DOCSLIB.ORG

Notes on the Lake of Nicaragua and the Province of Chontales, In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notes on the Lake of Nicaragua and the Province of Chontales, In Notes on the Lake of Nicaragua and the Province of Chontales, in Guatemala Author(s): Emanuel Friedrichsthal Source: Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 11 (1841), pp. 97-100 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1797635 Accessed: 10/09/2009 04:24 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) and Blackwell Publishing are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. http://www.jstor.org Settlemesztv on the River Polochic. 97 cationwith the the interiorl)y the river Ineliansinhabiting its cntailefllasting xcxations on lJoatmenancl banks, vvhowere carriers,subject to all compelledto serveas dealing The kin(lsof contumelyan(l country. consequencewas that they unfair Formerly,n7h;1e the also (leserteclthe Infliansvere settlements flourishezl mlmerouson the lJanksof antl the shoresof the Gulf-lvhen the Polochicarld the mountas it desolationdid not as yet (loes at present it ras reitNnpara- Cobanto send to the customaryfor the Prior Spain, coastto greet the of and to talvecharge of missionariesarrixring from Butat the tllem in theirjourncy up presentday no one woul(l the country. gerfrom thinkof senalinga Cobtin to the sea-sllore; messen- ventureto traverse nor woul(l any xvho the unhealthytlesert tnissionary enter it rarely surviveto interareninX,since those formellthat tell their safety. Yet comanies of Dominicans we are in- cencle(lto Cobarlby the have at s-arioustimes wants river Polocllic, and as- only praeticabilityto be certainlythat route From the pre-ceeling preferableto any other. settlementsin descriptionit will have been the elevatedcountry, seen that the innllmber, viz.: cold andvery humi(l, de Santablaria Asunciona are sis Santa Elena; San of Tactic: SantaCruz, Coban;San CristolealCaccoh; the Pedro Carcha; an(l imperial city of settlementsin the San Juan ChameXco. svarmanfl (lry climate The PalloRavinal; Santiago are four, viz.:-San SanMatec) CulJulco; Santa Cruz Salama;those in the l del Cl<ol,and areSan Augustin egionof greatheat and Lanquin,Santa Alaria humidit Tucuru,an(l San Pablo Cahl)on,San AOiguel settlements, Tamajum; Inalving now colnprise(lin the altogetherfourteen settlelllentsrhich were provinceof Vera Paz. Tro viz., establishel amoz1)the ,Sa11taCatalina and San Polochic In(lians, others,viz., Allelres,11are Xocolo and *lisappeared;an(l t\VQ Seville, San Palulo de in the Amatique,with N like country of tlle Poconchics, ew fate. have esperierlceela V.-Noteson the Lake of l\7aeflraguaanfl the Chontales,in Gu(xtemals. Bs Irovinceof RICI-ISTHAL. ChevalierEMANUEL FRIED- [THEdisturbe(l state of Mexico having riehsthalfrom exeeuting his preventedM. F'rietl- California, ori^,inalintention of he turneelhis steps to travellingirlto interestingthan the Guatemala,a eountry with preceling, and no less intestinewars. He nearly -s mueh (listraeted rieabe to foun(l tlle cis-ilisaticon in a verylow stateo? of CentralAme- theofvice all (levelopelznent.In(l(lenee elasses; anll though pululie is there VOL.X1. s}irit is not absolutely H 98 Chev. E. FRIEDRICHST6-IAL0R the Lake of Nicaragua. wanting,y-et those who are animatedby it haveneither the union nor the energy requisite to enalolethem to cope with the am- bitious disturbersof the public peace. A territoryof 28,000 squareleagues is there possessedlJy only two millionsof souls; ancl this scanty number has (liminishedrather than increased duringthe (liscordalld confusionof the last sixteenyears.] Under such circumstances,observes M. Friedrichsthal,the im- portantquestion of a unionof the twooceans (viz., the Atlanticand Pacific) has been entirelyforgotten; and I believethat I do not err in assertingthat;Europe pays far moreattention to this grand project than the inhabitantsof CentralAmerica, wholly unac- quaintedas they are witI}the advantagesof an estensive com- merce and with the meansof prortlotingit. It is also not to be exi7ecte(1that this state, with its limitedresources, should ever be able to accomplishsuch a work; and it was thereforepropose(l, before the last war, to engage some mercasltilehouses of Paris in the executionof this project,the recompenseconsisting of tolls and 50 squareleagues of land. Some preliminarylabours, executed in the first instanceby order of the King of Holland, and afterwardsby the Central Government,have not only provedthe possibilityof makingthe riverSt. Juan navigable,but havealso been instrumentalin disco- veringtwo pointswhere the heightof the Cordillerasis so inconsi- derableas to allowa passageto be cut throughthem. At one of these points the immediateconnexion of the Lake of Nicaragua witll the Pacific might be eSected by a channel of 51 leagues long, S. of the