International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6807

International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences 5(5): September-October 2015

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSTITUTIONAL PHARMACY AND LIFE SCIENCES

Pharmaceutical Sciences Review Article……!!!

Received: 16-06-2015; Revised: 24-10-2015; Accepted: 25-10-2015 REVIEW ON INDIAN TRADITIONAL INDIAN MEDICINAL TIKTAKOSHATAKI – ACUTANGULA (L.) ROXB. Kalaskar Mohan G.*, Tatiya Anil U., Khan Mojeeb G. Surana Sanjay J. Department of Pharmacognosy, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425 405, India. Keywords: ABSTRACT Luffa acutangula, Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of traditional system, plant with various medicinal and pharmacological importance pharmacological, and hence represents a priceless tank of new bioactive molecules. phytochemical Luffa acutangula commonly found in Asia; utilized as food. It is commonly known as ‘turai or kadaviturai’ and has been For Correspondence: recognized in different traditional system of medicines for the Dr. M.G. Kalaskar treatment of varied diseases of human being. There are two Department of Pharmacognosy, verities i.e. Luffa acutangula var.acutangula and Luffa acutangula R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and var.amara found in India. The first one is edible and utilized as Research, Shirpur, 425 405, food while second is bitter variety, commonly utilized as medicine India. in Indian traditional system. The present review is comprehension E-mail: of pharmacological and phytochemical studies of both the verities [email protected] of Luffa acutangula.

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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6807

INTRODUCTION Over the last few years, researchers have aimed at identifying and validating plant- derived substances for the treatment of various diseases. Interestingly it is estimated that more than 25% of the modern medicines are directly or indirectly derived from . It is worth mentioning that Indian medicinal plants are considered as a vast source of several pharmacologically principles and compounds that are commonly used as home remedies against multiple ailments1[Danish et al, 2011].The plants of family has a tremendous genetic diversity, extending to vegetative and reproductive characteristics2 (Ng, 1993). They grow in tropical, subtropical, arid deserts and temperate locations and are usually called as . The family consists of a number of bioactive plants, which have been used extensively from ancient time for their therapeutic values. Luffa acutangula (LA) is believed to have originated in India, where wild types still occurs i.e. L. acuatngula var.amara (LA), but has now spread pantropically to all areas with a high rainfall. It is cultivated and locally naturalized in West Africa, from Sierra Leone to Nigeria. In southern and eastern Asia it is a widely cultivated vegetable. In India, fruits of Luffaacutangulais widely cultivated and used as food article. The wild verity, i.e. L. acuatngula var amara has high value in traditional system of medicine; this is widely used by local healers and traditional practitioner for treatment of various diseases3 (Nardkarni, 2000). Most of scientific paper published on L acutangula, the author has mentioned clearly about variety used for study i.e. edible and wild variety (Luffa acutangula and L. acuatngula var. amara, respectively). So present review focused on the both the variety of plant. DESCRIPTION It is monoecious, annual, climbing or trailing herb, with acutely 5-angled stem; tendrils up to 6-fid, hairy. Male inflorescence racemose with 15–35 cm long peduncle. Leaves alternate, simple; stipules absent; petiole up to 15 cm long; blade broadly ovate to kidney-shaped in outline, 10–25 cm × 10–25 cm, shallowly palmately 5–7-lobed with broadly triangular to broadly rounded lobes, cordate at base, shallowly sinuate-dentate, pale green, scabrous, palmately veined. Flowers unisexual, regular, 5-merous, 5–9 cm in diameter; receptacle tube obconic below, expanded above, c. 0.5 cm long, lobes triangular, 1–1.5 cm long; petals free, pale yellow; male flowers with 3 free stamens inserted on the receptacle tube, connectives broad; female flowers solitary, on pedicels 2–15 cm long, with inferior, densely pubescent, longitudinally ridged ovary, stigma 3-lobed. 576 Full Text Available On www.ijipls.com

