Co-Evolution of Information Processing Technology and Use: Interaction Between the Life Insurance and Tabulating Industries Jo A
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Data Processing with Unit Record Equipment in Iceland
Data Processing with Unit Record Equipment in Iceland Óttar Kjartansson (Retired) Manager of Data Processing Department at Skýrr, Iceland [email protected] Abstract. This paper presents an overview of the usage of unit record equipment and punched cards in Iceland and introduces some of the pioneers. The usage of punched cards as a media in file processing started 1949 and became the dominant machine readable media in Iceland until 1968. After that punched cards were still used as data entry media for a while but went completely out of use in 1982. Keywords: Data processing, unit record, punched card, Iceland. 1 Hagstofa Íslands Hagstofa Íslands (Statistical Bureau of Iceland) initiated the use of 80 column punched cards and unit record equipment in Iceland in the year 1949. The first ma- chinery consisted of tabulating machine of the type IBM 285 (handled numbers only), the associated key punch machines, verifiers, and a card sorter. See Figures 1 and 2. This equipment was primarily used to account for the import and export for Iceland. Skýrr (Skýrsluvélar ríkisins og Reykjavíkurborgar - The Icelandic State and Munici- pal Data Center) was established three years later by an initiative from Hagstofa Íslands, Rafmagnsveita Reykjavíkur (Reykjavík Electric Power Utility), and the Medical Director of Health of Iceland as was described in an earlier article [3]. Fig. 1. IBM 285 Electric Accounting Machine at Hagstofa Íslands year 1949 J. Impagliazzo, T. Järvi, and P. Paju (Eds.): HiNC 2, IFIP AICT 303, pp. 225–229, 2009. © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2009 226 Ó. Kjartansson Fig. 2. Early form of the data registration using a punched card. -
Introduction to Database Systems
CO-560-A Databases and Web Services Instructors: Peter Baumann email: [email protected] office: room 88, Research 1 Databases & Web Services (P. Baumann) 1 Where It All Started Source: Wikipedia . 1890 census on 62,947,714 US population “Big Data” • was announced after only six weeks of processing . Hollerith „tabulating machine and sorter“ . Tabulating Machine Company International Business Machines Corporation Herman Hollerith in 1888 Hollerith card puncher, used by the United States Census Bureau Hollerith punched card Databases & Web Services (P. Baumann) 2 Databases & Web Services (P. Baumann) [image: Intel] 3 What Is „Big Data“? . Internet: the unprecedented . Typical Big Data: information collector • Business Intelligence • 2012: 200m Web servers [Yahoo] • Social networks - Facebook, • estd 50+b static pages [Yahoo] Twitter, GPS, ... • 40 b photos [Facebook] • Life Science: patient data, imagery • 2012: 31b searches/m [Google] • Geo: Satellite imagery, weather . 2025: 463 Exabytes / day data, crowdsourcing, ... Data = the „new gold“, „new oil“ Petrol industry: „more bytes than barrels“ Databases & Web Services (P. Baumann) 4 Today: „Data Deluge“ . „It is estimated that a week„s work at the New York Times contains more information than a person in the 18th Century would encounter in their entire lifetime and the thought is that within 10 years the rate of information doubling will occur every 72 hours.“ -- P. „Bud“ Peterson, U Colorado . “global mobile data traffic 597 petabytes per month in 2011 (8x the size of the entire global Internet in 2000) estimated to grow to 6,254 petabytes per month by 2015” -- Forbes, June 2012 . a typical new car has about 100 million lines of code • -- http://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/12/automotive-os-war/ Databases & Web Services (P. -
Herman Hollerith and Early Mechanical/Electrical Tabulator/Sorters
Herman Hollerith and early mechanical/electrical tabulator/sorters The US Constitution requires that the people of the U.S. be counted every ten years and that the members of the House of Representatives “be apportioned among the States according to their respective numbers”1. (The other house of Congress, the Senate, has two members from each state.) Accordingly, every ten years, a census is taken. By 1880, the census was becoming harder and harder to accomplish. Everything was done on paper. Marks were placed in squares on paper, the marked squares were counted, and of course people made many mistakes. Further, the census was used more and more not just to count people but to get useful data on age, gender, marital status, working status, and so on. There were more and more marks to make and count! Herman Hollerith: the inventor of mechanical/electrical data processing systems Herman Hollerith graduated from the Columbia University School of Mines (in New York City) in 1879 at the age of 19. He knew about the problems with the census and be- gan research into mechanizing part of the counting of the census. In 1882, he taught me- chanical engineering at MIT and conducted his first experiments with punched cards. He was extremely successful, and he soon moved to Washington D.C. and set up a company, The Hollerith Electric Tabulating System. By the middle of the 1880’s, his first punched-card system was working. His company provided the Census Office with the equipment used in processing the 1890 census —62 million punched cards were processed by his machines, cutting two years off the time to complete the census. -
