A Facile Profiling Method of Short Chain Fatty Acids Using Liquid
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Chapter 21 the Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Instructor Supplemental Solutions to Problems © 2010 Roberts and Company Publishers Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Solutions to In-Text Problems 21.1 (b) (d) (e) (h) 21.2 (a) butanenitrile (common: butyronitrile) (c) isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate (common: isoamyl isovalerate) The isoamyl group is the same as an isopentyl or 3-methylbutyl group: (d) N,N-dimethylbenzamide 21.3 The E and Z conformations of N-acetylproline: 21.5 As shown by the data above the problem, a carboxylic acid has a higher boiling point than an ester because it can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds within its liquid state; hydrogen bonding does not occur in the ester. Consequently, pentanoic acid (valeric acid) has a higher boiling point than methyl butanoate. Here are the actual data: INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 21 2 21.7 (a) The carbonyl absorption of the ester occurs at higher frequency, and only the carboxylic acid has the characteristic strong, broad O—H stretching absorption in 2400–3600 cm–1 region. (d) In N-methylpropanamide, the N-methyl group is a doublet at about d 3. N-Ethylacetamide has no doublet resonances. In N-methylpropanamide, the a-protons are a quartet near d 2.5. In N-ethylacetamide, the a- protons are a singlet at d 2. The NMR spectrum of N-methylpropanamide has no singlets. 21.9 (a) The first ester is more basic because its conjugate acid is stabilized not only by resonance interaction with the ester oxygen, but also by resonance interaction with the double bond; that is, the conjugate acid of the first ester has one more important resonance structure than the conjugate acid of the second. -
Draft SANCO 10387 V.12 CAS No Endringer Draft Vs. Dir 2004/4/EC Endringer Draft CAC/RCP 36 - 1987 Dir 2004/4/EC Vs
Draft SANCO 10387 v.12 CAS No Endringer draft vs. Dir 2004/4/EC Endringer draft CAC/RCP 36 - 1987 dir 2004/4/EC vs. CAC/RCP 36 - 1987 Acetic acid (ethanoic acid; vinegar acid; methane carboxylic 64-19-7 Redigert Acetic acid Acetic acid acid) Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride) 108-24-7 Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride Acid oils and fatty acid distillates — from vegetable oils and fats --- Acid oils and fatty acid distillates — from vegetable oils and fats Endret Acid oils and fatty acid distillates - from animal, marine and and/or mixtures thereof and animal and marine fats and oils and/or mixtures thereof and animal and marine fats and oils vegetable fats and oils Acetone (dimethylketone; 2-propanone) 67-64-1 Acetone (dimethylketone; 2-propanone) Acetone (dimethylketone; 2-propanone) Ammonium hydroxide (ammonium hydrate; ammonia solution; 1336-21-6 Ammonium hydroxide (ammonium hydrate; ammonia solution; Ammonium hydroxide (ammonium hydrate; ammonia solution; aqua ammonia) aqua ammonia) aqua ammonia) Ammonium polyphosphate 68333-79-9 Ammonium polyphosphate Ammonium polyphosphate and 10124-31- 9 Animal, marine and vegetable and hydrogenated oils and fats --- Endret Animal, marine and vegetable and hydrogenated oils and fats Animal, marine and vegetable and hydrogenated oils and fats according to the MEPC.2/Circ. of the IMO. (other than cashew shell nut and crude tall oil) according to the MEPC of the IMO. Benzyl alcohol (pharmaceutical and reagent grades only) 100-51-6 Redigert Benzyl alcohol (pharmaceutical -
MONTHLY NEWSLETTER May 2021
MONTHLY NEWSLETTER May 2021 By: Kevin Burgoon, Ph.D., Senior Nutritionist Purina® Honor® Show Technical Solutions SOURCES: Soybeans, corn, sunflower seed/oil, eggs, HOT TOPIC OF THE MONTH fishmeal, rice bran There is much buzz around Omega fatty acids these days and how they contribute to animal nutrition. These BENEFITS: fatty acids are not new, but they have become of GLA – anti-inflammatory increasing importance. This issue will explore fatty acid CLA – improved leanness and hardness of fat cover contribution both Omegas and Medium Chained Fatty Acids (MCFA). GLA – anti-inflammatory WHAT IS ESSENTIAL? NEGATIVES: You may have heard the term essential as it pertains to Linoleic, AA, and DGLA can be pro-inflammatory nutrition. Essential Fatty Acids, Essential Amino Acids, and more. The term essential simply means that the OMEGA 9 FATTY ACIDS: animal’s metabolism cannot synthesize those nutrients Anti-inflammatory or cannot synthesize them in sufficient quantities to meet the animal’s requirements. Therefore, these nutrients Can be pro-inflammatory (depending upon ratios) MUST be included in the animal’s diet. Improved insulin sensitivity WHAT ARE OMEGA FATTY ACIDS? SOURCES: Soybean oil, canola oil, fish oil, grains The indication OMEGA refers to position of the final double bond from the Omega or the tail end in the IMPORTANT: The proper balance of Omega fatty acids chemical structure. Omega 3 is 3 carbons from the tail has been identified as increasingly important to prevent end. Omega 6 refers to 6 carbons and Omega 9, 9 negative effects. carbons from the tail end. The Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids are polyunsaturated, while Omega 9 is monounsaturated. -
