Bayer Contact
Bayer CropScience 230 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0WB
Customer Services 00800 1214 9451 Email: [email protected] Web: www.pestcontrol-expert.com
Bayer Distributors
Killgerm Chemicals Ltd Barrettine Environmental Health Ltd 113 Wakefield Road Barrettine Works Wakefield Road St Ivel Way Ossett Warmley West Yorkshire Bristol WF5 9AR BS30 8TY
Tel: 01924 268 400 Tel: 01179 672222 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Web: www.killgerm.com Web: www.barrettine.co.uk
Bayer - Science for a better life
Bayer is a multinational company with key skills We promote our products by means of targeted in the fields of pharmaceuticals, nutrition and actions and meetings aimed at the experts in the synthetic materials, the mission of which is to field. We co-operate with the relevant associations, provide products and services which are useful and support events which enhance the quality of to mankind, and improve quality of life. service in the world of professional pest-control.
Bayer is dedicated to the development of For 35 years the brand Ficam® has stood for formulations which are destined for professionals excellence to the UK Pest Control Industry, and in the hygiene and pest-control fields in urban in recent years revolutionary high-tech solutions and rural areas. have become available, such as Maxforce Quantum® and K-Othrine® WG formulation, Bayer researches and promotes solutions, the which involves low dosages in use and increased priority objectives of which are the effectiveness safety in operation, without waste or dosage errors. of the product, the safety for the professional operators and for the environment. These Bayer immediately distinguished itself in its solutions have often proved to be an example defence of the active ingredients used because and a point of reference for the entire industry. it intends to continue to sustain and invest in the pest-control industry. Bayer’s priority is to develop Bayer is present throughout the world, in products which are already in line with the Australia, the Americas, Europe, Asia and Africa, Biocides Directive; our range of insecticides has with the aim of maximising efficiency and flexibility, been selected with the aim of meeting the needs and creating new value in the professional field of people who want to get the most out of their of environmental health. Its distinct innovative own services, with a view to satisfying the end user. spirit, combined with decades of experience, has always positioned Bayer as a world leader in its field, with its well-known brands K-Othrine®, Maxforce®, AquaPy®, Quick Bayt®, Ficam®, Coopex®, K-Obiol® and Pybuthrin®.
Our products are used successfully every day and in every part of the world, by thousands of pest-control professionals. Throughout the world we sustain and promote pest control methods which are based on Integrated Pest Management, we co-operate with In fulfilment of the research institutes, health organisations Biocidal Products Directive and authorities to develop programmes (98/8/EC), Bayer are which are aimed at controlling the most supporting a number of significant infestations. active ingredients and formulations for the long In the UK and Ireland, we have a dedicated term future of the organisational and sales structure which industry. operates in the sectors of Professional Pest Control, Rural Hygiene and the protection of stored cereals. Direct contact with the professionals in the field allows us to provide suitable technical assistance, logistics, and a commercial supply which meets the requirements of all the clients and end users.
01 Protecting Tomorrow...Today
Bayer carefully develops products and services which are designed for the well-being of people by improving their quality of life. Our efforts are in line with the Bayer Group’s commitments to sustainable development. OUR VISION OF THE FUTURE PROTECTING TOMORROW ... TODAY is Bayer maintains the Bayer Group Bayer’s vision which declares our contribution to Sustainability guidelines, with particular global sustainability. It is the guiding principle on attention to: which our operative and cultural strategy is based. THE ENVIRONMENT Bayer recognises that success is possible only Attentiveness to our environment by means of long-term commitment to protect For responsible support of our sustainability. This concerns not only the products products throughout their entire life cycle. and services we supply, but also directly our In order to guarantee safety for: way of behaving, and that of our suppliers and - the operator, by means of development distributors and end customers. Sustainability is of new molecules and innovative not new to us. Our history of innovation, training formulations and management has always taken into account - the environment, by manufacturing in providing solutions which are aimed at improving accordance with our Responsible Care quality of life, with minimal impact to the environ- principles, and developing products ment. which are safer and more eco-friendly. WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? Sustainable development is a commitment to SOCIAL conduct economic development which meets Partnership and development with the needs of present generations, without operators in the field compromising those of future generations. To create a sense of sustainability in our daily This globally accepted approach, which activities. We co-operate with public and envisions economic growth whilst respecting private organisations for the purpose of: the environment, and without damaging our - improving well-being and environmental planet or exhausting its resources. health - providing modern technologies - promoting responsible use of our products by means of technical support and educational activities.
ECONOMIC Re-planning our future By means of continual investments in SUSTAINABLE research and development, we are committed DEVELOPMENT to providing new sustainable products, services and technologies which meet the needs and expectations of our clients. We encourage: - research and development at all levels - co-operation with our clients and partners in order to make improvements in terms of efficiency and productivity - work aimed at sustainable success.
02 Contents
Product Range Page Pest Guide Page
AquaPy 05 Argentine Ants 03 Bed Bugs 05 Bayer Aerosols 07 Biscuit Beetles 09 Coopex Insect Powder 09 Black Ants 11 Booklice 13 Coopex Smokes 11 Carcinops 15 Ficam D 13 Carpet Beetles 17 Cockroaches 19 Ficam W 15 Fleas 23 K-Obiol 17 Flour Beetles 27 Ghost Ants 29 K-Othrine 1% SC 19 Grain Beetles 31 K-Othrine WG 250 21 Grain Weevils 33 Hide & Larder Beetles 35 Maxforce LN 23 Houseflies 37 Maxforce Prime 25 Lesser Grain Borers 39 Lesser Mealworms 41 Maxforce Quantum 27 Mosquitoes 43 Maxforce White IC 29 Pharaoh Ants 47
Pybuthrin 33 31 Poultry Red Mites 49 Rodents (Commensal) 51 Quick Bayt 33 Spider Beetles 53
Rodilon NEW 35 Stored Product Moths 55 Ticks 59 Wasps 63
03 Statutory product information
Application Product UK Ireland Active Ingredient Method
AquaPy HSE 5799 PCS 93571 Pyrethrins 3% w/w Space Spray Piperonyl butoxide 13.5% w/w AquaPy Micro HSE 6296 Pyrethrins 3% w/w Space Spray Piperonyl butoxide 13.5% w/w Bayer Aerosol HSE 8756 Imiprothrin 0.1% w/w RTU aerosol Crawling Insect Killer Cyphenothrin 0.3% w/w Bayer Aerosol HSE 8771 PCS 96516 d-tetramethrin 0.15% w/w RTU aerosol Flying Insect Killer d-phenothrin 0.15% w/w Coopex Insect Powder HSE 5052 Permethrin 0.5% w/w RTU Dust Coopex Maxi Smokes HSE 5131 PCS 93409 Permethrin 13.5% w/w RTU Pyrotechnic Coopex Mini Smokes HSE 5130 PCS 93408 Permethrin 13.5% w/w RTU Pyrotechnic Ficam D HSE 4829 PCS 93412 Bendiocarb 1% w/w RTU Dust Ficam W HSE 5390 PCS 93413 Bendiocarb 80% w/w Surface Spray K-Obiol EC 25 HSE 13573 PCS 03641 Deltamethrin 2.5 w/w Surface Spray Piperonyl butoxide 22.5% w/w K-Obiol ULV 6 HSE 13572 PCS 03642 Deltamethrin 0.6% w/w Surface Spray Piperonyl butoxide 5.4% w/w K-Othrine 1% SC HSE 5097 PCS 93572 Deltamethrin 1% w/w Surface Spray K-Othrine WG 250 HSE 8092 PCS 94096 Deltamethrin 25% w/w Surface Spray Maxforce LN HSE 8622 Imidacloprid 0.05% w/w Bait station Maxforce Prime HSE 9093 Imidacloprid 2.15% w/w RTU Gel Bait Maxforce Quantum HSE 8888 PCS 95547 Imidacloprid 0.03% w/w RTU Gel Bait Maxforce White IC HSE 8320 PCS 93110 Imidacloprid 2.15% w/w RTU Gel Bait Pybuthrin 33 HSE 5106 PCS 93411 Pyrethrins 0.38% w/w Space Spray Quick Bayt HSE 8207 PCS 93087 Imidacloprid 0.5% w/w Paint On Rodilon Block BPR: UK-2011-0048 IE/BPA 70181 Difethialone 0.0025% w/w Grain/Block Bait Rodilon Soft Block BPR: UK-2011-0043 IE/BPA 70184 Difethialone 0.0025% w/w Grain/Block Bait Rodilon Trio BPR: UK-2011-0050 IE/BPA 70182 Difethialone 0.0025% w/w Grain/Block Bait Rodilon Wheat Tech BPR: UK-2011-0051 IE/BPA 70183 Difethialone 0.0025% w/w Grain/Block Bait
New regulations use BPR numbers to replace HSE numbers
04 Product Range
AquaPy® Knocks the spots off other insecticides
Extremely versatile in use APPROVED Pioneering FFAST™ technology For use in empty grain silos, Barley storage Natural, water-based control bins and Grain stores 3 intended for storage Ultra low volume (100ml treats 3000m ) of malting barley
Versatile application
AquaPy® is a virtually odourless non flammable water based insecticide which contains natural pyrethrum, synergised with piperonyl butoxide. This combination gives it the flexibility in where and how it can be used. AquaPy® can be used in a variety of areas for the fast flushout, rapid knockdown and kill of an extensive range of flying and crawling insects. AquaPy® is accepted for use by the Soil Association for organic sites. Space spray & AquaPy® has the ability to be applied as a space spray (ULV Surface spray aerosol, Mist/Thermal Fog) or as surface spray depending on the situation and target pest(s). (See label for full details). Controllable residual activity Space spray – no residual. Surface spray – no residual or up to 2 weeks depending on dilution rate.
Pioneering technology - FFAST™ The FFAST™ technology is uniquely patented by Bayer which makes AquaPy® superior to any other water based space spray on the market. AquaPy® utilises Film Forming Aqueous Spray Technology (FFAST™). Whether in ready-to-use form or diluted in water AquaPy® spray droplets are encased in a polymer coat of long- Hydrophilic end of chain alcohols. This technology minimises evaporation ensuring long carbon chain the droplets stay in the air for longer, thus ensuring the insecticide penetrates its target.
Anti-evaporant surface skin
Cross section of an AquaPy droplet.
05 06 AquaPy® Knocks the spots of other insecticides Health andsafetyequipment. for more details). wasps, fleas,bedbugs,cockr Flies, mosquitoes,stored product moths,stored product beetles, Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Controlled Areas ofUse AMS1450A andBoeingD6-7127compliant. Aircraft churches, halls,communitycentres, cinemasetc. Private housing,hospitals,publicbaths,municipalbuildings, P stores etc. Silos, foodretailers, warehouses, rawmaterial,tobacco Storage: Restaurants, commercial kitchensetc. Food Preparation: transport vehiclesetc. f R Outdoors: piggeries etc. In andaround poultryhouses,cattlesheds,milkingparlours, Farm Buildings,AnimalHusbandryAreas: Food production, kitchens,slaughterhouses,etc. Food HandlingProcessing: net oac ete at(2m)3 at 485)5L/100m 39parts(4.875L) 1part(125ml) insects &tobaccobeetles net oac ete at(0m)9prs(.0L 5L/100m 9parts(4.500L) 5L/2000m 5L/Hectare 11.5parts(920ml) 500ml/Hectare 9parts(900ml) 1part(500ml) 1part(80ml) 1part(100ml) Flies 1L/3000m Solid wastemanagement 1L/3000m W Undiluted–ReadytoUse 4parts(800ml) insects &tobaccobeetles 2.3parts(700ml) Cockroaches, fleas,bedbugs,stored product Short r 300ml/3000m Cockr No residuality: under24hours 1part(200ml) Surface spray 1part(300ml) Small Areas Large Areas Thermal fog 100ml/3000m Small Ar Large Areas App.Rate Undiluted–Readyto Use Ultra LowV Space sprayOutdoors Stor Fleas &bedbugs DilutionRatewithWater Cockroaches Misting Undiluted–ReadytoUse Flying Insects(nottobaccobeetles) Misting/Thermal fogging Stor Fleas &bedbugs Cockr Flying Insects(nottobaccobeetles) Ultra LowVolume Aerosol Space sprayIndoors Treatment ilter beds),emptygrainsilos,tobaccostores andemptygrain ublic andDomesticBuildings: efuse tips,indoorsandoutdoorsinsewageworks(excluding ss(et)1pr 10l at 90l SpotApplication 9parts(900ml) 1part(100ml) asps (nests) dpoutiscsadtbcobels1pr 40l . at 60l 1L/3000m 1.5parts(600ml) 400ml/3000m 1part(400ml) ed product insectsandtobaccobeetles Undiluted–ReadytoUse ed product insectsandtobacco beetles oaches, fleas,bedbugs,stor oaches esiduality: 1to2weeks eas olume Aer osol ed pr oaches andmanymore (see label oduct 1 part(100ml) 200ml/3000 m 1 part(100ml) Undiluted –ReadytoUse Undiluted –ReadytoUse AquaPy 9 parts(900ml) 9 parts(900ml) Water contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This pr All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2012. HSE 5799.PCS93571. trademark ofBayer. AquaPy® isaregistered PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICATIONS BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMATION ALWAYS READTHELABEL piperonyl butoxide. 3% w/wsynergisedwith AquaPy® containspyrethrins U AP EBIOCIDESSAFELY SE For u oduct guideisnottobe PR se inai 5L/100 m 1L/3000 m 400ml/2000 m OVED rc 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 raft 2 3 3 3 3 Product Range
Bayer Aerosols Bayer Aerosols Crawling and flying insect aerosols
Rapid control - quick knockdown Wide area of use Controls an extensive range of crawling and flying insects Clean and easy to use
The aerosol experts The Bayer Flying Insect Killer and Crawling Insect Killer aerosols are specially formulated for the rapid control and quick knock- down of nuisance flying and crawling insects. Building on Bayer’s long history of insecticide aerosols, the new Flying Insect Killer and Crawling Insect Killer aerosols are the best yet.
Rapid control Aerosol The Bayer Flying Insect Killer and Crawling Insect Killer aerosols can be used for the rapid control of an extensive range of crawling and flying insects*. (*See label for full details).
Wide area of use The Bayer Flying Insect Killer and Crawling Insect Killer aerosols can be used in a wide range of areas including domestic and industrial premises.
07 g n i y l s s f l l
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t l r c e w e y a s r a n i B C
Areas of Use
Bayer crawling insect killer Spray directly at insects exposed on surfaces for rapid knock- down and kill. Spray onto surfaces on which insects walk; into cracks and crevices and other insect harbourages; on insect runs and points of access to buildings to give long lasting protection. Suitable for use in domestic premises, hospitals (but not occupied wards areas) & industrial premises. Bayer flying insect killer Close all doors and windows. Spray into the air in all directions; 5-10 seconds for an average size room of 30m2. Keep room closed for 10 minutes following treatment.
Insects Controlled
Bayer insect aerosols targets flying and crawling insects to include, cockroaches, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, ants and bedbugs. Please see the label for full details.
Health and Safety USE BIOCIDES SAFELY
Health and safety equipment. Bayer Crawling Insect Killer contains Imiprothrin (0.1% w/w) and Cyphenothrin (0.3% Application Rate w/w). Bayer Flying Insect Killer contains d-tetramethrin Apply Bayer aerosols as directed on the container. (0.15% w/w) and d-phenothrin (0.15% w/w). ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND PRODUCT INFORMATION BEFORE USE. PAY ATTENTION TO THE RISK INDICATIONS AND FOLLOW THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON THE LABEL. Bayer Crawling Insect Killer HSE 8756. Bayer Flying Insect Killer HSE 8771. PCS 96516. © Copyright of Bayer 2012. All rights reserved. This product guide is not to be construed a legally binding document. Specifications of the products and representations and warranties shall be exclusively dealt with in the distribution and/or sales contracts.
MSDS and label text information is available
08 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Product Range
Coopex® Insect Coopex® Powder Insect Powder The insecticidal powder for harbourages
Recognised quality formulation Broad spectrum insect control (offering rapid knockdown and kill against a wide range of insect pests) Long lasting activity
Recognised quality formulation
Coopex® Insect Powder is easy and ready to use and comes in a re-sealable pack. It is a biodegradable product with low risk of environmental contamination. It is ideal to use where liquid- based formulations are unsuitable. Coopex® Insect Powder is odourless, non-tainting and non-staining. Coopex® Insect Powder contains permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, which is well proven for its activity against a wide range of insect pests. Permethrin exhibits low mammalian toxicity Insect powder and it is not classified in the European Community on the basis of its toxicity. Permethrin is photostable giving Coopex® Insect Powder its residual activity.
09 10 Coopex® Insect Powder The insecticidal powder for harbourages Health andsafetyequipment. silverfish, cockroaches and woodlice. Bed bugs,fleas,wasps,ants,beetles,moths,suckinglice, range ofPublicHygieneinsectpeststoinclude: Coopex for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available Coopex tr treatments where itcomplementstheuseofe.g. spray Coopex with fleas. localised ar harbourages e.g.cracksandcrevices andintovoidsorto tr ant andwaspnests.Alter Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Contr Areas ofUse cinemas, animalhousingetc. municipal buildings,churches, halls,communitycentres, crevice treatment only),hospitals,hotels,publicbaths, Continuously occupiedareas (asband/spotorcrackand Public Buildings: Restaurants, commercial kitchensetc. Food Preparation: Food retailers, warehouses, rawmaterialstores etc. Storage: Processing, foodmanufacture, kitchens,slaughterhousesetc. Food Handling: In andaround buildingsincludinghouses,blocksofflatsetc. Domestic premises: surfaces, theproximity ofelectricalequipmentorflammability. variously restricted becauseofcorrosion orotherdamageto Suited forusewhere theapplicationofliquidspraysmaybe where foodstuffs are stored, prepared oreaten. It canbeappliedinpremises where peopleliveorworkand d I Coopex treatment of: eatments. eatment around toinsect structures andfurnishings, naccessible ordeadspaces,e.g.voidsbehindpanelling, ucting etc. ® ® ® ® Insect Powderissuitableforthecontr Insect Powderisanidealcomponentofintegrated Insect Powdercanbeappliedliberallytoandaround Insect Powderisparticularlyvaluableforthe eas knowntobeinfestede.g.animalhaunts olled natively itmaybeappliedasaband www.pestcontrol-expert.com ol ofawide Coopex® isar PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICATIONS BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMA AL w/w. cis:trans isomericratio)0.5% contains permethrin(25:75 Coopex® InsectPowder BIOCIDESSAFELY USE contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe pr document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This product guideisnottobe All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2012. mark ofBayer. HSE 5052. oducts andr WAYS READTHELABEL epr egister esentations ed trade TION - Product Range
® ® Coopex Coopex Smokes Smokes Fast, easy and thorough
Ready to use No equipment needed Easy, quick and simple
Ready to use The Ready-to-use formulation involves no mixing or specialist equipment. Coopex® Smokes are biodegradable products which have highly penetrative smoke for fast, efficient control with low risk of environmental contamination. The clean smoke leaves no unsightly deposit, tainting or residual odour. Coopex® Smokes contain permethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid which is well proven for use in pyrotechnic formulations. Permethrin exhibits low mammalian toxicity, minimising opportunity Insect smokes for operator contamination. Coopex Smokes is available in 2 convenient pack sizes; Maxi and Mini.
11 12 Coopex® Smokes Fast, easy & thorough Health andsafetyequipment. ants, fleas,bedbugsandcockroaches. Flies (includinghouseandcluster),mosquitoes,moths,wasps, Public Hygieneinsectpeststoinclude: knockdown andkill,targeted forthecontrol ofawiderange Coopex for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available appr remove thecontainercap, placeonafireproof baseof After preparing thearea fortreatment simplytearoff thetag, net n okoce 257.5 62.5 insects andcockroaches Upto1000m Ants, stored product Fleas andbedbugs Flying insects net V Insects Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Controlled Areas ofUse machinery, inloftsandverytallstructures. Coopex spraying equipmentisdifficult touse,forexample,inside pens andcages). practices andlaboratoryanimalhouses(excluding May alsobeusedinzoos,petshops,kennels,veterinary p buildings plusfoodhandling,storageandmanufacturing hospitals (notoccupiedwards), industrialandmunicipal domestic situationsandpublichygieneareas including Smokes are ready-to-use singletreatments forusein Coopex remises. oximately 300x300mmandlighttheigniterusingamatch. ® ® Smokes are effective products offering rapidflushout, Smokes are idealforawkward spaceswhere Coopex Maxi 5 30 250 olume tr www.pestcontrol-expert.com 3 eated m Coopex Mini Up to120m 3 ® 3 contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This product guideisnottobe All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2010. PCS 90408/90409. mark ofBayer. HSE 5130/5131. Coopex® isaregistered trade- PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICATIONS BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMATION ALWAYS READTHELABEL 13.35 %w/w (25:75 cis:transisomericratio) Generators containpermethrin Coopex® MiniandMaxiSmoke USE BIOCIDES SAFEL . Y Product Range
Ficam® D Ficam® D The dust that’s deadly to insects
Superior against wasps and ants High penetration of voids (due to the talc used) Does not repel or excite the insects
Superior
Ficam® D is the superior wasp and ant control product which has been tried and tested for over 35 years in the field. With its extensive label recommendations Ficam® D is easy and ready to use and comes in a re-sealable pack. It is a biodegrad- able product with low risk of environmental contamination. It is ideal to use where liquid-based formulations are unsuitable. The particulate nature of Ficam® D means it will not be absorbed by porous surfaces and where deposits remain Insect powder undisturbed, it will provide long term residual activity. Ficam® D is odourless, non-tainting, non-staining and non- corrosive. Bendiocarb is photostable exerting prolonged residual insecticidal activity.
Resistance management It is good practice to regularly rotate chemical groups to promote resistance management. In this instance K-Othrine® WG 250 is a perfect partner for Ficam® D.
13 14 Ficam® D The dust that’s deadly to insects Ficam Health andsafetyequipment. for mor bed bugs,millipedes,spiders,beetlesandwoodlice(seelabel W crawling insectpeststoinclude: for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available or r Apply Ficam Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Controlled Areas ofUse Refuse tips,sewageworks(excludingfilterbeds)etc. Outdoors: Warehouses. Storage: cr Hospitals (inc.occupiedwards asband/spotorcrackand Public Buildings: In andaround buildingsincludinghouses,blocksofflatsetc. Domestic pr F service ductswher f electrical installationswhere sprayingisundesirable. or thetreatment ofinaccessibleareas suchasroof voidsand asps, ants,silverfish,cockr icam evice treatment only),factoriesetc. otary bloweratadoserateof10-20gFicam ® e details). ® D issuitableforthecontrol ofawiderangeflyingand D canbeusedinandaround waspandantnests ® emises: D byhandshakerorpuffer, bellowsorpistongun e sprayingisimpracticalandaround oaches, moths,flies,ticks,fleas, www.pestcontrol-expert.com ® D perm 2 . Ficam® isar PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICA BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMATION ALWAYS READTHELABEL 1.25 %w/w. Ficam® Dcontainsbendiocarb USE contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe pr document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This pr All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2012. PCS 93412. mark ofBayer. HSE 4829. oducts andr BIOCIDES SAFEL oduct guideisnottobe egister epresentations ed trade TIONS - Y Product Range
® Ficam® W Ficam W A predictable outcome
Excellent against wasps, ants, fleas and bed bugs Does not repel or excite the insects Once added to water, no classification APPROVED Odourless, non-staining, non-tainting and For use in aircraft non-corrosive Provides prolonged, residual insecticidal activity Can be applied to mattresses
Excellent broad control
Ficam® W is a recognised quality formulation with extensive label recommendations and is a non-repellent. As it is a non- pyrethroid, Ficam® W is an ideal tool for resistance management. Ficam® W has long lasting activity as bendiocarb is photostable thus enhancing availability to insects. Ficam® W is supplied in measured doses (15g water soluble sachet in 5L water). The pack being a water soluble sachet means less disposal of packaging and reduces operator exposure. Surface spray Also available in 500g (for smaller quantities of mix). Clean/minimal visual deposit after application. Ficam® W is a biodegradable product with low risk of environmental contamination, it is water-based, no oil or solvent to damage surfaces. Ficam® W can also be applied to mattresses.
Resistance management It is good practice to regularly rotate chemical groups to promote resistance management. In this instance K-Othrine® WG 250 is a perfect partner for Ficam® W.
