Les Sculptures Associées Aux Jeux De Balle Dans L'aire Méso- Américaine

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Les Sculptures Associées Aux Jeux De Balle Dans L'aire Méso- Américaine UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE U.F.R. HISTOIRE DE L’ART ET ARCHÉOLOGIE 2006 n° attribué par la bibliothèque THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS I Es archéologie et anthropologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Ramzy R. BARROIS Titre : Les Sculptures Associées aux Jeux de Balle dans l’Aire Méso- Américaine ________ Directeur de thèse : Eric Taladoire ________ texte 2 UNIVERSITÉ PARIS 1 PANTHÉON-SORBONNE U.F.R. HISTOIRE DE L’ART ET ARCHÉOLOGIE 2006 n° attribué par la bibliothèque THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS I Es archéologie et anthropologie Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Ramzy R. BARROIS Titre : Les Sculptures Associées aux Jeux de Balle dans l’Aire Méso- Américaine ________ Directeur de thèse : Eric Taladoire ________ JURY M. Dominique Michelet , président M. Michel Graulich M. Nikolai Grube M. François Giligny M. Eric Taladoire 3 4 Le bonheur de l’homme n’est pas dans la liberté, Mais dans l’acceptation d’un devoir. André Gide 5 6 Remerciements Nous tenons à exprimer notre reconnaissance à Eric Taladoire. Spécialiste du jeu de balle, il est à l’origine de ce sujet. Il a su nous aider dans les moments délicats, nous guider sans nous mener et toujours avoir l’esprit ouvert à nos hypothèses. Nous tenions aussi à remercier Dominique Michelet pour nous avoir permis de contribuer aux recherches de terrain et pour son infinie patience. Notre gratitude s’adresse également à Claude-François Baudez et Michel Graulich qui nous ont beaucoup appris. Nous tenions à exprimer notre reconnaissance à Karl A. Taube, Stephen D. Houston, Nikolai Grube, Simon Martin et Marc Zender pour le temps qu’ils nous consacrèrent et leurs conseils avisés. Merci à François Giligny d’avoir été si longtemps disponible. Il est malaisé de vouloir remercier toutes les personnes qui nous ont aidé tout au long de cette thèse tant elles sont nombreuses. Nous nous excusons donc pour tout oubli. Nous remercions toute l’équipe du CEMCA et son directeur Jérôme Monnet, pour nous avoir accueilli pendant deux ans. Merci à Nathalie Raymond pour son aide au Guatemala. Notre gratitude va aussi aux membres de l’INAH, à tous les centres qui nous ont aidé : Campeche, Chiapas, Michoacan, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan et Zacatecas ; merci aussi à Alejandro Martinez Muriel pour son aide depuis le centre INAH de la rue Moneda. Nous remercions tous les personnels de l’IDAEH et particulièrement Paulino Morales pour son aide et sa compréhension. Notre voyage au Belize n’aurait pu être une réussite sans le soutien du Department of Archaeology of Belize. Que tous ses membres en soient ici remerciés. Nous exprimons notre gratitude à Carmen Fajardo de l’IHAH pour nous avoir permis 7 d’accomplir nos recherches au Honduras. Nous tenons par ailleurs à remercier tous les responsables et employés des sites archéologiques que nous avons pu visiter tout au long de nos voyages sur le terrain. Nous voulions exprimer notre reconnaissance à certaines personnes qui nous ont ouvert des voies que nous ne pensions pas explorer : Alexandre Tokovinine, Harri Kettunen, Christophe Helmke, Erik Boot, Geneviève Lefort, Frauke Sachse, Rafael Tunesi, Yuri Polyukhovych, Dmitri Beliaev et plus généralement tous les membres de Wayeb. La vie d’un doctorant ressemble parfois beaucoup à celle d’un ascète. Les amis et camarades nous apportent bien souvent un soutien plus important qu’ils ne le pensent. Merci à Nicolas Goepfert, Séverine Bortot, Maëlle Gentil, Ricardo-Leonel Cruz, Monica Zamora, Damien Marken, Ariane Allain, Gwendoline Plisson, Julie Patrois, Matthieu Hildebrand, Pablo Cruz, Amadeo Pascual, Philippe Nondedeo et, bien sûr, Alexandre Coutard pour leurs conseils et leur soutien. Nous remercions aussi tous les autres que nous n’avons pas cités… Certaines aides dépassent les cadres de la recherche et de la logistique. Merci à Rodolfo Avila et William Pastre ; merci Chuy. Merci à Stéphanie pour avoir tant enduré avec autant de compréhension. 