town of Nicaragua. The interveningneck of lanelhas only an elevationof 487 English feet abovethe level of the lake, which again,according to the officialreport of Bailey's measurementnis 1'28thigher than the Pacific. The secondroute wouldlead from the aboveLake, ascending the river Tipitapa,*through the Lake Managua,towards the town of Leon, where mountainsof a still less elevationthan the alsove are to be cut, when a channel of 13 leagues long would lead into the Bay of Cochagua. But the realisationof the second plan xvouldbe much more expensive,as the Lake of Managua, which is 28' higher than that of Nicaragua,forms, at the place whereit narrowsitself into the riverTipitapa, a cataract,having a fall of 14 feet, whichcoul(l only be surmountedby expensivelocks. Nevertheless,the schemeof uniting the two oceans presentsno lifficultieswhich may not be readilyovercome by the resoulces * The river Joinillg the two lakes is named Panaloya by Mr. Lawrartce,mate of H.M.S. Thunder, who in 1840 ascerldedthe river St. Juan in a boat, made a brief survey of the Lake of Nicaragua,and crossedfrom CMTrenadato the shoresof the Pacific 22 miles distarlt. The results of his observationsenrich the map accompanyingthis part of the Journal,the hydrographicdetails of which also exhibit much improvements ED. Projected Canal-I.slcladsin the Lcz7ce-Ancientlfilonuments. 99 of the age, or which are not light in comparisonwith tlle benefits likely to retloundfrom its executiorl. The provinceof Chontales,on the N.E. of Lake N;caragua, preserltsin general a soil of alluvium, being an un(llllating country)without any very determinatecharacter, furrowed lay gullies anelnarlow runs of water, and dippin^,generally towards S.W. Porphyryappears but rarelyat the surface. The riverwhich, according to s(me mas, is pl;ced in the N. o? the province,under the nameof Riverof New Segovia,is called in the countryLama; and at the spot where the mapsname it Rio Escondido,the Caribs call it Siquia. The length of its course may perhaps be 55 leagues. The depth of the rierer Tipitapais from9 to 21 English feet; its breadth,at an avera,ge, 100 yards. The city of New Guatemala,lacel in somemaps on the slloresof the Pacific, lies 36 leaues N E. ?romthat point,in the interiorof the country. 01(1Gutemala is 1*2leaues from New Guatemala,towar(ls the S.W. The estent of the adjacent Balsamcoast comprehends only the tractbetween Sonsonate and St. Vincent. The ele+7ationof Old Guatemalamay be about .^)000feet; its mean annualtemperature is 68? Fahr. The Vol- canoesde Agua y de Fuego (of water and fireA,near that city, are 1S,000 feet in height. The first,t league W., the second1 league N.N.W. fromthe town. The latter rises a little higher than the former. The place called Misco stands3 lea,ruesW. from New Guatemala,an(l about 500 feet higher. The Volcano Guanacaurehas an elevationof about 3000 fbet; Atillan, 25 leat,uesN.W. fromOld Guatemala,12,000 to 13,000 feet; Cose- quinan, on the uttermostpoint of the isthmus,+hich surrounds the Bay of Conchagllato the S., 10()0 feel; Nisalco, 2 leagues N.E. of Sonsonate,the most activcof all 1500 feet. Its explo- sionsare not connectedwith a continuedroaring but with violent letonations,svhich may be heardfrom 20 to 50 times in twenty- four hours. The islan(lof Ometepe,in the l ake of Nicarat,ua,is formedof two conesof porousgranite, which are connectedby an isthlnus2 leagues long and 4 broad. Its entire length is 9 leagues; its breadth (measllredacross the easteln mountain,Las Maderas) 3 leagues; acloss the westertl mountainn (le la Consuncion 2-2-. The formershows at long intervalsan inwaralvolcanic activity, manifesting itself l;)yheaving anal by a low grumbling; it is thickly wooule(l,much lower than the following, and is said to have on its summit a slnall fresh-5raterlake. Tlle Cerro de la Consuncionhas, accorelingto my barometricalmeasurement, 5259 English feet elevationabow-e the Atlantic; X it is likewise * The measurementsof Mr. Lawrancegave to the Peak of AIadera4190 feet, and to t.hatof Ometepe5050 feet abovethe lale; tmclas this is 128 feet abovethe Pacih'c,the Ef 2 100 Chev.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Climatic Effects on Lake Basins. Part I: Modeling Tropical Lake Levels