Water soluble 15 secs 30 secs 45 secs sachet
15 16 Ficam® W A predictable outcome Ficam Health andsafetyequipment. ticks andthrips. It willalsocontrol spiders, woodlice,centipedes,millipedes, moths, silverfish,earwigs,booklice&beetles. Ants, wasps,fleas,flies,mosquitoes,bedbugs,cockroaches, Hygiene insectpeststoinclude: for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Controlled Areas ofUse AMS1450A andBoeingD6-7127compliant. Aircraft &Ship Refuse tips,sewageworks(excludingfilterbeds)etc. Outdoors: Restaurants etc. Food Preparation: Food retailers, warehouses etc. S Processing, foodmanufacture, slaughterhousesetc. F cinemas etc. municipal buildings,churches, halls,communitycentres, crevice treatment only),hospitals,hotels,publicbaths, Continuously occupiedareas (asband/spotorcrackand Public Buildings: Ficam Domestic premises: not clothing,sheets,pillowcasesorincots). c 5L ofspraycoversappr 1 sachet=15g+50gsugarin 5Lwater(0.3%+1.0%sugar). Houseflies andblowflies 2 sachets=30gin5Lwater unhygienic: control isrequired, where conditionsare particularly heavy infestationsare present, where anextendedperiodof For contr 1 sachet=15gin5Lwater also cockroaches inmost situations: Crawling insectpestsandadultmosquitoesinallsituations; arpets, wallpaper, bedframesandmattresses furniture, (but ood Handling: torage: ® ® W issuitableforthecontrol ofawiderangePublic W canbesprayedindomesticpremises, hotels,onto ol ofcockr oaches inspecialsituationsi.e.wher oximately 125m www.pestcontrol-expert.com 2 e Ficam® isar PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICATIONS BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMA ALWAYS READTHELABEL 80 %w/w. Ficam® Wcontainsbendiocarb BIOCIDESSAFELY USE contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This product guideisnottobe All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2012. PCS 93413. mark ofBayer. HSE 5390. egister ed trade- TION Product Range
K-Obiol® K-Obiol® Assured protection
Pyrethroid formulation No with-holding period APPROVED Admixture and fabric of the building treatment For fabric of the Up to 12 months protection building treatment and for fabric of Control of a range of stored crop insects grain stores used Approved for fabric of grain stores used for for oilseed rape oilseed rape
Pyrethroid formulation
K-Obiol® EC25 and K-Obiol® ULV6 are modern pyrethroid formulations containing Deltamethrin, synergised with piperonyl butoxide for the control of a range of stored product insects known to infest grain and pulses. This pyrethroid formulation is an ideal alternative to organo-phosphorus formulations.
No with-holding period The Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) nominated for deltamethrin is Grain treatment 2mg/kg in grain. When K-Obiol® EC25 or K-Obiol® ULV6 are applied at their recommended rate, the residue level (0.25mg/kg) will be 8 times lower than the MRL. On finished, manufactured product, flour and bread: no residues over the MRL are found as deltamethrin does not significantly penetrate the grain but remains on the bran. Within hard wheat manufactured products, semolina and pasta: no residues over the MRL of deltamethrin were detected. In malting: no residues over the MRL of deltamethrin is found in wort or beer, and therefore has no effect on beer.
Admixture and building fabric treatment
K-Obiol® EC25 and K-Obiol® ULV6 are liquid grain protectant admixtures. K-Obiol® EC25 can be applied to the fabric of buildings. K-Obiol® EC25 can be used in grain silos and stores that are subsequently used for oilseed rape storage as a fabric of the building and equipment treatment only. K-Obiol® EC25 does not have approval for use as an admixture treatment for oilseed rape. K-Obiol® is accepted for use by the Brewing Research International (BRI), the National Association of British and Irish Millers (NABIM) and the Trade Assurance Scheme for Combinable Crops (TASCC).
17 18 K-Obiol® Assured protection K-Obiol Health andsafetyequipment. and grainmoths. beetles andflyinginsectssuchasricemoths,indianmealmoths grain borers, saw-toothedgrainbeetles,beanweevils,bruchid including crawlinginsectssuchasgrainweevils,flourbeetles, is required. *Specialist UltraLowVolume (ULV) application equipment for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Controlled Areas ofUse and pulseharvestingasadmixtures. K-Obiol handling equipment(seeapplicationrates). be appliedoverthefabricofgrainstoragebuildingsandcrop K to treat 100m absorbent) (EConly) Non-por from 1application ReadytoUse* in99Lwater grain per 100tonnesof E ny otetdltdi 0 - dilutedin10L 100m 40-60ml (EC only)totreat Porous (absorbent) building Fabric ofthe Period K-Obiol Admixture K-Obiol Treatment -Obiol 2 ® u nn 40-60ml ous (non- ® EC25 andK-Obiol E C25 andK-Obiol 2 ae Upto2months Upto2months water diluted in5L- water Upto12months 4.2Lundiluted e.g. 10ml/tonne 1L diluted EC25 ® ® ULV6 control stored product pests U LV6 canbeusedduringgrain e.g. 42ml/tonne UL www.pestcontrol-expert.com V6 ® EC25 canalso of protection contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This pr All rightsr © CopyrightofBayer2012. PCS 03642. K-Obiol® UL MAPP 13573.PCS03641. mark ofBayer K-Obiol® isaregistered trade- PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICATIONS BEFORE USE.P AND PRODUCTINFORMATION ALWAYS READTHELABEL 54g/L. 6g/L andpiperonyl butoxide UL onyl butoxide225g/L.K-Obiol® deltamethrin 25g/Landpiper- K-Obiol® EC25contains PRODUCTS SAFELY PROTECTION PLANT USE V6 containsdeltamethrin oduct guideisnottobe eserved. V6 MAPP13572. . K-Obiol®EC25 A Y A TTENTION Product Range
® ® K-Othrine K-Othrine 1% SC 1% SC Simple, convenient, effective
Ideal for routine treatments Up to 12 weeks control Squeeze and pour pack Control of fleas, bed bugs etc.
Ideal for routine treatments
K-Othrine® 1% SC contains deltamethrin (10g/L), a synthetic pyrethroid. Deltamethrin is comprised of a single pure active isomer, which maximises insecticidal activity. It exhibits low mammalian toxicity. K-Othrine® 1% SC is a suspension concentrate, and is an ideal professional pest control product. It is a particulate suspension of solid deltamethrin and carrier particles in water. The particles are similar in size to those of the finest insecticidal emulsions Surface spray but, unlike the emulsions, are not readily absorbed into surfaces. The insecticide particles remain exposed on surfaces and are readily available to the insects providing sustained residual activity. It does not taint or cause staining and is photostable giving K-Othrine® 1% SC its residual activity. It is also virtually odourless.
Squeeze and pour pack
K-Othrine® 1% SC is a water based formulation and is supplied in a simple squeeze and pour bottle and mixed to water. Its fine particles do not block sprayers, due to the quality of the deltamethrin. There is no waste, just measure out exactly the amount needed for each treatment, add to water and stir.
19 20 K-Othrine® 1% SC Simple, convenient, effective K-Othrine Health andsafetyequipment. beetles (seefulllabelfordetails),silverfish,booklice. Cockroaches, ants,flies, mosquitoes, fleas,bedbugs,moths, pests including: and residual activity, ofawiderangePublicHygieneinsect for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available K-Othrine 5L/100 m Apply tojustshortofrun-off onmostsurfacesi.e.atarateof Hygiene. moths 5L Flies, mosquitoes, 75ml Flying insects: Stor Routine fleas Cockroaches, bedbugs, Public healthinsects: Crawling insects net Dilutionrate Insects Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Contr Areas ofUse Restaurants, commercial kitchensetc. Food Preparation: Food retailers, warehouses, rawmaterialstores etc. Storage: Pr Food Handling: c m crevice treatment only),hospitals,hotels,publicbaths, Continuously occupiedareas (asband/spotorcrackand Public Buildings: In andaround buildingsincludinghouses,blocksofflatsetc. Domestic premises: inemas etc. unicipal buildings,churches, halls,communitycentres, ocessing, foodmanufacture, kitchens,slaughterhousesetc. ed pr ® 2 ® oduct insects of surface. 1% SCissuitableforthecontr 1% SCisanidealsurfacespray foruseinPublic olled T reatment Routine 75ml5L Routine 150ml5L nta 10l5L Initial 150ml www.pestcontrol-expert.com ol, bysurfacespray -trn Water K-Othrine contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This pr All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2012. PCS 93572. trademark ofBayer. HSE 5097. K-Othrine® isar PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICATIONS BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMA ALWAYS READTHELABEL deltamethrin 1%w/w K-Othrine® contains USE BIOCIDES SAFEL oduct guideisnottobe egister . ed TION Y Product Range
® ® K-Othrine K-Othrine WG250 WG250 As Ezi as 1, 2, 3...
Minimal operator exposure Up to 12 weeks control APPROVED Control of fleas, bed bugs, ants etc. For use in aircraft Flexibility of mixing
Minimal operator exposure
K-Othrine® WG 250 is a water dispersible broad spectrum insecticide with long term residual activity. This deltamethrin concentrated formulation is not classified in its toxicity by the European Community and has a low mammalian toxicity. The 40g bottle must be used in conjunction with an Ezidose applicator:
Surface spray
1 2 3
With one pull of the trigger the the Ezidoser simply dispenses exactly the right volume of K-Othrine® WG granules (0.5g) to mix with 1L of water. This will treat 20m2. The Ezidoser is very flexible and easy to use allowing the operator to mix from 1L up to 5L in 1L increments. For example, if 2L of water is required, simply pull the trigger twice, 3L of water, pull the trigger three times. It's as easy as that! The K-Othrine® WG 250 convenient granular formulation is quick and easy to use and due to the small pack size requires little space for storage. The 40g bottle used with the Ezidoser ensures accurate measurements and eliminates the risk of over- dosing while reducing disposal costs. A 40g pack of K-Othrine® WG provides 80 x 1L sprays which treats 1,600m2!
Up to 12 weeks control
K-Othrine® WG 250 has the recommendation to add 0.5g into 1L of water (or 2.5g into 5L water) for up to 12 weeks control on non-porous surfaces, which is essential in the treatment of bad infestations for fleas and bed bugs.
21 22 K-Othrine® WG250 As Ezi as 1, 2, 3... spiders andwoodlice. carpet beetles,cockroaches andbooklice.Itwillalsocontrol Health andsafetyequipment. Flying insects Crawling Insects K-Othrine pests including: and residual activity, ofawiderangePublicHygieneinsect for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available just shortofrun-off onmostsurfaces,atarateof5L/100m surface. K-Othrine Application: virtually odourlessandbiodegradable. Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Controlled Areas ofUse AMS1450A &BoeingD6-7127compliant. Aircraft &Ship Restaurants, commercial kitchensetc. F Food retailers, warehouses, rawmaterialstores etc. S Processing, foodmanufacture, kitchens,slaughterhousesetc. Food Handling: cinemas etc. municipal buildings,churches, halls,communitycentres, c C Public Buildings: K-Othrine Domestic premises: c h cockroaches. fleas, ants, bed bugs, & moths mosquitoes e.g. flies, insects Flying insects Public health insects Crawling revice treatment only),hospitals,hotels,publicbaths, lothing, sheets,pillowcasesorincots). otels, ontocarpets,wallpaper, bedframes(butnot furniture, ood Preparation: torage: net Area Insects ontinuously occupiedareas (asband/spotorcrackand ® e.g. ® WG 250issuitableforthecontrol, bysurfacespray WG 250canbesprayedindomesticpremises, The granulesdispersewithin one minute.Applyto when atr including blackants,bed-bugs,fleas,earwigs, infestations Low infestations Heavy ® Same aslowinfestationrateforcrawlinginsects C WG 250isnon-staining,non-tainting, onditions est includingfliesandmosquitoes. WG250 K-Othrine .g5.0L 2.5g 2.0L 2.0g 1.0L 1.5g 2.5L 1.0g 2.0L 0.5g 1.5L 2.5g 1.0L 2.0g 0.5L 1.5g 1.0g 0.5g Dilution rate www.pestcontrol-expert.com W 4.0L 3.0L ater 10m 100m 80m 60m 40m 20m 50m 40m 30m 20m 2 of 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This pr All rightsr © CopyrightofBayer2012. PCS 94096. trademark ofBayer. HSE8092. K-Othrine® isaregistered PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICATIONS BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMATION AL deltamethrin 250g/kg. K-Othrine® WG250contains BIOCIDESSAFELY USE W A YS READTHELABEL oduct guideisnottobe eserved. Product Range
® Maxforce LN LN Simply fantastic control
Controls black ants Formulated for nest eradication APPROVED Convenient, discreet, long term control For use on lawns Indoor and outdoor use
Controls black ants
Maxforce® LN is a ready to use ant bait which has been specifically developed for the control of black ants. The Maxforce® LN ant bait consists of sugar and honey combined with the active ingredient imidacloprid forming part of the special bait matrix which encourages the ants to feed on it and take the bait back to the colony. Colony eradication can be expected within 7-14 days after treatment, depending on the size of the infestation.
Bait station Indoor and outdoor use
Maxforce® LN can be used in and around domestic housing, commercial and industrial premises, public swimming pools, terraces, patios, pathways and on lawns. This professional and amateur approved product should be placed in a horizontal position where ants can be seen foraging for food. Indoors, trails are often seen emerging from underneath doors, windows or cracks and crevices. Maxforce® LN is presented in a tamper proof bait station and is ideal for sensitive areas.
23 c i t s N a L t ® n e a f c
l r y o l o r f p t x n a m i o c M S
Areas of Use Domestic premises: In and around houses, blocks of flats etc. including kitchens. Public Buildings: Commercial and industrial premises, in areas surrounding public swimming pools, outdoor terraces, patios and pathways and on lawns.
Insects Controlled
Black ants.
Health and Safety Health and safety equipment.
Application Rate
Apply 1 to 4 bait stations per nest. Place bait stations next to nests where ants forage so that the bait can be taken back to the nest. If the nest cannot be found, apply 1 to 4 bait stations per 5m2. How to open the bait station: Snap off the 4 ‘hooks’ to open the ant entry holes into the bait station. Do not take the bait station apart. USE BIOCIDES SAFELY
Maxforce® LN contains imidacloprid 0.05%. ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND PRODUCT INFORMATION BEFORE USE. PAY ATTENTION TO THE RISK INDICATIONS AND FOLLOW THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON THE LABEL. Maxforce® is a registered trademark of Bayer. HSE 8622. © Copyright of Bayer 2012. All rights reserved. This product guide is not to be construed a legally binding document. Specifications of the products and representations and warranties shall be exclusively dealt with in the distribution and/or sales contracts.
MSDS and label text information is available
24 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Product Range
® Maxforce Prime PRIME Astounding attraction. Remarkable results.
Controls all major cockroach species Exceptionally palatable gel bait APPROVED Consistent high performance For use in aircraft
Controls all major cockroach species
Maxforce® Prime controls the following major cockroach species: 1. German cockroach (Blattella germanica) 2. Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) 3. Brown banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa) 4. Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) 5. American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)
Exceptionally attractive gel bait
Maxforce® Prime has been formulated to offer the best consumption Gel bait rates across cockroach species and more importantly cockroach development stages (nymphs), due to well balanced and highly attractive food ingredients in this premium bait matrix. Maxforce® Prime was developed in the US to solve the bait aversion problems that the Americans experienced and focuses on delivering the most attractive Maxforce® bait to date. Based on the trusted active ingredient Imidacloprid which makes part of this superb formulation, an effect on the cockroach population can be expected within 24 hours of treatment. The product can be transferred from one cockroach to another because survivors can eat the corpses or faeces of individuals that have previously fed on the gel. This is known as the ‘Domino Effect™’ and enables Maxforce® Prime to be passed on to and control even those cockroaches that remain hidden within harbourages.
Consistent high performance
Maxforce® Prime cartridges withstand a broad range of tempera- tures (00C to 300C) and are odourless. Unlike other fat based gels, the physical consistency of Maxforce® Prime remains unchanged within this range of temperature making it easier and more consistent to apply. Performance is also not affected when applying in temperatures up to 540C. The oudourless gel bait is applied directly as small spots or thin strips to surfaces in the treatment area, ideally in discrete locations away from non target species.
25 26 Maxforce® Prime Astounding attraction. Remarkable results. Health andsafetyequipment. Brown Bandedcockroaches. Cockroaches e.g.German,Oriental,American,Australianand and levelofinfestation*. applied at0.1–0.3g/m Maxforce within aweek. A discer Cockroach control shouldbeevidentwithin48hoursoftreatment. The gelr there isnoriskofspillage andlittleopportunityforoperatorerror. Maxforce Low infestation: *Density ofinfestation: High infestation:Cockr Application rate Australian cockr Oriental, Americanand Banded cockroaches German andBrown Application Rate Health andSafety Insects Controlled Areas ofUse pce Highinfestation Species AMS1450A &BoeingD6-7127compliant. Aircraft &Ship animal housesetc.(excludingpensandcages). Zoos, petshops,kennels,veterinarypractices,laboratory S Restaurants, commercial kitchensetc. Food Preparation: where grainisstored) etc. Food retailers, warehouses, rawmaterialstores, silos(except Storage: Processing, foodmanufacture, kitchens,slaughterhousesetc. Food Handling: centres, cinemasetc. p Continuously occupiedareas includinghospitalwards, hotels, Public Buildings: In andaround houses,blocksofflatsetc.includingkitchens. Domestic premises: ublic baths,municipalbuildings,churches, halls,community mall scaleanimalhousing: 0.1g/m nible effect onthecockroach populationcanbeexpected eadily adher ® ® Prime Prime 2 oaches Cockr contains 2.15%w/wimidaclopridandis requires nopreparation orsprayingequipment, es tocleansurfaces. droplet size Actual oaches rar oaches commonlyvisibleduringtheday 2 depending uponthecockroach species Low infestation Two spotsx0.1g n ptx01 Two spots x0.1g One spotx0.1g 4mm ely visibleduringtheday B&G Multi-doser Applicator settings Bait Gun2000 Piecemaker Walmur Three spotsx0.1g 3 2 3 3 contracts. distribution and/or sales exclusively dealt withinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This product guideisnottobe All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2012. trademark ofBayer. HSE 9093. Maxfor PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICA BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMA ALWAYS READTHELABEL imidacloprid 2.15%w/w. Maxfor USE BIOCIDES SAFEL ce® isaregistered ce® Primecontains TIONS TION Y Product Range
® Maxforce Quantum QUANTUM Now you’re the expert on ant control
Controls all major ant species Rapid control APPROVED For use on lawns Quick and easy to apply in a bait station Remains effective for up to 3 months
Controls all major ant species
Maxforce® Quantum controls sweet and protein loving ants including: 1. Pharaoh Ants (Monomorium pharaonis) 2. Black Ants (Lasius niger) 3. Ghost Ants (Tapinoma melanocephalum) 4. Argentine Ants (Linepithema humile)
Rapid control A significant reduction in ant activity can be expected within days Gel bait after treatment, followed by colony elimination within weeks (depending on ant species and size of nest e.g. Pharaoh Ants 1-2 weeks and Black Ants 2-3 weeks). An initial increase in ant activity might be seen (as they are attracted to the bait).
Quick and easy to apply
Using Maxforce® Quantum’s transparent formulation will allow you to apply the product quicker than other conventional treatments (especially bait stations). The 30g cartridge contains 150 single doses (0.2g), which is enough to cover 150m2 (this will treat approximately 15 apartments).
Remains attractive for up to 3 months
Maxforce® Quantum’s unique non-drying formulation is highly attractive to ants and remains active for up to 3 months due to Bayer’s exclusive bait matrix technology. Ants feed readily before returning to their nest along with some of the bait and subsequently eradicate the colony.
27 t r e m p u x t e n
a e l u h o t r
Q t e n ® r ’ o e u c c
o r t y o
n f Areas of Use a x w
a o n Domestic premises: M N o In and around houses, blocks of flats etc. including kitchens. Public Buildings: Continuously occupied areas including hospitals, hotels, public baths, municipal buildings, churches, halls, community centres, cinemas etc. Food Handling: Processing, food manufacture, kitchens, slaughter houses etc. Storage: Food retailers, warehouses, raw material stores, silos (except where grain is stored) etc. Food Preparation: Restaurants, commercial kitchens etc. Outdoor: Terraces, pavements, patios, entrance areas to sheds and garages etc. Can be applied on lawns in bait stations. Cannot be used directly on soil or in flowerbeds.
Insects Controlled
All major ant species including pharaoh ants, black ants, ghost ants and argentine ants.
Health and Safety Health and safety equipment.
Application Rate
Maxforce® Quantum is a thick liquid (similar consistency to honey) containing imidacloprid (0.03%). Maxforce® Quantum should be applied using a standard gel applicator onto horizontal surfaces or within an appropriate bait station. Small drops (1cm diameter) should be placed where there are ant trails, cracks and crevices, nest entrances, kitchen USE BIOCIDES SAFELY cupboards, in the vicinity of electrical and electronic equipment and any other areas where ant activity has been identified. Maxforce® Quantum contains To treat a 10m2 kitchen would require 10 droplets. imidacloprid 0.03% w/w. Maxforce® Quantum requires no preparation or spraying ALWAYS READ THE LABEL equipment, there is no risk of spillage and little opportunity for AND PRODUCT INFORMATION operator error. BEFORE USE. PAY ATTENTION TO THE RISK INDICATIONS AND FOLLOW THE SAFETY Actual Application rate Applicator settings PRECAUTIONS ON THE LABEL. droplet size Maxforce® is a registered trademark of Bayer. HSE 8888. Piecemaker 4 PCS 95547. © Copyright of Bayer 2012. All rights reserved. Bait Gun 2000 4 This product guide is not to be 0.2g/m2 10mm construed a legally binding document. Specifications of the Walmur 3 products and representations and warranties shall be exclusively dealt with in the B&G Multi-doser 4 distribution and/or sales contracts.
MSDS and label text information is available
28 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Product Range
® Maxforce White IC WHITE IC You have to blend in to stand out
No visible deposit (non-staining) Reduces program visits and call-backs APPROVED Rapid action and long term control For use in aircraft Inconspicuous white colour
No Visible Deposit
Maxforce® White IC contains imidacloprid, which is a white coloured gel formulation, is clean looking and inconspicuous in use. It does not contain any fat enabling it to be non-staining and leaves no visible deposits.
Reduces call-backs
Maxforce® White IC is ready-to-use, odourless and convenient to apply. It requires no preparation or spraying equipment, there is no Gel bait risk of spillage and little opportunity for operator error. Maxforce® White IC offers minimal disruption to the client with no need to vacate the premises during/after treatment.
How it works
Cockroaches will feed on Maxforce® White IC immediately after application. A 30g cartridge provides 300 spots or 300m2 (depending on level of infestation and species). The first signs of intoxication with imidacloprid may be seen after ten minutes with knockdown of the cockroaches after one hour. Dead cockroaches should be evident within 24 hours of treatment. Maximum levels of control are achieved between 6 days and several months after treatment depending upon the level of infestation and as long as the gel is present. The bait is passed from one cockroach to another resulting in the ‘Domino effect’™. Maxforce® White IC readily adheres to clean surfaces. It stays where it is placed and does not run even at temperatures up to 54°C. Once applied the gel resists drying and remains soft and palatable to cockroaches over extended periods of time. Maxforce® White IC is an attractive food bait proven in use in over 10 European countries.
29 C I
d e n t i e t l h u b
o Areas of Use W
o t ® d
e n Domestic premises: e c a v r t In and around houses, blocks of flats etc. including kitchens. a s o
h f
Public Buildings: o x u t a Continuously occupied areas including hospitals, hotels, o n i Y M public baths, municipal buildings, churches, halls, community centres, cinemas etc. Food Handling: Processing, food manufacture, kitchens, slaughter houses etc. Storage: Food retailers, warehouses, raw material stores, silos etc. Food Preparation: Restaurants, commercial kitchens etc. Small scale animal housing: Zoos, pet shops, kennels, veterinary practices, laboratory animal houses etc. (excluding animal pens and cages). Aircraft AMS1450A compliant.
Insects Controlled
All major cockroaches including German, Oriental and American.
Health and Safety Health and safety equipment.
Application Rate
Maxforce® White IC contains 2.15% w/w active imidacloprid and is applied at application rates ranging from one to three 0.1g spots/m2 or depending upon the cockroach species and level of infestation*. Application of the gel is concentrated in and around identified cockroach harbourages, the quantity employed being based upon the total floor area of the infested building and the area to be treated. The applied gel spots should be monitored regularly and further applications made as required.
SpeciesLow infestation High infestation
German cockroach One spot x 0.1g Two spots x 0.1g USE BIOCIDES SAFELY Oriental, American and Two spots x 0.1g Three spots x 0.1g Australian cockroach Maxforce® White IC contains imidacloprid 2.15 % w/w. *Density of infestation: ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND PRODUCT INFORMATION Low infestation: Cockroaches rarely visible during the day BEFORE USE. PAY ATTENTION High infestation: Cockroaches commonly visible during the day TO THE RISK INDICATIONS AND FOLLOW THE SAFETY Actual Application rate Applicator settings PRECAUTIONS ON THE LABEL. droplet size Maxforce® is a registered trademark of Bayer. HSE 8320. Piecemaker 3 PCS 93110. © Copyright of Bayer 2012. All rights reserved. Bait Gun 2000 3 This product guide is not to be 0.1g/m2 construed a legally binding 4mm document. Specifications of the Walmur 2 products and representations and warranties shall be exclusively dealt with in the B&G Multi-doser 3 distribution and/or sales contracts.
30 Product Range
® Pybuthrin® 33 Pybuthrin 33 Natural insect control
Ideal for hot/thermal fogging (oil based) No residual Natural active ingredient Biodegradable
Ideal for hot/thermal fogging
Pybuthrin® 33 is an oil-based ready-to-use insecticidal space spray for application by misting or fogging for the control of flying insects and as an aid to the control of crawling insects. It can repel, flushout, rapidly knockdown and control flying insects as well as flushout crawling insects from their harbourages resulting also in knockdown.
Space spray & No residual Surface spray Pybuthrin® 33 is a classic space spray which can also be employed as a ready-to-use surface spray which can then be applied directly to insects on surfaces. It acts by direct contact action but exerts no significant residual activity.
Natural active ingredient
Pybuthrin® 33 contains pyrethrins synergised with piperonyl butoxide. Pyrethrins are isolated from extracts of the flowers of Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium and related species. The synergist piperonyl butoxide, which enhances the biological performance of pyrethroids, is derived from oil of sassafras, an extract of the bark of the ochotea tree. Synergised pyrethrins are internationally recognised for their insecticidal activity against a wide range of insect pests.