Fatty Acids: Essential…Therapeutic
Volume 3, No.2 May/June 2000 A CONCISE UPDATE OF IMPORTANT ISSUES CONCERNING NATURAL HEALTH INGREDIENTS Written and Edited By: Thomas G. Guilliams Ph.D. FATTY ACIDS: Essential...Therapeutic Few things have been as confusing to both patient and health care provider as the issue of fats and oils. Of all the essential nutrients required for optimal health, fatty acids have not only been forgotten they have been considered hazardous. Health has somehow been equated with “low-fat” or “fat-free” for so long, to suggest that fats could be essential or even therapeutic is to risk credibility. We hope to give a view of fats that is both balanced and scientific. This review will cover the basics of most fats that will be encountered in dietary or supplemental protocols. Recommendations to view essential fatty acids in a similar fashion as essential vitamins and minerals will be combined with therapeutic protocols for conditions ranging from cardiovascular disease, skin conditions, diabetes, nerve related disorders, retinal disorders and more. A complete restoration of health cannot be accomplished until there is a restoration of fatty acid nutritional information among health care professionals and their patients. Fats- What are they? Dietary fats come to us from a variety of sources, but primarily in the form of triglycerides. That is, three fatty acid molecules connected by a glycerol backbone (see fatty acid primer page 3 for diagram). These fatty acids are then used as energy by our cells or modified into phospholipids to be used as cell or organelle membranes. Some fatty acids are used in lipoprotein molecules to shuttle cholesterol and fats to and from cells, and fats may also be stored for later use. -
Valproic Acid and Its Amidic Derivatives As New Antivirals Against Alphaherpesviruses
viruses Review Valproic Acid and Its Amidic Derivatives as New Antivirals against Alphaherpesviruses Sabina Andreu 1,2,* , Inés Ripa 1,2, Raquel Bello-Morales 1,2 and José Antonio López-Guerrero 1,2 1 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (I.R.); [email protected] (R.B.-M.); [email protected] (J.A.L.-G.) 2 Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Spanish National Research Council—Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Maria Kalamvoki Received: 14 November 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are neurotropic viruses with broad host range whose infections cause considerable health problems in both animals and humans. In fact, 67% of the global population under the age of 50 are infected with HSV-1 and 13% have clinically recurrent HSV-2 infections. The most prescribed antiherpetics are nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir, but the emergence of mutants resistant to these drugs and the lack of available vaccines against human HSVs has led to an imminent need for new antivirals. Valproic acid (VPA) is a branched short-chain fatty acid clinically used as a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug in the treatment of neurological disorders, which has shown promising antiviral activity against some herpesviruses. Moreover, its amidic derivatives valpromide and valnoctamide also share this antiherpetic activity. This review summarizes the current research on the use of VPA and its amidic derivatives as alternatives to traditional antiherpetics in the fight against HSV infections. -
Relationship Between Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids and Disease Activity in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients
Relationship between Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids and Disease Activity in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Nutrition of the College of Allied Health Sciences by Michael R. Ciresi B.S. The Ohio State University June 2008 Committee Chair: Grace Falciglia, Ph.D. Abstract Background. Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are chronic illnesses that affect predominately the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis and etiology remain unclear but the importance of environmental factors, in particular diet, is evidenced by the increased incidence rates of the recent decades that genetic inheritance cannot account for. In particular, the quantity of fatty acid consumption has been consistently linked with IBD risk. While several studies have investigated the connections between diet, etiology, signs and symptoms associated with IBD, very few have explored the relationship between disease state and specific fatty acid intake in the pediatric IBD population. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 100 pediatric patients from Cincinnati Children’s Hospital and the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto with diagnosed IBD (73 with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 27 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) were included. Three-day diet records were collected from the patients for the assessment of their dietary intake. The abbreviated Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (PCDAI), the abbreviated Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI), and markers of inflammation (lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and S100A12) were used to assess disease severity. -