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6807

Fruit a club-shaped, dry and fibrous capsule 15–50 cm × 5–10 cm, acutely 10-ribbed, brownish, dehiscent by an apical operculum, many-seeded. Seeds broadly elliptica4 Kingdom Plantae – Plants Subkingdom Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Super division Spermatophyta – Seed plants Division Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants Class Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons Subclass Dilleniidae Order Violales Family Cucurbitaceae – family Genus Luffa Mill. – luffa Species Luffa acutangula(L.) Roxb. – sinkwatowel sponge Vernacular names English : Ridged gourd, angled loofah, ribbed gourd, Chinese , silk squash (En) Hindi : Turai, Kadaviturai. Tamil : Pirkanga Marathi : Dodaki Sanskrit : Tiktakoshataki 1. Phytochemical review L. acuatngula var. amara fruit and pericarp Torvi and Hunashal5 (2012), examined the extracts of LA fruit, found the presence of important secondary metabolite such as, steroid and glycoside. Nagao et al6,7, (1991), isolated and identified the seven oleanane type of triterpenoidsaponins, acutoside A-G and H- I, from the 50% methanolic extract of LA fruits. The only difference is attachment of sugars. Recently, Wang and NG8(2002), isolated luffanguline from LA seeds, which is a novel ribosome inactivating peptide. The plant also reported to present β-carotene, luffin, amarin and 2-deoxy cucurbitacin3(Nardkarni, 2000).The flavonoids distribution among the luffa species was studied by Schilling and Heiser in 19819; they found the presence of luteolin and apigeninin leaves and flowers.

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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6807

Different secondary metabolites reported from L. acuatngula

2. Ethnopharmacology review During the ethnopharmacological survey in Rajasthan, Katewa et al,10(2008) collected the information on medicinal uses of plants is based on the exhaustive interviews with local physicians practicing indigenous system of medicine, village headmen, priests and tribal folks of Aravalli hills of Mewar region tribes; Bhil, Garasia, Damor and Kathodia. They found that Half tea spoon of LA seeds powder taken orally with water for 3–4 days for urinary bladder stone. Samvatsar and Diwanji11, (2000) during survey for herbs used by tribals of Western Madhya Pradesh of India for the treatment of jaundice. They documented 13 plants as their commen name, part of plant and mode of use. Among these one of widely used herb was LA. The LA commonly known as KadwiTurai, and their leaf and fruit parts were used for treatment of jaundice. The 2-3 drops of leaf or green fruit juice without using water are dropped into one of the nostrils for 4 days. 578 Full Text Available On www.ijipls.com

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6807

Kanaka et al,12 (2013), during their ethnoboatnical survey in Reserve Forests of MahadevpurKarimnagar, AP. They documented that LA fruit was extensively used by local inhabitants for treatment of Diabetes 3. Pharmacological review 3.1 Antioxidant activity Kalyani et al,13., (2011), extracted Luffa seed oil from petroleum extracts. The seed oil showed the presence of fatty acids such as lauric,myristic, plametic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acid. Furthermore, the study demonstrated the significant antioxidant activity. In another study, Kalaskar and Surana has evaluated the antioxidant potential successive extracts of luffa pericarp 3.2 Anti-inflammatory activity Gill et al14, (2011) examined its ethanolic extracts of LA seeds for analgesic and anti- inflammatory activity, The ethanol extract reduced edema in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a maximum inhibition of 60.8 at 300 mg/kg and comparable with standard diclofenac sodium. Further, extract showed significant analgesic activity with reaction time 6.25 ± 0.52 and 5.80 ± 0.52 at 400 mg/kg in tail flick and tail immersion experimental models, as compared with standard (pentazocin). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of LA leaf extracts were studied by Iyyamperumal et al,15 (2013). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of LA leaf were evaluated using ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The study results revealed that both extracts possess dose dependent significant anti-inflammatory effect in acute and chronic models. Ethanol extracts demonstrates the highest activity i.e. 72.5% (500 mg/kg) after 5th hrs after Carrageenan administration compared with ethyl acetate extract (65%; 500 mg/kg). in chronic model, cotton pellet granuloma in rats, Ethanol extracts exhibited maximum inhibition i.e. 56.9% (500 mg/kg) compared with ethyl acetate extract (52%). Further, the ethanol extracts demonstrates the potent antioxidant ability in DPPH, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation assay. 3.3 Antidiabetic activity Pimple et al16, (2011), investigated antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential of petroleum ether, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Luffaacutangula (LA) fruits. In vitro antioxidant assay methnolic extracts of fruits showed the highest antioxidant activity, this may be due to high polyphenolic content. The methnolic and aqueous extracts found potent antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic in Streptozotocin induced non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in rats. 579 Full Text Available On www.ijipls.com