Biodegradable
Pybuthrin® 33 is biodegradable, virtually odourless, non-tainting and generally non-staining. The pyrethrins in Pybuthrin® 33 have low mammalian toxicity and are non-persistent (due to the pyrethrins breaking down rapidly in air and light), making the product ideal for use in food handling situations and public hygiene.
31 t 3 c 3 e s ® n n i i
r l l h a o t r r u t u t b n a y o c P N
Areas of Use A ready-to-use space and surface (contact spray) for use in the following situations: Domestic premises: In and around buildings including houses, blocks of flats etc. Public Buildings: Hospitals (excluding occupied wards), hotels, public baths, municipal buildings, churches, halls, community centres, cinemas etc. Food Handling: Processing, food manufacture, kitchens, slaughter houses etc. Storage: Food retailers, warehouses, raw material stores etc. Food Preparation: Restaurants, commercial kitchens etc. Outdoors: Refuse tips, sewage works (excluding filter beds), amenity areas etc.
Insects Controlled
Pybuthrin® 33 is suitable for the control of a wide range of insect pests including: Flies, mosquitoes, moths, wasps, beetles and cockroaches (see label for further details).
Health and Safety USE BIOCIDES SAFELY Health and safety equipment. Pybuthrin® 33 contains Application Rate pyrethrins 0.38% w/w (3g/L), synergised with piperonyl Flying insects and as an aid to the control of crawling insects: butoxide. ALWAYS READ THE LABEL Spray typeIndoor Outdoor AND PRODUCT INFORMATION BEFORE USE. PAY ATTENTION TO THE RISK INDICATIONS Space spray 3 1L per 3,000 m Up to 25L per ha AND FOLLOW THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON THE LABEL. Surface (contact) spray Up to 5L per 100m2 (i.e. sufficient to Pybuthrin® is a registered dampen the insects) trademark of Bayer. HSE 5106. PCS 93411. © Copyright of Bayer 2012. All rights reserved. This product guide is not to be construed a legally binding document. Specifications of the products and representations and warranties shall be exclusively dealt with in the distribution and/or sales contracts.
MSDS and label text information is available
32 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Product Range
® Quick Bayt® QuickBayt Dead flies dead quick
Kills flies fast Up to 6 weeks control APPROVED For indoor use where Easy and convenient to use waste is stored Cost effective fly control
Kills flies fast Flies are controlled within minutes of contact. Paint on bait formulation for rapid results. Unique, highly visible red colour containing fly pheromone muscalure.
Up to 6 weeks control Up to 6 weeks efficacy in the field. The active ingredient Imidacloprid provides a unique mode of action for optimal fly control. Quick Bayt® controls flies that exhibit resistance to other Paint-on bait insecticides.
Easy and convenient to use
Quick Bayt® can be applied in the presence of animals in areas inaccessible to them. Granules mixed with water form a thick paste that can easily be applied with a paint roller or brush.
Rural hygiene usage Fly nuisance will cost the farmer. Flies carry bacteria, diseases, viral infections and nematodes all of which can pose a risk to human and animal health. If animals are stressed, they lose weight. Untreated fly problems will cause nuisance to neighbours, farm workers and animals. This means fly infestations have a cost and the need for control is essential.
33 ® t k y s c i a e i u l B f
q
k d d c i a
a Areas of Use u e e d Q D Quick Bayt® is an insecticidal bait for the control of flies for use in animal units or agricultural buildings, e.g. broiler houses, livestock barns, caged layer houses and small husbandry e.g. kennels etc. It also approved for use in dairy/milking parlours and for indoor use where waste is stored. Best results will be obtained when small amounts of the paste are applied in many locations, concentrating around the preferred resting sites of flies. Paint the bait in areas inaccessible to food producing animals, children and pets, and where food- stuffs will not become contaminated.
Insects Controlled
Quick Bayt® is suitable for the control of houseflies (Musca domestica).
Health and Safety Health and safety equipment.
Application Rate
Apply at 2g per m2. Mix the appropriate quantity of Quick Bayt® with the required water volume as follows:
Area to be treatedQuick Bayt Water
1000 m2 Poultry - approx 2 units (30 x 15m2)
Pigs - approx 110 2Kg 1L pens (3 x 3m2) Cattle - approx 167 USE BIOCIDES SAFELY pens (2 x 3m2)
Equine - approx 33 Quick Bayt® contains stables (5m x 6m2) imidacloprid 0.5%. ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND PRODUCT INFORMATION 1 2 BEFORE USE. PAY ATTENTION TO THE RISK INDICATIONS AND FOLLOW THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON THE LABEL. Quick Bayt® is a registered trademark of Bayer. HSE 8207. PCS 93087. Mix Quick Bayt® with Paint in strips on to areas required water volume to where flies gather © Copyright of Bayer 2012. form a paste All rights reserved. 3 4 This product guide is not to be construed a legally binding document. Specifications of the products and representations and warranties shall be exclusively dealt with in the distribution and/or sales Paint in strips contracts.
MSDS and label text information is available
34 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Product Range
® Rodilon® Rodilon Resistance is futile
No known resistance in rats or mice Pioneering new active ingredient for the UK For indoor use only with four baiting options Highly palatable and effective single feeds Turbo impregnated
No Known resistance in rats or mice
Rodilon’s® pioneering new active ingredient Difethialone works like no other anticoagulant because of its molecular configuration. When genetic mutation occurs, Rodilon® is still able to bind to the rodent's liver enzyme, unlike other well known anticoagulants. This allows all the Rodilon® formulations to continuously maintain their anti-clotting effects.
Pioneering new active ingredient for the UK Rat & mice bait The four formulations in the Rodilon® range are highly potent single feed anticoagulant rodenticide for indoor use. They contain a pioneering new active ingredient called Difethialone (0.0025% w/w) which is the first new active ingredient to be introduced to the UK market in over 20 years.
Four convenient baiting options
Rodilon® is available in four convenient baiting options to suit every indoor situation; Rodilon® Wheat Tech (available in 800g, 2.5Kg and 10Kg packs), Rodilon® Blocks (available in 2Kg and 4Kg packs), Rodilon® Soft Blocks (available in 2.5Kg and 5Kg packs), and Rodilon® Trio (available in 800g and 2.5Kg packs).
Highly palatable and effective single feed solutions
Rodilon® Blocks and Soft Blocks are formulated with high-food grade ingredients for ultimate palatability. Rodilon® Wheat Tech only uses the highest grade wheat while Rodilon® Trio offers a mix of oat, sunflower and maize specifically designed to appeal to mice. Both Rodilon® Wheat Tech and Rodilon® Trio benefit from ‘Turbo impregnation’ technology which impregnates and coats every grain with the active ingredient for maximum control.
35 36 Rodilon® Resistance is futile Blocks Rodilon Soft Blocks Rodilon Trio Rodilon Wheat Tech Rodilon ® ® ® ® Health andsafetyequipment. Rats andmiceincludingNorwayrats,BlackratsHouseMice. for download at MSDS and labeltext informationis available on r place thr Place severalbaitingpoints(seeapplicationratesbelow)inadry Baiting forrats: particular attentionformouseactivityatdifferent heights. droppings orevidenceofmiceactivityhasbeenfound).Pay out theinfestedarea 1to 3metersapart(e.g.wherever damage, Place manybaitingpoints(seeapplicationratesbelow)thr Baiting formice: have beenfound). Application Rate Health andSafety Pests Controlled Areas ofUse public serviceandmunicipalsituations. domestic, commercial, foodfactories,industrial,sewers, Indoor useonlyforthecontr odent runs,alongwallsandwher ihifsain o netto Hg netto Lowinfestation Highinfestation Lowinfestation High infestation every 4-5meters every 4-5meters every 4-5meters every 4-5meters 6 sachets(6x10g)perbaitingpoint oughout infestedarea 4to 10metersapart(e.g.innests, 2-4 blocksperbaitingpoint 0gprbiigpit25g per baiting point 100g perbaitingpoint 100g perbaitingpoint Rats ol ofratsandmiceinagricultural, every 8-10meters every 8-10meters every 8-10meters every 8-10meters www.pestcontrol-expert.com e evidenceofdroppings every 1-1.5meters ough- every 1-1.5meters every 1-1.5meters every 1-1.5meters 2 sachets(2x10g)perbaitingpoint 1 blockperbaitingpoint 25g perbaitingpoint Mice PRECAUTIONS ONTHELABEL. AND FOLLOWTHESAFETY TO THERISKINDICA BEFORE USE.PAY ATTENTION AND PRODUCTINFORMA AL w/w difethialone. Rodilon® contains0.0025% BIOCIDESSAFELY USE 70182, IE/BP 0051. IE/BPA 70181,IE/BPA UK-2011- BPR: UK-2001-0050, BPR: UK-2011-0048, BPR: 0043, BPR: UK-2011- Bayer. of mark registered trade- Rodilon® isa contracts. distribution and/orsales exclusively dealtwithinthe and warrantiesshallbe products andrepresentations document. Specificationsofthe construed alegallybinding This pr All rightsreserved. © CopyrightofBayer2012. 70183. WAYS READTHELABEL every 2-3meters every 2-3meters every 2-3meters oduct guideisnottobe every 2-3meters A 70184,IE/BP TIONS TION A Pest guide contents
Pest Guide Page
Argentine Ants 03 Bed Bugs 05 Biscuit Beetles 09 Black Ants 11 P
Booklice 13 e s Carcinops 15 t g u
Carpet Beetles 17 i d
Cockroaches 19 e Fleas 23 Flour Beetles 27 Ghost Ants 29 Grain Beetles 31 Grain Weevils 33 Hide & Larder Beetles 35 Houseflies 37 Lesser Grain Borers 39 Lesser Mealworms 41 Mosquitoes 43 Pharaoh Ants 47 Poultry Red Mites 49 Rodents (Commensal) 51 Spider Beetles 53 Stored Product Moths 55 Ticks 59 Wasps 63
Pest Guide
Pest Guide Introduction
Phylum Arthropoda: Joint footed animals.
CLASS INSECTA
Characteristics Over 800,000 different species of insects have 3. The abdomen typically consists of 11 been described, some 80% of all animals. segments but these are often Although these vary greatly in size and structure telescoped. they all possess certain fundamental characters which distinguish them from other animals. The immature forms of insects, the larvae and pupae, exhibit the same basic characteristics Insects are invertebrates so do not possess although often in a much simplified form. Thus backbones and, being jointed in limbs and the eyes and limbs are very simple structures body, they qualify for the phylum Arthropoda. and the wings only exist as buds. This includes animals such as the shrimps, centipedes and spiders but the insects Classification themselves belong to the Class Insecta. The existence of an exoskeleton imposes a restriction to growth necessitating moulting if The earliest known fossil insects date back to the insect is to grow any bigger. Moulting is the Middle Devonian period some 300 million therefore a major process in the development years ago, whilst winged insects appeared of the adult insect. It also enables the insects quite suddenly in Carboniferous rocks which to be classified according to their life cycle and are about 250 million years old. this can be important when considering control measures. This classification is:- The fundamental characters displayed by all insects to a greater or lesser extent are:- Sub-class Apterygota - wingless with no metamorphosis. Moulting will still occur when Exoskeleton. the adult stage is reached. A hard chitinous exoskeleton provides support and protection. It is arranged as a series of Orders containing insects of public hygiene segments which may total 20 but are usually significance: grouped together and specialised in some way Thysanura - Silverfish and Bristletails. so there appear to be far less. Collembola - Springtails.
Three part body. The insect’s body is divided into three distinct parts: the head, the thorax and the abdomen.
1. The head is composed of six segments fused together and bears mouthparts and some sensory organs.
2. The thorax is composed of three segments each bearing a pair of legs and the second and third often bearing a pair of wings. This is the basic pattern but may be modified in some way eg, flies possess only one pair of wings whilst beetles have one pair of functional wings (the hind wings) and have modified forewings which usually cover both the thorax and abdomen and provide protection.
01 Sub-class Pterygota - ‘winged’ insects with The life cycle of incomplete metamorphosis adults distinct from young and not subject to moulting. There are two types: Adult
Division Exopterygota, Wings develop externally; they exhibit incomplete metamorphosis with nymphs resembling adults.
Orders containing insects of public hygiene significance: Orthoptera - Crickets etc. Dermaptera - Earwigs Dictyoptera - Cockroaches Nymph Isoptera - Termites Psocoptera - Booklice Mallophaga - Biting lice Egg capsule Anoplura - Sucking lice with eggs Hemiptera - True Bugs Thysanoptera - Thrips This also enables the forms to occupy different Division Endopterygota, Wings develop internally; environments which provides greater scope for they exhibit complete metamorphosis ie. there is survival and development. a dramatic change from egg to adult involving distinct larval and pupal stages. - Rapid reproduction enabling rapid exploitation of resources when conditions are Orders containing insects of public hygiene favourable. significance: - Small size - typically between 0.5-40 mm - Diptera - True flies facilitating ready exploitation of food and Siphonaptera - Fleas shelter. Lepidoptera - Moths - Adaptable, exhibiting a wide variety of forms Coleoptera - Beetles suited to the environments in which they live. Hymenoptera - Wasps and ants Pests can be defined as troublesome or destruc- Acquisition of pest status. tive animals. Only about 0.5% of insect species Insects are the most abundant of all land animals are pests and most of these infest plants and and have inhabited every environment except the plant materials. Suitable conditions for insect sea. Their success can be attributed to: pests are provided wherever crops have been concentrated in the field or store. Man and his - Exoskeleton, for protection and efficient environment, including domesticated animals, water conservation. can also be infested when conditions are right. - Mobility through crawling and especially Insects in the non-agricultural sector are pests which helps in the efficient location of food, because they cause a: shelter, breeding sites etc. - Complete metamorphosis with larvae - Loss of commodities in store. specialised for feeding and growing and - Reduction in the quality of stored adultsfor mating and dispersal. commodities through: Direct feeding damage. The life cycle of complete metamorphosis Tainting. Physical contamination. Adult Secondary effects eg. heating of grain. - Nuisance. - Health hazard eg: Non-specific vectors of disease. Specific vectors of disease.
In addition insects may be responsible for aller- gic reactions, bites or stings whilst an imagined infestation with ectoparasites may lead to the Pupa Egg psychological disorder, ‘delusory parasitosis.’
Larva
02 Pest Guide
Argentine Ant 2.5mm long
Argentine Ants Order: Hymenoptera (‘membrane-winged’)
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Argentine ants are polygyne (multiple queens in a Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile) single colony), as they are not territorial towards Argentine ants prefer a sweet food source such as each other the workers interact between nests, honeydew, fruit juices and plant secretions, but which enables them to form super colonies. will also forage on proteins such as meat, insects, Mated queens and a few workers may also leave eggs and fat. They may even attack small, vulner- an established nest to form a new colony (satel- able animals. In detail they are characterised as lite). follows: Family: Formicidae • Brown; some light brown • Uneven thorax • 12-segmented antennae, no club Recommended Products • Sparse body hairs • No stinger • Monomorphic workers, 3-3.5 mm long Maxforce Quantum See Page 27 of Products Section
Areas where found
Argentine ants are native to Latin America but modest winters but are not generally frost hardy. have now spread on a world wide basis. They are Alternatively, they may be found in greenhouses to be considered a perfect “tramp ant”. Argentine or other heated environments. Colony numbers ants are an invasive species favouring warm fluctuate seasonally, ranging from one hundred to climates. In the Mediterranean, Argentine ants are several hundred thousand workers and many firmly established and widespread. In Northern queens. Europe, Argentine ants may survive outdoors in
Importance as a pest
Argentine ants are an invasive exotic species. In species will be driven out. Colonies may become areas inhabited by Argentine ants, endemic very large and foraging ants represent a nuisance.
03 Life-Cycle
Argentine ants are social insects and live in distributed. The workers provide food for the colonies which are large to very large consisting colony and maintain the nest. Only 5-10% of of: workers (sterile females), fertile males and workers are actually engaged in foraging. Fertile queens (fertile females). There are usually many males and females develop from well fed larvae. queens in a colony (multiqueen colonies) and they Flying swarms are never seen, mating taking co-exist amicably. The queens can be replaced so place in the nests and small spaces in buildings. colonies will survive indefinitely. New colonies are The queen lays eggs which hatch after about two typically formed by budding and may be encour- to four weeks depending on temperature. Larvae aged by disturbing nests. Adult ants are responsible are legless and fed and tended by the other for this process which may include queens. colony members. Larval development takes Worker ants carry larval stages to a new nest site approximately three to four weeks. The pupal from which they can rear queens and males. stage lasts about two weeks. The whole cycle Temporary nests may be established whilst the from egg laying to adult takes about ten weeks workers search for new sites. If established in depending upon temperature. mobile equipment infestations can be widely
Control
Maxforce® Quantum should be applied to forag- one nest due to multiple queens and therefore ing trails. Frequent follow up is needed because bait spots may be taken up rapidly. Replenish bait colonies may be large or there may be more then as needed.
MSDS and label text information is available
04 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Bed bug 5mm long
Bed Bugs Order: Hemiptera (‘half-winged’ true bugs)
Description
Characteristics: Other blood-feeding bugs Two pairs of wings normally present; mouth parts Blood-feeding bugs, very similar in appearance to piercing and sucking, forming a beak, or rostrum, the Common bed bug, can often be found normally held under the body. Metamorphosis infesting birds’ nests and bat roosts. In certain usually incomplete, with egg and nymphal stages. circumstances, these bugs may invade houses and attack humans. They include: Family: Cimicidae. Flat, oval insects, with very short, functionless Pigeon Bug (Cimex columbarius) forewings; hindwings absent; rostrum lies in a Very similar in size and appearance to the ventral groove; tarsi 3-segmented; exclusively Common bed bug; can be distinguished by the bloodsucking. ratio of head width to length of third antennal segment, which is less than 1.6 in most Species characteristics and host/habitat: specimens. Common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) Adults, 5mm long; reddish-brown in colour, Host/habitat: becoming purple after feeding; well-developed Principal hosts are birds; mainly found in starlings’ antennae; prominent, simple eyes; feet clawed so nests, pigeon lofts and poultry houses, but can can climb rough but not smooth surfaces; ratio of attack man. head width (including eyes) to length of third Martin Bug (Oeciacus hirundinis) antennal segment usually greater than 1.7. Similar in appearance to the Common bed bug, Host/habitat: but smaller and more hairy. Can be further The principal host is man, though other warm- distinguished by the following characteristics: blooded animals can be parasitised. Found in when viewed from above, the front margin of the human habitations throughout the world. prothorax is far less concave than in the other species; the head width is also more than twice Recommended Products the length of the third antennal segment. Host/habitat: Principal hosts are birds; often found in martins’ Ficam W, K-Othrine WG & Ficam D nests, but can attack man. See Pages 15, 21 & 13 of Products Section
05 Areas where found
As bed bugs cannot fly, they must either crawl or the daylight hours for these nocturnal creatures. be passively transported in clothing, or more The insect infestations occur particularly in areas probably in luggage, furniture, books and other of high population density including hotels, objects used as harbourages. Their ability to with- hostels and holiday camps. stand many months without feeding increases their chances of surviving such transportation and In temperate climates bed bugs reach their peak the insects’ very wide distribution throughout the numbers towards early autumn. At this time all world demonstrates their success. stages in the lifecycle will be present. With the onset of colder weather their activity decreases, Household’s, hotel’s etc. can be invaded by bed egg-laying ceases and development of the bugs, but it is likely that infestations will only juvenile forms slows down. become established in premises with low stan- dards of hygiene. Bed bugs are often associated Bed bugs overwinter mainly as adults, since the with poor, crowded and unhygienic conditions. eggs and nymphs are more susceptible to low temperatures and die out with the onset of winter, Most bed bug infestations are to be found in unless in adequately heated premises. domestic premises, usually in the bedrooms. Both juveniles and adults live similar lives, hiding away The bird-feeding bugs, such as the Martin bug, in cracks and crevices for most of the time and will be found in the nests of their hosts and follow coming out at night, usually just before dawn, to a similar lifestyle to the Common bed bug. The feed on the blood of their sleeping hosts. Their occasional problems of these species attacking hiding-places will be close to where their hosts humans are likely to stem from abandoned nests sleep: in the bed frame or the mattress, in furni- built near to or inside houses. Nests in lofts or ture, behind the skirting, behind the wallpaper - under eaves would be a likely source if such an anywhere that affords a dark harbourage during infestation were suspected.
Importance as a pest
Bed bugs are not regarded as disease carriers, the very thought of being preyed upon by such but their blood feeding can cause severe irritation creatures is quite sufficient to make most people in some people, resulting in loss of sleep, lack of take immediate action to control them. The bed energy and listlessness, particularly in children. bug may even help to reduce living standards by Iron deficiency in infants has resulted from driving away householders with reasonable excessive feeding by bed bugs. The bite often standards of hygiene, leaving behind only those gives rise to a hard, whitish swelling which who are less concerned with such matters. distinguishes it from the flea bite which leaves a It is interesting to note that many factors are dark red spot surrounded by a reddened area. helping to sustain existing bed bug populations: Different individuals react differently to bites, modern building techniques, which allow easy some gaining immunity. access between adjoining properties; the Probably more important, however, is the distaste increased use of central heating, which allows with which these insects are regarded. Bed bug continued feeding and proliferation during winter; excrement gives a characteristic speckled the movement of furniture in the second-hand appearance to their harbourages, whilst their market, which aids their distribution; all these ‘stink glands’ confer a distinctive and unpleasant serve to maintain population levels. almond-like smell on infested rooms. In addition,
06 Life-Cycle
Bed bug eggs, which are slightly curved, stages are: stage I 1.3mm, II 2.0mm, III 3.0mm, IV measuring 0.8-1.3mm long by 0.4-0.6mm broad, 3.7mm and V 5.0mm. The rudimentary wings are cemented to the surfaces of the harbourages, appear in the last moult. often in large numbers. Unhatched eggs are an The speed of development from egg to adult and opaque, pearly white colour, whilst hatched eggs, the duration of adult life vary according to which remain in position long after hatching, are temperature and availability of food. With frequent opalescent and translucent. While temperature feeding, at normal room temperatures (ca. 18- and the availability of food have a profound effect 20°C) adults live for 9-18 months, with egg on egg production, under optimal conditions egg- incubation taking 10-20 days and the complete laying is almost continuous, at a rate of about cycle 9-18 weeks. Under these conditions three per day. The number of eggs laid by a nymphs feed at about 10-day intervals and the female in the course of her adult life has been adults weekly. If necessary, both can survive long variously quoted as between 150 and 345. periods without food. Under cool conditions The first-stage nymphs which hatch from the (13°C) starved adults could survive for as long as eggs are just over 1mm long and, like all the one year. nymphal stages, appear very similar to the adults, In unheated rooms where the temperature drops except in size and colour. below 13°C in the winter, egg laying, moulting Early instars tend to be more amber than the and feeding stops and the population declines as darker brown of the adult. Each nymph requires eggs and young nymphs die. Under such one full blood meal before moulting to the next conditions there is only one generation per year. stage. Though there are variations in size, due Where temperatures do not fall so dramatically, mainly to the effects of feeding, which may breeding may continue throughout the year and increase the bug’s weight by up to 6 times, the two generations can be attained. approximate lengths of each of the five nymphal
07 Control
In all infestations, particularly those newly are suspected, a close inspection of the bed, the established in well-kept houses, an attempt mattress around the seams, the back of the head- should be made to determine the source of infes- board, etc., should reveal their presence. The use tation, so that proper measures can be taken. of a pyrethroid-based aerosol sprayed lightly around these areas may help, as the insects will A thorough inspection of infested premises be driven out of their hiding places. The finding of should also seek to uncover the extent of the eggs or egg cases and the blackish spots of bug infestation, since the measures necessary for excrement will also indicate their presence. control will depend on whether the infestation is Infested bedding (e.g. sheets) and clothing should established and widely distributed throughout the be laundered or burnt and the fabric of infested premises, or recently introduced and likely to be rooms thoroughly cleaned. Particular attention more localised. should be paid to removing dust, fluff and debris Control measures used must be thorough and be from insect harbourages eg cracks, crevices, directed at all the harbourages. In circumstances seams of fabrics, buttons on mattresses etc. where the infestation has originated from birds’ b) Insecticidal control nests, it will be necessary to treat the nests and To eradicate the infestation it will be necessary to advisable to birdproof the building. treat the premises thoroughly with suitable a) Hygiene/management insecticides (see recommended products), includ- High standards of hygiene and house-keeping are ing the beds, other furniture and harbourages in unlikely to provide an adequate method of con- the fabric of infested rooms. A professional pest trol, but will reveal the presence of bed bugs at control organisation should be used, as the an early stage, making control easier. Bed bugs detection and thorough treatment of all bed bug can only proliferate if they are tolerated. If they hiding places is a job which requires experience.
Glossary of terms: Instars: Any stage in an insects life cycle, especially between moults. Prothorax: First thoracic segment. Rostrum: Beak or snout. Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot).
MSDS and label text information is available
08 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Biscuit Beetle 2.7mm long
Biscuit Beetles Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along Antennae of commonly encountered species mid-line of dorsal surface; hindwings membranous, 11-segmented with loose club-like tip; prothorax sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; well more or less covering downward-turned head; developed thorax; complete metamorphosis with 5-segmented tarsi. egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. Species Characteristics: Family: Anobiidae. Biscuit Beetle (Drug-Store Beetle) (Stegobium paniceum) Adult, 2-3.5mm long; colour, reddish-brown; body has dense covering Recommended Products of short yellowish hairs; base of thorax not humped. AquaPy, Ficam D & Ficam W Related species are the Tobacco Beetle See Pages 05, 13 & 15 of Products Section (Lasioderma serricorne) and the Common Furniture Beetle (Anobium punctatum).