    15 JUNE 2011 R I C K O E T A L . 2983 Climatic Effects on Lake Basins. Part I: Modeling Tropical Lake Levels MARTINA RICKO AND JAMES A. CARTON Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland CHARON BIRKETT Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland (Manuscript received 28 December 2009, in final form 9 December 2010) ABSTRACT The availability of satellite estimates of rainfall and lake levels offers exciting new opportunities to estimate the hydrologic properties of lake systems. Combined with simple basin models, connections to climatic variations can then be explored with a focus on a future ability to predict changes in storage volume for water resources or natural hazards concerns. This study examines the capability of a simple basin model to estimate variations in water level for 12 tropical lakes and reservoirs during a 16-yr remotely sensed observation period (1992–2007). The model is constructed with two empirical parameters: effective catchment to lake area ratio and time delay between freshwater flux and lake level response. Rainfall datasets, one reanalysis and two satellite-based observational products, and two radar-altimetry-derived lake level datasets are explored and cross checked. Good agreement is observed between the two lake level datasets with the lowest correlations occurring for the two small lakes Kainji and Tana (0.87 and 0.89). Fitting observations to the simple basin model provides a set of delay times between rainfall and level rise ranging up to 105 days and effective catchment to lake ratios ranging between 2 and 27.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Introduced Tilapias on Native Biodiversity
    AQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 15: 463–483 (2005) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/aqc.699 The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity GABRIELLE C. CANONICOa,*, ANGELA ARTHINGTONb, JEFFREY K. MCCRARYc,d and MICHELE L. THIEMEe a Sustainable Development and Conservation Biology Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA b Centre for Riverine Landscapes, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Australia c University of Central America, Managua, Nicaragua d Conservation Management Institute, College of Natural Resources, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA e Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC, USA ABSTRACT 1. The common name ‘tilapia’ refers to a group of tropical freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae (Oreochromis, Tilapia, and Sarotherodon spp.) that are indigenous to Africa and the southwestern Middle East. Since the 1930s, tilapias have been intentionally dispersed worldwide for the biological control of aquatic weeds and insects, as baitfish for certain capture fisheries, for aquaria, and as a food fish. They have most recently been promoted as an important source of protein that could provide food security for developing countries without the environmental problems associated with terrestrial agriculture. In addition, market demand for tilapia in developed countries such as the United States is growing rapidly. 2. Tilapias are well-suited to aquaculture because they are highly prolific and tolerant to a range of environmental conditions. They have come to be known as the ‘aquatic chicken’ because of their potential as an affordable, high-yield source of protein that can be easily raised in a range of environments } from subsistence or ‘backyard’ units to intensive fish hatcheries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Tourism and Development in Nicaragua: a Grassroots Approach to Sustainable Development
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 January 2007 The mpI acts of Tourism and Development in Nicaragua: A Grassroots Approach to Sustainable Development Jennifer Atwood Burney University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Burney, Jennifer Atwood, "The mpI acts of Tourism and Development in Nicaragua: A Grassroots Approach to Sustainable Development" (2007). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 70. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/70 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT IN NICARAGUA A GRASSROOTS APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Thesis Presented By JENNIFER ATWOOD BURNEY Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF REGIONAL PLANNING September 2007 Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT IN NICARAGUA A GRASSROOTS APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE TOURISM A Thesis Presented by Jennifer Atwood Burney Approved as to style and content by: _____________________________ Ellen Pader, Chair _____________________________ Elisabeth Hamin, Member _____________________________ Henry Geddes, Member __________________________________________ Elizabeth Brabec, Department Head Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To begin with, I would like to thank Steve Grimes M.D. for introducing me to Nicaragua through the volunteer organization NEVOSH. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members for their suggestions, input and guidance, especially to Ellen for her enthusiasm and support in both my topic and field work.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts About Nicaragua, “Land of Fire and Water”