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6807

3.4 Gastroprotective activity Pimple et al,17 2012, examined the antiulcer activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Luffaacutangula (LA) fruits in diabetic rats. LA extracts were administered in different doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) to investigate their ulcer healing potential. Using aspirin for the induction gastric ulcer in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced 3.5 Hepatoprotective activity Jadhav et al,18 (2010) demonstrates hepatoprotective activity of hydro alcoholic extracts of

LA fruits in CCl4 and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity. The hydro alcoholic extracts prevented the elevation of serum marker enzymes such as AST, ALT, ALP and LDH and restore the total protein, in dose dependent manner, in both the models. Further, this extracts shown ability to reduce increased MDA formation and decreases GSH, SOD and CAT in

CCl4 and rifampicin treated liver tissue. The study showed the hepatoprotective activity of LA hydroalcholic extract by potentiating the endogenous antioxidant system and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. 3.6 Antimicrobial activity Dandge et al,19 2012, examined antimicrobial activity of LA fruit and leaf water extract. The fruit exhibited more potent antibacterial and antifungal activity than leaf extract. E. coli showed highest sensitivity than Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa species to leaf and fruit extract. Among fungi Curvularialunata was found highly sensitive to leaf and fruit extract. Torvi and Hunashal5 (2012), evaluated chloroform and aqueous extract of LA for antimicrobial potential against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus aureus,Bacillus subtilis), gram-nagative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) and fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillusniger, Aspergillus fumigates). The antimicrobial activity was screened from the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration. Among extracts studied, chloroform extract showed higher antimicrobial potential compared with aqueous extract. In MIC study, the chloroform extracts showed more antibacterial against gram negative bacteria. The chloroform extracts also demonstrated the good antifungal potential, while aqueous extract found to be weak. 3.7 CNS depressant activity Missarer al,20 (2004) evaluated CNS depressant activity of ethanol extract of LA fruits using behavioral changes, exploarory activity, barbiturates sleeping time animal models. The extract exhibited dose-dependent CNS depressant activity. 580 Full Text Available On www.ijipls.com

International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2249-6807

3.8 Ameliorative activity Jadhav et al,21 (2012) reported protective effect of hyroalcoholic effect of LA on doxorubicin induced cardiac and nephrotoxicity in mice. Pretereatment with hydroalcoholic extracts significantly reversed the serum biomarkers such as alanine amino transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine phophokinasein heart and kidney tissue in doxorubicin treated mice. In addition the LA extract treatment inhibited elevated MDA formation and restored depleted glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase in heart and kidney tissue. The ameliorative effect in cardio and nphro toxicity in mice was found to be related to tis antioxidant property which finally results in membrane stabilization. CONCLUSION The extensive literature review elaborates the traditional and modern use of L. acutangula. It has been used throughout India as a vegetative source and also as natural remedy for treatmentfor various degenerative disorders including inflammatory disorders and liver diseases. The recent pharmacological and phytochemical findings of L. acutangula plant has been discussed in the present review. From present compilation, Itwas observed that despite of strong traditional claims, the drug has been very less explored on modern scientific line; there is great scope for phytochemical and pharmacological research for future scientist. REFERENCES 1. Danish M, Singh P, Mishra G, Srivastava S, Jha K.K, Khosa R.L., Cassia fistula Linn.(Amulthus)-An important medicinal plant: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties. Journal of Natural Product Plant Resources. 2011; 1(1):101-18. 2. Ng T. J., New opportunities in Cucurbitaceae. New Crops. Simon (Eds). New York. 1993:538-46. 3. Nadkarni KM, editor. [Indian materia medica]; Dr. KM Nadkarni's Indian materia medica: with Ayurvedic, Unani-Tibbi, Siddha, allopathic, homeopathic, naturopathic & home remedies, appendices & indexes. 1. Popular Prakashan; 1996. 4. Basu BD,KirtikarKR. Indian medicinal plants.International Book Distributors;(2nded)Vol.2, 1987. 5. Torvi J.R, Hunashal R.D. A study on antimicrobial activity of extracts of Luffa acutangula var amara fruits, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2012, 3(4), 678. 6. Nagao T, Tanaka R, Okabe H., Studies on the constituents of Luffa acutangula Roxb. II. Structures of acutosides H and I, oleanolic acid saponins isolated from the seed. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1991;39(4):889-93. 7. Nagao T, Tanaka R, Iwase Y, Hanazono H, Okabe H. Studies on the constituents of Luffa acutangula Roxb. I. Structures of acutosides A--G, oleanane-type triterpene saponins isolated from the herb. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1991 Mar;39(3):599-606.