Areas where found
The biscuit beetle is a cosmopolitan pest. It is In a warm atmosphere there may be as many as widely found in shops and domestic larders, four generations per year. infesting a wide variety of dried vegetable matter.
Importance as a pest
Stegobium paniceum is a pest of cereal products, aconite. Infested products may lose value or e.g. flour, bread, breakfast cereals, spices, bever- cause contamination of other products and age concentrates and even drugs – indeed there packaging may be damaged, the larvae reputedly have been reports of it infesting poisonous being able to penetrate tinfoil and sheet lead. substances such as strychnine, belladonna and Books and manuscripts may also be attacked.
Life-Cycle
Over a period of about 3 weeks the female biscuit full-grown length of 5mm. Eventually they become beetle will lay, singly, about 100 eggs, either in the incapable of movement and construct cells of foodstuff or in the surrounding areas. At 19-24°C food particles and saliva in which to pupate. The they hatch in 1-2 weeks to produce very tiny, pupal stage lasts 9-18 days, but the adults may active larvae which wander about and may pene- then remain in the cocoons for up to two weeks trate packaging to infest the foodstuffs inside. before emerging. On emergence, the adults Development takes 2-5 months, during which disperse, living (without feeding) for up to 8 time the larvae go through four moults to reach a weeks.
09 Control
Assessment of infestations commodities through the premises. The careful A variety of trapping techniques are available for choice of packaging can help to deter insect measuring stored product beetle infestations. attack. Generally, thick, tough materials with a These include pit fall traps, bait bags, insect smooth, shiny finish are preferred. Packs should probe traps and adhesive traps. Whatever system be strong and well sealed. is employed adequate records must be kept. It is important to ensure that there are no food a) Hygiene/management residues (stored commodities or secondary Stores should be soundly constructed to ensure sources, e.g. birds’ nests) in which beetles can maintenance of correct storage conditions and breed and develop to infest new materials. All allow for easy cleaning. infested commodities should be destroyed or fumigated. Stores should be kept scrupulously They should be insulated, well ventilated and clean and farm stores should be thoroughly damp-proof. Cracks and crevices, which may cleaned before harvest. provide harbourages for the beetles, should be kept to a minimum. All grain taken into store should be dried to a suitable moisture content (MC) and temperature Commodities should be stacked neatly above the e.g. <15%MC and <15°C and maintained in that floor level using pallets, away from walls and condition. should not touch the ceiling. A gap between stacks will allow for ventilation, regular inspection, b) Insecticidal control cleaning and, if necessary, treatment with Insecticides (see recommended products) can be insecticides (see recommended products). applied to the fabric of stores concentrating on Appropriate stock rotation is important and if potential insect harbourages. Alternatively it may possible there should be a one-way passage of be appropriate to employ grain protectants.
Glossary of terms: Prothorax: First thoracic segment. Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot).
MSDS and label text information is available
10 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Black Ant (worker) 4mm long
Black Ants Order: Hymenoptera (‘membrane-winged’)
Description
Characteristics: Elbowed antennae; biting mouthparts; if present, at base giving appearance of a waist which bears two pairs of membranous wings, fore and characteristic nodes or scales; metamorphosis hindwings hooked together; abdomen constricted complete, with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages; possess complex social system. Recommended Products Family: Formicidae Species characteristics: Black Ant (Lasius niger) Maxforce Quantum, Maxforce LN, & Ficam W Workers 3.4-5mm long, queens 15mm long; See Pages 27, 23 & 15 of Products Section colour: workers dark brown-black, queens mid-brown; waist of only one segment.
Areas where found
In Britain comparatively few indigenous species, An active insect, it nests outside in grass and which nest outdoors, are likely to enter houses walls and under paving. It will forage widely in regularly. One such species is the Common Black search of food, which is how it comes to enter Ant (Lasius niger). domestic premises.
Importance as a pest
Foraging worker ants cause a nuisance as they They will also cultivate greenfly, themselves pests, travel widely in search of food, following well- in order to obtain the sugary honeydew defined trails and clustering around the food secretions that these aphids produce. On the source. Sweet foods are preferred. other hand they can be beneficial as predators of other insects and general scavengers. They are In gardens their excavations around plant roots obviously an unpleasant sight and may damage make the soil excessively dry. food used for human consumption.
Life-Cycle
The gregarious habits of ants have resulted in the After mating the males perish but the females development of a caste system, whereby shed their wings and dig a cell in the soil where individuals are responsible for specialised duties they overwinter. within the community. There are: workers (sterile The eggs are laid in late spring and the white females); fertile males; and queens (fertile legless larvae hatch 3-4 weeks later. The larvae females). The worker ants build and extend the are fed on secretions from the queen’s salivary nest, look after larval forms and forage for food, glands until fully grown, when they will pupate, whereby they become pests. The queens perform forming the well-known "ant eggs". From these none of these duties, but remain almost pupae emerge the first brood of worker ants. exclusively within the nest. Mating amongst These workers take over foraging duties and tend sexual individuals takes place on the wing. subsequent broods. The sexual forms are not These spectacular swarms involve large numbers produced until later. The entire cycle takes about of ants. 2 months to complete. Under favourable The actual swarms only persist for 2-3 hours. conditions a nest may persist for several years.
11 Control
a) Hygiene/management Although frequently inaccessible and difficult to film of insecticide is maintained at strategic destroy, ants’ nests must be eradicated if points, for example points of entry to buildings, infestations are to be successfully controlled. such as doors, windows, ventilators, ducts and The nests of black ants can be located by drains. Wall/floor junctions, ant runs and all other following their trails. Potential food sources harbourages should be treated, using the product should be identified and protected from attack. according to the label directions. Particular attention should be given to small insignificant b) Insecticidal control cracks which may be major points of entry for the Insecticide treatments (see recommended ants. Insecticidal baits, too, can be used around products) can be applied in and around the the entry points. nests and should aim to ensure that a residual
MSDS and label text information is available
12 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Booklouse 1mm long
Booklice (Psocids) Order: Psocoptera (‘winged like Psocus’ with ability to grind to pieces)
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Soft-bodied insects, rarely exceeding 6mm in Liposcelis bostrychophilus (bostrychophila) length. Typical forms have two pairs of membra- Adults about 1mm long; colour, light brown; nous wings, but there is an evolutionary tendency broad, flat hind femur; no wing rudiments; to loss of wings in many species. Antennae long abdomen flattened. and threadlike, with 12-50 segments; compound Liposcelis entomophilus eyes, poorly developed; biting mouth parts; tarsi Colour, yellowish brown, with conspicuous dark 2 or 3 segmented, each bearing two claws; reddish bands across abdomen. incomplete metamorphosis with egg and nymphal stages. Death Watch (Trogium pulsatorium) Adults very active, about 1.5-2.0mm long; pale yellow or white in colour; well developed eyes; Recommended Products wing flaps present; rows of dark spots on front margins of some abdominal segments. Ficam W & K-Othrine WG Lepinotus patruelis See Pages 15 & 21 of Products Section Adults about 2mm long; colour, dark brown or black; wing flaps present.
Areas where found
Most booklice species are found in natural Many species are cosmopolitan and their coun- habitats such as animal nests, tree trunk crevices, tries of origin are unknown. Different species under bark (hence the alternative name of exhibit different temperature requirements. Thus barklice) and on leaves. However, those species Lepinotus patruelis is frequently encountered in that have achieved pest status are widely cool situations, e.g. warehouses, whilst Liposcelis distributed and often found in ware-houses, food bostrychophilus, which is thought to have manufacturing premises, granaries and museums originated from Africa, prefers warmer situations. as well as domestic and retail premises. Here they In heated buildings continuously brooded species will infest materials of plant and animal origin (e.g. Liposcelis spp.) will continue to breed including stored food, plaster, leather, woodwork throughout the year. Other species (e.g. Trogium and even books. spp.) produce only one generation per year and may overwinter as nymphs.
Importance as a pest
Psocids rarely cause damage directly by feeding contribute to a gradual heating of grain stored in and are virtually harmless in small numbers. Large bulk with an eventual impairment of its properties infestations, however, may cause significant and reduction in its value. Contaminated products damage to delicate materials such as books and must be identified and destroyed, which is time- furs. Signs of spoilage of dried meat have consuming and wasteful. Eggs may be down- included holes and tunnels in which the insects graded because of spotting caused by the hide plus a covering of white powdery material crushed bodies of dark booklice, e.g. Lepinotus and salt crystals. spp. Finished products may be infested in retail premises or in the home, with a consequent loss The major problem posed by psocids is the of goodwill. Pallets, dunnage and packaging may nuisance which they cause. The insects will be infested and act as a source of infestation of contaminate raw or processed foods. They may stored products.
13 Importance as a pest (continued)
Among the wide variety of commodities and furnishings and walls, including newly plastered materials which may be infested by psocids are surfaces which are still damp. Clearly, materials of the following: bagged nuts, bat guano, chocolate, both animal and vegetable origin may be attacked fish meal, milk powder, museum specimens and but the insects show an undeniable preference for books, oil seeds, processed cereals, pollen, micro-organisms, including bacteria, yeasts, salami, skin scales, springbok biltong, stored moulds and algae, and populations will develop cereal grains, sugar beet seeds, yeast and even more successfully in damp conditions where damp plaster. these thrive. This close association with micro- organisms results in these becoming entangled in Although harmless to man, booklice are often their bodies and in this way the insects are confused with true lice and therefore regarded instrumental in disseminating the organisms with alarm. As well as infesting foodstuffs in the which cause spoilage. home they may be encountered swarming over
Life-Cycle
(Based on that of Liposcelis bostrychophilus) progressively more like the adult as eyes, The females of some species of booklouse may antennae and wings (if present) begin to develop. reproduce without fertilisation, the males being Ambient conditions and the quality of the diet suppressed, dwarf or entirely lacking. During her profoundly influence the speed of psocid life each female produces some 200 eggs. They development. The life-cycle is usually completed are usually laid separately at a rate of 1-3 per day in one month, the adults surviving for up to 6 and, being sticky, become covered with framents months. The insects are only moderately well of food or rubbish or adhere to the substrate. The adapted to the environments they inhabit. Their eggs of some outdoor species are however laid in small size and flattened bodies mean that they batches and covered with a silken web. The can readily hide in cracks and crevices. They do, smooth, pearl-coloured eggs hatch in 1-2 weeks. however, possess a relatively thin cuticle which, The emerging nymph closely resembles the adult coupled with a large surface/volume ratio, means and will pass through 3-8 moults depending on that they are not well adapted to survive adverse species (four in the case of L. bostrychophilus) to conditions, and, in particular, low relative reach maturity in about 15 days. With each humidities. successive moult the nymph becomes
Control
a) Hygiene/management Because of the opportunities for re-infestation, insecticides (see recommended products). Badly booklice are difficult to control with insecticides. infested commodities should be destroyed. The most effective method of control is to ensure Infested pallets can be identified by ‘knocking that premises are thoroughly aired and dry, out’, i.e. dropping a pallet held end on about thereby deterring the development of moulds and 75mm (3”) above a sheet of white paper. denying the insects their food source. b) Insecticidal control Commodities should be stacked neatly above the Booklice are susceptible to a wide variety of floor level using pallets, away from walls and insecticides (see recommended products). The should not touch the ceiling. A gap between problem lies in ensuring contact between the stacks will allow for ventilation, regular inspection, pests and the toxicant in order to bring cleaning and, if necessary, treatment with infestations under control.
Glossary of terms: Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot).
MSDS and label text information is available
14 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Carcinops 2-3mm long
Carcinops Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Family: Histeridae Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along Generally hard, shining black or black with red mid-line of dorsal surface; hind- wings membra- markings; no hairs or scales; very convex under- nous; biting mouthparts; well-developed thorax; side; elytra short/moderately long. complete metamorphosis with egg, larval, pupal Species characteristics: and adult stages. Carcinops pumilio (no common name) Adults 2–3 mm long; body broadly oval, flattened, Recommended Products shiny dark brown to black; elytra moderately long but with some exposure of the abdomen; anten- nae with orange clubs; first antennal segments Carcinops should not be controlled. It is a will retract into grooves in front of eyes; legs beneficial insect which eats fly larvae. short, retracted beneath body when disturbed.
Areas where found
Carcinops pumilio is widely distributed in It may take several weeks for significant temperate regions and will naturally colonise the populations to develop. Adults are adapted for manure in poultry houses. It prefers the drier digging and will tunnel the manure. Carcinops areas, exhibits a preference for the crest of the pumilio tolerates a wide range of physical manure and is often associated with the spillage conditions and larval colonies have been of meal. The insect is a late-stage coloniser of the encountered at temperatures well in excess of manure, which is probably due to its preference 30°C. Populations will occasionally disperse in for drier conditions. response to some environmental factor.
Importance as a pest
The adults and larvae are predators of insects The manure dries as it is tunnelled and aerated by and mites. They may also feed on manure and the beetles. This makes it less attractive for the other rotting materials. In particular they feed on flies to lay eggs and for the fly larvae to develop, housefly eggs and first stage larvae. Adults are so effecting a further measure of control. The reported to consume up to 24 eggs per day and, dried manure is also easier to clear. even at relatively low densities, up to 54 immature Salmonella spp. and parasites e.g. tapeworms forms of fly per day, so making a useful may be transmitted by the beetle. contribution to control. Carcinops pumilio is therefore regarded as a beneficial insect.
Life-Cycle
Female C. pumilio lay their eggs in manure with a long. It constructs a resilient cocoon in which to moisture content ca 50%. The eggs are about 1 pupate and may utilise empty housefly puparia for mm long, smooth, creamy-white and slightly the purpose. The pupa is initially creamy-white in convex. They hatch to give cream-coloured larvae colour but turns black with time. The full life cycle with dark brown heads. There are 2–3 larval takes about one month depending upon stages and the fully grown larva is ca 6.5 mm conditions and the adults are long lived.
15 Control
The following factors are pertinent to the use of Their potential to transmit diseases e.g. C. pumilio for the control of houseflies in poultry Salmonella spp., and parasites e.g. tapeworms. houses: The introduction of other pests e.g. Hide Beetles. Houseflies thrive in manure with a moisture C. pumilio can be trapped for re-location to other content of 50–85 %; they are unlikely to breed in parts of the farm. manure with a moisture content below 30%. Commercially reared C. pumilio may be available C. pumilio thrives in manure with a relatively low for release into suitable manure at a rate of e.g. moisture content. 10,000 insects per pit. Staggering the removal of manure and/or leaving Care should be taken when planning the use of some manure when clearing a house preserves insecticides in poultry houses to ensure beneficial insect populations. C. pumilio populations are not detrimentally When seeding poultry houses to introduce affected. populations of C. pumilio be alert to:
Glossary of terms: Elytra: Hardened forewings of the beetle.
MSDS and label text information is available
16 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Carpet Beetle 3mm long
Carpet Beetles Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath-wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Furniture Carpet Beetle Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along (Anthrenus flavipes (formerly vorax)) mid-line of dorsal surface: hindwings membra- Adult, 2-4mm long, body strongly convex; colour: nous, sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; well variable, brown or black and mottled with yellow developed thorax; complete metamorphosis with or white scales on the dorsal surface; ventral egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. surface clothed with white scales; 11-segmented antennae with 3-segmented oval clubs at tip; at Family: Dermestidae (skin feeders) rest, antennae lie in recesses in thorax; eyes Species characteristics: indented on inner side; legs short, retracting into Varied Carpet Beetle (Anthrenus verbasci) grooves on ventral surface; legs thickly clothed Adults, 2-4mm long, body strongly convex; colour: with yellow scales; larvae brown, bearing 3 variable, brown or black and mottled with yellow bunches of golden hairs on tip of abdomen. or white scales on the dorsal surface; ventral Museum Beetle (Anthrenus museorum) surface clothed with fine grey-yellow scales; 11- Adult, 2-2.8mm long, body strongly convex; segmented antennae with 3-segmented clubs at colour: variable, brown or black and mottled with tip, clubs have nearly parallel sides; at rest, yellow or white scales on the dorsal surface; antennae lie in recesses in thorax; eyes smoothly antennae are 8-segmented, with 2-segmented rounded; legs short, retracting into grooves on the clubs; at rest antennae lie in recesses in thorax; ventral surface; larvae brown, bearing 3 bunches legs short, retracting into grooves on the ventral of golden hairs on tip of abdomen. surface; larvae brown, bearing 3 bunches of golden hairs on tip of abdomen. Recommended Products Fur Beetle (Attagenus pellio) Adults, oblong shape and 4.5-6mm long; colour: black, but for small patch of white hairs on either K-Othrine WG & Ficam D side of elytra; base of thorax also covered with See Pages 21 & 13 of Products Section white hairs; larvae have distinctive tuft of very long hairs which project backwards.
Areas where found
The varied carpet beetle is indigenous to Europe As its common name suggests the museum and in England is common south of a line drawn beetle is commonly encountered in museums between Bristol and the Wash. The furniture where it is a particular pest of dried specimens. carpet beetle is of subtropical origin and more It will also attack textiles and has been recorded cold sensitive. as infesting grain. Both species are pests of animal products and The fur beetle may be found in a wide variety of occasionally food products of plant origin. products including furs, skins, textiles and grain. Consequently, they may be found wherever these Adult carpet beetles live outdoors on pollen and commodities are stored or handled. Carpet nectar, taken in particular from Umbelliferae and beetles are now one of the major pests of textiles, Spiraes. They can also be found wandering on their success being attributed to central heating, walls and windows. In temperate climates the which ensures uniform temperatures, and to the larvae are particularly evident in the autumn when increasing use of wall-to-wall carpeting, which they wander in search of food and hibernation allows the insects to breed undisturbed. sites. Carpet beetles thrive in situations where Furthermore, the success of industrial mothproofing they remain undisturbed, for example beneath treatments has effectively removed the moth carpets, around skirting boards and in wardrobes. challenge. Bird and rodent nests, animal remains and dead Warm, dry conditions are ideal for their insects are frequently reservoirs of infestations. development, but they can survive in foodstuffs of very low moisture content, e.g. 11-12%.
17 Importance as a pest
Larval forms can cause considerable damage to often been done. Because of the large number of keratin-containing products such as wool, fur, larval moults, when cast larval skins are seen they leather, silk and dried animal remains. Occasionally, tend to exaggerate the extent of the infestation. food products of plant origin, such as cereals and Carpet beetles are of limited significance as a fibres, will also be attacked. Damage takes the health hazard, although they are potential vectors form of clean, irregular holes and in textiles these of anthrax. In certain situations the larval hairs generally occur around seams. There is no cause skin irritation to those exposed to large webbing or excrement present and by the time numbers of the insects. larvae are observed, considerable damage has
Life-Cycle of the two most common species
Varied Carpet Beetle Mating occurs immediately after emergence. The Pupation takes place in the last larval skin, at the females produce 20-100 cream-coloured eggs site of larval development and lasts for 10-30 which are 0.5mm long, and have spine-like days. The adults live for 2-6 weeks, and are able projections at one end. Over a period of 2 weeks to fly to the particular flowers on which they feed these are deposited in suitable crevices, or stuck and search for egg-laying sites. on to a potential larval feeding site by sticky Furniture Carpet Beetle secretions. In 2-4 weeks these eggs hatch to give One to three days after emergence the female the characteristic hairy, squat ‘woolly bears’. When lays up to 100 eggs which are produced in 1 to 3 mature, these are 4-5mm long, brown in colour batches. After 3 weeks the eggs hatch, to give and possess 3 bunches of golden hairs arranged larvae which vary in colour from white, through in pairs on the posterior abdominal segments. The yellow, to chestnut brown, depending upon the short legs are 5-segmented and well developed, colour of food consumed. Their legs are short, 5- with a single claw on the terminal segment. The segmented and well developed. The larvae persist larvae avoid light and curl up into a ball when dis- for up to 12 months and are 5mm long when fully turbed. The length of the larval life depends upon grown. humidity, temperature and quality of diet. Soiled commodities are usually preferred. During this time The pupa develops inside the last skin. It is white they generally moult at least 6 times, but the in colour and lasts for 2-3 weeks, after which time longer they persist the more moults occur. the adults emerge.
Control
The wandering habits of these insects means that a) Hygiene/management they frequently infest wide areas, making them All sources of infestation should be removed and difficult to control. burnt if possible. Routine surveillance and regular cleaning are also important. Assessment of infestations The first step in carpet beetle control is to trace b) Insecticidal control the source of infestation. This may be an old nest, Thorough surface spray treatments with residual animal remains, wool-based lagging, sound- activity (see recommended products) are vital proofing, wool-based furnishings or the debris where infestations are extensive in order to that accumulates between and around floor- ensure that all larvae are killed. Care should be boards. taken when treating carpets and other valuable furnishings.
Glossary of terms: Elytra: Hardened forewings of the beetle.
MSDS and label text information is available
18 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Oriental Cockroach 22mm long
German Cockroach 12mm long Cockroaches Order: Dictyoptera (‘net-winged’)
Description
Characteristics: German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) Generally two pairs of wings, although these may Adult, 10-15mm long; colour, yellowish-brown be reduced or even absent; forewings have well with two longitudinal dark marks on pronotum; developed veins and tend to be hardened, they wings well developed in both sexes; can readily overlap down the mid-dorsal line; membranous climb rough and polished vertical surfaces. hindwings are folded below forewings; long whip-like, many-segmented antennae; omnivo- American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) rous, with mouth parts adapted for biting; tarsi, Adult, 28-44mm long; colour, red-brown with 5-segmented; incomplete metamorphosis, with yellow border around pronotum; no yellow egg and nymph stages. submarginal stripes on forewings; last segment of cerci, twice as long as wide. Family: Blattidae Australian Cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae) Species characteristics: Adult, 30-35mm long; colour, light brown with Oriental Cockroach (Blatta orientalis) ivory-yellow circular band enclosing large, distinct, Adults, 20-24mm long; colour, dark-brown, nearly bilobed black spot; yellow submarginal stripe at black; wings of male cover two-thirds of abdomen, base of forewings. wings of female are vestigial; can climb rough but not smooth vertical surfaces. Nymphs: The nymphs of all species are similar in appearance to the adult but smaller. Immediately Recommended Products after hatching or moulting the nymphs are white, but the cuticle soon darkens to the normal colour.
Maxforce Prime & Maxforce White IC See Pages 25 & 29 of Products Section
Areas where found
Cockroaches are common in commercial packaging, or arise as the insects enter buildings premises associated with the production or via such routes as drains or refuse chutes. handling of food. Also in public buildings and B. orientalis and B. germanica are the most domestic premises eg apartment blocks. common species in Northern Europe. They are Gregarious and nocturnal, they spend the day occasionally found together, but B. germanica hiding in cracks and crevices around such areas generally prefers warmer, humid environments, as sinks, drains, cookers, the backs of cupboards e.g. centrally heated buildings, whilst B. orientalis and in refrigerator motor compartments. They is frequently encountered in cooler, less humid especially favour buildings with service ducts and areas such as basements and drains. complex plumbing installations. Infestations may P. americana and P. australasiae are tropical and be introduced as egg cases or adults in incoming sub-tropical species but are also found in ports laundry, on raw materials, in crates and and shipping areas in temperate climates.
19 Importance as a pest
Cockroaches are potential vectors of diseases infestation of B. germanica was controlled. such as dysentery, gastroenteritis, typhoid and Cockroaches and their faeces may cause allergic poliomyelitis. Their diet is omnivorous and reactions especially amongst sensitive individuals includes fermenting substances, soiled septic eg asthmatics. Exposure may result from dressings, hair, leather, parchment, wallpaper, ingestion or through the inhalation of materials faeces and food for human consumption. The derived from cockroaches in airborne dust. In latter may be contaminated either by the addition, food may be tainted with the character- mechanical transfer of causative agents of istic smell of the cockroach, which is produced by disease from the insect’s body, or by transmission faeces and salivary/abdominal gland secretions, in the faeces. An outbreak of food poisoning in a or by the dead insects. Brussels hospital subsided immediately an
20 Life-Cycle
Oriental Cockroach Each thick-walled resistant capsule is 6mm long The female produces 5 egg capsules at monthly and contains up to 30 eggs, but unlike B. oriental- intervals. The thick-walled resistant capsules, is, the female carries the capsule until just before 12mm in length, each contain up to 16 eggs and the eggs hatch - some 2.5-4 weeks later. Efforts are cemented to the substrate or dropped in the are made to conceal the capsules near a food vicinity of a food supply. They may then be source, where the nymphs will hatch and pass covered over with debris. Nymphs emerge 6-12 through 5-7 moults before reaching maturity. At a weeks later and progress through 7-10 moults temperature of 25°C maturity is reached in 3.5 before reaching maturity, a process which takes months, but this time can be profoundly influ- 10 months-2 years depending upon temperature enced by temperature. Adults live approximately and food supply. With each successive moult the 8.5 months at 25°C. The German cockroach is wings, antennae and cerci develop and the particularly successful for the following reasons: nymph becomes progressively more like the 1. A large number of eggs per capsule; adult. Adults live approximately 4.5 months at 25°C. The slow proliferation of B. orientalis will 2. The female protects the egg capsule, by limit its success where reasonable standards of carrying it until just before hatching; hygiene exist. 3. Short development period to hatching and German Cockroach maturity; The female of this species produces 4-8 egg 4. Small size, therefore readily conceals itself. capsules at approximately 1 month intervals.