    Facts about Nicaragua, “Land of Fire and Water” ◦ Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America. Its area is about 50,000 square miles, which is close in size to the state of Virginia (Virginia is about 43,000 square miles). ◦The capital of Nicaragua is Managua. ◦ Nicaragua is known as the land of fire and water because it has numerous volcanoes and lakes, as well as two coastlines. ◦There are 19 active and extinct volcanoes on the Pacific side of the country. See web cam images and animations of some of Nicaragua’s volcanoes: http://web- geofisica.ineter.gob.ni/webcam/ Locations of some of Nicaragua’s volcanoes ◦ Spanish is the official language and is spoken by most people in Nicaragua. English and some native languages are spoken on the Caribbean coast. ◦ Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the Americas. Most people in the country work hard, but many struggle to have enough to take care of all their basic needs. ◦The school year in Nicaragua is from early February through late November. Because of a limited number of teachers, schools, and resources, the school day is divided into two shifts and all students attend either in the morning or the afternoon. 1 ◦About 4 out of every 10 children in Nicaragua stop attending school by the age of 15, most often because they need to work to help support their families. ◦The country flag has three horizontal stripes: a white stripe in the middle with a blue stripe above and below it. In the center is the national seal, consisting of a triangle which represents equality and justice.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Imagery, Radar and Laser Altimetry
    Insights on Southern American lakes through diverse Space techniques: satellite imagery, radar and laser altimetry. (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rodrigo Abarca-del-Rio , Jean-Francois Cretaux , M. Bergé-Nguyen , S. Calmant , A. Cazenave , (3) (1) L. Morales , M. Zambrano (1) Departamento de Geofisica (DGEO) Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas Universidad de Concepción 160C-Concepción-Chile Email: [email protected] (2) LEGOS – UMR5566 (CNRS-IRD-CNES) Observatoire Midi-Pyrenees 14 Av Ed Belin 31400, Toulouse, France Email:[email protected] (3) Facultad de Agronomia Universidad de Chile Santiago-Chile Abstract In order to better understand the hydrologic cycle over some hydrological basins in South America, we investigate the variability over some lakes close to the Andes and dependent on its hydrological variability by different space techniques. These lakes are here separated into 3 different groups. These groups are not only representative of different climatic regimes but also represent different local conditions along the Andes. The first group is geographically named as “semi enclosed endorheic basin of the Altiplano” or officially known as TPDS (Titicaca – Poopo – Desaguadero - Salars) system which extends north to south over more than 1000 kilometers on the Altiplano. The second group of lakes are located along the western side of Los Andes Cordillera, i.e., along Chile and understands lakes alike Villarica, Panguipugui, Ranco, Rupanco, Todos los Santos, Llanquihue, which have been visited and GPS collocated during mission in 2005 and 2006. The third group is located over the western side of Los Andes Cordillera, and takes into account lakes alike Nahuelhuapi, General Carrera, San Martin, Viedma, Argentino, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • African Tilapia in Lake Nicaragua Author(S): Kenneth R
    African Tilapia in Lake Nicaragua Author(s): Kenneth R. McKaye, Joseph D. Ryan, Jay R. Stauffer, Jr., Lorenzo J. Lopez Perez, Gabriel I. Vega, Eric P. van den Berghe Source: BioScience, Vol. 45, No. 6 (Jun., 1995), pp. 406-411 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the American Institute of Biological Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1312721 . Accessed: 29/08/2011 17:58 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press and American Institute of Biological Sciences are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to BioScience. http://www.jstor.org African Tilapia in Lake Nicaragua Ecosystem in transition Kenneth R. McKaye, Joseph D. Ryan, Jay R. Stauffer Jr., Lorenzo J. Lopez Perez, Gabriel I. Vega, and Eric P. van den Berghe L ake Nicaragua contains more (1.17 x 105 km2) flow into the Car- than 40 species of fish, in- ibbean Sea and discharge an im- cluding 16 recognized spe- Swift, aggressive mense amount of fresh water (ap- cies (Thorson 1976) of native management of tilapia proximately 2.6 x 1011 m3) and cichlids and additional undescribed suspended sediments along the 450 cichlids.1 The lake is also inhabited is needed to mitigate km of coast.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of the Lake Nicaragua Shark: an Updated Appraisal