The Lysis of Bacterium Coli by Amino-Acids
[510 ] THE LYSIS OF BACTERIUM COLI BY AMINO-ACIDS BY J. GORDON, R. A. HALL AND L. H. STICKLAND The School of Medicine, Leeds (With 2 Figures in the Text) Gordon, Hall & Stickland (1951, 1953) described the kinetics of the lysis by glycine of Bacterium coli suspensions, and the inhibition by various agents of this process. The present paper attempts to correlate this lytic effect with the chemical structure of various amino-acids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preparation of bacteria Four freshly isolated strains of Bact. coli were grown on the surface of nutrient agar for 16-18 hr. at 37°, and were then washed off with distilled water. These suspensions were filtered through glass wool. The bacteria were washed twice and finally suspended in about ten times their volume of distilled water which was equivalent to a concentration of between 10 and 20 mg. dry weight of cells per ml. Measurement of lysis After the suspensions had been incubated with the amino-acid solutions under test the bacteria were removed by centrifuging at 2500 g. for 20 min. The super- natant fluid was treated with \ volume of 25 % ' w/v' trichloracetic acid solution, the protein precipitate was washed with 5% trichloracetic acid and then the protein was estimated by the biuret method (Robinson & Hogden, 1940). The degree of lysis was expressed as the ratio of the protein liberated into the super- natant fluid to the total soluble protein of the bacterial suspension (Stickland, 1951). Amino-acids used Glycine, DL-alanine, /?-alanine, DL-a-amino-w-butyric acid, DL-a-amino-iso- butyric acid, DL-a-amino-?i-valeric acid, DL-valine, DL-serine, glycine ethyl ester hydrochloride, aceturic acid, glycylglycine and L-glutamic acid were obtained commercially. -
Official Journal of the European Communities on the Hygiene Of
No L 21 /42 EN Official Journal of the European Communities 27 . 1 . 96 COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 96/3/EC of 26 January 1 996 granting a derogation from certain provisions of Council Directive 93/43/EEC on the hygiene of foodstuffs as regards the transport of bulk liquid oils and fats by sea (Text with EEA relevance) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, whereas the measures provided for in this Directive are in compliance with the opinion of the Standing Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Committee for Foodstuffs, Community, Having regard to Council Directive 93/43/EEC of 14 June 1993 on the hygiene of foodstuffs ('), and in parti HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE : cular Article 3 (3) thereof, Whereas information shows that the application of the second subparagraph of paragraph 2 of Chapter IV of the Article 1 Annex to Directive 93/43/EEC relating to the transport of bulk foodstuffs in liquid, granulate or powdered form in This Directive derogates from the second subparagraph of receptacles and/or containers/tankers reserved for the paragraph 2 of Chapter IV of the Annex to Directive transport of foodstuffs, is not practical and imposes an 93/43/EEC and lays down equivalent conditions to ensure unduly onerous burden on food business when applied to the protection of public health and the safety and whole the transport in sea-going vessels of liquid oils and fats someness of the foodstuffs concerned . intended for, or likely to be used for, human consump tion ; Article 2 Whereas, however, it is necessary to ensure that the granting of a derogation provides equivalent protection to public health, by attaching conditions to the terms of 1 . -
Fats and Fatty Acid in Human Nutrition
ISSN 0254-4725 91 FAO Fats and fatty acids FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER in human nutrition Report of an expert consultation 91 Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition − Report of an expert consultation Knowledge of the role of fatty acids in determining health and nutritional well-being has expanded dramatically in the past 15 years. In November 2008, an international consultation of experts was convened to consider recent scientific developments, particularly with respect to the role of fatty acids in neonatal and infant growth and development, health maintenance, the prevention of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers and age-related functional decline. This report will be a useful reference for nutrition scientists, medical researchers, designers of public health interventions and food producers. ISBN 978-92-5-106733-8 ISSN 0254-4725 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 6 7 3 3 8 Food and Agriculture I1953E/1/11.10 Organization of FAO the United Nations FAO Fats and fatty acids FOOD AND NUTRITION in human nutrition PAPER Report of an expert consultation 91 10 − 14 November 2008 Geneva FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. -
Optimized and Scalable Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles for RNA
