Isbn: 978-92-9234-442-9
    Offi ce of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Traffi cking in Human Beings ENHANCING CO-OPERATION TO PREVENT TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION ISBN: 978-92-9234-442-9 Published by the OSCE Offi ce of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Traffi cking in Human Beings Wallnerstr. 6, 1010 Vienna, Austria Tel: + 43 1 51436 6664 Fax: + 43 1 51436 6299 email: [email protected] © 2013 OSCE/Offi ce of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Traffi cking in Human Beings Copyright: “All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE/Offi ce of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Traffi cking in Human Beings as the source.” Design: Tina Feiertag, Vienna Illustration on cover: Mediterraneo (2007), Acrylic on raw canvas 40x50cm, by Adriano Parracciani Illustrations on page 11, 19, 35, 41, 49: Tempera on brick 10x10 cm by Adriano Parracciani Photos on page 8, 10, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 33: Enrico Para/Camera dei Deputati Photo on page 8, 43: Alfred Kueppers Photos on page 4: OSCE/Mikhail Evstafi ev Photos on page 32: OSCE/Alberto Andreani Cite as: OSCE Offi ce of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Traffi cking in Human Beings, Enhancing Co-operation to Prevent Traffi cking in Human Beings in the Mediterranean Region (November 2013). The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a pan-European security body whose 57 participating States span the geographical area from Vancouver to Vladivostok.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2007 Annual Report Russia
    UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Annual Report 2007 Annual Report RUSSIA UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Annual Report MAY 2007 U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 800 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 790 Washington, DC 20002 202-523-3240 202-523-5020 (fax) www.uscirf.gov UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Commissioners Chair Felice D. Gaer Vice Chairs Michael Cromartie Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou Nina Shea Dr. Khaled M. Abou El Fadl Preeta D. Bansal Archbishop Charles J. Chaput Dr. Richard D. Land Bishop Ricardo Ramirez John V. Hanford, III, ex officio, non-voting member Executive Director Joseph R. Crapa UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Staff Tad Stahnke, Deputy Director for Policy David Dettoni, Deputy Director for Outreach Judith Ingram, Director of Communications Holly Smithson, Director of Government Affairs Carmelita Hines, Director of Administration Patricia Carley, Associate Director for Policy Angela Stephens, Assistant Communications Director Dwight Bashir, Senior Policy Analyst Catherine Cosman, Senior Policy Analyst Deborah DuCre, Receptionist Scott Flipse, Senior Policy Analyst Julia Kirby, Middle East Researcher Mindy Larmore, East Asia Researcher Tiffany Lynch, Research Assistant Jacqueline A. Mitchell, Executive Assistant Allison Salyer, Legislative Assistant Stephen R. Snow, Senior Policy Analyst Christopher Swift, Researcher UNITED STATES COMMIssION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Washington, DC, May 1, 2007 The PRESIDENT The White House DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: On behalf of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, I am transmitting to you the annual report, prepared in compliance with section 202(a)(2) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, 22 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Diplomacy
    ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY Economic diplomacy deals with the nexus between power and wealth in international affairs. Economic diplomacy not only promotes the state’s prosperity but also, as occasion demands and opportunity permits, manipulates its foreign commercial and financial relations in support of its foreign policy – as in the case of sanctions against Iran. Accordingly, economic diplomacy is a major theme of the external relations of virtually all countries. At home, economic ministries, trade and investment promotion bodies, chambers of commerce, and of course foreign ministries, are all participants in economic work. Current trends include increasing collaboration between state and non-official agencies, and increased importance given to WTO issues, the negotiation of free trade and preferential trade agreements, and accords covering investments, double taxation avoidance, financial services and the like. Abroad, embassies, consulates, and trade offices handle economic diplomacy. The main focus is on promotion, to attract foreign business, investments, technology and tourists. Economic diplomacy connects closely with political, public and other segments of diplomatic work. This online course is practice-oriented, and aims at capacity development. By the end of this course, participants should be able to: Describe how economic diplomacy has evolved, and how it plays a key role in international affairs, connecting closely with domestic priorities and development objectives in states. Explain the role played by different actors, state and non-states, in the development of ‘whole of country’ policies, and how a good diplomatic system works with all the key stakeholders. Apply the learning to the running of a commercial or economic section, and to the manner in which commerce chambers of individual enterprises can work with the foreign ministry and with diplomatic missions in the commercial and economic arena.