21 Control
Successful control of cockroaches is a complex Environmental controls eg. ventilation which will subject, and depends very much upon tailoring accelerate dehydration of the insects and interfere control measures to the species concerned. with the operation of antennal chemoreceptors. Assessment of infestations b) Insecticidal control An assessment of the infestation must be made Surface sprays to determine the species and extent of the Effective treatment depends upon the selection infestation. Plans of the area will be required. The and thorough application of a suitable insecticide. entire site should be inspected, including where Many insects and egg cases are well hidden; appropriate adjoining premises, normally inacces- therefore, the insecticide must be placed at and sible places, drains etc. A night survey is useful around these harbourages and maintained over as this is the time of maximum insect activity. the developmental period of the particular species. To control an infestation the insecticide The survey may be carried out using cockroach should ideally persist until all egg cases have monitoring traps, searching for droppings, cast hatched but continued immigration may demand skins and egg cases etc. A pyrethroid-based routine treatments. aerosol sprayed around and into potential hiding places will flush out cockroaches (other than the Space sprays Oriental cockroach). Regular treatments are necessary eg at weekly intervals until the infestation is brought under Control measures control. Thereafter, maintenance treatments, at a) Hygiene/management less frequent intervals, should keep the insect A high standard of hygiene is important in the population at an acceptable level. Initially there control of cockroaches and involves the following will be a massive kill of adults and nymphs components: resulting in only the appearance of young nymphs Deny access to food and water. This will increase from time to time. The technique is particularly cockroach activity and directed movement useful using pyrethroid insecticides to flush improving the opportunity for the insects to cockroaches from their harbourages and over encounter insecticides. surface deposits of insecticide. Deny access to harbourages in buildings or Insecticidal baits equipment which would otherwise provide hiding Baits (see recommended products) offer the places, a means of gaining access and dispersing opportunity for controlled placement of and breeding sites. insecticides formulated in attractive food bases. When placed in areas infested with cockroaches Ease of cleaning. Buildings and equipment should the insects feed on the baits picking up a lethal be designed to minimise the accumulation of dose of insecticide in the process. Baits offer the debris and facilitate ease of cleaning. opportunity for continuous control of cockroaches Surveillance of incoming materials including over extended periods. They can be integrated packaging and laundry. with surface or space spray treatments.
Glossary of terms: Cerci: Paired appendages located at the tip of the abdomen. Pronotum: Dorsal surface of first thoracic segment. Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot).
MSDS and label text information is available
22 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Cat Flea 2.6mm long
Dog Flea 2.6mm long Fleas Order: Siphonaptera
Description
Characteristics: Rabbit Flea (Spilopsyllus cuniculi) Adults 1-8mm long; brownish in colour, body Adults, 1.5-2.25mm long; pronotal and genal laterally compressed (streamlined) and covered combs, the latter with five vertically arranged with backward-directed bristles; reduction or loss rounded spines; basal section of legs equipped of eyes; piercing mouth parts; no wings, although with stout spines. transitory wing buds may appear in pupae of some species; muscular legs, with hind limbs Host/habitat: especially rabbits, in whom it is the adapted for jumping; metamorphosis complete main vector of the myxomatosis virus, but will with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. also attack cats; the females are sedentary and attach themselves to the host, especially around Species characteristics and host/habitat: the ears and head. Cat Flea (Ctenocephalides felis) Adults, 2-3.25mm long; forepart of head longer Tropical Rat Flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) than it is high; prominent pronotal and genal Adults, 1.5-2.5mm long; no pronotal or genal combs (first teeth of genal comb nearly as long as comb; row of bristles along back of head; basal second); basal section of legs equipped with stout section of legs equipped with stout spines. spines. Host/habitat: various rodents, but will also attack Host/habitat: especially members of Felidae man; found especially around ports. family, also dogs, other animals and man; found Hedgehog Flea (Archaeopsyllus erinacei) particularly in host bedding. Many infestations in Adults, 2-3.5mm long; genal comb of 1-3 short commercial and institutional premises derive from spines; pronotal comb of 2-9 spines. feral cats. Host/habitat: generally associated with hedge- Dog Flea (Ctenocephalides canis) hogs, but occasionally brought indoors by dogs, Adults, 2-3.25mm long; forepart of head as long cats and humans; also found in gardens and as it is high; prominent pronotal and genal combs outbuildings. (first teeth of genal comb only about half as long as second); basal section of legs equipped with Bird Flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae) stout spines. Adults 2-2.5mm long; no head folds to retain antennae; pronotal comb with more than 24 teeth; Host/habitat: especially members of Canidae no genal comb, no spines on basal section of family, also domestic animals and man; found legs. particularly in host bedding. Host/habitat: especially birds nesting in dry Human Flea (Pulex irritans) situations but will also attack animals and man; Adults, 2-3.5mm long; no pronotal or genal comb; breeding mostly limited to birds’ breeding season, basal section of legs equipped with stout spines. migrating from the nests when fledglings leave. Host/habitat: especially man, but will also breed Often originating from birds’ nests in roof spaces. on pigs, hedgehogs, foxes and badgers; found in Mole Flea (Hystrichopsylla talpae) homes, usually in bedrooms. Adults 3.5-6mm long; genal comb of 9-12 spines; pronotal comb of 42-58 spines. Host/habitat: associated with moles; also found Recommended Products in gardens and outbuildings.
Ficam W & K-Othrine WG See Pages 15 & 21 of Products Section
23 Areas where found
Adult fleas live exclusively as parasites of warm- Cat fleas are responsible for many flea infestations, blooded animals, especially mammals, although the remainder being attributable to a variety of birds may also be attacked. Whilst they show a bird and animal species. Pulex irritans infestations certain degree of host preference, fleas are by no are now uncommon. The significance of means specific and will feed on other animals in Ctenocephalides felis is explained by the the absence of the normal host. In fact they tend increased number of pets being kept and the to be more nest than host-specific, for whilst the tendency for their beds to be neglected during adults may feed on the blood of a variety of cleaning. Wall-to-wall carpeting also provides a animals the larvae require more precise conditions relatively undisturbed environment for flea larvae which are associated with the habitats and to develop, whilst the spread of central heating nesting habits of the hosts rather than the has served to ensure ideal temperature characteristics of their blood. conditions.
Importance as a pest
Fleas can be vectors of disease or may transmit the transmission of disease. However, they are parasitic worms. The most serious infection which still objectionable because of the bites they inflict they can spread is bubonic plague, transmitted to and the deep-rooted social stigma attached to man by rodent fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) which humans with flea infestations. Occasionally carry the causative bacillus from infected rats. In psychological problems arise with the induction of the past rodent fleas have been responsible for delusory parasitosis, in which the victim imagines serious epidemics of the disease, notably the they are infested with ectoparasites. Black Death in Europe and Asia in the 14th to Flea bites are identified as a tiny dark red spot 17th centuries. Rodent fleas may also carry surrounded by a reddened area. The bite persists murine typhus and, because of their readiness to for one or two days and is intensely irritating. First attack humans as well as rats, are probably the bites are not generally liable to cause serious major flea vector of disease. The dog flea is an reactions, but they may lead to hypersensitivity. intermediate host of the dog tapeworm Reactions are usually delayed following regular (Dipylidium caninum), whose vertebrate host is biting over a long period; there will then follow a usually the dog (occasionally the cat) but which period when reactions are immediate. The cycle can sometimes be transmitted to man. then repeats until a state of non-reactivity - In Europe fleas are not generally responsible for immunity - is achieved.
24 Life-Cycle
Flea eggs are about 0.5mm long, oval, pearly- blood, which some larvae, while not attacking the white in colour and laid indiscriminately in the fur host, require for their development. Larvae may or feathers of the host or in its nest or bedding. also be predacious, living on small and weak They do not adhere to the host but readily fall arthropods. Cats’ bedding may support a flea from the animal, are shaken or scratched off. The population of 8000 immature and 2000 adult same applies to the dark coloured faeces of the forms. A typical flea infestation may be composed adult fleas thus creating the black and white - salt of adults 5%, larvae 35%, pupae 10% and eggs and pepper - effect associated with flea 50%. infestations. Four to eight eggs are laid after each After 2-3 weeks, by which time they will have blood meal and a single female may produce moulted twice and be about 5mm long, the larvae 800-1000 eggs during her lifetime, which may be spin silken cocoons, incorporating debris, in as long as two years. which to pupate. The cocooned larvae then moult The eggs hatch in about one week to give white, within three days to give the pupae which are ini- threadlike, legless larvae 1.5mm long. tially creamy-white but change to dark brown as they mature to become adults. This phase is the These are distinguished by an identifiable, usually quiescent stage and the flea may overwinter in brownish head without eyes; jaws adapted for this state. The adult flea will then be stimulated to biting; three thoracic segments and 10 abdominal emerge by the vibrations set up by a passing segments all equipped with bristles; and peg-like host. This explains the occasional mass attacks processes on the terminal abdominal segment. which take place in deserted premises. The larvae thrive in dark, humid places such as animal bedding and carpet fluff, and feed on The development cycle from egg to adult is organic debris and adult flea excrement. The latter normally completed in 4 weeks but at low forms a valuable part of the diet as a source of temperatures will take much longer.
25 Control
Selecting flea control measures depends to a b) Insecticidal control large extent on the size of the problem. In many Insecticides (see recommended products) can be instances infestations of well kept houses can be used to treat infested premises and protect them easily traced to pets. Where this is not the case it from reinfestation. In addition, hosts can be is useful to establish the pest species. This will treated directly, or rodenticides employed. help to identify possible hosts and even the foci Host treatments: of the infestations. Control measures must be Insecticidal products are available which have directed at the brood as well as the adult fleas. been specifically formulated and registered for a) Hygiene/management use on the host animals. Only these products Regular cleaning will deny the insects their should be applied to animals and care should be breeding site and so make an important taken to follow the manufacturer's instructions. contribution towards their control. Infested Rodenticides: clothing, beds and bedding should be destroyed Where rats and mice have been identified as the by burning or thoroughly cleaned and the same primary hosts in flea infestations, rodenticides can measures employed when dealing with old bird be used to control them and, indirectly, the fleas. and animal nests. Accumulations of debris should also be removed from cracks and crevices such as the cracks between floorboards, and the whole area thoroughly cleaned.
Glossary of terms: Genal and pronotal combs: Rows of stout spines on cheek and first thoracic segment respectively.
MSDS and label text information is available
26 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Flour Beetles 3.5mm long
Flour Beetles Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath-wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Rust-Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum) Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along mid- Adult elongate, 2.3-4.4mm in length; colour, red- line of dorsal surface; hindwings membranous, dish-brown; antennae with distinct, 3-segmented sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; well club at tip; no ridge present above each eye. developed thorax; complete metamorphosis with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. Dark Flour Beetle (Tribolium destructor) Adult elongate, 4.5-5.75mm long; colour, black or Family: Tenebrionidae very dark brown. Usually 11-segmented antennae; front and middle tarsi are 5-segmented and hind tarsi Small-Eyed Flour Beetle (Palorus ratzeburgii) 4-segmented. Adult elongate, 2.4-3mm long; eyes small and round; antennae with no well-marked club. Species characteristics: Confused Flour Beetle (Tribolium confusum) Long-Headed Flour Beetle (Latheticus oryzae) Adult elongate, 2.6-4.4mm in length; colour, red- Adult elongate, 2.6-3mm long; colour, pale yellow; dish-brown; antennae with loose, indistinct, 5 or 6 antennae with compact 5-segmented club. segmented club which may be lacking; slight Broad-Horned Flour Beetle (Gnathocerus cornutus) ridge evident above each eye. Adult elongate, 3.5-4.9mm long; male with conspicuously enlarged, toothed mandibles, broader at base than near apex. Recommended Products Slender-Horned Flour Beetle (Gnathocerus maxillosus) Adult elongate, 3-4mm long; male with AquaPy, K-Othrine WG & Ficam D conspicuously enlarged, toothless mandibles, See Pages 05, 21 & 13 of Products Section slender and in-curved.
Areas where found
Flour beetles are cosmopolitan. Two of the most - even bones and other animal products. The common species are the Confused flour beetle, beetles are not cold hardy, so they will only which is commonly encountered in bakeries and overwinter under warm conditions. They are flour mills, and the Rust-red flour beetle. Both are active insects which will seek cover if disturbed serious pests of cereal products, including grain, and, because they are so small, can exploit the flour, porridge oats and rice bran. smallest crevice. They are a particular problem in machinery where cereal and other food residues Other products which may be attacked are oil accumulate. seed, oil cake, nuts, dried fruit, spices, chocolate
Importance as a pest
Flour beetles are generally recognised as second- 1. Cause flour to become prone to moulding and ary pests of grain and therefore increase the will also turn the product grey; feeding damage done by primary pests. When 2. Taint commodities with secretions from scent present in large numbers, flour beetles will: glands.
27 Life-Cycle
Up to 450 eggs are laid singly at a rate of 2-10 This process takes 3-9 weeks. Pupae lie naked in per day, depending on temperature. The white the same foodstuff as the larvae. They are initially eggs are sticky and rapidly become coated with white, but gradually darken in colour prior to adult food particles and other debris. At 22-27°C they emergence after 9-17 days. Adults feed on the hatch in 6-14 days. The larvae are white tinged same food as the larvae and live for 15-20 with yellow and pass through 5-11 moults before months. There may be five generations per year. reaching a full-grown length of 5mm.
Control
Assessment of infestations packaging can help to deter insect attack. A variety of trapping techniques are available for Generally, thick, tough materials with a smooth, measuring stored product beetle infestations. shiny finish are preferred. Packs should be strong These include pit fall traps, bait bags, insect and well sealed. probe traps and adhesive traps. Whatever system It is important to ensure that there are no food is employed adequate records must be kept. residues (stored commodities or secondary a) Hygiene/management sources, e.g. birds’ nests) in which beetles can Stores should be soundly constructed to ensure breed and develop to infest new materials. All maintenance of correct storage conditions and infested commodities should be destroyed or allow for easy cleaning. They should be insulated, fumigated. Stores should be kept scrupulously well ventilated and damp-proof. Cracks and clean and farm stores should be thoroughly crevices, which may provide harbourages for the cleaned before harvest. beetles, should be kept to a minimum. All grain taken into store should be dried to a Commodities should be stacked neatly above the suitable moisture content (MC) and temperature floor level using pallets, away from walls and e.g. <15%MC and <15°C and maintained in that should not touch the ceiling. A gap between condition. stacks will allow for ventilation, regular inspection, b) Insecticidal control cleaning and, if necessary, treatment with insecti- Insecticides (see recommended products) can be cides (see recommended products). Appropriate applied to the fabric of stores concentrating on stock rotation is important and if possible there potential insect harbourages. Alternatively it may should be a one-way passage of commodities be appropriate to employ grain protectants. through the premises. The careful choice of
Glossary of terms: Mandible: Jaw. Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot).
MSDS and label text information is available
28 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Ghost Ant 1.5mm long
Ghost Ants Order: Hymenoptera (‘membrane-winged’)
Description
Characteristics: Ghost ants are an invasive species and in Europe, aggressive to each other when they originate from occupy roughly the same habitat as Pharaoh ants the same area. including public buildings, residential homes and Family: Formicidae warmer habitats such as greenhouses, zoos etc. Ghost ants have polygyne colonies (multiple Species characteristics: queens in a single colony) with individual nests Ghost Ant (Tapinoma melanocephalum) containing between 100-1000 workers. One Ghost ants are very small ants with a pale colony may consist of several nests which readily abdomen hence the name “Ghost ant”. In detail exchange workers. Ghost ants are usually not they are characterised as follows: • Dark head and thorax; pale abdomen and legs • Uneven thorax; no spines Recommended Products • 12-segmented antennae; segments gradually thicken toward tip Maxforce Quantum • Anal opening on gaster is slit-like with no circle of hairs See Page 27 of Products Section • No stinger • Monomorphic workers, very small, 2 mm long
Areas where found
Indoor Ghost ants nests in Europe tend to prefer plant soil. Workers run rapidly and erratically, trailing warmer habitats due to their high moisture needs, along edges and corners. Trails are often hidden, therefore, often trails can lead to sinks, baths, under carpet edges and along electrical wires in toilets and showers. Indoor nests are generally wall voids. Foragers collect all kinds of nutrients located within wall voids, behind skirting boards, but prefer sweet food. under and between cabinets and walls or in potted
Importance as a pest
Ghost ants are considered a nuisance but they and spores. Ghost ants may be distributed easily can through passive transfer disseminate germs via household goods, packages and flower pots.
29 Life-Cycle
Ghost ants are social insects and live in moderately stages to a new nest site from which they can sized colonies with up to several thousand members. rear queens and males. Temporary nests may be Colonies consist of: workers (sterile females), established whilst the workers search for new fertile males and queens (fertile females). There sites. If established in mobile equipment infesta- are usually many queens in a colony (multiqueen tions can be widely distributed. The workers colonies) and they co-exist amicably. The queens provide food for the colony and maintain the nest. can be replaced so colonies will survive indefinitely. Only 5-10% of workers are actually engaged in New colonies are typically formed by budding foraging. Fertile males and females develop from and may be encouraged by disturbing nests. well fed larvae. Flying swarms are never seen, Adult ants are responsible for this process which mating taking place in the nests and small spaces may include queens. Worker ants carry larval in buildings.
Control
Successful control requires the eradication of all back to the colony. However, the repellent nature nests. Baiting is the preferred control method to of contact insecticides may even increase the achieve this goal. The use of conventional contact number of satellite colonies. Maxforce® Quantum treatments usually leads to a reduction of numbers applied on the foraging tracks of Ghost ants will but this method is less successful in complete lead to effective control of the population within nest eradication because it relies on contact several weeks depending on the size of the rather than the ants feeding on it and taking it colony.
MSDS and label text information is available
30 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Grain Beetle 3mm long
Grain Beetles Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath-wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along mid- Saw-Toothed Grain Beetle line of dorsal surface; hindwings membranous, (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; well- Adults, 2.5-3.5mm long; colour: dark brown; dis- developed thorax; complete metamorphosis with tance from eye to prothorax more than half verti- egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. cal diameter of eye; 6 teeth along each side of prothorax (hence the name ‘Saw-toothed’). Family: Silvanidae. Merchant Grain Beetle (Oryzaephilus mercator) Narrow, flattened insects with 11-segmented, Very similar in appearance to Saw-toothed grain clubbed antennae and 5-segmented tarsi. beetle with the characteristics described above, except that distance from eye to prothorax less Recommended Products than half vertical diameter of eye. Foreign Grain Beetle (Ahasverus advena) Adults, 2-3mm long; colour: reddish-brown; sides K-Obiol, AquaPy & K-Othrine WG of prothorax not toothed but each apical angle of See Pages 17, 05 & 21 of Products Section prothorax has single large tooth.
Areas where found
As indicated by its species name, which is taken Being cold-hardy they are able to overwinter in from Surinam, the Saw-toothed grain beetle temperate lands without difficulty. Their life-cycle probably originated from the Americas. It is now may be completed in as little as 20 days and cosmopolitan in distribution. serious outbreaks may occur within a month of harvest. The species will infest cereals and a wide range of foodstuffs. Retail premises and warehouses can The Merchant grain beetle is also widely suffer infestations and the beetles will frequently distributed. Like the Saw-toothed grain beetle, it appear in packaged food. too will infest a wide variety of foodstuffs. However, since it is more sensitive to low Infestations arise from the presence of insects in temperatures and humidities, infestations only the fabric of grain stores (including sacks), in grain become established in heated buildings where being transferred from one establishment to suitable conditions exist. another and in vehicles used for transportation. Relatively small numbers of insects can rapidly The Foreign grain beetle also originated in the give rise to serious infestations. tropics. It is capable of infesting a variety of materials but only in the presence of moulds. They are small, active insects which readily exploit cracks and crevices where they can hide.
31 Importance as a pest
Saw-toothed grain beetles are potentially Malting barley may be rejected because of poor important pests of farm-stored grain. They also germination, whilst milling wheat is adversely infest cereal products, dried fruit, dried meats, affected by tainting and discoloration. oilseeds, nuts, rice and even drugs. The presence of insects in other foodstuffs will In grain, the mere presence of insects may result render them unpalatable and cause their in its rejection. The germ may be damaged and rejection. when infestations become heavy they cause the Merchant grain beetles mainly infest oilseeds and grain to heat. This in turn leads to caking, dried fruit whilst Foreign grain beetles attack moulding and even sprouting. Both the quality cereal products and cocoa as well as these and weight of the grain may be reduced. commodities.
Life-Cycle
The female Saw-toothed grain beetle lays up to The larval stage lasts 4-7 weeks during which the 400 eggs, either singly or in small batches, at a larvae go through 2-5 moults, attaining a length of rate of 6-10 per day. These are laid in, or adjacent 3mm. They then construct a cell of food particles to, a suitable food supply and at a temperature of and other debris in which to pupate, emerging 20-23°C hatch in 8-17 days to give flattened after 1-3 weeks as adults. larvae about 0.9mm long. They are yellowish- On emergence the adult beetles live for 6-10 white in colour, with brown flecks and a brown months, breeding within a temperature range of head. Typical of coleopterous larvae, they have a 17.5-40°C. At 20°C the full life-cycle is completed well-developed head, biting mouthparts and 3 in 12-15 weeks whilst at 32-35°C it takes only 20 pairs of legs on the thoracic segments. The larvae days. are active and feed on damaged grains, so they can be regarded as secondary pests of grain.
Control
Assessment of infestations packaging can help to deter insect attack. A variety of trapping techniques are available for Generally, thick, tough materials with a smooth, measuring stored product beetle infestations. shiny finish are preferred. Packs should be strong These include pit fall traps, bait bags, insect and well sealed. probe traps and adhesive traps. Whatever system It is important to ensure that there are no food is employed adequate records must be kept. residues (stored commodities or secondary a) Hygiene/management sources, e.g. birds’ nests) in which beetles can Stores should be soundly constructed to ensure breed and develop to infest new materials. All maintenance of correct storage conditions and infested commodities should be destroyed or allow for easy cleaning. They should be insulated, fumigated. Stores should be kept scrupulously well ventilated and damp-proof. Cracks and clean and farm stores should be thoroughly crevices, which may provide harbourages for the cleaned before harvest. beetles, should be kept to a minimum. All grain taken into store should be dried to a Commodities should be stacked neatly above the suitable moisture content (MC) and temperature floor level using pallets, away from walls and e.g. <15%MC and <15°C and maintained in that should not touch the ceiling. A gap between condition. stacks will allow for ventilation, regular inspection, b) Insecticidal control cleaning and, if necessary, treatment with insecti- Insecticides (see recommended products) can be cides (see recommended products). Appropriate applied to the fabric of stores concentrating on stock rotation is important and if possible there potential insect harbourages. Alternatively it may should be a one-way passage of commodities be appropriate to employ grain protectants. through the premises. The careful choice of
Glossary of terms: Prothorax: First thoracic segment.
MSDS and label text information is available
32 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Grain Weevil 3.5mm long
Grain Weevils Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath-wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along Grain Weevil (Granary Weevil) (Sitophilus granarius) mid-line of dorsal surface; hindwings membra- Adults, 3-4mm long; colour: dark brown, nearly nous, sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; well black, with shiny appearance; 8-segmented developed thorax; complete metamorphosis with antennae; prothorax with distinct oblong/oblong- egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. oval punctures; hindwings absent. Family: Curculionidae. Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) Adults, 2-3.5mm long (average 2.5mm); colour: Insects with cylindrical bodies and a pronounced dark brown, nearly black, with four clearly defined rostrum (snout) equipped with mouthparts which reddish spots on the elytra; less shiny than the is used by females as a boring tool; elbowed, Grain weevil; 8-segmented antennae; prothorax clubbed antennae set on rostrum; 4-segmented with round or irregular punctures; hindwings tarsi. present. Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) Recommended Products Very similar in appearance to the Rice weevil with the characteristics described above, except that the insects are longer, adults reaching a length of K-Obiol, AquaPy & K-Othrine WG 3-3.5mm (average 3mm). See Pages 17, 05 & 21 of Products Section
Areas where found
Grain weevils are encountered in all temperate be three or more generations per year in unheated and warm-temperate climates and are widely conditions. Both adults and larvae are cold-hardy. distributed in grain stores throughout Europe. Rice and Maize weevils are widely distributed in Infestations arise as a result of their regular tropical and sub-tropical areas and will be carried importation in grain and cereal products and from to temperate areas on imported commodities. the fabric of vehicles or buildings used for the The Maize weevil will breed on maize in the field, transportation and storage of these and other but the Rice weevil only breeds in stored grain. vulnerable commodities. Sacks, too, are an Both insects are less cold-hardy than the Grain important source of infestation, the insects finding weevil and will not normally overwinter in harbourage in the seams and weave. unheated premises or grain stored at normal Being well suited to temperate conditions the temperatures. species will breed readily in Europe and there may
33 Importance as a pest
Grain weevils are important pests of farm-stored 2. Tainting with white, dusty excreta which grain. They are frequently regarded as primary contaminate the product as well as rendering it pests of grain since they are able to infest other- unpalatable. wise undamaged grain. Grain weevils will also 3. Heating of the grain, accelerating development attack other hard cereal products, e.g. macaroni of the insects and making the commodity liable to and spaghetti. Fine cereal products are unsuitable caking, moulding and even germination. for breeding purposes unless they become caked. Temperatures may be attained which actually kill The following damage may be caused: the insects. 1. Reduction in the weight and quality of grain as Weevil-damaged grain can be readily recognised a result of the larvae feeding on the endosperm. by the presence of large holes which are the exit The germ is not always attacked so germination holes of the emerging adults. Some idea of the may take place, producing a weak seedling which huge numbers of weevils that can be generated is is vulnerable to attack by moulds, bacteria and provided by the results of one study in which, 5 other insects. Both larvae and adults will feed weeks after wheat was infested with larval forms, upon grains. adults were seen to be leaving the grain at a rate of 100 per kg per day.