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes Papers in the Biological Sciences 1976 The Status of the Lake Nicaragua Shark: An Updated Appraisal Thomas B. Thorson University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ichthynicar Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Thorson, Thomas B., "The Status of the Lake Nicaragua Shark: An Updated Appraisal" (1976). Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes. 41. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ichthynicar/41 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Papers in the Biological Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Investigations of the Ichthyofauna of Nicaraguan Lakes by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ICHTHYOFAUNA OF NICARAGUAN LAKES, ed. Thomas B. Thorson (University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1976). Copyright © 1976 School of Life Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The Status of the Lake Nicaragua Shark: An Updated Appraisal THOMAS B. THORSON INTRODUCTION question was studied by Jensen (1976), whose results are In 1966, my co-workers and I (Thorson, Watson and presented elsewhere in this volume. Cowan) presented data refuting the traditional claim that The discredited idea that the lake sharks are landlocked the sharks of Lake Nicaragua originated as a population of implies that the fresh water of the lake provides the ecologi­ Pacific sharks, trapped, by volcanic damming, in the cal requirements for completion of the shark's life cycle, Nicaraguan Depression, which gradually became a freshwa­ including copulation, gestation and parturition.
    [Show full text]
  • Round 3 – Middle School
    International Geography Bee 2019 Canadian Championships Middle School Division Round 3 1. Bluefields and Punta Brito would be connected by a hypothetical route through this body of water, whose islands include Zapatera and Ometepe. A Hong Kong company has planned a canal that would bypass the Panama Canal and pass through this body of water. For the point, name this lake that shares its name with a country with its capital at Managua. ANSWER: Lake Nicaragua [accept Nicaragua Canal] 2. The Pripet Marshes occupy much of this country’s south, and this country’s lowest point is along the upper stretches of the Neman River. This country’s city of Grodno was among those afflicted by high cancer rates after radiation from a neighboring country’s Chernobyl explosion drifted north over this country. For the point, name this Eastern European country where the Minsk Accords were signed. ANSWER: Belarus 3. A prophecy about this lake states that at the end of times, the last survivors will gather at this lake. Gilbert Labrine discovered uranium near this lake and Port Radium was constructed on its eastern shore. The Charter Community of Deline is located near this lake. The Smith Arm, Dease Arm and McTavish Arm are parts of this lake which is located in the Northwest Territories. For the point, name this largest lake entirely in Canada that is named after a mammal. ANSWER: Great Bear Lake 4. A Jesuit missionary named Eusebio Kino from the Bishopric of Trent proved this peninsula and the land north of it were not an island.
    [Show full text]
  • Panel Review Summary
    Summary Statement of Nicaragua Canal Environmental Impact Assessment Review Panel On March 9th and 10th, 2015, an independent panel met for two days at Florida International University’s College of Law to discuss the likely environmental impacts associated with the proposed inter-oceanic canal through Nicaragua. The goal was to review some sections of the draft Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) conducted by the company Environmental Resources Management (ERM). Two representatives from the Hong Kong Nicaraguan Canal Development Group (HKND) were present but did not make presentations. This panel was organized by FIU’s Southeastern Environmental Research Center and College of Law and focused on the ecological and hydrological assessments conducted by ERM. No sections of the Social Impact Assessment were presented or discussed. Objective analyses are urgently needed to review the final, completed report, especially the social and economic impacts of the entire project. The panel reviewed preliminary drafts of chapters 3, 5, 6, and 7 of the ESIA, which were provided by ERM only a few days prior to the meeting. Moreover, time for discussion by the group following presentations by ERM was limited because much of the meeting consisted of presentations by ERM. Summaries of the most salient observations are presented here to convey our main conclusions. The very short (i.e., 1.5 years) period that was approved by HKDN for this environmental study was insufficient given the magnitude of the proposed projects associated with the canal construction. Many of the impacts of construction and operation of the proposed canal will be long term and some may be irreversible.