    [Show full text]
  • Dayton +20 Bosnia and Herzegovina Twenty Years on from the Dayton Peace Agreement
    Issue 50 September 2015 Dayton +20 Bosnia and Herzegovina twenty years on from the Dayton Peace Agreement plus articles on: safe shelter, asylum adjudication, assisted voluntary return, resettled refugees, and the landscape of protection FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION ONLY Forced Migration Review issue 50 • www.fmreview.org/dayton20 Dayton +20 37 Interpretations of Annex 7: assessing the impact on non-returnees in the UK 4 Foreword: Addressing the legacy of violence Gayle Munro Valentin Inzko 39 The role of remote voting in encouraging return 5 Map of post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina Djordje Stefanovic and Neophytos Loizides 6 Annex 7: why are we still discussing it? 42 Home after Dayton: IDPs in Sarajevo María del Pilar Valledor Álvarez Gruia Badescu 7 Political and social consequences of continuing 44 The compound effects of conflict and disaster displacement in Bosnia and Herzegovina displacement in Bosnia and Herzegovina Lana Pašić Wesli H Turner 9 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 years on from Dayton 46 Prijedor: re-imagining the future Andrew Mayne Damir Mitrić and Sudbin Musić 12 Resolving a protracted refugee situation through 48 Mass evacuations: learning from the past a regional process Caelin Briggs Olga Mitrovic 49 Bosnia revisited: a retrospective on the legacy 16 Voices in displacement of the conflict Claudia Meyerhoefer Brad K Blitz 18 Property rights and reconstruction in the Bosnian return process General articles Inmaculada Serrano 21 Resolving protracted displacement through 52 Inconsistency in asylum appeal adjudication social housing
    [Show full text]
  • Aid, Strategy and Australian Economic Diplomacy
    Aid, Strategy and Australian Economic Diplomacy The Coalition government has embraced a more transactional foreign policy than its predecessor. Foreign Minister Julie Bishop has repeatedly explained how the concept of “economic diplomacy” will guide Australia’s international engagement. “Strong economic outcomes” are the priority; shared prosperity is the objective. Accordingly, the government repurposed Australia’s foreign aid program. Under Bishop’s “new aid paradigm”, Australia’s aid program exists: … to promote Australia’s national interests by contributing to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. Upon winning office, the Coalition also decided to integrate AusAID – Australia’s previously autonomous aid agency – into the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) to enable: … the aid and diplomatic arms of Australia’s international policy agenda to be more closely aligned. Given the government’s framing of Australia’s aid program as an investment, it is fair to evaluate its aid spending decisions on those terms. Repeated cuts At the macro level, the Coalition has moved to rapidly alter the balance of Australia’s foreign policy spending. The aid-to-defence spending ratio reached 20% toward the end of the previous Labor government. Following three successive cuts to the aid budget, that ratio is projected to halve, to around 10%, within the next two years. The largest of the three cuts was announced in December 2014, as a part of general budget savings in the Mid-Year Economic and Fiscal Outlook. These cuts, reflected in the 2015-16 budget, mean Australia’s aid budget has fallen to A$4 billion, down from a peak of $5.6 billion in 2012-13.
    [Show full text]
  • TRANSFORMATION of ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY ROLE in the 21St CENTURY
    Skoryk V.V. Sumy State University, Sumy Shkola V.Yu. Sumy State University, Sumy TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY ROLE IN THE 21st CENTURY There can be no dispute the fact, that effective economic diplomacy helps to avoid global conflicts. Transformation of view on economic diplomacy as on the non-military tools for conflict management and prevention (including „preventive diplomacy‟ and „mediation‟) defines it broader political context. In J.S. Nielsen‟s article economic diplomacy is regarded as “policy decisions aiming at promoting business interests for both state and non-state actors through governmental channels. All government agencies that have economic mandates and operate internationally are players in economic diplomacy. Likewise, non-state actors that are engaged in economic activities internationally are also players in economic diplomacy” [1]. It should be noted this definition does not completely reveal its essence. Economic diplomats promote not only business interests, but national interest, in particular, foreign policy goals of country in the international arena, peaceful resolving of conflicts and ways in finding of increasing partners and many other mechanisms to avoiding conflicts. In researches of Lyashenko O.M. and Boyko Z.M. [2] economic diplomacy is considered as an effective instrument in international economic relations for the systematic promotion of national economic interests countries in overseas markets. Other scientists, in particular [3], adhere to the same position highlighting two levels of economic diplomacy: macroeconomic and microeconomic. Such scientists as Lyashenko О. and Boyko Z. (2010) [2], Chaziza M. (2019) [4], Baranowski S., Covert L., Gordon B., Jobs R., Noack, C., Rosenbaum A., Scott B.
    [Show full text]