Life-Cycle
The Grain weevil can only breed in grain with a development of several. Larvae are never free- moisture content of more than 9.5% and at living and develop entirely within the grain. They temperatures within the range 13-35°C. The moult four times, finally pupating within the grain female lays about 200 eggs at a rate of 2-3 per after 6-8 weeks. The adults emerge after a further day depending upon temperature and humidity, 5-16 days and will live for about 9 months. If placing each one in a small hole bored in the disturbed they will feign death by drawing their grain and sealing it in with a mucilaginous plug of legs up to their bodies and remaining still. At saliva. At 18-20°C the eggs hatch in 8-11 days to 15°C and a grain moisture content of 11.3% the give small, white, legless larvae which feed on the full life-cycle takes 6 months. endosperm of the grain. Only one larva develops The life-cycles of the Rice and Maize weevils in small grains such as wheat and rice but large follow a similar course to that of the Grain weevil. grains such as maize will support the
Control
Assessment of infestations packaging can help to deter insect attack. A variety of trapping techniques are available for Generally, thick, tough materials with a smooth, measuring stored product beetle infestations. shiny finish are preferred. Packs should be strong These include pit fall traps, bait bags, insect and well sealed. probe traps and adhesive traps. Whatever system It is important to ensure that there are no food is employed adequate records must be kept. residues (stored commodities or secondary a) Hygiene/management sources, e.g. birds’ nests) in which beetles can Stores should be soundly constructed to ensure breed and develop to infest new materials. All maintenance of correct storage conditions and infested commodities should be destroyed or allow for easy cleaning. They should be insulated, fumigated. Stores should be kept scrupulously well ventilated and damp-proof. Cracks and clean and farm stores should be thoroughly crevices, which may provide harbourages for the cleaned before harvest. beetles, should be kept to a minimum. All grain taken into store should be dried to a Commodities should be stacked neatly above the suitable moisture content (MC) and temperature floor level using pallets, away from walls and e.g. <15%MC and <15°C and maintained in that should not touch the ceiling. A gap between condition. stacks will allow for ventilation, regular inspection, b) Insecticidal control cleaning and, if necessary, treatment with insecti- Insecticides (see recommended products) can be cides (see recommended products). Appropriate applied to the fabric of stores concentrating on stock rotation is important and if possible there potential insect harbourages. Alternatively it may should be a one-way passage of commodities be appropriate to employ grain protectants. through the premises. The careful choice of
Glossary of terms: Elytra: Hardened forewings of the beetle. 34 Prothorax: First thoracic segment. Pest Guide
Larder Beetle 7-9mm long
Hide & Larder Beetles Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along Hide Beetle (Leather Beetle) (Dermestes maculatus) mid-line of dorsal surface; hind- wings membra- Adults, 5.5 -10 mm long; body, oval-shaped and nous, sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; densely covered with round scale-like hairs; well- developed thorax; complete metamorphosis thorax with patches of white hairs on the sides; with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. elytra: uniformly coloured brown/black with an even scattering of white hairs; underside Family: Dermestidae (skin feeders) predominantly white; inner apex of each elytron Densely covered with hairs or scales; 5–11 produced backwards into a fine point. segmented antennae with distinct club; 5-segmented tarsi. Larder Beetle (Bacon Beetle) (Dermestes lardarius) Adults, 7-9 mm long, body, oval-shaped and densely covered with round scale-like hairs; Recommended Products broad light band crosses elytra, with three black spots on each side; fine yellow underside. AquaPy, K-Othrine WG & Ficam W See Pages 05, 21 & 15 of Products Section
Areas where found
The Dermestes beetles are typically associated than the Larder beetle. Feathers, carcasses, spilt with materials with a high protein content, for food, droppings and other insects in the poultry example hides, skins, feathers, bones, dried meat, manure can all provide a source of food for the fish meal and dog biscuits. They are scavengers beetles. associated in nature with carcasses and bird’s Where the sources of infestations are not immedi- nests but can be encountered and may be wide- ately obvious e.g. domestic or catering premises, spread in manufacturing and storage premises attention should be paid to food stores and handling animal products, intensive poultry units, spillage, or the presence of dead rodents, birds, piggeries and domestic premises. The Hide beetle fur and feathers in attics, under floor spaces etc. is more commonly encountered in poultry houses
35 Importance as a pest
Large populations can be encountered, especially Particular damage is caused as the mature larvae where hygiene is poor. Heavily infested poultry excavate chambers in which to pupate. They manure may be spread onto fields and lead to the usually move away from the foodstuff in which infestation of nearby properties. Hairs dislodged they have developed in order to avoid being from the larvae may lead to skin irritation or eaten by other larvae whilst they are inactive. This conjunctivitis in people exposed to the insects. migration encourages cross-contamination They play only a very minor role in disease between goods, packaging etc. Materials, which transmission, although may act as mechanical can be damaged, include soft sapwood, plywood, vectors of anthrax. Adults and larvae require a cork, polystyrene insulation and fibreglass high protein diet and the beetles can be serious wadding. Round holes approximately 4 mm in pests in hide warehouses, tanneries, milk- diameter are evidence of infestations and the processing plants and other premises where burrows may extend up to 300 mm. Heavy animal products are handled. infestations may result in the structural weakening of wooden pillars, catwalks etc. Plastic water In poultry units the beetles can feed on feathers, pipes and plastic-covered electric cables can be carcasses, spilt food, droppings and other damaged. Packaging e.g. egg trays may also be insects. Different species exhibit different food damaged. Plaster, lead and tin may be excavated, preferences, the Hide beetle preferring hides and but not zinc or aluminium. Adult beetles are also skins whilst the Larder beetle exhibits a occasionally implicated causing this damage. preference for meats, cheese etc.
Life-Cycle
The females lay up to 800 eggs on a foodstuff larval stages and the full grown larva is 10-15 mm suitable for larval development. They are white, long. Larvae usually mature in 1–2 months. They 2 mm long and often laid in the crevices of then pupate deep inside the infested commodity commodities. The larvae hatch in about a week. or leave the foodstuff and excavate holes in hard, They are dark brown banded, hairy and feed on inedible materials in which to pupate. Pupation almost any dry or decomposing animal material usually takes place inside the last larval skin. The and even, occasionally, vegetable matter. They are full life cycle, egg to adult typically takes 1–3 very active, and will avoid light, frequently boring months depending upon conditions but may into commodities to do so. If disturbed they will extend beyond a year if conditions are curl up and feign death. There are typically 5–8 unfavourable. They will not breed below 15°C.
Control
Assessment of infestations The first step in control is to trace the source of migrating larvae reaching pupation sites in the infestation. This is usually obvious although in fabric of buildings. some premises it may be obscure and found to b) Insecticidal control be associated with a dead animal that has Thorough surface spray treatments (see recom- passed unnoticed or an old bird's nest. mended products) with residual activity are vital a) Hygiene/management where infestations are extensive. Poultry units All sources of infestation should be removed and should be treated when they are empty and when disposed of, taking care not to spread the infestations become unacceptable. Barrier infestation. Routine surveillance and regular treatments can be applied to prevent migrating cleaning are important. larvae reaching pupation sites. The treatment of infested manure is of limited value and may kill Metal proofing strips provide physical barriers beneficial insects e.g. Carcinops pumilio. that can be built into structures to restrict
Glossary of terms: Elytra: Hardened forewings of the beetle.
MSDS and label text information is available
36 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Common Housefly 14mm wingspan
Lesser Housefly 12mm wingspan Houseflies Order: Diptera (two-winged)
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Single pair of membranous wings; hindwings Common Housefly (Musca domestica) modified as halteres; suctorial mouthparts, Adults, 6-8mm long with 13-15mm wingspan; grey piercing or non-piercing; large compound eyes; thorax with 4 longitudinal dark stripes; basal half of tarsi, 5-segmented; metamorphosis complete abdomen buff-coloured and occasionally transpar- with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. ent at sides, with central dark band broadening to cover last abdominal segments; at rest, wings are Family: Muscidae spread; venation shows a sharp upward bend of 4th vein at apical end. Recommended Products Lesser Housefly (Fannia canicularis) Adults, 6mm long with 12mm wingspan; grey thorax with 3 longitudinal stripes, less pronounced Quick Bayt, AquaPy & Ficam W than those of Common housefly; extensive yellow patch at base of abdomen; at rest, wings are See Pages 33, 05 & 15 of Products Section folded along back; venation shows 4th vein extending straight to wing margin.
Areas where found
Common Houseflies (M. domestica) are Lesser Houseflies (F. canicularis) are frequently ubiquitous insects, with a flight range of at least encountered in poultry houses. They have an erratic 8 kilometres (5 miles). They are highly active flight pattern and are often seen flying in large indoors. In colder climates breeding generally numbers around indoor light fittings. The Lesser ceases before winter, whereupon the insects housefly is more tolerant of cool conditions than the overwinter either as pupae or adults. However, in Common housefly. This species survives the winter warm environments houseflies remain active and mainly in the form of pupae, although, as with the reproduce throughout the year. Common housefly, adults remain active and reproduce throughout the year in warm conditions.
Importance as a pest
Houseflies can transmit intestinal worms, or their example eggs, at point of sale. Furthermore, flies eggs, and are potential vectors of diseases such are frequently the subject of complaints to as dysentery, gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera and environmental health authorities, causing major tuberculosis. They will frequent and feed problems where infestations over-spill from indiscriminately on any liquefiable solid food, breeding sites such as rubbish tips and which may equally be moist, putrefying material animal houses. or food stored for human consumption. The Lesser housefly makes longer flights and Flies liquefy food by regurgitating digestive juices spends less time resting than the Common and their stomach contents on to the food housefly. Females of the species tend to remain substance. This ‘liquid’ is then drawn up by the near the breeding sites and only the males suctorial mouthparts and in so doing the insects migrate. For these reasons F. canicularis is less pick up pathogenic organisms, which may collect prone to transmit disease than M. domestica, but on their bodies to be transferred on contact with large populations and similar feeding habits mean other surfaces or survive passage through the gut that this insect, too, has a considerable potential to be deposited as fly spots. Fly spotting, produced to act as a vector of disease. It has occasionally when the insect feeds or defecates, results in been implicated in intestinal or urinary myiasis. rejection of contaminated farm produce, for
37 Life-Cycle
Common Housefly Under temperate conditions as many as 12 Forty-eight hours after emergence as an adult, generations of flies may breed in one season the female commences egg laying. During her whilst under tropical conditions even this rate of adult life of 1-3 months she is capable of reproduction will be exceeded. producing 4-5 batches of 100-150 eggs. The Lesser Housefly pearly-white cylindrical eggs, 1mm in length, are Lesser houseflies are prolific breeders in poultry laid in moist decaying matter such as household manure, but will also breed in other moist refuse, compost or dung. The eggs hatch in 8-48 decaying matter. Egg laying commences when hours, giving the smooth, white, legless maggot the female is 10 days old. The eggs are banana- larvae. These burrow away from light, seeking an shaped, 1mm in length and bear a pair of optimal temperature of 21-32°C, and after 3 longitudinal ridges which assist flotation in a moults reach maturity at a length of 10-12mm. liquid medium. The flattened, legless, grey-brown In the summer larval development may be maggots hatch within 24-48 hours. Hairy completed within a few days, but in winter this protuberances on their dorsal surface are thought process may take more than a month. When to aid progression and floating in a semi-liquid mature, the larvae leave the breeding site for the medium. The newly hatched larvae frequently cooler surrounding areas; e.g. soil. Here they wander for a time before burrowing into a suitable develop as yellow, brown or black pupae 6mm food. Larval development requires a minimum long. Depending upon conditions, adults emerge period of 8 days, during which time the larva 3 days to 4 weeks later. The full cycle is generally passes through 3 stages, eventually attaining a completed between one and 4 weeks, depending length of 6mm. Pupation requires a drier location upon temperature. and lasts for at least 10 days. Development from It is clear that there is considerable potential for egg to adult emergence takes 3 weeks, although the development of huge populations. cooler conditions prolong this period.
Control
Flies have rapid, prolific breeding habits and horse manure. This form of storage promotes high mobility. In order to break the life-cycle, uniform, persistent fermentation throughout the control measures should be directed against dung, which is lethal to larvae. Tarpaulins can also larval and adult flies. be used to cover heaps, in order to prevent egg laying and conserve the heat of fermentation. a) Hygiene/management Satisfactory hygiene is necessary to limit potential Entry of adult flies into buildings can be prevent- breeding sites and food sources. ed by 1.18mm-mesh fly-screens (which can easily be removed for cleaning), air curtains, bead Domestic refuse: this must be stored in well screens or self-closing doors equipped with sealed bins, for early removal to disposal sites. rubber flaps. High-risk material should be sealed in bags and burnt wherever possible. Refuse tips should be b) Physical control using maggot traps covered with earth, to a depth of at least 230mm Maggot traps take advantage of the fact that larvae (9 inches), and then compacted. This will minimise need to migrate from breeding sites to cooler adult emergence and promote fermentation surroundings in order to pupate. A simple trap temperatures at which larvae cannot survive. consists of a concrete platform, on which manure Farm manure: manure should be kept as dry as or refuse is stored, surrounded by a water-filled possible, especially in poultry houses, where moat in which migrating larvae are trapped. leaking water feeders can provide ideal, moist c) Insecticides breeding conditions. The Biothermic method of In order to obtain the best results, insecticidal storing dung involves compacting manure into a control measures (see recommended products) cuboid stack, a method particularly suited to should be integrated with good hygiene.
Glossary of terms: Halteres: Club-shaped balancing organs. Suctorial: Capable of sucking. Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot).
MSDS and label text information is available
38 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Lesser Grain Borer 3mm long
Lesser Grain Borers Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along Antennae usually less than 11 segments with mid-line of dorsal surface; hindwings membra- loose 3-segmented antennal club; prothorax nous, sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; well more or less covering downward-turned head; developed thorax; complete metamorphosis with hind coxae touching. egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. Species Characteristics: Family: Bostrichidae Lesser Grain Borer (‘Root destroyer from Dominica’) (Rhyzopertha dominica) Adult, 2.3 – 3.0 mm long: colour dark red- Recommended Products brown/black; cylindrical body with prothorax tuberculate, especially anteriorly; elytra with well defined rows of punctures; 5-segmented tarsi. K-Obiol, AquaPy & K-Othrine WG See Pages 17, 05 & 21 of Products Section
Areas where found
The Lesser grain borer originated in South maize, rice, millet (dari seeds), sorghum, dried America but is now a cosmopolitan pest potatoes, dried herbs and biscuits. Infestations especially in warm countries. It is a thermophilic have also been recorded in wood and books. In pest which is particularly successful where Australia and India it is a serious pest of grains. temperatures are elevated; it is not cold hardy and Infestations are encountered in grain stores there is only limited development at temperatures including ships holds, flour mills and animal feed less than 23°C. It is associated with a wide variety mills. of vegetable materials including wheat, barley,
Importance as a pest
Lesser grain borers are primary pests of grain and Infestations in wheat can lead to reduced flour will therefore attack undamaged grain rendering it yields and will affect the quality of dough. Both susceptible to attack by secondary pests. Both volume and loaf characteristics can be adversely the adults and larvae feed on the grain creating affected. floury dust and potentially leaving little but empty Commodities may be tainted by insect excreta husks. The adults are active and may infest a and secretions. Heavily infested wheat is reputed large number of kernels whilst the larvae to have an honey-like odour. penetrate kernels and develop within the grain.
39 Life-Cycle
The female Lesser grain borer lays between 300- and develop into fleshy forms with a typical 500 eggs over a period of ca three weeks. They C-shape. There are up to five moults leading to are laid singly or in clusters from 2-30 and are pupation in the grain. The pupal stage lasts about often attached to the grain. Depending upon one week. The total life cycle lasts from 24-133 temperature the eggs hatch in 7-18 days to give days depending upon temperature. At 26°C and white larvae with brown heads and relatively small 70% RH (14% MC in commodities) the life cycle legs. These bore into the grains where they feed lasts 45 days. Adults can live for 10 months.
Control
Assessment of infestations should be a one-way passage of commodities A variety of trapping techniques are available for through the premises. The careful choice of measuring stored product beetle infestations. packaging can help to deter insect attack. These include pit fall traps, bait bags, insect Generally, thick, tough materials with a smooth, probe traps and adhesive traps. Whatever system shiny finish are preferred. Packs should be strong is employed adequate records must be kept. and well sealed. a) Hygiene/management It is important to ensure that there are no food Stores should be soundly constructed to ensure residues in which beetles can breed and develop maintenance of correct storage conditions and to infest new materials. Infested commodities allow for easy cleaning. should be destroyed or fumigated. Stores should be kept scrupulously clean and farm stores They should be insulated, well ventilated and should be thoroughly cleaned before harvest. damp-proof. Cracks and crevices, which may provide harbourages for the beetles, should be All grain taken into store should be dried to a kept to a minimum. suitable moisture content (MC) and temperature e.g. <15%MC and <15°C and maintained in that Commodities should be stacked neatly above condition. floor level using pallets, away from walls and should not touch the ceiling. A gap between b) Insecticidal control stacks will allow for ventilation, regular inspection, Insecticides (see recommended products) can be cleaning and, if necessary, treatment with insecti- applied to the fabric of stores concentrating on cides (see recommended products). Appropriate potential insect harbourages. Alternatively it may stock rotation is important and if possible there be appropriate to employ grain protectants.
Glossary of terms: Prothorax: First thoracic segment. Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot).
MSDS and label text information is available
40 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Lesser Mealworm 5.5 - 6.7mm long
Lesser Mealworms Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along Usually 11-segmented antennae; front and middle mid-line of dorsal surface; hind-wings membra- tarsi are 5-segmented and hind tarsi nous, sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; 4-segmented. well-developed thorax; complete metamorphosis Species characteristics: with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. Lesser Mealworm Beetle (Darkling Beetle) Family: Tenebrionidae (Alphitobius diaperinus) Adults, 5.5 - 6.7 mm long; body, broadly oval, shiny dark-brown or black; elytra: uniformly Recommended Products coloured with moderately impressed striae; underside, dark red-brown; fore tibia strongly AquaPy (space spray), Ficam W & Ficam D broadened at apex. See Pages 05, 15 & 13 of Products Section
Areas where found
A cosmopolitan species thought to have encountered in deep-pit and deep-litter poultry originated in sub-Saharan Africa. In temperate houses. areas they are typically found indoors although, They are associated with a variety of stored being reasonably cold tolerant, they will survive in products. Infestations in animal houses may be unheated buildings. The Lesser mealworm beetle introduced by way of contaminated feed. The is widely distributed in animal houses and insects live in the manure and litter of poultry especially poultry houses where the conditions houses and are often associated with the feed reflect those of its tropical origin. Infestations are and water lines.
Importance as a pest
Lesser mealworm beetles will infest a range of disease and Newcastle disease. They are stored products including cereals, farinaceous intermediate hosts for tapeworms, roundworms products, oilseeds, groundnuts and bones but are and protozoan parasites and can transmit the not regarded as major pests. They are associated causative agents of bacterial diseases e.g. with cereal grains, which have previously been Salmonella spp. damaged by e.g. moulds and, where infestations Allergic reactions may be triggered following the are encountered in residues, indicate poor exposure of people to the quinones released by hygiene. the insects as a defence reaction. They are of particular significance in animal Welfare of poultry. The birds are disturbed by the houses, especially those where poultry and pigs presence of the insects. They may feed on the are kept. The following problems may be larvae, which detrimentally affects their food encountered: conversion rate, runs the risk of intestinal Transmission of diseases and parasites. Lesser obstruction and puts them at risk of ingesting mealworm beetles are vectors and reservoirs for a harmful organisms. Young, weakly chicks may be variety of poultry diseases including Marek’s attacked and killed.
41 Importance as a pest (continued)
Damage to the structure of poultry houses. The Nuisance may be caused where beetles disperse larvae will tunnel earth floors rendering them to adjacent properties perhaps following the uneven and difficult to clean. Significant structural spreading of manure onto fields. The adults will damage can be caused as the larvae excavate fly if the temperature is sufficiently high and are tunnels in which to pupate. Wall plaster, which is attracted to artificial light. in poor condition, may be damaged. In particular, The beetles will consume housefly larvae polystyrene, fibreglass and other insulation although they are not generally regarded as a materials can be damaged resulting in a significant factor in fly control. They will also feed significant increase in heating bills. on the immature forms of Carcinops pumilio so Litter may be rendered so powdery that it must reducing its effectiveness as a predator on be replaced. houseflies. As a result of burrowing, they will aerate manure, causing it to dry and making it less attractive for houseflies to breed.
Life-Cycle
Females lay up to 400 eggs in manure, litter, ing becomes more prominent with time. The lar- cracks and crevices in buildings or commodities. vae are fully-grown after 1–2 months and may be The eggs are about 1mm long and sticky so are up to 15 mm long. Mature larvae seek suitable soon covered in debris and cease to be recognis- sites where they can pupate. These include the able. They hatch within a week to give larvae, fabric of buildings which they may excavate which are grey-brown in colour and exhibit a causing significant damage. The pupae are light characteristic “tail horn.” The larvae are very coloured and hatch in about a week, to give active, avoid light and feed on litter, manure, spilt adults which can live beyond a year. Under food and even dead or weak birds. There are optimal conditions the full life-cycle takes about approximately 5–11 larval stages and dark band- five weeks.
Control
Assessment of infestations A variety of trapping techniques are available for migrating larvae reaching pupation sites in the measuring stored product beetle infestations. fabric of buildings. These include pit fall traps, bait bags, insect There may be scope for employing insulation probe traps and adhesive traps. The population materials which are resilient to the larvae. may be measured by counting larvae on the fabric of buildings e.g. walls and posts. Samples Cooling premises to sub-zero temperatures for a of insulation materials can be placed around number of days may help to control residual buildings and monitored for the entry holes of populations. larvae seeking pupation sites. b) Insecticidal control a) Hygiene/management Insecticides (see recommended products) can All sources of infestation should be removed and be applied to the fabric of infested premises disposed of, taking care not to spread the concentrating on potential insect harbourages infestation. Regular removal of manure and litter ideally after cleaning. It is difficult to control the from poultry houses will control the beetle. insects in animal houses with insecticides Routine surveillance and regular cleaning are because they are readily protected by the litter in important but this can be difficult as the adults poultry houses and as they burrow, whilst and larvae burrow making them inaccessible. residues can be rendered ineffective by accumu- Care should be taken to ensure that infested food lations of manure and dust. Barrier treatments is not taken into animal houses. can be applied to prevent migrating larvae reaching pupation sites. Care should be taken not Metal proofing strips provide physical barriers to kill beneficial insects e.g. Carcinops pumilio. that can be built into structures to restrict
Glossary of terms: Elytra: Hardened forewings of the beetle. Striae: Grooves along or across body. MSDS and label text information is available
42 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Mosquito Culex spp. 9mm wingspan
Mosquito Aedes spp. 6.5mm wingspan Mosquitoes Order: Diptera (‘two-winged’)
Description
Characteristics: Sub-Family: Anophelinae Adults: Globular head, a large part of the surface Genus: Anopheles spp. of which is taken up by the compound eyes; a Characteristics: pair of antennae, which are about three times as Wings speckled with dark and pale-coloured long as the head, are somewhat hairy in the scales; there are no scales on the abdomen; female and quite bushy in the male; this difference female palps almost as long as the proboscis, the provides a ready means of distinguishing between male palps are usually clubbed. When resting the the sexes with the naked eye. Also on the head a abdomen is held at an angle from the surface on pair of palps, one on each side of the proboscis; which the mosquito is standing, forming a straight in the female they are smooth, in the male they line with the proboscis (e.g. Anopheles gambiae). have tufts of bristles. Mouthparts form a long thin Sub-Family: Culicinae projecting proboscis which in the female are Characteristics: designed for piercing; there is a single pair of Female palps are short and the abdomen is membranous wings which bear tiny scales along covered in scales. The resting stance is parallel to the veins as well as a fringe of scales along the the surface. hind margin. The wing venation is also typical with 6 longitudinal veins of which the second, fourth Genus: Culex spp. and fifth are forked; tarsi are 5-segmented. Characteristics: Vary in size but all have a blunt tipped abdomen Larvae: and usually lack distinctive markings on the body Entirely aquatic. They have a well developed head or wings (e.g. Culex quinquefasciatus). followed by a swollen unsegmented thorax; abdomen is segmented and there is a pair of Genus: Aedes spp. spiracles on the last but one segment through Characteristics: which they breathe at the water's surface. Tufts of Medium to large; most have pointed abdomen bristles arise from many of the body segments. and well separated eyes; usually distinctly marked by patches of dark and light scales; often general Pupae: appearance of black with silver markings (e.g. Comma-shaped with a curved tail which ends in a Aedes aegypti). pair of paddles; head is equipped with a pair of respiratory trumpets through which the pupa Genus: Mansonia spp. breathes. The fused head and thorax show traces Characteristics: of the wings and long legs of the adult which are Medium sized and heavily covered in scales developing inside. which are of mixed colours giving a ‘salt and pepper’ appearance. Larvae are rarely seen since Family: Culicidae (mosquitoes) they remain submerged and pierce plant tissues Metamorphosis is complete with egg, larval, pupal with their breathing siphons to obtain oxygen (e.g. and adult stages. There are about 3000 species of Mansonia uniformis). mosquitoes in the world. Note: There are several other Genera of mosquitoes some of which are implicated in Recommended Products disease transmission but others are of no risk to humans. Space does not allow consideration of all the other Genera here. AquaPy, Ficam W & K-Othrine WG See Pages 05, 15 & 21 of Products Section
43 Areas where found
Mosquitoes are ubiquitous insects, they can be in tin cans, to pools or streams; such is their found in nearly every type of climatic region of the adaptability. Their distribution is increased and world from the arctic regions to the tropics, sur- aided by transport systems such as boats and air- viving severe winters or dry seasons depending craft and non-indigenous species have been intro- on the region. Depending on species they can be duced to new territories in this way, even infected found breeding in all types of water; from heavily mosquitoes have been transported to temperate polluted, to clean; from small collections of water climates, thereby transmitting tropical diseases.
