United States In cooperation with South Department of Dakota Agricultural Agriculture Experiment Station at Soil Survey of South Dakota State Natural University Minnehaha Resources Conservation Service County, South Dakota NRCS Accessibility Statement

The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is committed to making its information accessible to all of its customers and employees. If you are experiencing accessibility issues and need assistance, please contact our Helpdesk by phone at 1-800-457-3642 or by e-mail at [email protected]. For assistance with publications that include maps, graphs, or similar forms of information, you may also wish to contact our State or local office. You can locate the correct office and phone number at http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app. 3

How To Use This Soil Survey

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and management of small areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the Index to Map Sheets. Note the number of the map sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on the map sheet. Note the map unit symbols that are in that area. Turn to the Contents, which lists the map units by symbol and name and shows the page where each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs. 4

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1994. Soil names and descriptions were approved in 1995. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1995. This survey was made cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station at South Dakota State University. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Minnehaha County Conservation District. Financial assistance was furnished by the East Dakota Water Development District, Minnehaha County, and the City of Sioux Falls. Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged, maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a larger scale. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Cover: An area of Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 35 percent slopes, along the Big Sioux River at Sioux Falls.

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the Natural Resources Conservation Service homepage on the World Wide Web. The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov. 5

Contents

How To Use This Soil Survey ...... 3 Cb—Chancellor silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent Foreword ...... 9 slopes ...... 38 General Nature of the County ...... 11 Cc—Chancellor-Tetonka complex, 0 to 1 Climate ...... 11 percent slopes ...... 39 Physiography, Relief, and Drainage ...... 12 Cd—Chaska loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 40 Settlement ...... 12 Ch—Chaska loam, channeled ...... 41 Farming ...... 12 Cm—Clamo silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 42 Natural Resources ...... 13 CoB—Corson silty clay, 2 to 6 percent slopes .... 43 How This Survey Was Made ...... 13 CoC—Corson silty clay, 6 to 9 percent General Soil Map Units ...... 15 slopes ...... 44 1. Egan-Ethan-Trent Association ...... 15 CpC—Corson-Henkin complex, 6 to 9 percent 2. Egan-Wentworth-Trent Association ...... 17 slopes ...... 45 3. Moody-Trent Association ...... 17 CrD—Crofton-Nora complex, 9 to 15 percent 4. Moody-Nora Association ...... 18 slopes ...... 46 5. Nora-Crofton Association ...... 18 CrE—Crofton-Nora complex, 15 to 25 percent 6. Splitrock-Trent Association ...... 20 slopes ...... 47 7. Houdek-Shindler Association ...... 20 CsD—Crofton-Shindler complex, 9 to 15 8. Shindler-Steinauer Association ...... 21 percent slopes ...... 48 9. Grovena-Dobalt-Flandreau Association ..... 22 DcA—Davis loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 49 10. Flandreau-Thurman-Grovena DcB—Davis loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 49 Association ...... 22 DcC—Davis loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes ...... 50 11. Dempster-Graceville Association ...... 23 Dd—Davison-Crossplain clay loams, 0 to 2 12. Clamo-Chaska Association ...... 24 percent slopes ...... 51 13. Bon-Davis-Chaska Association ...... 25 DeA—Delmont-Enet loams, 0 to 2 percent 14. Chaska-Davis-Bon Association ...... 26 slopes ...... 52 15. Lamo-Graceville Association...... 27 DeB—Delmont-Enet loams, 2 to 6 percent 16. Corson-Benclare Association...... 27 slopes ...... 53 Detailed Soil Map Units ...... 29 DgC—Delmont-Talmo complex, 6 to 9 percent AcA—Alcester silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 54 slopes ...... 30 DgD—Delmont-Talmo complex, 9 to 15 AcB—Alcester silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent percent slopes ...... 55 slopes ...... 30 DmA—Dempster silt loam, 0 to 2 percent Ar—Arlo loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes ...... 32 slopes ...... 56 Ba—Baltic silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent DmB—Dempster silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 33 slopes ...... 57 Bb—Baltic silty clay loam, ponded ...... 33 DtB—Dempster-Talmo complex, 2 to 6 BcA—Benclare-Corson complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 58 percent slopes ...... 34 Dw—Dimo clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 59 BeE—Betts-Ethan loams, 15 to 40 percent DxB—Dobalt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 60 slopes ...... 35 DyA—Dobalt-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 percent BfA—Blendon fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 60 slopes ...... 36 EaB—Egan-Ethan complex, 2 to 6 percent BhB—Blendon-Henkin fine sandy loams, 2 to slopes ...... 61 6 percent slopes ...... 37 EeB—Egan-Ethan-Trent complex, 1 to 6 Bo—Bon loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 38 percent slopes ...... 62 6

EfA—Egan-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 Ja—Janude fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 64 slopes ...... 87 EgB—Egan-Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, La—Lamo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent 1 to 6 percent slopes...... 65 slopes ...... 88 EnA—Enet loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely Lb—Lamo silty clay loam, channeled ...... 89 flooded ...... 66 M-W—Miscellaneous water ...... 90 EoA—Enet-Dimo complex, 0 to 2 percent MdB—Moody silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 67 slopes ...... 90 EpD—Ethan-Betts loams, 9 to 15 percent MgA—Moody-Gayville complex, 0 to 3 slopes ...... 68 percent slopes ...... 90 EsE—Ethan-Clarno loams, 6 to 25 percent MnB—Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 2 to 6 slopes, very stony ...... 69 percent slopes ...... 92 EtD—Ethan-Clarno loams, 9 to 15 percent MnC—Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 6 to 9 slopes ...... 70 percent slopes ...... 92 EuC—Ethan-Egan complex, 6 to 9 percent MtA—Moody-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 slopes ...... 71 percent slopes ...... 94 ExC—Ethan, very stony-Egan complex, 2 to NcC—Nora-Crofton complex, 6 to 9 percent 9 percent slopes ...... 72 slopes ...... 95 FaA—Flandreau loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes...... 73 Ob—Obert silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent FaB—Flandreau loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes...... 74 slopes ...... 97 FtB—Flandreau-Thurman complex, 2 to 6 Og—Orthents, gravelly ...... 97 percent slopes ...... 75 Or—Orthents, loamy ...... 98 GrA—Graceville silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent Ow—Orthents-Aquents complex, gravelly ...... 99 slopes ...... 76 Pt—Pits, quarry ...... 100 GsB—Grovena loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 77 Sa—Salmo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent GvA—Grovena-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 100 slopes ...... 77 SdE—Shindler-Houdek clay loams, 15 to HoB—Houdek clay loam, 2 to 6 percent 40 percent slopes ...... 101 slopes ...... 78 SnE—Shindler-Talmo complex, 15 to 40 HsC—Houdek-Shindler clay loams, 6 to 9 percent slopes ...... 102 percent slopes ...... 79 SpA—Splitrock silty clay loam, 0 to 2 HsD—Houdek-Shindler clay loams, 9 to 15 percent slopes ...... 103 percent slopes ...... 80 SpB—Splitrock silty clay loam, 2 to 6 HtD—Houdek-Talmo complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes ...... 104 percent slopes ...... 81 SsF—Steinauer-Shindler clay loams, 25 to HuA—Huntimer silty clay loam, 0 to 2 60 percent slopes ...... 105 percent slopes ...... 82 TdE—Talmo-Delmont complex, 15 to 40 HuB—Huntimer silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes ...... 106 percent slopes ...... 83 Te—Tetonka silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes .... 107 IhA—Ihlen silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent TfC—Thurman-Flandreau complex, 6 to 9 slopes ...... 84 percent slopes ...... 108 IrB—Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 4 TgD—Thurman-Grovena complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes ...... 85 percent slopes ...... 109 IrE—Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 35 Tr—Trent silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent percent slopes ...... 86 slopes ...... 110 7