    [Show full text]
  • Late-Quaternary Glacial History and Temperature Reconstruction from the Cordillera De Merida, Venezuela
    RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE TROPICAL AMERICAS DURING THE LATE- GLACIAL INTERVAL AND THE HOLOCENE by Nathan D. Stansell BS, University of Idaho, 2001 MS, University of Pittsburgh, 2005 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Nathan D. Stansell It was defended on March 27, 2009 and approved by Thomas Anderson Michael Rosenmeier Daniel Bain Donald Rodbell Mark Abbott Dissertation Director ii RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE TROPICAL AMERICAS DURING THE LATE- GLACIAL INTERVAL AND THE HOLOCENE Nathan D. Stansell, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2009 Till deposits, related to advances of mountain glaciers, and lake sediments record periods of abrupt warming and cooling during the Late Glacial interval (LG) (17,500 to 11,650 cal yr BP) in the northern tropical Andes. The synchronicity of temperature shifts in the tropical mountains and high northern latitudes during this period indicates that the low latitude atmosphere played a major role in LG abrupt climate change. Generally, the northern tropics are cold and dry when temperatures are lower in the North Atlantic region, and the opposite occurs during warm periods. The pattern of abrupt seesaw-like hemispheric temperature shifts, and the apparent link to tropical atmospheric dynamics, demonstrates the importance of low latitude circulation and water vapor feedbacks in rapid climate change. Geologic evidence from the precipitation-sensitive southern tropical Andes were used to reconstruct periods of ice advances and retreats during the Late Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Receptive Hearts” a Sermon Delivered by Rev
    1 “Receptive Hearts” A Sermon delivered by Rev. W. Benjamin Boswell at Myers Park Baptist Church on July 16, 2017 Proper 10 from Matthew 13:1-23 On a cold and snowy Sunday in February, the local pastor opened up the church and began to prepare for worship. Sadly, to his dismay, only one person arrived at church that morning, a farmer from the village. The pastor said, “Well, I guess because of the weather we won't have a worship service today.” But the farmer replied, “Pastor, I can’t believe you’d cancel worship after I came all the way here in the cold and snow. If only one cow shows up on the farm at feeding time, I still feed it.” “You're right” replied the pastor, “We should proceed with the service.” Inspired by the farmer’s dedication, the preacher preached like he’d never preached before. He preached his entire manuscript and beyond. He preached from Genesis all the way through Revelation. After the service was over he stood at the door, shook the farmer’s hand, and said, “Thank you for coming to church today. What did you think of that sermon?” The Farmer thought for a minute and said, “Well pastor, if I go out to feed the cows and only one shows up, I still feed it, but I don't feed it the whole load!” Our text this morning, from the gospel of Matthew, includes the story of a farmer who went out to sow seeds. Matthew tells us Jesus told this story to a great crowd of people who gathered around him in the town of Capernaum near the Sea of Galilee.
    [Show full text]
  • Oreochromis Aureus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, April 2011 Revised, July 2014, July 2015, March 2018 Web Version, 4/5/2018 Photo: Howard Jelks, USGS 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Froese and Pauly (2017): “Africa and Eurasia: Jordan Valley, Lower Nile, Chad Basin, Benue, middle and upper Niger, Senegal River [Wohlfarth and Hulata 1983].” GISD (2018) reports the following countries as part of the native range of Oreochromis aureus: Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Senegal. 1 Status in the United States From Nico et al. (2018): “Status: Established or possibly established in ten states. Established in parts of Arizona, California, Florida, Nevada, North Carolina, and Texas. Possibly established in Colorado, Idaho, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania. Reported from Alabama, Georgia, and Kansas. For more than a decade it has been considered the most widespread foreign fish in Florida (Hale et al. 1995).” “Nonindigenous Occurrences: This species (often identified as Tilapia nilotica) was stocked annually by the Alabama Department of Conservation and Auburn University in lakes and farm ponds in Alabama during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s (Rogers 1961; Smith-Vaniz 1968; Habel 1975). There are a few records of populations surviving mild winters, such as an account for Crenshaw County Public Lake, a southern Alabama public fishing lake, between 1971 and 1972 (Habel 1975). One recent record is of 25 specimens taken from Saugahatchee Creek in the Tallapoosa drainage, Mobile Basin, near Loachapoka, Lee County, on 2 October 1980 (museum specimens).
    [Show full text]