Punched Card - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 11
.... _ ALL COMMUNICATIONS IN REFERENCE TO FORESTRY TO BE ADDRESSED TO THE CHIEF FORESTER VICTORIA. B.C. TIlE GO'IEIltDIEIIT Of THE P/IOVJII!;E DfBRItISH CIIJIIIIA DEPARTMENT OF LANDS FOREST BRANCH Yay 16th, 1928. H. J. Coles, Esq., Port Alberni, B.C. Please refer to File No. Management 081406 Dear Sirl- This is to advise that you passed the Licensed Scaler's Examina- tion held by Mr. A. L. Bryant a.t Vancouver, B.C., on May 2nd and 3rd, 1928. Your ~cence No. 811 is enclosed herewith. Xours truly, JM/pb • 1 Enc.l• N° 811 lHE 60VERNMIJIT OF '(f£ PROVINCe OF BRlnsH CIl.UIBIA FOREST ACT AND AMENDMENTS. ~raliug mirturt. FOREST BRANCH, LANDS DEPARTtvt~_NT. r)//) -4 ««e/<i;««<<<</tJ<<<<< < «««<<<<<<<<<<<<<<.<<. 192.K. .. W41n 1n tn (!1rrtify thatC~. /~~J.(~ff/~ -z::.~l::k~ -r1J->·r /7' £I P' . ;j residing at./!&~ L.1~~~-t.- Yi...-£" ~ ~ . ", in the Province of British Columbia, ;;.«~ ~ d-1~ ed ;22 2. / q "'r 8::. b has been examin /07 .••• =Zf'7;m .m.' mm.. .... ... m.................... /~ ..... .... ......... y •••• ««««<<<<<... - «««««< <(.,"F«<· < «. «<.««< of the Board of Examiners for Licensing alers, as provided in the "Forest Act" and amendments, and having creditably passed the said examination is hereby appointed a Licensed Scaler, and ·is duly authorized to perform the duties of a Licensed Scaler, as specified under Part VIII. of the "Forest <~:<~,.(_2.,_,;,::c,.(. «c.,"G~~< .. .. < ••• «« ••• «<•• CHAIRMAN OF BOARD OF EXAMINERS. Punched card - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 11 Punched card From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A punched card (or punch card or Hollerith card or IBM card) is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. -
Herman Hollerith and the Evolution of Electronic Accounting Machines (EAM)
Herman Hollerith and the Evolution of Electronic Accounting Machines Thomas J. Bergin ©Computer History Museum American University 7/9/2012 1 Instant Quiz What is technology? Identify five examples of different technologies. How does technology arise, i.e., what is the process of invention? Identify three early tools. Identify the technique used to make these tools. 7/9/2012 2 Random House/Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition (1998) Technology, n, is the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science and pure science technical, adj., belonging or pertaining to an art, science, or the like technique, n, the body of specialized procedures and methods used in any specific field, esp. in an area of applied science. 7/9/2012 3 Homo farber (man the tool-maker) Homo, n, the genus of bipedal primates that includes modern humans and several extinct forms, distinguished by their large brains and a dependence upon tools. Christian Jurgensen Thompsen (c 1816) in dividing artifacts for a Museum, identified the Stone, Bronze and Iron ages The Stone age was later divided into Greek-derived technical terms Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Mesolithic (old, new, middle) 7/9/2012 4 We are surrounded by technology Technology is embodied in the tools and techniques/processes that solve problems or empower people to do things. saw: enables us to cut wood hammer: enables us to build homes automobile: enables us to move about cities: enable us to have shelter and safety stove: allows us to cook indoors telephone: allows us to communicate 7/9/2012 5 Philosophical Questions: Which came first the chicken or the egg? Does technology result from man’s needs? (“pull” theory) or Do people invent things that enable man to improve his lifestyle? (“push” theory) In truth, both processes are operative at all times and in all ages. -
Papers of Herman Hollerith [Finding Aid]. Library of Congress. [PDF
Herman Hollerith A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress Prepared by James Byers and Wilhelmena Curry Revised and expanded by T. Michael Womack Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1997 Contact information: http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/mss/address.html Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 1997 Finding aid URL: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms997007 Latest revision: 2005-02-16 Collection Summary Title: Papers of Herman Hollerith Span Dates: 1850-1982 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1910-1927) ID No.: MSS49510 Creator: Hollerith, Herman, 1860-1929 Extent: 11,700 items; 34 containers plus 1 oversize; 13.6 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Repository: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Abstract: Correspondence, diary, financial and business papers, patents by Herman Hollerith and others, blueprints, drawings, a Hollerith machine punch plate, writings about Hollerith by Geoffrey Austrian and others, biographical material, and other papers relating to Hollerith tabulating machines and their use in census taking (1890-1910), operation of Tabulating Machine Company and its merger with two other companies forming Computer-Tabulating-Recording Company (1911), and Hollerith's association with this company and its successor, International Business Machines Corporation. Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. Names: Hollerith, Herman, 1860-1929 Hayes, C. L. (Clarke L.)--Correspondence Hollerith, Herman, b. 1892--Correspondence Merrill, Philip P.--Correspondence Metcalf, Samuel G.--Correspondence Talcott, Charles G. -
Herman H. Hollerith
Herman H. Hollerith Born February 20, 1860, Buffalo, N. Y; died November 17, 1929, Washington, D. C.; inventor of the punched card which bears his name and the associated machinery for use in the 1890 US census; founder of the company (Hollerith Tabulating Company) that eventually became IBM. Education: graduate, School of Mines, Columbia University, 1879; PhD, Columbia University, 1890. Professional Experience: statistician, US Bureau of the Census, 1879-1882; instructor, MIT, 1882-1883; US Patent Office, 1883-1886; self-employed, 1886-1929. Herman Hollerith was born in 1860 in Buffalo, N.Y, and graduated at the age of 19 from the Columbia School of Mines. His supervisor, William P. Trowbridge, who was a consultant to the US Bureau of the Census, introduced Hollerith to John Shaw Billings, who employed him as an assistant in his work on the statistical analysis of the 1880 census. Billings remarked that there ought to some way to mechanize the tabulating process. Following this early involvement with the bureau, Hollerith moved to MIT1 in 1882 with Francis Walker, who had served as the director of the bureau, and where Hollerith developed a flair for invention. A year later he returned to Washington to become an examiner for the Patent Office. During this period at MIT he developed the basic ideas of the tabulating machine, using rolls of perforated paper tape as the means of input. Replacing the continuous tape by cards, Hollerith also developed a pantograph punch for preparing the data on the cards, and a “reader” in which spring loaded pins completed electrical circuits to increment selected counters in the tabulator. -
2 9215FQ14 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources
2 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Category Pages Facilities & Buildings 3-10 General Reference 11-20 Human Resources 21-22 Legal 23-25 Marketing 26 Personal Names (Individuals) 27 Predecessor Companies 28-29 Products & Services 30-89 Public Relations 90 Research 91-97 April 10, 2007 9215FQ14 3 Facilities & Buildings Q. When did IBM first open its offices in my town? A. While it is not possible for us to provide such information for each and every office facility throughout the world, the following listing provides the date IBM offices were established in more than 300 U.S. and international locations: Adelaide, Australia 1914 Akron, Ohio 1917 Albany, New York 1919 Albuquerque, New Mexico 1940 Alexandria, Egypt 1934 Algiers, Algeria 1932 Altoona, Pennsylvania 1915 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1914 Anchorage, Alaska 1947 Ankara, Turkey 1935 Asheville, North Carolina 1946 Asuncion, Paraguay 1941 Athens, Greece 1935 Atlanta, Georgia 1914 Aurora, Illinois 1946 Austin, Texas 1937 Baghdad, Iraq 1947 Baltimore, Maryland 1915 Bangor, Maine 1946 Barcelona, Spain 1923 Barranquilla, Colombia 1946 Baton Rouge, Louisiana 1938 Beaumont, Texas 1946 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1926 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 1934 Bergen, Norway 1946 Berlin, Germany 1914 (prior to) Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1938 Beyrouth, Lebanon 1947 Bilbao, Spain 1946 Birmingham, Alabama 1919 Birmingham, England 1930 Bogota, Colombia 1931 Boise, Idaho 1948 Bordeaux, France 1932 Boston, Massachusetts 1914 Brantford, Ontario 1947 Bremen, Germany 1938 9215FQ14 4 Bridgeport, Connecticut 1919 Brisbane, Australia -
The Triumph and Tragedy of IBM's Business with the Third Reich
Dealing with The Devil: The Triumph and Tragedy of IBM’s Business with the Third Reich Harry Murphy Junior Division Paper Length: 2500 Innovation and invention drive the world forward and thrive off a free market that rewards individuals and companies that can tap into supply and demand. During tragedy, especially wartime, this can take a dark turn when the triumph of invention and profit is gained from human tragedy. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) saw warfare as an opportunity to capitalize off of both sides. As the Nazis rose to power, they needed the machinery to identify, organize, and number the Jewish population. IBM sought this as a favorable position for corporate gain and began leasing tabulating machinery to the Nazi regime. IBM’s endorsement of the Third Reich yielded capital gain at the cost of millions of lives. This advanced technology, which enabled IBM’s profit from the Holocaust, set the scene for the company’s dominance throughout the 20th-century while ultimately enabling a calculated genocide. Background In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was elected chancellor of Germany.1 Hitler implemented many racial laws that prohibited Jews from public living. Jewish businesses were plundered, and many were driven from their jobs and homes.2 Jewish companies were consumed by the German government and ran by German officials. As Hitler’s regime progressed, he looked to institutionalize a core virtue of Nazism into German society: the identification, ostracization, and extermination of the Jewish community. In his attempt to expunge Jews from Germany, in 1935, 1 Enderis, Guido. “Group Formed by Papen.” The New York Times, January 31, 1933. -
The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project to make the world’s books discoverable online. It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover. Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the publisher to a library and finally to you. Usage guidelines Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. We also ask that you: + Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for personal, non-commercial purposes. + Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. -
House for the History of IBM Data Processing
House for the History of IBM Data Processing Hollerith Electric Tabulating System / 1890 (Replica made by Club Members in 1997) Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) House for the History of IBM Data Processing Purpose • Demonstrating the history of IBM‘s data processing efforts, ranging from Hollerith (1890) through the Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft (DEHOMAG, 1910 -1949) up to 1995. • Presenting information about the achievements IBM accomplished as Data Processing Pioneer and 71063 Sindelfingen (Germany) Establisher of a German Technology Center Bahnhofstr. 43 (at corner Neckarstr.) (Production and Research) E-Mail: [email protected] Activities of the Club Members Tel.: 049-(0)7031 - 41 51 08 • Conducting guided tours • Maintaining the installed machines • Completing the Collection of Historical IBM Equipment Parking behind the building (approach from Neckarstr.) The exhibited Systems, Machines and Devices are restored and workable. DEHOMAG Tabulator D 11/ 1935 IBM 1401 Data Processing System / 1959 with Summary Punch (from 1950s) with Magnetic Tapes, IBM 1403 Printer, IBM 1311 Disks Data processing started with the Punched Card System invented Electronic data processing started in the USA in the early 1950s, and developed by Herman Hollerith to a working product during with Germany following not much later. At first, the large enter- the years 1882 to 1890. The first successful application of the prises took advantage of the new possibilities offered by electronic Hollerith Electric Tabulating System occurred during the US data processing. Census of 1890. (processing 62.5 Million cards) Towards the end of the 1950s the transistor technology The first large-scale commercial application was began in 1895 provided an increase in processing speed. -
History and Evolution of IBM Mainframes Over the 60 Years Of
History and Evolution of IBM Mainframes over SHARE’s 60 Years Jim Elliott – z Systems Consultant, zChampion, Linux Ambassador IBM Systems, IBM Canada ltd. 1 2015-08-12 © 2015 IBM Corporation Reports of the death of the mainframe were premature . “I predict that the last mainframe will be unplugged on March 15, 1996.” – Stewart Alsop, March 1991 . “It’s clear that corporate customers still like to have centrally controlled, very predictable, reliable computing systems – exactly the kind of systems that IBM specializes in.” – Stewart Alsop, February 2002 Source: IBM Annual Report 2001 2 2015-08-12 History and Evolution of IBM Mainframes over SHARE's 60 Years © 2015 IBM Corporation In the Beginning The First Two Generations © 2015 IBM Corporation Well, maybe a little before … . The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company in 1911 – Tabulating Machine Company – International Time Recording Company – Computing Scale Company of America – Bundy Manufacturing Company . Tom Watson, Sr. joined in 1915 . International Business Machines – 1917 – International Business Machines Co. Limited in Toronto, Canada – 1924 – International Business Machines Corporation in NY, NY Source: IBM Archives 5 2015-08-12 History and Evolution of IBM Mainframes over SHARE's 60 Years © 2015 IBM Corporation The family tree – 1952 to 1964 . Plotting the family tree of IBM’s “mainframe” computers might not be as complicated or vast a task as charting the multi-century evolution of families but it nevertheless requires far more than a simple linear diagram . Back around 1964, in what were still the formative years of computers, an IBM artist attempted to draw such a chart, beginning with the IBM 701 of 1952 and its follow-ons, for just a 12-year period .