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8. Wang H, Ng T.B., Luffangulin, a novel ribosome inactivating peptide from ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) seeds. Life Sciences. 2002 Jan 11;70(8):899-906. 9. Schilling E.E, Heiser C.B., Flavonoids and the systematics of Luffa. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 1981 Dec 31;9(4):263-5. 10. Katewa S.S. Chaudhary B.L. Jain A., Folk herbal medicines from tribal area of Rajasthan, India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 May 31;92(1):41-6. 11. Samvatsar S, Diwanji VB. Plant sources for the treatment of jaundice in the tribals of Western Madhya Pradesh of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 Nov 30;73(1):313-6. 12. Kanaka R.C. Narasinga R.N. Venkateshwarlu M. Sammaiah D. Anitha U. Ugandhar T.,Studies on the medicinal plant biodiversity in forest ecosystem of Mahadevpur forest of Karimnagar (A.P.) India. Bioscience Discovery, 2013, 4(1), 82. 13. Kalyani G.A. Ramesh C.K. Krishna V., Extraction and characterization of Luffa acutangula var amara seed oil for antioxidant activity. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy. 2011 Sep 1; 2(5). 14. Gill N.S. Arora R., Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Potential of the Luffa acutangula Roxb. var. amara. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 2011; 5(4):201-8. 15. Iyyamperumal U, Periyannanc M. Ilavarasand R., Anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant potential of extracts leaves of Luffa acutangula (var) amara in rodent model (rats). International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 5 (Suppl 2): 79-83. 16. Pimple B.P. Kadam P.V. Patil M.J., Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Luffa acutangula fruit extracts in streptozotocin induced NIDDM rats. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2011;4(2):156-63. 17. Pimple B.P. Kadam P.V. Patil M.J., Protective effect of Luffa acutangula extracts on gastric ulceration in NIDDM rats: role of gastric mucosal glycoproteins and antioxidants. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2012 Aug 31;5(8):610-5. 18. Jadhav V.B., Thakare V.N. Suralkar A.A., Deshpande A.D. Naik S.R., Hepatoprotective activity of Luffa acutangula against CCl4 and rifampicin induced liver toxicity in rats: A biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2010 Aug 1;48(8):822. 19. Dandge, V.S. Rothe, S.P. Pethe, A.S., Antimicrobial activity and pharmacognostic study of Luffa acutangula (l) Roxb var amara on some deuteromycetes fungi. International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, 2012; 2(1): 191-195. 20. Misar AV, CNS depressant activity of ethanol extract of Luffa acutangula CB Clarke. Fruits in mice. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 2004;66(4):463-5. 21. Jadhav VB, Thakare VN, Suralkar AA, Naik SR. Ameliorative effect of Luffa acutangula Roxb on doxorubicin induced cardiac and nephrotoxicity in mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2013 Feb 1;51(2):149-56. 582 Full Text Available On www.ijipls.com