W—Water ...... 111 Blendon Series...... 156 Wa—Wakonda-Chancellor silty clay loams, Bon Series ...... 157 0 to 2 percent slopes...... 111 Bonilla Series ...... 158 WcA—Wentworth-Chancellor-Wakonda silty Chancellor Series...... 159 clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes ...... 112 Chaska Series ...... 160 WhA—Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to Clamo Series ...... 161 2 percent slopes ...... 114 Clarno Series ...... 162 WhB—Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 to Corson Series ...... 163 6 percent slopes ...... 115 Crofton Series ...... 164 Wk—Whitewood silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Crossplain Series ...... 165 percent slopes ...... 116 Davis Series ...... 166 Wo—Worthing silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent Davison Series ...... 167 slopes ...... 116 Delmont Series ...... 168 Wr—Worthing-Davison complex, 0 to 2 Dempster Series ...... 169 percent slopes ...... 117 Dimo Series ...... 169 Use and Management of the Soils ...... 119 Dobalt Series ...... 170 Crops and Pasture ...... 119 Egan Series ...... 171 Crops ...... 119 Enet Series ...... 172 Pasture and Hayland ...... 123 Ethan Series ...... 173 Productivity Ratings ...... 126 Flandreau Series...... 174 Yields per Acre ...... 127 Gayville Series ...... 187 Land Capability Classification ...... 127 Graceville Series ...... 188 Prime Farmland ...... 128 Grovena Series ...... 189 Rangeland ...... 129 Henkin Series ...... 190 Range Sites and Condition Classes ...... 129 Houdek Series ...... 191 Native Woodland, Windbreaks, and Huntimer Series ...... 192 Environmental Plantings ...... 134 Ihlen Series ...... 194 Recreation ...... 137 Janude Series ...... 194 Wildlife Habitat ...... 138 Lamo Series ...... 195 Engineering ...... 140 Moody Series ...... 196 Building Site Development ...... 141 Nora Series ...... 197 Sanitary Facilities ...... 141 Obert Series ...... 198 Construction Materials ...... 142 Salmo Series ...... 199 Water Management ...... 144 Shindler Series...... 200 Soil Properties ...... 145 Splitrock Series ...... 201 Engineering Index Properties ...... 145 Steinauer Series ...... 202 Physical and Chemical Properties ...... 146 Talmo Series ...... 203 Soil and Water Features ...... 147 Tetonka Series ...... 204 Classification of the Soils ...... 151 Thurman Series ...... 205 Soil Series and Their Morphology...... 151 Trent Series ...... 206 Alcester Series ...... 151 Wakonda Series ...... 207 Arlo Series ...... 152 Wentworth Series...... 208 Baltic Series ...... 153 Whitewood Series ...... 209 Benclare Series ...... 154 Worthing Series ...... 210 Betts Series ...... 155 Formation of the Soils ...... 213 8

References ...... 215 Table 9.—Windbreaks and Environmental Glossary ...... 217 Plantings ...... 247 Tables ...... 227 Table 10.—Recreational Development...... 250 Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ...... 228 Table 11.—Wildlife Habitat ...... 259 Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall...... 229 Table 12.—Building Site Development ...... 267 Table 3.—Growing Season ...... 229 Table 13.—Sanitary Facilities ...... 277 Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate Extent Table 14.—Construction Materials ...... 287 of the Soils ...... 230 Table 15.—Water Management ...... 296 Table 5.—Soil Productivity Ratings ...... 232 Table 16.—Engineering Index Properties ...... 305 Table 6.—Yields per Acre of Crops and Table 17.—Physical and Chemical Properties Pasture ...... 237 of the Soils ...... 321 Table 7.—Prime Farmland ...... 243 Table 18.—Soil and Water Features ...... 331 Table 8.—Rangeland Characteristic Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ...... 339 Vegetation and Productivity ...... 244 Interpretive Groups ...... 341

Issued 2004 9

Foreword

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the environment. This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters, and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them understand, protect, and enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described, and information on specific uses is given. Help in using this publication and additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Janet L. Oertly State Conservationist Natural Resources Conservation Service

11

Soil Survey of Minnehaha County, South Dakota

By Eugene E. Preston, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by Eugene E. Preston, Regis L. Vialle, and Daniel J. Brady, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and Peter L. Smith, Timothy R. Overdier, and Dean L. Stoneman, private contractors

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, in cooperation with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station at South Dakota State University

MINNEHAHA COUNTY is in southeastern South Dakota (fig. 1). It borders Minnesota on the east and Iowa on the southeast. It has a total land area of 520,627 acres. This soil survey updates the survey of Minnehaha County published in 1964 (Nestrud and others, 1964). It provides additional information and has new maps, which show the soils in greater detail.

General Nature of the County This section provides general information about Minnehaha County. It describes climate; physiography, relief, and drainage; settlement; farming; and natural resources. Figure 1.—Location of Minnehaha County in South Dakota.

Climate are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month, Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation growing degree days accumulate by the amount that for the survey area as recorded at Sioux Falls, South the average temperature each day exceeds a base Dakota, in the period 1971 to 2000. Table 2 shows temperature (40 degrees F for small grain; 50 degrees probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the last F for row crops). The normal monthly accumulation is freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of the used to schedule single or successive plantings of a growing season. crop between the last freeze in spring and the first In winter, the average temperature is 18 degrees F freeze in fall. and the average daily minimum temperature is 9 The total annual precipitation is about 25 inches. Of degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which this, 18 inches, or 72 percent, usually falls in April occurred on January 19, 1970, was -36 degrees F. In through September. The growing season for most summer, the average temperature is 71 degrees F. crops falls within this period. In 2 years out of 10, the The highest recorded temperature, which occurred on rainfall in April through September is less than 9 June 21, 1988, is 110 degrees F. inches. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the period of Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They record was 4.59 inches on August 1, 1975. 12 Soil Survey of