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Optimized and scalable synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles for RNA extraction in response to developing countries’ needs in the detection and control of SARS‑CoV‑2 Julio C. Chacón‑Torres1*, C. Reinoso1, Daniela G. Navas‑León2, Sarah Briceño1 & Gema González1* Ecuador is one of the most afected countries, with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) infection, in Latin America derived from an ongoing economic crisis. One of the most important methods for COVID‑19 detection is the use of techniques such as real time RT‑PCR based on a previous extraction/ purifcation of RNA procedure from nasopharyngeal cells using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). This technique allows the processing of ~ 10,000 tests per day in private companies and around hundreds per day at local Universities guaranteeing to reach a wide range of the population. However, the main drawback of this method is the need for specialized MNP with a strong negative charge for the viral RNA extraction to detect the existence of the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus. Here we present a simplifed low cost method to produce 10 g of nanoparticles in 100 mL of solution that was scaled to one litter by parallelizing the process 10 times in just two days and allowing for the possibility of making ~ 50,000 COVID‑19 tests. This communication helps in reducing the cost of acquiring MNP for diverse biomolecular applications supporting developing country budgets constraints and chemical availability specially during the COVID‑19 International Health Emergency. Te prevailing pandemic originated from the unusual coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that causes the COVID-19 infectious disease has been striking the medical health system world wide due to its rapid propagation person-to- person1–4. -
Reactive Extraction of Caproic Acid Using Tri-N- Butyl Phosphate (TBP) in Non Toxic Diluents
International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, ISSN(Online):2455-9555 Vol.11 No.07, pp 56-62, 2018 Reactive Extraction of Caproic Acid using Tri-n- Butyl Phosphate (TBP) in Non Toxic Diluents Ashwani Kumar Rathore1, Deepak Srivastava2, 3 3 Kailas L Wasewar , and Diwakar Z Shende * 1Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, H B Technical University (Formerly H B Technological Institute), Kanpur, India. 2Department of Plastic Technology, School of Chemical Technology, H B Technical University (Formerly H B Technological Institute), Kanpur, India 3Department of Chemical Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, India. Abstract : The present paper deals with the study of reactive extraction of caproic acid using tri-n-butyl phosphate in non-toxic diluents (oils obtain from sunflower, soybean, and rice bran) in different proportions and combinations of extractant and the non-toxic diluents. Results were presented in terms of distribution coefficients, loading ratio, degree of extraction, equilibrium complexation constants and the kinetics of reaction involved. The data obtained were found to be useful for process engineers to efficiently design reactive extraction process for the recovery of caproic acid by thorough understanding of the equilibrium characteristics. Also, the problem of toxicity in reactive extraction could be reduced by using the natural non-toxic diluents with the extractant. Keywords : Reactive extraction, TBP, Nontoxic diluent, Caproicacid, Toxicity, batch process. Introduction Reactive extraction is a showing a lot of promise for the recovery of carboxylic acid with respect to other processes such as distillation(not suitable for low concentration), electro dialysis (high cost of membrane and fouling)and other conventional precipitation processes( by product disposal). -
Valerolactone Hydrogenation Into 1,4-Pentanediol in Milder Reaction Conditions
reactions Article Heterogeneously Catalyzed γ-Valerolactone Hydrogenation into 1,4-Pentanediol in Milder Reaction Conditions Irina Simakova 1,2,* , Yulia Demidova 1,2, Mikhail Simonov 1,2 , Sergey Prikhod’ko 1,2, Prashant Niphadkar 3, Vijay Bokade 3, Paresh Dhepe 3 and Dmitry Yu. Murzin 4,* 1 Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva, 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (Y.D.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (S.P.) 2 Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia 3 CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India; [email protected] (P.N.); [email protected] (V.B.); [email protected] (P.D.) 4 Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] (I.S.); dmurzin@abo.fi (D.Y.M.) Received: 20 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Hydrogenation of γ-valerolactone (GVL) in polar solvents (n-butanol, 1,4-dioxane) to 1,4-pentanediol (PDO) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF) was performed at 363–443 K in a fixed bed reactor under overall H2 pressure of 0.7–1.3 MPa. Preliminary screening in a batch reactior was performed with a series of Ru, Ir, Pt, Co, and Cu catalysts, earlier efficiently applied for levulinic acid hydrogenation to GVL. The fresh catalysts were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescent analysis (XRF), temperature programmed reduction by H2 (H2-TPR), and N2 physisorption. Cu/SiO2 prepared by reduction of copper hydroxosilicate with chrysocolla mineral structure provided better selectivity of 67% towards PDO at 32% GVL conversion in a continuous flow reactor.