Importance as a pest
Primarily a seasonal biting nuisance in cooler Some species do not feed on humans at all but climates but in the tropics they can also be major utilise other mammals, birds or even reptiles as vectors of disease. They can transmit many dis- their hosts. eases to both humans and animals, e.g. malaria, Statistics show that 270 million people are filariasis, yellow fever, encephalitis, and dengue infected with malaria alone and of those up to fever. Only a few species of mosquitoes are two million will die annually. It is this that makes implicated as vectors of human diseases. It is the mosquito the most dangerous creature in those which utilise humans as their primary host the world. and are also willing to enter houses in their pursuit of a blood meal which are the most important.
44 Life-Cycle
The mosquito mates within 48 hours of are laid in each batch, depending on the species. emergence from the pupa. The female only mates They are spindle-shaped averaging 1.5mm in once in her lifetime, because she is able to store length and are laid either on surfaces surrounding the sperm in sacs within her body and fertilise the water’s edge or in small floating rafts of eggs subsequent batches of eggs herself. glued together or laid singly and scattered over Most mosquitoes feed from sunset onwards, both the surface of the water, depending on the sexes feed on nectar or fruits for sustenance but species. the female usually requires the high protein Eggs hatch after several days and the first stage content of blood to produce eggs and soon after larva swims free. The larva feeds by the action of mating she will go in search of a blood meal. The mouth brushes which cause a current of water to female has powerful sensory organs which are flow past the mouth bringing with it organic able to detect body smell, carbon dioxide, particles. They will also browse on algae or warmth and moisture emanating from the host, plants. Culicine larvae obtain their food at various she follows these stimuli upwind until she locates depths but the Anopheline larvae feed only on the host. Adults can fly several kilometres in substances floating on the surface of the water. search of food but can disperse further when Culicine larvae hang from the surface of the water carried by the wind. by their breathing siphon in contrast to The female pierces the host's skin with her Anopheline larvae which lay horizontal to the mouthparts and locates a blood vessel from surface. The larvae pass through 4 developmental which to suck blood. She takes approximately her stages or instars, at the end of each instar the own bodyweight in blood at each feed. While larva sheds its skin or moults. feeding, saliva which contains an anti-coagulant When the 4th instar larva sheds its skin it passes into the wound to stop clotting and keep becomes a pupa. The pupa does not feed but the blood flowing. It is the host body's allergic remains at the water's surface. When disturbed reaction to this which causes the irritating marks they dive with a jerking motion returning to the left behind. surface passively. Whilst the infected mosquito feeds, disease The adult mosquito develops within the pupa. causing parasites are able to enter the host’s When it is fully developed the pupal skin splits body via the saliva or mouthparts of the infected along the dorsal surface and the adult emerges. mosquitoes. Conversely an uninfected mosquito Within a short time when the cuticle has hardened becomes infected when it feeds on a person and the wings expanded, it will fly off. carrying infective forms of the parasite. These develop within the mosquito until the insect The adult's life expectancy is not usually more becomes infective and can transmit the parasites than a few weeks unless it is in diapause. During to new hosts. The relationships between parasite, its life however the female may lay several mosquito and host have evolved over many years batches of eggs each containing several and are often highly specific to the species hundred eggs. involved. The length of the complete life cycle is very The blood meal stimulates egg production and dependent on temperature and can range from 10 provides the nutrients required for the eggs to days to 6 months or longer in those species develop. They are fertilised from stored sperm which overwinter as larvae. just before they are laid, between 30-350 eggs
45 Control
Control measures can be directed against the Adults larvae or adults. Adult mosquitoes may be killed indoors using an aerosol, or the biting nuisance may be minimised Larvae by the use of repellents, treated bed nets, Larval habitats may be minimised especially in vaporisers eg. mosquito coils, mats etc. Vector urban environments by sealing drains and control programmes may use surface sprays with soakaways, removing receptacles containing residual activity applied inside houses. water such as old tins or tyres etc. In other Alternatively, the use of space sprays eg Ultra situations physical methods such as ensuring Low Volume (ULV) aerosols or fogs will rapidly drainage channels run freely or draining standing reduce adult populations indoors or outside. water from building sites, earthworks etc. will contribute to reducing the problem. See recommended products. Where these physical measures are not possible larvicides may be applied regularly to the water to kill the larval stages before they pupate.
Glossary of terms: Diapause: A period of suspended development or growth. Instars: Any stage in an insects life cycle, especially between moults. Palps: Sensory organs associated with the mouthparts. Spiracle: External opening of the trachea; breathing pore. Tarsus (Tarsi): Apical section of leg (the foot). Vector: An animal which transmits parasites.
MSDS and label text information is available
46 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Pharaoh Ant (worker) 2mm long
Pharaoh Ants Order: Hymenoptera (‘membrane-winged’)
Description
Characteristics: Family: Formicidae Elbowed antennae; biting mouthparts; if present, Species characteristics: two pairs of membranous wings, fore and hind- Pharaoh’s Ant (Monomorium pharaonis) wings hooked together; abdomen constricted at Workers 1.5-2mm long, yellow-brown in colour base giving appearance of a waist which bears occasionally with a brown abdomen. Antenna with characteristic nodes or scales; metamorphosis 12 segments and 3-segmented club. Well complete, with egg, larval, pupal and adult developed black eyes. Thorax with no spines and stages; possess complex social system. relatively small gaster. Binodal pedicel. Males 3mm long, black. Winged (but do not fly). Queens Recommended Products 3.6-5mm long, dark red in colour. Winged (but do not fly). Wings are lost soon after mating.
Maxforce Quantum See Page 27 of Products Section
Areas where found
Originated in the North Africa/Mediterranean Infestations spread through buildings by way of region. Spread along international trade routes service ducts (e.g. heating and electrical and now widely distributed. Their need for warm conduits). The ants will forage for water around humid conditions means that in temperate lands sinks and where condensation has occurred (e.g. they are confined to buildings. Infestations can be windows, walls etc.). found in a wide variety of locations including The ants can survive low temperatures for residential blocks, hotels, hospitals and other prolonged periods with the workers continuing to institutions, food handling premises, zoos and on forage for food. The minimum temperature for board ship. In warm climates infestations can be success is 18°C and the colonies thrive at 30°C. found outside. Infestations in buildings are relatively unaffected The insects may be associated with the fabric of by the seasons although may be encouraged buildings (e.g. wall voids, windows, storage areas when heating systems are switched on during etc.), plants and sterile supplies. the winter.
Importance as a pest
Worker ants are a nuisance as they forage widely Packaging may be damaged and the ants can for food and water following scent marked trails. penetrate plastic bags containing sterile dressings Although omnivorous they tend to prefer and instruments. proteinaceous foods. They will feed on meat, Pharaoh’s ants pose a risk to health. Pathogenic cheese, fats, sugar, honey, jam, chocolate etc. organisms may be transmitted mechanically as In hospitals they will also feed on blood, the ants feed in unhygienic places including intravenous diet fluids, the fluid associated with drains, refuse bins, wound dressings etc. Their wounds and vomit. Dead insects, mice and ability to infest sterile supplies in hospitals is of mouse droppings can also provide food for the particular concern. ants. Clothing and laundry may be infested. Materials may be damaged by chewing and the ants may bite children including their eyelids.
47 Life-Cycle
Pharaoh’s ants are social insects and live in sites. If established in mobile equipment colonies. These range in size from a few dozen to infestations can be widely distributed. 300,000 ants. Colonies consist of: workers (sterile The workers provide food for the colony and females), fertile males and queens (fertile maintain the nest. Only 5-10% of workers are females). There are usually many queens in a actually engaged in foraging. Fertile males and colony (multiqueen colonies) and they co-exist females develop from well fed larvae. Flying amicably. The queens can be replaced so swarms are never seen, mating taking place in colonies will survive indefinitely. the nests and interstices of buildings. Each queen New colonies are typically formed by budding produces up to 350 eggs. These hatch in about a and may be encouraged by disturbing nests. week to give legless larvae which are fed by the Adult ants are responsible for this process which queens and tended by the workers. Larval may include queens. Worker ants carry larval development takes approximately three weeks. stages to a new nest site from which they can The pupal stage lasts about nine days. The whole rear queens and males. Temporary nests may be cycle from egg laying to adult takes about 51⁄2 established whilst the workers search for new weeks depending upon temperature.
Control
Successful control of Pharaoh’s ants requires the visual assessments and the collection of destruction of nests. This is difficult to achieve information about the distribution of ants from because nests are often located in inaccessible clients. Additionally a survey can be conducted places. The most effective control measures by baiting. Baits may be based upon various involve a thorough insecticide treatment so all the materials including honey, sugar and meat (e.g. insects constituting the infestation will be raw liver). exposed to the toxicant within a short space of Once the extent of the infestation has been time. This is best achieved by baiting but identified the insecticidal bait can be applied (see conventional insecticide treatments may be recommended products). It is recommended that necessary to effect a rapid control of ants in bait placement commences outside the infested some situations or establish perimeter treatments area and progresses inwards until the whole area to protect areas from ant immigration. However, has been treated. Care must be taken to ensure conventional treatments alone are of limited value no pockets of infestation are missed during the for the control of Pharaoh’s ant nests. treatment. The success of the treatment can be Surveys must be conducted to determine the determined by further surveys. extent of the infestation. These should involve
MSDS and label text information is available
48 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Poultry Red Mite 0.7-1mm long
Poultry Red Mites Order: Acarina Mesostigmata/Gamasina
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Usually less than 2 mm long. There is little Poultry Red Mite (Chicken Mite) evidence of segmentation. The body consists of (Dermanyssus gallinae) the sac-like idiosoma and the gnathosoma, which Adults, 0.7 –1.0 mm long; idiosoma oval, colour- carries the mouthparts and sensory organs. The less to bright red or grey-black (if containing mouthparts include a pair of 3-segmented partially digested blood); chelicerae of females chelicerae, which may be pincer-like or piercing. well developed, narrow towards the tip and The idiosoma is rounded or oval and the dorsal approximately half as long as the idiosoma; dorsal surface sclerotized with shield-like plates. Adults surface with weak sclerotisation and pairs of have eight legs, which are usually well developed, setae. the front pair being employed as sensory organs Northern (European) Fowl Mite rather than for walking. There is a single pair of (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) spiracles opening between the second and third or Sometimes confused with the Red Poultry Mite third and fourth pair of legs. Metamorphosis is although it lives on the host and is active during incomplete with egg, larval and nymphal stages. the day. Chelicerae do not narrow at the tip and bear shear-like chelae with no teeth or setae; Recommended Products sternal plate with two pairs of setae.
None presently
Areas where found
A cosmopolitan species widely distributed systems. Conditions in poultry houses are ideal throughout Europe. It is found naturally in wild for the mites and large populations can rapidly bird nests, the small size of the mites making develop. The mites are nocturnal and spend the them ideally suited to a close association with day resting in cracks and crevices where they are birds. They feed on blood and are particularly safe from predation by the birds. At night time associated with the nests of pigeons, starlings, they quickly move onto the birds and will feed for sparrows, swallows and house martins. When the up to two hours. Freshly fed mites are bright red birds fledge and leave their nests the mites may in colour but, as the blood is digested, they disperse and infest nearby buildings including gradually turn darker and eventually become poultry units. Adult mites are resistant to dessica- colourless. tion and starvation and can survive without food Mites can be introduced into poultry units from for several months. Extreme temperatures e.g. infestations associated with wild birds, with newly >45° C and -20° C are lethal and survival is best introduced poultry, on equipment, transport or at higher relative humidities e.g. 70%. clothing. Red poultry mites are important pests in poultry units and appear in all types of production
49 Importance as a pest
When the mites infest buildings they will attack transmission of Salmonella spp., Erysipelothrix people causing painful and irritating bites. rhusiopathiae (the causative agent of erysipelas), Newcastle virus etc. Large infestations in poultry houses may lead to a number of problems including: Reduced productivity: Reduced weight gain. Disturbance and stressing of the birds, which may Reduced egg production. be reluctant to use infested nests. Reduced quality of eggs: Increased feather pecking. Smaller eggs. Anaemia, leading in severe cases to death. Inferior shell quality. Transmission of diseases. Inferior yolk colour. Red poultry mites are implicated in the Contamination with mites and their faeces.
Life-Cycle
Female mites lay as many as 40 eggs in batches moult within two days to give 8-legged nymphs. up to seven at a time, 12–24 hours after taking a Like the adults, nymphs take blood meals, usually blood meal. The eggs are oval, cream-coloured during the night, and spend the day sheltering in and approximately 0.4 mm long. They are laid in cracks and crevices in and around the nests. nests, cracks and crevices around roost sites and There are typically two nymphal stages before hatch in 1–3 days to give 6-legged larvae. The they moult to become adults. Under favourable larvae do not feed and remain inactive until they conditions the full life-cycle takes about a week.
Control
Assessment of infestations Care should be taken not to introduce infestations Populations of Red poultry mites can establish via newly introduced poultry, on equipment, themselves very quickly and, as infestations transport or clothing. Buildings should be proofed become deep-seated, they are difficult to control. to prevent the ingress of wild birds, which may be Regular monitoring is important to ensure infested. infestations are dealt with at the earliest Thorough cleaning of the empty poultry house, opportunity. Mites may be collected from birds or including the outside, by power washing, steam resting sites, but the fact that they are not active cleaning etc. will control the mites and should during the day and hide in cracks and crevices precede the application of acaricides. Equipment means it may be difficult to measure populations. should be dismantled as necessary and be They can be expelled from harbourages e.g. thoroughly cleaned. equipment by tapping them onto sheets of paper. b) Acaricidal control a) Hygiene/management Where infestations are associated with wild bird Infestations associated with wild bird nests can be nests, the infested areas should be treated with a controlled by removing and destroying the nests suitable acaricide. with due regard to any statutory protection which exists for the bird species involved. Infested areas of poultry houses should be treated as soon as they are identified, paying In poultry houses, efforts should be made to limit particular attention to mite harbourages. the harbourages available for the mites. This can Thorough treatments with acaricides should also be achieved by limiting the use of wood, employ- be made when houses have been cleared and ing impervious materials which are easy to clean, cleaned. equipment design and sealing potential refuges. See recommended products.
Glossary of terms: Chelicerae: Anterior appendages (mouthparts). Gnathosoma: Segments bearing the mouth and its appendages. Idiosoma: Sac-like body bearing legs. Setae: Bristle or “hair” of invertebrates.
MSDS and label text information is available
50 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Norway Rat 220-260mm long Black Rat 180-230mm long House Mouse 60-90mm long Rodents (Commensal) Order: Rodentia
Description
Characteristics: Brownish or greyish rodents with a tail approximately Black Rat (Rattus rattus) as long as the body. Omnivorous, often live in or Common names are Ship rat, Roof rat or Black around buildings. rat. Adults: 180-230mm long; tail length 180- 240mm long; weight 120-300g; droppings are Family: Muridae approx 12mm long. Despite its name it is usually Species characteristics: black to light brown in colour with a lighter Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) underside. Common names are Norway rat, Common rat and Brown rat. Adults: 220-260mm long; tail length House Mouse (Mus musculus) 160-200mm; weight 150-450g; droppings are Common name is the House mouse. Adults: 60- approx 20mm long. Upper brown body with a 90mm; tail length 80-100mm long; weight 15g- white, yellowish belly. 33g max; droppings are approx 3-6mm long.
Recommended Products
Rodilon Wheat Tech, Rodilon Trio, Rodilon Blocks & Rodilon Soft Blocks See Page 35 of Products Section
Areas where found
Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) years ago. The Black rat can now be found world- The Norway rat originated from Central to East wide. Asia. It is thought to have arrived in Europe later House Mouse (Mus musculus) than the Black rat, c. 16-17th century. The House mouse originated from East-Asia and Black Rat (Rattus rattus) has spread throughout the world in distributed The Black rat originated from India to Eastern grain and food. Africa and was introduced into Europe over 2,000
Importance as a pest
Human health Indirect food losses - Carriers of over 45 types of diseases including - Packaging destruction, spillage spirochaetes causing Weil’s Disease - Contamination with faeces (Leptospirosis), Salmonella, E.coli, enteritis, Construction listeriosis, rickettsiosis, dysentery and many - Damages in buildings others. - in sewers, dikes etc. - Contamination of water and food - in electric facilities and cables - Contamination of environment - in communication Direct food losses Animal production - Field crop losses - Feed losses and spillage - Stored food and food prod. chain losses - Vector and reservoir of pathogens
51 Life-Cycle
Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) House Mouse (Mus musculus) The Norway rat reaches sexual maturity in about The House mouse reaches sexual maturity at 35- 2-3 months and are reproductive for one year. 40 days. Outdoors they will breed throughout the Norway rats can breed throughout the year if summer only and indoors they will breed continu- conditions are suitable. The gestation period is ously. The gestation period is 19-21 days and a only 21 days and a female can produce up to a female can produce up to a maximum of 10 litters maximum of five litters a year. 14 pups per litter is a year. 20 pups per litter is the maximum, the maximum, although six is the average. although six is the average. Black Rat (Rattus rattus) The Black rat’s live-cycle is very similar to the Norway rat, but it may live longer.
Control
An integrated pest management approach using and in accordance with the CRRU (Campaign for a combination of control measures (e.g. improving Responsible Rodenticide Use) Code can be used hygiene, proofing) is necessary in order to gain to control rat or mice infestations. control of a rodent infestation. Baiting alone is not c) Remain vigilant sufficient. To effectively control rat and mouse Once an infestation has been controlled there will problems there are six golden rules which should always be new rodents waiting to move into the be followed: same territory, always monitor for new activity Inspection / Assessment of infestation and begin a baiting programme as soon as A thorough survey of the infested site before possible. treatment begins is an essential key to success d) Sanitation when using any rodenticide. It is important to Removing the rodents’ food sources is a key determine the exact source of the infestation so factor in successful rodent control. Rubbish, food that the problem can be tackled at source. or feed should be stored where possible in sealed Typical signs of an infestation are the smudge containers. Outside debris and vegetation partic- marks left by a rodent’s oily hair, its droppings ularly where it is in contact with a building should and any damage to goods or structures. Draw up be removed. In addition try to reduce the number a simple site plan or location list identifying areas of water sources where rodents are able to drink of particular concern pertinent to the site and from. retain this on file. e) Rodent proofing a) Identification Keeping rodents out of buildings by closing off Rats and mice have significantly different behaviour the typical places where they can gain access is patterns and need to be controlled in different a key factor in good rodent control. Try to close ways. It is important to identify the species of the all holes in external walls, reinforce the base of infestation so that the correct tactics can be wooden doors with metal strips to prevent gnawing employed to eliminate the problem. An inspection and access, install self closing devices on doors of the droppings can help in the identification. that are frequently used. b) Use an effective bait Rodenticides with good palatability used correctly
MSDS and label text information is available
52 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Spider Beetle 3.2mm long
Spider Beetles Order: Coleoptera (‘sheath-wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Species characteristics: Forewings hard and leathery, meeting along Australian Spider Beetle (Ptinus tectus) mid-line of dorsal surface; hindwings membra- Adult, 2.5-4mm long; elytra clothed with dull- nous, sometimes lacking; biting mouthparts; well brown to golden-brown hairs; striae not distinct developed thorax; complete metamorphosis with unless hairs rubbed off. egg, larval, pupal and adult stages. White-Marked Spider Beetle (Ptinus fur) Family: Ptinidae Adult, 2-4.3mm long; red-brown with yellow hairs; prothorax with dense cushion of pale hairs on Members of this family possess long, each side; elytra with white scales; striae visible. 11-segmented antennae, positioned between the eyes, plus a number of characteristics which give Golden Spider Beetle (Niptus hololeucus) them a spider-like appearance: a stout body with Adult, 3.0-4.5mm long; elytra and thorax clothed hairy surface; a waist-like constriction at the base in silky golden-yellow hairs and fine scales. of the prothorax; 6 (not 8) long thin legs with Hump Spider Beetle (Gibbium psylloides) 5-segmented tarsi. Mite-like appearance, 1.7-3.2mm long; colour, shiny red-brown to black; lacks characteristic Recommended Products waist-like constriction; devoid of hairs.
AquaPy, K-Othrine WG & Ficam D See Pages 05, 21 & 13 of Products Section
Areas where found
Ptinus tectus originated in Australasia. It is a habits to the Australian species, exhibits a cosmopolitan species which reached Europe in preference for moist places and will occasionally the 19th century and is now widely distributed. It infest textiles, especially if soiled with grease. It is is rarely imported and infestations often originate increasingly common in domestic premises. There in birds’ nests. There are 2-4 generations per year is usually one generation per year in unheated in unheated conditions. All stages except eggs conditions in temperate lands and peak activity is and young larvae can overwinter. reached between August and November. Ptinus fur is a closely related species which is Gibbium psylloides. This insect is tolerant of cool also cosmopolitan in distribution. conditions and can survive for long periods without food supplies. The Golden spider beetle has similar feeding
Importance as a pest
Spider beetle larvae will infest all manner of dry Adult beetles, too, will damage packaging animal and vegetable matter including grain, spices, including bags and sacks. fish meal, dog biscuits, dried fruit and a wide Gregarious and nocturnal, they spend the day in variety of miscellaneous debris. They will scavenge cracks and crevices amongst packaging and the among the debris of neglected stores, and have fabric of the store. Consequently they can thrive even been reported infesting insecticidal derris in old buildings where they find many powder. The larvae bore holes in which to pupate, harbourages. and in so doing may damage packaging or the commodities themselves. They also contaminate commodities with droppings and silk webbing.
53 Life-Cycle
The female Australian spider beetle may produce The full life-cycle takes 3-6 months, depending 120 or more eggs over 3-4 weeks in early upon ambient conditions, and can take place in a summer. They are laid either singly or in batches temperature range of 5-28°C. and, being sticky, will adhere to the substrate. The life-cycle of the Golden spider beetle At 20-25°C the eggs hatch in 3-16 days, giving resembles that of the Australian species. The larvae which are fleshy, curved, covered with fine eggs hatch in 11-30 days at 15-20°C, the larvae hairs and relatively immobile, although they will live for 150-250 days and pupation takes 18-26 rapidly curl up when disturbed. days, after which the adults live for up to 8 Development takes at least 6 weeks, during months. which time the larvae moult 4 or 5 times. When Gibbium psylloides again has a similar life-cycle mature, they wander in search of a pupation site to the Australian and Golden spider beetles, but where they will spin a cocoon cell in which to the adults are particularly long-lived, surviving for pupate. These cocoons are often found on the up to 1.5 years. The optimum temperature for outside of cartons through which the larvae have development, which can take place within the bored. Adults emerge after 20-30 days and will range 20-35°C, is 33°C, when it takes about live for as long as 12 months. If disturbed they 45 days. will feign death.
Control
Assessment of infestations packaging can help to deter insect attack. A variety of trapping techniques are available for Generally, thick, tough materials with a smooth, measuring stored product beetle infestations. shiny finish are preferred. Packs should be strong These include pit fall traps, bait bags, insect and well sealed. probe traps and adhesive traps. Whatever system It is important to ensure that there are no food is employed adequate records must be kept. residues (stored commodities or secondary a) Hygiene/management sources, e.g. birds’ nests) in which beetles can Stores should be soundly constructed to ensure breed and develop to infest new materials. All maintenance of correct storage conditions and infested commodities should be destroyed or allow for easy cleaning. They should be insulated, fumigated. Stores should be kept scrupulously well ventilated and damp-proof. Cracks and clean and farm stores should be thoroughly crevices, which may provide harbourages for the cleaned before harvest. beetles, should be kept to a minimum. All grain taken into store should be dried to a Commodities should be stacked neatly above the suitable moisture content (MC) and temperature floor level using pallets, away from walls and e.g. <15%MC and <15°C and maintained in that should not touch the ceiling. A gap between condition. stacks will allow for ventilation, regular inspection, b) Insecticidal control cleaning and, if necessary, treatment with insecti- Insecticides (see recommended products) can be cides (see recommended products). Appropriate applied to the fabric of stores concentrating on stock rotation is important and if possible there potential insect harbourages. Alternatively it may should be a one-way passage of commodities be appropriate to employ grain protectants. through the premises. The careful choice of
Glossary of terms: Elytra: Hardened forewings of the beetle. Prothorax: First thoracic segment. Striae: Grooves along or across body.