Thunderstorms occur on about 44 days each year, Mound Builders. These people combined hunting and and most occur in July. gathering with agriculture, raising corn, beans, and The average seasonal snowfall is about 40 inches. squash. About 1500 A.D., agrarian peoples of the The greatest snow depth at any one time during the Mandan-Arikara group moved into the area. These period of record was 36 inches. On the average, 77 people were eventually replaced by the nomadic days of the year have at least 1 inch of snow on the Dakota (Sioux) Indians (Schell, 1975). ground. The number of such days varies greatly from In 1683, a French fur trader named Le Sueur year to year. The heaviest 24-hour snowfall on record, explored along the Big Sioux River as far south as the which occurred at Sioux Falls on February 17 and 18, Sioux Falls area. Later, Dr. Joseph Nicollet traveled in 1962, was 26 inches. The total accumulation from that this vicinity and wrote a description of the falls of the storm, which lasted 3 days, was 32 inches. Big Sioux River. In 1857, two separate non-Native The average relative humidity in midafternoon is settlements were established in the area of the Sioux about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the Falls. In 1858, a sod fort was built for protection average at dawn is about 81 percent. The sun shines (Bailey, 1899). 75 percent of the time possible in summer and 57 In 1862, the Santee Sioux, who were starving percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the because they had been denied the provisions south, except during the winter, when it is from the promised them by treaty, revolted, and several white northwest. Average windspeed is highest, 12 miles per settlers in Minnesota were killed. Two were killed at hour, in May. Sioux Falls. Settlers in Sioux Falls became fearful and Tornadoes and severe thunderstorms strike abandoned the settlement until 1865, when an army occasionally. These storms are local and of short post was established there. In 1868, Scandinavian duration and can result in severe damage in narrow families settled near Baltic and Dell Rapids. The first belts. Hailstorms occur at times during the warmer railroad entered the county in 1878 (Bailey, 1899; part of the year in irregular patterns and in relatively Kolbe, 1988). small areas. The population of the county has increased steadily. In 1900, the population was 23,926; by 1960, it had Physiography, Relief, and Drainage increased to 86,575. The 1990 census showed a population of 123,809. In 1990, the population in the Minnehaha County is at the extreme southern edge part of Sioux Falls that is in Minnehaha County was of the Coteau des Prairies section of the Central 99,405. Sioux Falls is the county seat and is by far the Lowland Province (Rothrock, 1943). Elevation ranges largest city in the county and in the State of South from approximately 1,820 feet in the northwest corner Dakota. The population of Brandon was 3,543 in 1990. of the county to about 1,250 feet on the southeastern Dell Rapids had a population of 2,484. Other border. municipalities are Baltic (population 666), Colton The Big Sioux River and its tributaries drain most of (population 657), Crooks (population 671), Garretson the county. In the eastern two-thirds of the county, the (population 924), Hartford (population 1,262), drainage is dendritic and stream dissection generally Humboldt (population 468), Sherman (population 66), is well developed. In the western third of the county, and Valley Springs (population 739) (U.S. Department the drainage pattern is more poorly defined and closed of Commerce, 1993). depressions are numerous. The county is served by two major interstate Pre-Cambrian Sioux quartzite underlies the county highways and several State highways. Roads are on and crops out in several areas (Tomhave, 1994; Flint, almost every section line. Most roads have a gravel or 1955). The entire county has been glaciated; however, asphalt surface. in roughly the eastern two-thirds of the county, the There are several railroads for the movement of glacial till is covered in most places by loess. freight. Several airlines serve the county from the regional airport in Sioux Falls. Settlement Farming For several thousand years prior to recorded history, Native tribes inhabited the area. Native villages Farming is one of the major enterprises of and campsites were particularly numerous along the Minnehaha County. About 58 percent of the farm Big Sioux River. Paleo-Indians are believed to be the income is derived from the sale of livestock and first people in the area. About 500 A.D., the area livestock products (U.S. Department of Commerce, became inhabited by a culture often referred to as The 1999). About 1,112 acres of cropland is irrigated Minnehaha County, South Dakota 13

(South Dakota Agricultural Statistics Service, 1995). In management for specified uses. Soil scientists 1997, the 1,125 farms in the county averaged 361 observed the steepness, length, and shape of the acres in size (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of The trend is toward fewer and larger farms. crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock. About 75 percent of the county is used for cultivated They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is crops or for tame pasture and hay (U.S. Department of the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. Commerce, 1999), and about 2.5 percent is rangeland The profile extends from the surface down into the (USDA, 1992). Most of the rest of the county is urban unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The or residential land. unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other The Minnehaha County Conservation District was living organisms and has not been changed by other organized in 1941 to provide assistance to landowners biological activity. and others interested in the conservation of soil and The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey water. Since then, its purposes and concerns have area are in an orderly and repeatable pattern that is expanded to include conservation of all natural related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and resources. natural vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind Natural Resources of landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the Soil is the most important natural resource in survey area and relating their position to specific Minnehaha County. It provides a growing medium for segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a crops and for the grasses grazed by livestock. Other concept, or model, of how the soils formed. Thus, natural resources are water, sand and gravel, and during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist Sioux quartzite. to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the The main sources of water for domestic uses and kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location for livestock are shallow wells drilled to a depth of on the landscape. about 15 to 200 feet. Excavated ponds in areas of Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge Arlo, Baltic, Clamo, Chancellor, Obert, Salmo, and into one another as their characteristics gradually Worthing soils provide additional water for livestock change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, and wildlife. The Big Sioux Aquifer provides sufficient soil scientists must determine the boundaries between water of adequate quality for irrigation. the soils. They can observe only a limited number of Significant deposits of sand and gravel are in areas soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, of the Arlo, Dimo, Delmont, Dempster, Enet, supplemented by an understanding of the soil- Graceville, and Talmo soils. Because of an excessive vegetation-landscape relationships, are sufficient to amount of fine rock fragments, such as chalk, shale, verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to and clay ironstone, most of the sand and gravel is determine the soil map unit boundaries. unsuitable as concrete aggregate or as construction Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the material. It is suitable, however, as subgrade material soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color, for roads and as bituminous aggregate. texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and Sioux quartzite has been quarried in parts of the amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots, county since the earliest days of European settlement. reaction, and other features that enable them to Formerly used for building construction, most of the identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey rock is now used for concrete aggregate, railroad area and determining their properties, the soil ballast, road construction and sanding, rip-rap for scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes dams and riverbank stabilization, and production of (units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each ferro-silicon for the steel industry. The quartzite is taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with nearest the surface in areas of Ihlen soils. precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for comparison to classify soils systematically. How This Survey Was Made Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind This survey was made to provide information about and character of soil properties and the arrangement the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists The information includes a description of the soils and classified and named the soils in the survey area, they miscellaneous areas and their location and a compared the individual soils with similar soils in the discussion of their suitability, limitations, and same taxonomic class in other areas so that they 14