8 Table des Matières Remerciements 7 Table des matières 9 Table des illustrations 14 Introduction 18 Chapitre I : Présentation générale 21 I. Introduction générale au jeu de balle 21 A- Historique des recherches 21 1- La Conquête 22 2- Jusqu’au XIXe siècle 24 3- Les premières études systématiques 25 4- Les apports de A. L. Smith 25 5- La classification de Taladoire et les études postérieures 26 B- Régions d’étude 29 1- L’Arizona 30 2- Au nord de la Méso-Amérique 32 3- Le Haut Plateau central 33 4- La côte du Golfe 33 5- La côte Pacifique 34 6- La Méso-Amérique orientale 34 C- La définition du jeu de balle méso-américain 37 1- Récits, codex 37 a- Récits 37 b- Codex 42 2- Archéologie 43 D- Les jeux actuels, éléments comparatifs 48 1- Le Ulama 48 2- Pelota tarasca 49 3- Pelota purepecha 50 4- Pelota mixteca 50 5- Conclusions 51 II. Les sculptures associées aux jeux de balle 53 A- Les types 53 1- Les sculptures participant aux jeux 55 a- Les anneaux 56 b- Les sculptures à tenon 62 c- Les disques 65 2- Les sculptures ne participant pas au jeu 69 a- Les panneaux 69 b- Les stèles 73 c- Les stèles composites 76 d- Les autels 79 e- Les contremarches 82 f- « Divers » 84 B- Les choix du corpus 88 9 1- Les mises à l’écart 89 2- Les incorporations 92 III. Méthodes choisies 92 A- L’iconographie 92 1- Les sculptures lisses et érodées 93 2- Les sculptures à motifs simples 93 3- Les sculptures à scènes complexes 94 B- L’épigraphie maya 95 1- Les sculptures associées aux jeux de balle avec des textes 95 2- Informations sur des sculptures glyphées associées aux jeux de balle 96 C- Les statistiques 96 Chapitre II : Les sculptures associées aux jeux de balle 100 I. La balle 100 A- Dimensions 100 B- Fonctions 100 C- Représentations 101 II. Les sculptures participant aux jeux de balle 103 A- Les sculptures à tenon 104 1. Les anneaux 104 a- Répartition 104 b- Morphologie 105 c- Iconographie 109 d- Interprétation 112 2. Les sculptures à tenon 114 a- Morphologie 114 b- Emplacement sur le terrain 117 c- Iconographie 117 d- Répartition 121 e- Interprétation 122 B- Les disques 124 a- Emplacement sur le terrain 125 b- Iconographie 125 c- Répartition 128 d- Caches 129 e- Interprétations 130 III. Les sculptures ne participant pas aux jeux de balle 131 A- Sur les structures du jeu de balle 132 1. Les panneaux 132 a- Emplacement 132 b- Iconographie 133 c- Répartition 136 d- Interprétation 138 2. Les stèles 140 a- Emplacement par rapport au terrain 140 b- Iconographie 141 c- Répartition 143 d- Interprétation 144 3. Les stèles composites 145 a- Emplacement sur le terrain 145 10 b- Iconographie 145 c- Répartition 148 d- Interprétation 148 4. Les autels 149 a- Emplacement sur le terrain 150 b- Répartition 151 c- Interprétation 151 B- Hors du jeu de balle : les contremarches 153 1- Iconographie 154 2- Répartition 156 3- Interprétation 157 C- Autres 158 1- Monolithes 158 2- Frises 161 3- Colonnes 161 4- Dalle 162 IV. Quelques considérations sur les sculptures 163 A- Les relations entre sculptures 163 1- Anneau – sculpture à tenon 163 2- Contremarche – terrain 164 3- Stèle composite – terrain 164 4- Panneau – sculpture à tenon ou anneau 165 5- Disque – sculpture à tenon 166 6- Autel – Stèle 167 B- Comparaisons de sites majeurs 168 1- Chichen Itza et Copan 168 2- Les grands sites de Méso-Amérique 170 Chapitre III : L’iconographie et l’épigraphie des sculptures associées au jeu 172 de balle I. L’iconographie 172 A- Etablissement du corpus 173 1. mises à l’écart 173 a- Sculptures lisses. 173 b- Sculptures érodées. 174 2. pièces étudiées 174 a- Supports 174 I. Anneaux 174 II. Sculptures à tenon 175 III. Disques 175 IV. Panneaux 175 V. Stèles 176 VI. Stèles composites 176 VII. Autels 176 VIII. Contremarches 176 IX. Divers 177 b- Thèmes 177 I. Scène politique 177 II. Scène de jeu de balle 179 III. Scènes mythiques 181 IV. Textes épigraphiques 183 11 V. Motifs simples 183 B- Les sculptures à scènes complexes 185 1. Mises en scène 186 a- Réaliste 187 I. Jeu de balle 187 II. Scènes politiques 192 III. Rituels 194 b- Mythique 198 I. Jeu de balle 199 II. Scènes politiques 205 III. Rites 205 IV. Mythes 208 c- Indéfinie 216 I. Jeu de balle 216 II. Scènes politiques 220 III. Scènes rituelles 224 2. Personnages 228 a- Joueurs 229 b- Dirigeants 237 c- Officiants 241 d- Captifs 244 3. Interprétations 246 C- Les sculptures à motifs simples 249 1. Humains 249 a- Joueurs 249 b- Dirigeants 250 c- Captifs et sacrifice humain 253 d- Monstres célestes 256 e- Divinités 260 f- Officiants 263 g- Autres 265 2. Animaux 267 a- Serpents 267 b- Jaguars 271 c- Aras 274 d- Monstres Terrestres 276 e- Autres 279 3. Géométriques 283 a. Signes géométriques 285 b. Représentations d’astres 285 c. Signes non identifiés 286 4. Un marqueur anormal : la stèle composite 286 II. L’épigraphie maya 289 A- Historique des recherches 289 B- Corpus des inscriptions 293 C- Traductions par thèmes 294 1. Textes Historiques 294 a. Dates 295 b. Accession au trône 297 c. Inauguration de monuments, rites et jeu de balle 299 d. Politique et guerre 302 12 e. Morts 304 2. Textes Mythiques 305 3. Autres 307 III. Interprétations générales 312 A- Préclassique 313 B- Classique 314 C- Postclassique 318 Chapitre IV : Étude Statistique Multivariée 319 I- Présentations des méthodes statistiques 319 A- Analyse factorielle des correspondances 320 B- Classification Hiérarchique directe 322 C- Les Moyennes Réciproques 322 II- Présentation du corpus étudié 323 A- Problèmes de recherche 323 1.
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