MSDS and label text information is available
54 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Brown House Pest Guide Moth 8mm long
Mediterranean Flour Moth 22mm wingspan Stored Product Moths Order: Lepidoptera (‘scale wings’)
Description
Characteristics: Mediterranean Flour Moth (Mill Moth/Flour Moth) Two pairs of well developed membranous wings, (Ephestia kuehniella) with few cross veins; clothed with broad scales; 20-25mm wingspan; upper forewing: oblique generally suctorial mouthparts; metamorphosis irregular inner band spotted or streaked, lacking complete with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages; pale band along inner edge; outer band is larvae frequently have eight pairs of limbs. obscure. Superfamily: Pyraloidea Indian Meal Moth (Dried Fruit Moth) (family Pyralidae) (Plodia interpunctella) 10-15mm wingspan; upper forewing: inner third, Superfamily: Tineoidea pale yellowish buff; remainder of wing bronze- (families Oecophoridae, Tineidae) coloured. Species characteristics: Rice Moth (Corcyra cephalonica) Family: Pyralidae 15-25mm wingspan; upper forewing: uniform pale Warehouse Moth (Cacao Moth, Tobacco Moth) buff-brown; no distinctive markings, although (Ephestia elutella) veins may be slightly darkened. 12mm wingspan; upper forewing: well defined, rather sinuate outer band on grey-buff back- Family: Oecophoridae ground. Brown House Moth (Hofmannophila pseudospretella) Tropical Warehouse Moth (Dried Currant Moth) 15-25mm wingspan; upper forewing: dark buff- (Ephestia cautella) brown with black-brown spots. 12-18mm wingspan; upper forewing: dull grey- brown; straight dark inner band has broad pale White-Shouldered House Moth band along inner edge; outer band is obscure. (Endrosis sarcitrella) 15-25mm wingspan; upper forewing: buff- coloured and speckled brown; resembles Brown Recommended Products house moth, but distinguished by white scales on head and thorax. Family: Tineidae AquaPy, K-Obiol & K-Othrine WG Common Clothes Moth (Tineola bisselliella) See Pages 05, 17 & 21 of Products Section 10-15mm wingspan; upper forewing: pale ochreous buff, unmarked.
55 Areas where found
Moths can be found in a variety of stored in warm conditions adults will be present through- products. Some species are associated with out the year when there may be 4-6 generations. goods of vegetable origin, to which they may be Indian Meal Moth adapted with varying degrees of specificity, whilst A cosmopolitan species which originated in South others are associated with animal products - America. It will survive all year round in warm particularly textiles. conditions. Warehouse Moth Rice Moth Widely distributed throughout temperate regions. A tropical species often found in countries of It is rarely imported except on products from northern Europe in imported foodstuffs. In these other temperate areas. temperate areas it can survive all year round in Tropical Warehouse Moth heated stores but usually produces only one A tropical or subtropical species which is generation. frequently found on imported cargoes. Brown House Moth/ Mediterranean Flour Moth White-Shouldered House Moth Originated in Central America but now cosmopoli- Both species are cosmopolitan and widespread tan. It is a particular problem in provender mills, on materials of animal or vegetable origin. bakeries and occasionally even in catering Common Clothes Moth premises. One generation is usually produced, but Common on animal products.
Importance as a pest
Moth larvae can cause considerable damage to provender mills. The larvae eat holes in sifting stored goods by feeding or by contamination with silks and may also reach the mill's finished their own products, e.g. webbing and frass. Adult products. insects are not responsible for damage as they Indian Meal Moth either feed on liquid food and water or do not Another species which is a particular problem of feed at all. The larval by-products, webbing and the fruit-drying industry. It will also attack cereals, frass, are a particular problem. Webbing can oil seeds and shelled nuts. Larval webbing may entirely coat commodities and may be responsi- occasionally reach problem proportions. ble for blocking machinery and ducts. The problem is exacerbated when webbing becomes Rice-Moth mixed with frass, food and general debris. This moth will attack grain (especially rice), oil seeds, cocoa beans, dried fruit, spices and Warehouse Moth beverages. A major pest of warehouses and, more recently, retail premises. This species will infest cereals, Brown House Moth/ fruit, shelled nuts, cocoa beans, fish, spices and White-Shouldered House Moth tobacco. In the case of tobacco, "sweet" varieties Both species attack a wide variety of materials are preferred and entire interveinal leaf areas may including cereals, cereal products, textiles, be destroyed. Moth infestations are especially leather and cork. The Brown house moth tends serious where wheat and flour are stored in bulk, to scavenge whilst the White-shouldered house although they seldom infest goods which are moth is generally found infesting food. stored in silos. Common Clothes Moth Tropical Warehouse Moth Attacks animal products, for example wool, fur, A particular problem in dried fruit and nuts, skins and leather. Fibres are bitten off and the although this moth will attack cereals, oil seeds loose ends discarded, thus destroying much more and chocolate products. commodity than is consumed. Mediterranean Flour Moth Larval webbing can cause serious blockages in
56 Life-Cycle
Larval development is greatly influenced by the conditions. The larvae migrate over the foodstuff, environmental conditions of temperature and food covering it with silk as they move. Their colour supply. The larvae themselves are unique and depends upon the type of food: they are generally readily identifiable: well-developed head; clearly dirty-white but may be tinged pinkish-brown or segmented body; three thoracic segments, each green. After 4-7 moults the larvae are full grown bearing a pair of five jointed legs; ten abdominal and have attained a length of 12mm. segments: numbers 3-6 bear false feet (prolegs), In this species food and environmental conditions the tips of which are equipped with crochets; have a dramatic influence on the larval phase, so segment ten bears one pair of claspers. that development may take 13-288 days. When Warehouse Moth mature the larvae leave the foodstuff and spin Within 4 days of emergence, the female produces thick white cocoons, in which the 7mm long 100-150 eggs which are laid in cracks and pupae develop. After a pupation period of 12-43 crevices. These hatch in 10-14 days to give larvae days, the adults emerge. These moths may over- which are creamy white with dark spots on their winter as larvae which diapause in a silken sides. They penetrate food, covering it with cocoon. webbing as they feed. In temperate climates Rice Moth larvae pass through 4-5 moults to attain full Up to 160 eggs are laid in or near the larval food. growth when they are 12mm long, whereupon The larvae are dull white in colour with brown they will leave the food and wander for 1-3 days, heads, and have long, fine hairs covering the searching for a dark place in which to spin a body. They persist for 15-20 days under silken cocoon. They may diapause in this state favourable conditions. Rice moth larvae produce throughout the winter before pupating in April or large amounts of strong webbing and frass, May and emerging as adults in late spring. Under before spinning a dense white cocoon in which to temperate conditions development takes from pupate. The pupal stage lasts 7-10 days. 82-206 days. Brown House Moth/ Tropical Warehouse Moth White-Shouldered House Moth Egg laying commences within 24 days of the These species have similar life-cycles and mixed adult's emergence and up to 350 eggs are laid infestations frequently occur. The Brown house during the first 4 days. These hatch 3-17 days moth lays up to 650 eggs, preferring rough open later. The larvae are dirty white and may be tinged surfaces, whilst those of the White-shouldered brown or have purple spots. At 25°C they will be house moth are sticky and laid in crevices. Brown fully grown in 25 days. The larvae do not house moth larvae are glossy white and reach a diapause. Pupae develop in 12-17 days in the length of 16mm. Larvae generally diapause for vicinity of food, and breeding is continuous. varying lengths of time, depending upon the Where temperatures are low the moth overwinters conditions under which they have developed. as larvae. Those of the White-Shouldered house moth are Mediterranean Flour Moth dull white and rarely exceed 14mm in length. Mating takes place immediately after the adults Both species burrow into the food, forming a silk emerge. Up to 350 eggs are laid and these may tunnel. Pupal cocoons are rough and incorporate be stuck to various foods by a sticky secretion. foodstuff and debris. The eggs hatch in 4-28 days to give white or Common Clothes Moth pinkish larvae and spin silken tubes in which they Eggs are laid amongst fibres or scattered at live. After 3-5 moults the larvae are full grown and random. Each female lays up to 160 eggs during 15-19mm long. a period of 2-3 weeks. During the summer these They then wander away from food and pupate for hatch in 4-10 days to give an active, white 7-16 days in the dark corners of buildings or translucent larva. This grows up to 10mm in machinery. In temperate climates these moths length and the head becomes darker in colour. overwinter as larvae but, in contrast to other Feeding tunnels may be constructed from silk and species, usually remain in the foodstuff. there are at least 5 moults. Larvae construct a tough cocoon in which they moult to produce a Indian Meal Moth pupa up to 7mm long. The full cycle takes Females produce up to 500 greyish-white eggs between 88-254 days, depending upon which hatch in 1-18 days depending upon conditions.
57 Control
The method and timing of control measures Warehouses should be constructed so as to against moths, depends upon the species ensure maintenance of correct storage conditions involved. The larvae are frequently difficult to and allow easy cleaning. Cracks and crevices reach because they are concealed in foodstuffs or which might serve as harbourages should be kept the fabric of buildings and may be obvious only to a minimum. Stacks of commodities should be when they migrate. neatly arranged above the floor on pallets, with a gap between stacks to allow for ventilation, Assessment of infestations regular inspection, cleaning and treatment with Adhesive traps are used for trapping stored insecticides if necessary. Good packaging is product moths. Attractant capsules containing a particularly important to prevent entry of larvae. pheromone are attached to a sticky surface on which the moths are caught and which is partially Spillages should be removed promptly, and protected from the environment. The trap is then infested goods dealt with immediately either by suspended ca 2-3 m above the floor. They fumigation or destruction. Uncontaminated perform best in locations which are not dusty. products should not be stored in the vicinity of Alternatively funnel traps may be used. These are infested materials. usually constructed of plastic and incorporate a In the case of the house and clothes moths, funnel system leading to a retaining chamber in fabrics should be regularly inspected and which moths are trapped and killed using a cleaned, and alternative breeding sites, for toxicant strip, water or detergent. example birds' nests, removed if possible. It They incorporate a pheromone lure and are should be remembered that soiled fabrics make a particularly useful in dusty locations. The simplest more acceptable diet to these insects than clean traps are a dish of water containing a little ones. detergent. Whatever system is employed b) Insecticidal control adequate records must be kept. In order to obtain the best results, insecticidal a) Hygiene/management control measures (see recommended products) This is important in order to avoid conditions should be integrated with good hygiene. suitable for the development of moth infestations.
Glossary of terms Crochets: Hooks on the end of the false feet – used for clasping. Diapause: A period of suspended development or growth. Frass: Excrement or other refuse of larvae. Prolegs (false feet): Non-jointed, fleshy conical legs. Webbing: Silk spun by moth larvae.
MSDS and label text information is available
58 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide
Ticks 3-8mm long
Ticks Order: Acarina Ixodides (Metastigmata)
Description
Characteristics: Arthropods with a sac-like body ranging from 3- anteriorly in females to permit distension of the 30mm long. They are the largest Acarines. The body with blood and eggs. The hind end of the head, thorax and abdomen are closely fused and scutum is sometimes grooved. There is a unsegmented. The body consists of the idiosoma prominent gnathosoma which is visible from and the gnathosoma (capitulum) with mouthparts above. The stigmata are situated behind coxae IV. consisting of a pair of chelicerae for cutting the A pulvillus (sticky pad) is situated at the extremity skin of hosts, a central hypostome (beak) armed of each leg. Examples are: with recurved teeth which help to anchor the tick Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) to its host and a pair of sensory palps. The idioso- Hedgehog Tick (Ixodes hexagonus) ma is membranous or leathery and sometimes Castor Bean Tick, Sheep Tick (Ixodes ricinus) equipped with a scutum (shield). There is one pair of stigmata (eyespot) with a stigmal plate near the Argasidae, Soft Ticks legs. Adults are typically eight-legged. There are No scutum and mouthparts not visible from two major families: above. The cuticle is granulated and appears shrivelled when the tick is starved. The stigmata Ixodidae, Hard Ticks. are usually located between coxae III and IV. With a dorsal scutum which covers the whole There is no pulvillus (sticky pad) on the extremity dorsal surface in males but only developed of each leg. Pigeon Argas (Argas reflexus) Recommended Products Body ca 4.0mm long with granulations and small discs. Thin margin around idiosoma flexed AquaPy, K-Othrine WG & Ficam D (not upwards with striations on margin. situated on humans or animals) See Pages 05, 21 & 13 of Products Section
59 Areas where found
There are over 850 species of tick. They are all temperature and humidity conditions. It is not blood-sucking parasites of vertebrates, principally generally associated with buildings. Hosts include mammals and birds but sometimes reptiles and hedgehogs, foxes, cats and dogs. Humans may amphibians. They are cosmopolitan and distrib- also occasionally be attacked. uted across a wide range of habitats. I. ricinus is encountered in Europe to about 65°N. Ticks can survive long periods of starvation which In urban areas it is associated with parks and is a useful characteristic where hosts are limited. gardens etc where it is limited by the availability Periods of starvation ranging from 3-21 months of hosts. An humidity in excess of 80% RH is have been variously quoted for nymphs and adult required for incubation and this can be found in Rhipicephalus spp. and Ixodes spp. whilst A. the leaf litter of temperate deciduous forests and reflexus is reported to be capable of surviving for in conifer forests where the rainfall is sufficiently at least five years without food. high. Hosts include sheep, deer, foxes, hedge- hogs and birds. Humans may also be attacked. The Ixodidae are usually active by day and are Small mammals and birds are only host to typically three-host ticks, the larvae, nymphs and immature forms. The walking range of the tick adults all spending time, often separated by does not exceed 15m so dispersal is achieved by extended periods, on different hosts. They are way of the hosts and, in particular birds that referred to as “ticks of the host” because they forage on the ground. spend much of their active life on hosts. The adult females typically feed only once. A. reflexus is encountered in Europe to about 55°N where it is dependent for its survival upon By contrast the Argasidae ticks frequent the elevated urban temperatures compared with the habitats of their hosts. They are nocturnal and surrounding areas. It is particularly associated typically take small meals from a number of hosts. with pigeons and, as a result is associated with They are referred to as “ticks of the habitat.” attics. Harbourages are found in crevices of R. sanguineus is encountered between 35°S and buildings and furnishings. Pigeons are the 50°N. It is found in cracks and crevices in principle host but other avian and mammalian buildings and is particularly associated with dogs. species may be involved. Humans may also be In Europe it can survive outdoors only in the attacked. The tick will only walk ca 10m and, summer and is best adapted to the warm dry because the larval blood meal takes six to eleven environments encountered indoors. Humans may days it is thought dispersal is principally achieved be attacked. by the feeding larva. I. hexagonus is principally encountered in the burrows of its host which provide stable
Importance as a pest The need to take blood meals makes ticks If the ticks are removed at an early stage recovery important in terms of nuisance, the direct effect is generally rapid. The problem has been loss of blood has on a host and their potential to recorded in Europe in cattle and sheep and there act as vectors of disease. is a potential threat to children depending in part where the bite occurs. Tick bites as such are not generally serious. Anti-coagulin agents in tick saliva can, however, Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases and arise lead to haemorrhages. Heavy infestations of A. particularly from wild animal reservoirs. The ticks reflexus can cause the death of pigeons as a are not affected by the pathogens. The following result of the loss of blood. In some cases the skin are examples of some diseases which are reacts to form a cup-like cyst which will cover the encountered in Europe: tick. Particular problems occur where the bites cause irritation or become infected. I. ricinus will bite man, I. hexagonus only rarely Virus Tick Species bites man whilst A. reflexus bites pigeons in Central tick borne preference to man. encephalitis I. ricinus Tick paralysis can arise from the bite of ticks such Louping ill I. ricinus as I. ricinus. It is caused by toxic saliva produced Rickettsial diseases when females are developing eggs rapidly. Boutonneuse fever Ixodes spp. Ascending motor nerve paralysis can lead to Spirochaetes death when respiratory muscles are affected. Lyme disease I. ricinus
60 Life-Cycle
Female Ixodidae ticks feed once increasing body meals means that given optimal conditions the life weight up to 150 times. A large batch of eggs, cycle could be completed in approximately six globular, light brown and shiny in appearance is months so numbers of ticks eg. R. sanguineus then laid in suitable harbourages and covered could build up very quickly. with a secretion to reduce dessication. The In the case of the Argasidae ticks the females female then dies. The eggs hatch to yield 6- feed at intervals only increasing their body weight legged larvae which cling to vegetation awaiting a by up to three times. The globular, dark brown passing host. The whole brood may attach to the shiny eggs are then laid in batches of 20-50. same host. When fully fed the larva drops to the The 6-legged larvae feed on the hosts for six to ground and eventually moults to form an 8-legged eleven days although the 8-legged nymphs and nymph. Some species, the one host ticks, spend adults only feed for up to 12 hours. The nymphs their entire life on a single host. Otherwise the may moult up to eight times. Those of some process of attaching to the host will be repeated species produce a coxal fluid. It is believed to be by the nymph and subsequently the adult. There separated plasma from the blood meal and may is only one nymphal stage in the Ixodidae. The be infected with pathogens. The process is process is governed by temperature and the governed by temperature and the availability of availability of hosts and may last several years. hosts and extends from two to four years. The opportunity to take three substantial blood
61 Control
The method adopted for the control of ticks will inwards to disengage the teeth before removing depend upon the species involved and its them. Alternatively they can be soaked with distribution. Ixodidae ticks infesting areas out- medicinal paraffin or olive oil and removal doors can be detected by dragging a light attempted some hours later. coloured woollen blanket through potentially The wide distribution of ticks outdoors means infested vegetation. Larva, nymph and adult control measures are usually limited to restricted forms will appear as small dark spots. areas eg parks and other recreational areas. The Protective clothing is important for those working availability of resting sites and the habitats of outdoors in areas known to be infested with ticks. hosts can be restricted by cutting vegetation and Clothing can be treated with suitable repellents. removing debris. Infested vegetation can be Boots and trousers should be worn and the treated with suitable insecticides exhibiting trousers tucked into socks. Frequent inspections acaricidal and residual activity. It is important to should be made to ensure that ticks have not ensure adequate penetration and coverage of the attached themselves. If ticks are found attached vegetation. to the skin care should be taken when removing Ixodidae ticks may be controlled by treating hosts them to ensure the capitulum does not remain whilst the Argasidae ticks are typically controlled behind. They can be removed by touching them by treatment of the habitat ie the harbourages of with a suitable volatile solvent pressing them the ticks.
MSDS and label text information is available
62 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com Pest Guide Common Wasp (worker) 18mm wingspan
Wasps Order: Hymenoptera (‘membrane winged’)
Description
Characteristics: German Wasp (Vespula (Paravespula) germanica) Up to 30mm long; eyes kidney shaped; two pairs Nests underground and in cavities in trees and of membranous wings, the hind wings smaller buildings. than the forewings and linked to them by a row of hooklets; wings folded longitudinally at rest; Tree Wasp (Vespula (Dolichovespula) sylvestris) mouthparts adapted for chewing and licking; Nests suspended from the branches of trees or dorsal surface of the first thoracic segment constructed underground. extends back to a small lobe which overlies the Norwegian Wasp base of the front wing; abdomen constricted at (Vespula (Dolichovespula) norvegica) base giving appearance of a waist; metamorpho- Constructs small nests on twigs e.g. on goose- sis complete, with egg, larval, pupal and adult berry bushes and hawthorn. stages; typically possess complex social system (sub-family Vespinae). Cuckoo Wasp (Vespula austriaca) Worker caste lacking. It is parasitic usually laying Family: Vespidae its eggs in the nests of the Red Wasp. Species Characteristics: Red Wasp (Vespula rufa) Genus: Vespula and Vespa. Nests underground. Similar in appearance. Distinguished by patterns on the face and abdomen. The following species Hornet (Vespa crabro) are found in Northern Europe: The largest of the wasps but relatively uncommon. Nests in hollow trees and occasionally buildings. Common Wasp (Vespula (Paravespula) vulgaris) Nests underground and in cavities in trees and Genus: Odynerus, Mason wasps. buildings. Solitary wasps about 13mm long predominantly black with yellow markings. The females construct nests of a few cells each of which contain an egg Recommended Products and is provisioned with food e.g. caterpillars. The larvae which hatch from the eggs feed themselves and live independently from their neighbours. Ficam D, Ficam W & Pybuthrin 33 Nests will be constructed in the ground and in See Pages 13, 15 & 31 of Products Section soft mortar.
63 Importance as a pest
Wasps can be regarded as beneficial insects. As accidents have sometimes been attributed to the the nests develop during the spring and early distraction of drivers by wasps. They are not summer the workers collect insect larvae, scraps regarded as particularly aggressive and the ability of meat and even fish to feed to larvae. They to sting is employed by the social wasps to therefore help to control insect pests and clear defend their nests. carcasses. The workers prefer high energy The sting is caused by the injection of venom into carbohydrates which they obtain from fruits and the victim by means of the modified ovipositor of the nectar of flowers. They could act as the females. Unlike the sting of bees the wasp pollinators although are unlikely to be as efficient sting can be withdrawn from the victim. The as honey bees. venom is haemolytic, haemorrhagic and In general, however, wasps are regarded as neurotoxic. Histamine is also present which nuisance pests or a threat to health. causes the redness, flare and weal in skin. They feed on fruits e.g. apples, pears and plums Wasp stings around the throat may lead to although they are regarded as scavengers respiratory obstruction. Alternatively they may be extending the damage caused by other pests and directly toxic causing faintness, respiratory diseases. The need to collect wood to construct difficulty, vomiting, diarrhoea and perhaps nests means that wasps may damage the urticaria. These are only likely to appear following wooden fabric of buildings, fences and even a mass attack. The main hazard is the risk of perhaps garden furniture. anaphylactic shock arising from repeated stings or even a single one which may lead to death. Wasps are a particular nuisance at the end of the summer when the workers are freed of the need Symptoms may appear rapidly and include to collect proteinaceous foods for their young and respiratory distress, faintness, an itching rash, can indulge their passion for sweet materials e.g. swelling of the face and vomiting with abdominal jam and syrup. They cause a nuisance when they pain, cramp or diarrhoea. Medical assistance enter kitchens, bakeries and other premises should be sought immediately where anaphylactic handling sweet aromatic materials. Foodstuffs shock is suspected. can be contaminated and staff will be disturbed Stings can be treated with a cold compress and or even stung. Where wasp densities are high and antihistamine creams applied within twenty a real threat is perceived, production in work- minutes of stinging. A suitable antiseptic cream places can be halted. should also be rubbed into the skin to prevent It is the ability of wasps to cause painful stings infection. that concerns most people. Unexplained road
64 Life-Cycle
Wasps are typically social insects with new nests further radial layers of cells suspended by wasp constructed each year. The queens, which are paper stalks below the first tier. In this way up to larger than the workers, overwinter in harbourages eight tiers may be constructed and the whole in buildings, under loose bark or even in old enveloped in wasp paper with the entrance at the nests. They emerge in the spring and will feed on bottom. If the nest overheats the workers nectar and sap. Nests are located underground, ventilate it by vibrating their wings or even by in buildings, trees or bushes and constructed of introducing water droplets which cool it by wasp paper made by chewing wood and other evaporating. The workers also forage for food and plant debris with saliva. First a canopy is fixed to in particular high protein foodstuffs for the larvae the top of the nest location and then a central e.g. flies, caterpillars, spiders etc. In their turn the pedicel from which the nest is suspended. The larvae exude a secretion which contains sugar queen then builds a layer of hexagonal down- and proteases. This is taken by the workers and ward-facing cells radially from the pedicel. provides a useful food supplement whilst also Layers of wasp paper envelop the nest providing helping them to break down the proteinaceous protection from the elements and conserving foods destined for the larvae. heat. This is trophallaxis a relationship in which both Eggs are laid in the first tier of the nest built by parties gain and which probably helps to ensure the queen. They are cemented into place and the the workers allegiance to the nest. emerging larvae, which hatch in a few days As the workers develop the nest the queen depending upon temperature, only partially devotes her time to egg laying. Each cell may be emerge in order to stop them falling from the employed several times to rear larvae and by the cells. The fully grown larvae construct silken end of the summer the nest may contain 20,000 cocoons and seal themselves into the cells in or more wasps. order to pupate. Four to six weeks after the eggs are laid the first generation workers emerge. In the autumn, new queens and males are These are female wasps but smaller than the produced. The latter fertilise the queens who then queens and males which emerge later in the search for hibernation sites. With the onset of season. The workers then take responsibility for severe weather the nests die out. maintaining the nest. They extend it by adding
65 Control
Measures to control wasps can be directed at the Operators should wear suitable protective foraging wasps or their nests. clothing including a veil, gloves and tight fitting sleeves and trouser cuffs. Other people should be Foraging wasp control kept away. a) Hygiene/management Foraging wasps can be excluded from buildings Nests can then be treated by: by the use of 3mm screens. Bait traps may be of Powder treatment: value on a limited scale. An insecticidal powder can be applied around and into the entrance of the nest. Workers are b) Insecticidal control contaminated when they return to the nest and Space sprays: carry the powder inside. Powders are applied Large or small scale (e.g. hand held aerosols) using mechanical dusters which may be equipped space sprays can be used indoors to knockdown with extension tubes, a spoon (which can be and kill flying wasps. Operators should take care attached to a cane) or a suitably labelled to avoid being stung by intoxicated wasps. proprietary puffer pack. Surface sprays: Surface spraying: The application of a residual film of insecticide A liquid surface spray may be applied liberally can assist wasp control in localised areas e.g. and directly to the nest or to the entrance holes of around syrup intake points. concealed nests. Wasp nest control using insecticides Smokes: Nests can be located by searching likely sites on An insecticidal smoke can be released in the fine days for signs of wasp activity. Flight lines of cavity occupied by the nest. foraging wasps converging towards, or diverging away from nests may be observed in order to See recommended products. pin-point the nests. Ideally nests should only be treated with insecticides when activity around the nest is quiet.
MSDS and label text information is available
66 for download at www.pestcontrol-expert.com
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