could confirm data and assemble additional data agree with those on the maps of the published soil based on experience and research. surveys of Lake, Lincoln, McCook, Moody, and Turner While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some Counties in South Dakota; Lyon County, Iowa; and of the soils in the area are collected for laboratory Rock County, Minnesota. Differences are the result of analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists a better knowledge of soils, modifications in series interpret the data from these analyses and tests as concepts, or variations in the intensity of mapping or in well as the field-observed characteristics and the soil the extent of the soils in the survey areas. properties to determine the expected behavior of the Some of the soil maps in this survey include areas soils under different uses. Interpretations for all of the that were not mapped using the methods described in soils are field tested through observation of the soils in the previous paragraphs. These are areas where different uses and under different levels of access to the land was denied. The soil maps of these management. Some interpretations are modified to fit areas were made using available remote sensing local conditions, and some new interpretations are materials. Reduced reliability of the soil map can be developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled expected in areas where access was denied. The from other sources, such as research information, locations of these areas are as follows: production records, and field experience of specialists. 1 1 For example, data on crop yields under defined levels E /2NW /4 section 24, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 1 of management are assembled from farm records and S /2SE /4 section 15, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 1 from field or plot experiments on the same or similar W /2NW /4 section 22, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 kinds of soil. NW /4 section 21, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 Predictions about soil behavior are based not only W /2 section 19, T. 101 N., R. 52 W. 1 on soil properties but also on such variables as SE /4 section 33, T. 104 N., R. 48 W. 1 1 climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are N /2NW /4 section 8, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 predictable over long periods of time, but they are not NE /4 section 25, T. 104 N., R. 52 W. 1 as predictable from year to year. For example, soil NW /4 section 4, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of NW /4 section 18, T. 104 N., R. 51 W. 1 accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table SE /4 section 32, T. 104 N., R. 51 W. 1 1 within certain depths in most years, but they cannot N /2NW /4 section 9, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 predict that a high water table will always be at a SE /4 section 31, T. 104 N., R. 51 W. 1 specific level in the soil on a specific date. NE /4 section 5, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 1 After soil scientists located and identified the N /2SW /4 section 5, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. (the portion significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area, west of the ditch) 1 1 they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial N /2SE /4 section 5, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. (the portion photographs and identified each as a specific soil map west of the ditch) 1 1 unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields, SE /4SW /4 section 5, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. 1 1 roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating SW /4SE /4 section 5, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. (the portion boundaries accurately. west of the ditch) 1 1 1 The descriptions, names, and delineations of the W /2SE /4SE /4 section 5, T. 103 N., R. 51 W. (the soils on the soil maps in this survey area do not fully portion west of the ditch) 15

General Soil Map Units

The general soil map in this publication shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils, relief, and drainage. These broad areas are called associations. Each association on the general soil map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas. The components of one association can occur in another but in a different pattern. The general soil map can be used to compare the suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise, Figure 2.—Landform positions. areas where the soils are not suitable can be identified. Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable for planning the management of a farm or field or for to strongly sloping, loamy and silty soils on till plains selecting a site for a road or building or other structure. and moraines (fig. 3) The soils in any one association differ from place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other Composition characteristics that affect management. Extent of the association in the survey area: 27 The soils in the associations are in different percent landform positions (fig. 2). These landform positions Extent of the soils in the association: affect such characteristics as the amount of topsoil, Egan and similar soils—30 percent the drainage class, the runoff rate, and the content of Ethan and similar soils—23 percent organic matter. Trent and similar soils—14 percent Soils of minor extent—33 percent Nearly Level to Strongly Sloping, Silty and Loamy Soils on Till Plains and Moraines Setting These soils formed in silty material over loamy Landform: Till plains and moraines glacial till and in loamy glacial till. They make up about Position on the landform: Egan—summits and 33 percent of the county. Most areas are used for backslopes; Ethan—shoulders and backslopes; cultivated crops. The steeper areas are used for Trent—footslopes pastureland, hayland, or rangeland. Controlling water Slope range: Egan—0 to 9 percent; Ethan—2 to 15 erosion and conserving moisture are important percent; Trent—0 to 2 percent management concerns if the major soils are cropped. Texture of the surface layer: Egan—silty clay loam; Proper grazing management is an important concern Ethan—loam; Trent—silty clay loam in areas of pasture and rangeland. Soil Properties and Qualities 1. Egan-Ethan-Trent Association Drainage class: Egan—well drained; Ethan—well drained; Trent—moderately well drained Well drained and moderately well drained, nearly level Depth to bedrock: Very deep 16 Soil Survey of

Figure 3.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Egan-Ethan-Trent association.

Depth to contrasting layer: Egan—24 to 40 inches over • The well drained Huntimer soils, which formed in loamy glacial till; Ethan—more than 60 inches; glaciolacustrine sediments and are on summits and Trent—more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till backslopes Depth to the water table: Egan—more than 6 feet; • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in basins Ethan—more than 6 feet; Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet • The very poorly drained Worthing soils, which do not Flooding: None have carbonates above a depth of 35 inches; in basins Ponding: None Use and Management Permeability: Egan—moderately slow; Ethan— moderately slow; Trent—moderate Major land use: Cropland Available water capacity: High Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Content of organic matter: Egan—moderate; Ethan— Main crops: Corn, soybeans, alfalfa, and small grain moderately low; Trent—high Suitability for crops: The Egan and Trent soils are well Surface runoff class: Egan—low or medium; Ethan— suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and medium or high; Trent—low hay. The Ethan soils are fairly well suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and hay. Soils of Minor Extent Management considerations: Conserving moisture • The very poorly drained Baltic soils, which are and controlling water erosion are the main calcareous throughout; in large basins concerns in areas of the Egan and Ethan soils. • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Controlling wind erosion is an additional concern toeslopes in areas of the Ethan soils. The high content of • The moderately well drained, calcareous Davison lime in the Ethan soils adversely affects the soils on backslopes and footslopes availability of plant nutrients. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 17

2. Egan-Wentworth-Trent Association Main crops: Corn, soybeans, alfalfa, and small grain Suitability for crops: The soils in this association are Well drained and moderately well drained, nearly level well suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture to moderately sloping, silty soils on till plains and hay. Management considerations: Controlling water erosion Composition and conserving moisture are the main Extent of the association in the survey area: 6 percent management concerns. Extent of the soils in the association: Egan and similar soils—23 percent Wentworth and similar soils—23 percent Nearly Level to Very Steep, Silty and Trent and similar soils—17 percent Loamy Soils on Plains, Dissected Plains, Soils of minor extent—37 percent Till Plains, and Moraines Setting These soils formed in loess, loamy and sandy eolian material, and loamy glacial till. They make up Landform: Till plains about 53 percent of the county. Most areas are used Position on the landform: Egan—summits and for cultivated crops. The steeper areas are used as backslopes; Wentworth—backslopes; Trent— pastureland, hayland, or rangeland. Controlling wind footslopes erosion and water erosion and conserving moisture Slope range: Egan—0 to 9 percent; Wentworth—0 to 6 are the most important management concerns if the percent; Trent—0 to 2 percent major soils are cropped. The high content of lime Texture of the surface layer: Silty clay loam adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients in Soil Properties and Qualities areas of the Crofton soils. Proper grazing management is an important concern in areas of Drainage class: Egan—well drained; Wentworth—well pasture and rangeland. drained; Trent—moderately well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting layer: Egan—24 to 40 inches over 3. Moody-Trent Association loamy glacial till; Wentworth and Trent—more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till Well drained and moderately well drained, nearly level Depth to the water table: Egan—more than 6 feet; to moderately sloping, silty soils on plains Wentworth—more than 6 feet; Trent—3.5 to 5.0 Composition feet Flooding: None Extent of the association in the survey area: 7 percent Ponding: None Extent of the soils in the association: Permeability: Egan—moderately slow; Wentworth— Moody and similar soils—62 percent moderate; Trent—moderate Trent and similar soils—16 percent Available water capacity: High Soils of minor extent—22 percent Content of organic matter: Egan—moderate; Setting Wentworth—moderate; Trent—high Surface runoff class: Egan—low or medium; Landform: Plains Wentworth—low or medium; Trent—low Position on the landform: Moody—summits and backslopes; Trent—footslopes Soils of Minor Extent Slope range: Moody—0 to 9 percent; Trent—0 to 2 • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on percent toeslopes Texture of the surface layer: Silty clay loam • The well drained, calcareous, loamy Ethan soils, Soil Properties and Qualities which formed in glacial till; on shoulders • The moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda Drainage class: Moody—well drained; Trent— soils, which formed in silty sediments; on footslopes moderately well drained • The very poorly drained Worthing soils in basins Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting layer: Moody—more than 40 Use and Management inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material; Major land use: Cropland Trent—more than 40 inches over loamy glacial Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range till 18 Soil Survey of

Depth to the water table: Moody—more than 6 feet; Soil Properties and Qualities Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet Drainage class: Well drained Flooding: None Depth to bedrock: Very deep Ponding: None Depth to contrasting layer: More than 40 inches over Permeability: Moderate loamy glacial till or sandy material Available water capacity: High Depth to the water table: More than 6 feet Content of organic matter: Moody—moderate; Trent— Flooding: None high Ponding: None Surface runoff class: Moody—low or medium; Trent— Permeability: Moderate low Available water capacity: High Soils of Minor Extent Content of organic matter: Moderate Surface runoff class: Moody—low or medium; Nora— • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on medium or high toeslopes • The very poorly drained Obert soils on low flood plains Soils of Minor Extent • The moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda • The well drained, calcareous Crofton soils, which soils on footslopes adjacent to basins formed in loess; on shoulders • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils, • The very poorly drained Obert soils on low flood plains which formed in alluvium; on toeslopes • The moderately well drained Trent soils on footslopes Use and Management • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils, which formed in alluvium; on toeslopes Major land use: Cropland Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Use and Management Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa Major land use: Cropland Suitability for crops: The soils in this association are Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range well suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa and hay. Suitability for crops: The Moody soils are well suited to Management considerations: Controlling water erosion cultivated crops and to tame pasture and hay. The and conserving moisture are the main Nora soils are fairly well suited to cultivated crops management concerns. and to tame pasture and hay in areas where slopes are less than 15 percent. Management considerations: Controlling water erosion 4. Moody-Nora Association and conserving moisture are the main management concerns. Well drained, nearly level to moderately steep, silty soils on plains and dissected plains (fig. 4) Composition 5. Nora-Crofton Association Extent of the association in the survey area: 11 Well drained, gently sloping to moderately steep, silty percent soils on plains and dissected plains Extent of the soils in the association: Composition Moody and similar soils—38 percent Nora and similar soils—32 percent Extent of the association in the survey area: 23 Soils of minor extent—30 percent percent Extent of the soils in the association: Setting Nora and similar soils—52 percent Landform: Plains and dissected plains Crofton and similar soils—22 percent Position on the landform: Moody—summits and Soils of minor extent—26 percent backslopes; Nora—summits, shoulders, and Setting backslopes Slope range: Moody—0 to 9 percent; Nora—2 to 25 Landform: Plains and dissected plains percent Position on the landform: Nora—summits, shoulders, Texture of the surface layer: Silty clay loam and backslopes; Crofton—shoulders Minnehaha County, South Dakota 19

Figure 4.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Moody-Nora association.

Slope range: Nora—2 to 25 percent; Crofton—6 to 25 Depth to the water table: More than 6 feet percent Flooding: None Texture of the surface layer: Nora—silty clay loam; Ponding: None Crofton—silt loam Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: High Soil Properties and Qualities Content of organic matter: Nora—moderate; Crofton— Drainage class: Well drained low Depth to bedrock: Very deep Surface runoff class: Medium or high Depth to contrasting layer: Nora—more than 40 inches Soils of Minor Extent over loamy glacial till or sandy material; Crofton— more than 60 inches • The somewhat poorly drained, calcareous 20 Soil Survey of

Lamo soils on low flood plains along the smaller Flooding: None creeks Ponding: None • The very poorly drained Obert soils on low flood Permeability: Splitrock—moderately slow; Trent— plains moderate • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Available water capacity: High footslopes Content of organic matter: Splitrock—moderate; • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils, Trent—high which formed in alluvium; on toeslopes Surface runoff class: Splitrock—low or medium; Trent—low Use and Management Soils of Minor Extent Major land use: Cropland Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa toeslopes Suitability for crops: The Nora soils are fairly well • The well drained Flandreau soils, which formed suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and in loamy material over sandy material; on backslopes hay in areas where slopes are less than 15 • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils on low percent. The Crofton soils are poorly suited to flood plains along the smaller creeks cultivated crops and to tame pasture and hay. • The very poorly drained Obert soils on low flood Management considerations: Controlling water erosion plains and conserving moisture are the main • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils management concerns. In areas of the Crofton on shoulders soils, wind erosion is an additional concern and • The moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda the high content of lime adversely affects the soils on footslopes availability of plant nutrients. • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils, which formed in alluvium; on toeslopes

6. Splitrock-Trent Association Use and Management Well drained and moderately well drained, nearly level Major land use: Cropland to gently sloping, silty soils on till plains Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa Composition Suitability for crops: The soils in this association are Extent of the association in the survey area: 1 percent well suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture Extent of the soils in the association: and hay. Splitrock and similar soils—72 percent Management considerations: Controlling water erosion Trent and similar soils—13 percent and conserving moisture are the main Soils of minor extent—15 percent management concerns. Setting Landform: Till plains 7. Houdek-Shindler Association Position on the landform: Splitrock—summits and backslopes; Trent—footslopes Well drained, gently undulating to moderately steep, Slope range: Splitrock—0 to 6 percent; Trent—0 to 2 loamy soils on till plains and moraines percent Composition Texture of the surface layer: Silty clay loam Extent of the association in the survey area: 1 percent Soil Properties and Qualities Extent of the soils in the association: Drainage class: Splitrock—well drained; Trent— Houdek and similar soils—32 percent moderately well drained Shindler and similar soils—24 percent Depth to bedrock: Very deep Soils of minor extent—44 percent Depth to contrasting layer: Splitrock—24 to 40 inches Setting over loamy glacial till; Trent—more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till Landform: Till plains and moraines Depth to the water table: Splitrock—more than 6 feet; Position on the landform: Houdek—backslopes; Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet Shindler—shoulders Minnehaha County, South Dakota 21

Slope range: Houdek—2 to 25 percent; Shindler—6 to 8. Shindler-Steinauer Association 25 percent Texture of the surface layer: Clay loam Well drained, strongly sloping to very steep, loamy soils on moraines Soil Properties and Qualities Composition Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Extent of the association in the survey area: 1 percent Depth to contrasting layer: More than 60 inches Extent of the soils in the association: Depth to the water table: More than 6 feet Shindler and similar soils—31 percent Flooding: None Steinauer and similar soils—27 percent Ponding: None Soils of minor extent—42 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Setting Available water capacity: High Content of organic matter: Houdek—moderate; Landform: Moraines Shindler—moderately low Position on the landform: Shindler—backslopes; Surface runoff class: Houdek—medium or high; Steinauer—shoulders Shindler—high or very high Slope range: Shindler—9 to 40 percent; Steinauer—25 to 60 percent Soils of Minor Extent Texture of the surface layer: Clay loam • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low Soil Properties and Qualities flood plains • The well drained, calcareous Crofton soils, which Drainage class: Well drained formed in loess; in the higher positions on the Depth to bedrock: Very deep landscape Depth to contrasting layer: More than 60 inches • The well drained and moderately well drained Davis Depth to the water table: More than 6 feet soils on footslopes on fans and on high flood plains Flooding: None • The well drained, silty Nora soils, which formed in Ponding: None loess; in positions on some upper side slopes above Permeability: Moderately slow those of the Houdek soils Available water capacity: High • The well drained Splitrock soils, which formed in 20 Content of organic matter: Shindler—moderately low; to 40 inches of silty material over loamy glacial till; on Steinauer—low backslopes Surface runoff class: Shindler—high or very high; • The well drained Steinauer soils, which have a Steinauer—very high thinner surface layer than that of the Houdek soils; on Soils of Minor Extent shoulders • The excessively drained Talmo soils in positions on • The well drained, calcareous Crofton soils, which shoulders above those of the Shindler soils formed in loess; in the higher positions on the • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, landscape which formed in sandy material; on shoulders • The well drained Davis soils on footslopes on fans • The somewhat poorly drained, calcareous Lamo Use and Management soils on low flood plains Major land use: Rangeland • The well drained, silty Moody soils, which formed in Other land use: Pasture loess; in positions on some small nearly level to gently Suitability for crops: The Houdek soils are fairly well sloping backslopes above those of the Shindler soils suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and • The excessively drained Talmo soils in positions on hay in areas where slopes are less than 15 shoulders above those of the Steinauer soils percent. The Shindler soils are generally unsuited • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which to cultivated crops. In small areas where slopes formed in loess over glacial till; on footslopes are less than 15 percent, the Shindler soils are • The well drained Houdek soils, which have a thicker fairly well suited to cultivated crops and to tame surface layer than that of the Shindler soils; on pasture and hay. backslopes Management considerations: Controlling water erosion Use and Management and conserving moisture are the main management concerns. Major land use: Rangeland 22 Soil Survey of

Other land uses: Pasture and recreation; woodland on Content of organic matter: Moderate many of the steeper north- and east-facing slopes Surface runoff class: Grovena—low to high; Dobalt— Suitability for crops: The soils in this association are low or medium; Flandreau—low or medium unsuited to cultivated crops. Small areas where Soils of Minor Extent slopes are less than 15 percent are suited to tame pasture and hay. • The well drained Blendon soils, which formed in Management considerations: Controlling water erosion loamy glaciofluvial sediments; on footslopes and conserving moisture are the main • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils, which management concerns. The high content of lime in formed in loamy eolian material; on footslopes the Steinauer soils adversely affects the • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on availability of plant nutrients. toeslopes • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low flood plains 9. Grovena-Dobalt-Flandreau • The well drained Nora soils, which formed in loess; Association on backslopes • The very poorly drained Obert soils on low flood Well drained, nearly level to strongly sloping, loamy plains soils on till plains and moraines • The well drained Shindler soils, which formed in firm, Composition clay loam glacial till; on shoulders • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils Extent of the association in the survey area: 3 percent on shoulders Extent of the soils in the association: • The moderately well drained, silty Trent soils on Grovena and similar soils—35 percent footslopes Dobalt and similar soils—23 percent • The moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda Flandreau and similar soils—10 percent soils on footslopes Soils of minor extent—32 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils, Setting which formed in alluvium; on toeslopes Landform: Till plains and moraines Use and Management Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Major land use: Cropland Slope range: Grovena—0 to 15 percent; Dobalt—0 to Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range 6 percent; Flandreau—0 to 9 percent Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa Texture of the surface layer: Grovena—loam; Dobalt— Suitability for crops: The soils in this association are loam; Flandreau—clay loam well suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture Soil Properties and Qualities and hay. Management considerations: Controlling water erosion Drainage class: Well drained and conserving moisture are the main Depth to bedrock: Very deep management concerns. Depth to contrasting layer: Grovena—more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material; Dobalt—20 to 40 inches over loamy glacial till; 10. Flandreau-Thurman-Grovena Flandreau—25 to 40 inches over sandy Association material and more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till Well drained and somewhat excessively drained, Depth to the water table: More than 6 feet nearly level to strongly sloping, loamy soils on till Flooding: None plains and moraines Ponding: None Composition Permeability: Grovena—moderate; Dobalt— moderately slow; Flandreau—moderate in the Extent of the association in the survey area: 6 percent loamy sediments, rapid in the underlying sandy Extent of the soils in the association: material, and moderately slow in the underlying Flandreau and similar soils—34 percent loamy glacial till Thurman and similar soils—15 percent Available water capacity: Grovena—high; Dobalt— Grovena and similar soils—10 percent high; Flandreau—moderate Soils of minor extent—41 percent Minnehaha County, South Dakota 23

Setting loess 22 to 40 inches thick over loamy glacial till; in landscape positions similar to those of the Flandreau Landform: Till plains and moraines and Grovena soils Position on the landform: Flandreau—summits and • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils, backslopes; Thurman—shoulders and backslopes; which formed in silty alluvium; on toeslopes Grovena—summits and backslopes Slope range: Flandreau—0 to 9 percent; Thurman—2 Use and Management to 15 percent; Grovena—0 to 15 percent; Texture of the surface layer: Flandreau—loam; Major land use: Cropland Thurman—fine sandy loam; Grovena—loam Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for crops: The Flandreau and Grovena soils Drainage class: Flandreau—well drained; Thurman— are well suited to cultivated crops and to tame somewhat excessively drained; Grovena—well pasture and hay. The Thurman soils are poorly drained suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and Depth to bedrock: Very deep hay. Depth to contrasting layer: Flandreau—25 to 40 inches Management considerations: Controlling water erosion over sandy material; Thurman—more than 60 and conserving moisture are the main inches; Grovena—more than 40 inches over management concerns. Controlling wind erosion loamy glacial till or sandy material and agrochemical leaching and runoff are Depth to the water table: More than 6 feet additional concerns in areas of the Thurman soils. Flooding: None Ponding: None Permeability: Flandreau—moderate in the loamy Nearly Level to Gently Sloping, Silty Soils sediments, rapid in the underlying sandy material, on Outwash Plains and moderately slow in the underlying loamy These soils formed in silty sediments, silty alluvium, glacial till; Thurman—rapid; Grovena—moderate or loess over gravelly material. They make up about 4 Available water capacity: Flandreau—moderate; percent of the county. Most areas are used for Thurman—low; Grovena—high cultivated crops. Conserving moisture, controlling Content of organic matter: Flandreau—moderate; water erosion, and agrochemical leaching are the Thurman—moderately low; Grovena—moderate main management concerns. Proper grazing Surface runoff class: Flandreau—low or medium; management is an important concern in areas of Thurman—very low or low; Grovena—low to high pasture and rangeland. Soils of Minor Extent • The well drained Blendon soils, which formed in 11. Dempster-Graceville Association loamy glaciofluvial sediments; on footslopes • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low Well drained, nearly level to gently sloping, silty soils flood plains on outwash plains • The well drained Dempster soils, which formed in Composition loess or silty alluvium 20 to 40 inches thick over glacial outwash Extent of the association in the survey area: 4 percent • The well drained Dobalt soils, which formed in loamy Extent of the soils in the association: material 20 to 40 inches thick over glacial till; in Dempster and similar soils—33 percent landscape positions similar to those of the Flandreau Graceville and similar soils—19 percent and Grovena soils Soils of minor extent—48 percent • The well drained, silty Nora soils in landscape Setting positions similar to those of the Flandreau and Grovena soils Landform: Outwash plains • The very poorly drained Obert soils on low flood Position on the landform: Dempster—summits and plains backslopes; Graceville—footslopes • The well drained Shindler soils, which are Slope range: Dempster—0 to 6 percent; Graceville—0 calcareous at a depth of 8 inches or less; on the to 2 percent steeper slopes Texture of the surface layer: Dempster—silt loam; • The well drained Splitrock soils, which formed in Graceville—silty clay loam 24 Soil Survey of

Soil Properties and Qualities county. Most areas are used for cultivated crops. Wetness, wind erosion, a high content of lime, a slow Drainage class: Well drained rate of water infiltration, and soil compaction are the Depth to bedrock: Very deep main management concerns. Depth to contrasting layer: Dempster—20 to 40 inches over gravelly material; Graceville—40 to 60 inches over gravelly material 12. Clamo-Chaska Association Depth to the water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Poorly drained and somewhat poorly drained, level Ponding: None and nearly level, clayey and loamy soils on flood plains Permeability: Moderate in the silty sediments and rapid (fig. 5) in the gravelly material Composition Available water capacity: Dempster—moderate; Graceville—high Extent of the association in the survey area: 4 percent Content of organic matter: Dempster—moderate; Extent of the soils in the association: Graceville—high Clamo and similar soils—61 percent Surface runoff class: Dempster—low or medium; Chaska and similar soils—12 percent Graceville—low Soils of minor extent—27 percent Soils of Minor Extent Setting • The moderately well drained, silty Alcester soils on Landform: Flood plains high flood plains and footslopes on fans Position on the landform: Low flood plains • The well drained, loamy Davis soils on footslopes on Slope range: Clamo—0 to 1 percent; Chaska—0 to 2 fans percent • The somewhat poorly drained, loamy Chaska soils Texture of the surface layer: Clamo—silty clay; on low flood plains Chaska—loam • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, Soil Properties and Qualities which formed in loamy alluvium 14 to 20 inches thick over sand and gravel; on shoulders and backslopes on Drainage class: Clamo—poorly drained; Chaska— outwash plains somewhat poorly drained • The well drained Ihlen soils, which formed in 20 to Depth to bedrock: Very deep 40 inches of silty material over Sioux quartzite; on Depth to contrasting layer: More than 60 inches shoulders, backslopes, and footslopes Depth to the water table: Clamo—0.5 foot to 1.5 feet; • The somewhat poorly drained, silty Lamo soils on Chaska—0.5 foot to 2.5 feet low flood plains Flooding: Clamo—occasional for long periods; • The excessively drained Talmo soils on shoulders of Chaska—occasional for brief periods or frequent terrace escarpments for long periods Ponding: None Use and Management Permeability: Clamo—slow; Chaska—moderate Major land use: Cropland Available water capacity: High Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Content of organic matter: Clamo—high; Chaska— Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa moderate Suitability for crops: The soils in this association are Surface runoff class: Low well suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture Soils of Minor Extent and hay. Management considerations: Controlling water • The well drained, silty Alcester soils on high flood erosion, conserving moisture, and agrochemical plains leaching are the main management concerns. • The very poorly drained Baltic soils in basins and in oxbows on low flood plains Level to Moderately Sloping, Loamy, Silty, • The moderately well drained, loamy Bon soils on and Clayey Soils on Flood Plains, high flood plains Outwash Plains, and Terraces • The somewhat poorly drained Dimo soils, which have sand and gravel at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; on These soils formed in alluvium and lacustrine high flood plains sediments. They make up about 10 percent of the • The well drained Graceville soils, which have sand Minnehaha County, South Dakota 25

Figure 5.—Typical pattern of soils and parent material in the Clamo-Chaska association. and gravel at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; on footslopes Extent of the soils in the association: on outwash plains Bon and similar soils—21 percent • The moderately well drained, loamy Janude soils on Davis and similar soils—21 percent high flood plains Chaska and similar soils—11 percent • The somewhat poorly drained, silty Lamo soils in Components of minor extent—47 percent positions on the flood plain slightly higher than those Setting of the Clamo soils Landform: Flood plains Use and Management Position on the landform: Bon—high flood plains; Major land use: Cropland Davis—high flood plains; Chaska—low flood Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range plains Main crops: Corn and soybeans Slope range: Bon—0 to 2 percent; Davis—0 to 6 Suitability for crops: The soils in this association are percent; Chaska—0 to 2 percent poorly suited to cultivated crops and to tame Texture of the surface layer: Loam pasture and hay. Management considerations: Wetness and wind Soil Properties and Qualities erosion are the main management concerns. Soil Drainage class: Bon—moderately well drained; compaction is an additional concern in areas of Davis—well drained and moderately well drained; the Clamo soils if they are tilled when wet. Also, Chaska—somewhat poorly drained the high content of lime in the Chaska soils Depth to bedrock: Very deep adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients. Depth to contrasting layer: More than 60 inches Depth to the water table: Bon—3 to 5 feet; Davis— 13. Bon-Davis-Chaska Association more than 3 feet; Chaska—0.5 foot to 2.5 feet Flooding: Bon—occasional for brief periods; Davis— Somewhat poorly drained to well drained, nearly level rare or none; Chaska—occasional for brief periods to gently sloping, loamy soils on flood plains or frequent for long periods Ponding: None Composition Permeability: Moderate Extent of the association in the survey area: 1 percent Available water capacity: High 26 Soil Survey of

Content of organic matter: Bon—high; Davis—high; Extent of the soils in the association: Chaska—moderate Chaska and similar soils—30 percent Surface runoff class: Bon—low; Davis—low or Davis and similar soils—18 percent medium; Chaska—low Bon and similar soils—13 percent Components of minor extent—39 percent Components of Minor Extent Setting • The somewhat poorly drained Arlo soils, which have sand and gravel at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; on low Landform: Flood plains flood plains Position on the landform: Chaska—low flood plains; • The very poorly drained Baltic soils in basins and in Davis—high flood plains; Bon—high flood plains oxbows on low flood plains Slope range: Chaska—0 to 2 percent; Davis—0 to 6 • The poorly drained, clayey Clamo soils on low flood percent; Bon—0 to 2 percent plains Texture of the surface layer: Loam • The well drained Dempster soils, which formed in Soil Properties and Qualities loess or silty alluvium 20 to 40 inches thick over sand and gravel; on summits and backslopes on outwash Drainage class: Chaska—somewhat poorly drained; plains Davis—well drained and moderately well drained; • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, Bon—moderately well drained which formed in loamy alluvium 14 to 20 inches thick Depth to bedrock: Very deep over sand and gravel; on shoulders and backslopes on Depth to contrasting layer: More than 60 inches outwash plains Depth to the water table: Chaska—0.5 foot to 2.5 feet; • The somewhat poorly drained, silty Lamo soils in Davis—more than 3 feet; Bon—3 to 5 feet positions on the flood plain slightly lower than those of Flooding: Chaska—occasional for brief periods or the Bon soils frequent for long periods; Davis—rare or none; • The well drained Ihlen soils, which formed in loess Bon—occasional for brief periods 20 to 40 inches thick over hard bedrock; on Ponding: None backslopes of adjacent dissected plains Permeability: Moderate • Rock outcrop consisting of Sioux quartzite; adjacent Available water capacity: High to the channel in some areas Content of organic matter: Chaska—moderate; Davis—high; Bon—high Use and Management Surface runoff class: Chaska—low; Davis—low or Major land use: Cropland medium; Bon—low Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Components of Minor Extent Main crops: Corn and soybeans Suitability for crops: The Bon and Davis soils are well • The well drained, silty Alcester soils in landscape suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and positions similar to those of the Davis soils hay. The Chaska soils are generally unsuited to • The somewhat poorly drained Arlo soils, which have cultivated crops and to tame pasture and hay. sand and gravel at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; on low Management considerations: Controlling wetness flood plains caused by flooding, conserving moisture, • The very poorly drained Baltic soils in basins and in controlling water erosion, and controlling wind oxbows on low flood plains erosion are the main management concerns. The • The poorly drained, clayey Clamo soils on low flood high content of lime in the Chaska soils adversely plains affects the availability of plant nutrients. • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, which formed in loamy alluvium 14 to 20 inches thick over sand and gravel; on shoulders and backslopes of 14. Chaska-Davis-Bon Association outwash plains • The well drained Dempster soils, which formed in Somewhat poorly drained, moderately well drained, loess or silty alluvium 20 to 40 inches thick over sand and well drained, nearly level to gently sloping, loamy and gravel; on backslopes of outwash plains soils on flood plains • The well drained Graceville soils, which formed in Composition loess or silty alluvium 40 to 60 inches thick over sand Extent of the association in the survey area: 3 percent and gravel; on footslopes of outwash plains Minnehaha County, South Dakota 27

• The well drained Ihlen soils, which formed in loess inches; Graceville—40 to 60 inches over gravelly 20 to 40 inches thick over hard bedrock; on material backslopes of adjacent dissected plains Depth to the water table: Lamo—1 to 3 feet; • The somewhat poorly drained, silty Lamo soils in Graceville—more than 6 feet slightly lower positions on the flood plain than those of Flooding: Lamo—occasional or frequent for brief the Bon soils periods; Graceville—none • Rock outcrop consisting of Sioux quartzite; adjacent Ponding: None to the channel in some areas Permeability: Lamo—moderately slow; Graceville— • The somewhat poorly drained, silty Whitewood soils moderate in the silty sediments and rapid in the on toeslopes underlying gravelly material Available water capacity: High Use and Management Content of organic matter: Lamo—moderate; Major land use: Cropland Graceville—high Other land uses: Pasture and hay, range, and Surface runoff class: Low recreation Main crops: Corn and soybeans Soils of Minor Extent Suitability for crops: The Chaska soils are unsuited to • The well drained, silty Alcester soils on footslopes cultivated crops and to tame pasture and hay. The on fans Davis and Bon soils are well suited to cultivated • The poorly drained, loamy Arlo soils, which have 20 crops and to tame pasture and hay. to 40 inches of loamy material over sand and gravel; Management considerations: Controlling wetness on low flood plains caused by flooding, conserving moisture, • The very poorly drained Baltic soils in basins and in controlling water erosion, and controlling wind oxbows on low flood plains erosion and streambank erosion are the main • The moderately well drained, loamy Bon soils on management concerns. The high content of lime in high flood plains the Chaska soils adversely affects the availability • The somewhat poorly drained, loamy Chaska soils, of plant nutrients. which are more stratified than the Lamo soils; on low flood plains 15. Lamo-Graceville Association • The poorly drained, clayey Clamo soils on low flood plains Somewhat poorly drained and well drained, level and Use and Management nearly level, silty soils on flood plains and outwash plains Major land use: Cropland Composition Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Main crops: Corn and soybeans Extent of the association in the survey area: 1 percent Suitability for crops: The Lamo soils are generally Extent of the soils in the association: suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and Lamo and similar soils—30 percent hay. The Graceville soils are well suited to Graceville and similar soils—29 percent cultivated crops and to tame pasture and hay. Soils of minor extent—41 percent Management considerations: Lamo—reducing Setting wetness after flooding and the high content of lime, which adversely affects the availability of Landform: Flood plains and outwash plains plant nutrients; Graceville—conserving moisture Position on the landform: Lamo—low flood plains; and agrochemical leaching Graceville—footslopes Slope range: Lamo—0 to 1 percent; Graceville—0 to 2 percent Texture of the surface layer: Silty clay loam 16. Corson-Benclare Association Soil Properties and Qualities Moderately well drained and well drained, nearly level to moderately sloping, silty and clayey soils on Drainage class: Lamo—somewhat poorly drained; terraces Graceville—well drained Composition Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting layer: Lamo—more than 60 Extent of the association in the survey area: 1 percent 28

Extent of the soils in the association: Surface runoff class: Corson—low to high; Benclare— Benclare and similar soils—47 percent low Corson and similar soils—26 percent Soils of Minor Extent Soils of minor extent—27 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Setting toeslopes Landform: Terraces • The well drained Henkin soils, which contain more Position on the landform: Benclare—footslopes; sand throughout than the Corson and Benclare soils; Corson—summits and backslopes on summits and backslopes on escarpments Slope range: Benclare—0 to 2 percent; Corson—0 to 9 • The well drained Moody soils, which formed in loess; percent in areas adjacent to those of the major soils Texture of the surface layer: Silty clay • The very poorly drained Obert soils on low flood plains Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Drainage class: Corson—well drained; Benclare— moderately well drained Major land use: Cropland Depth to bedrock: Very deep Other land uses: Pasture and hay; range Depth to contrasting layer: More than 60 inches Main crops: Corn, soybeans, and alfalfa Depth to the water table: Corson—more than 6 feet; Suitability for crops: The Corson soils are fairly well Benclare—3 to 5 feet suited to cultivated crops and to tame pasture and Flooding: None hay. The Benclare soils are well suited to Ponding: None cultivated crops and to tame pasture and hay. Permeability: Slow Management considerations: Corson—controlling Available water capacity: High water erosion, controlling wind erosion, and Content of organic matter: Corson—moderate; conserving moisture; Benclare—controlling Benclare—high wetness 29

Detailed Soil Map Units

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps complex that it was impractical to make enough in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in areas on the landscape. this section, along with the maps, can be used to The presence of included areas in a map unit in no determine the suitability and potential of a unit for way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. specific uses. They also can be used to plan the The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure management needed for those uses. More information taxonomic classes but rather to separate the about each map unit is given under the heading “Use landscape into landforms or landform segments that and Management of the Soils.” have similar use and management requirements. The A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an delineation of such segments on the map provides area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or sufficient information for the development of resource miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned, named according to the taxonomic classification of the onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are soils and miscellaneous areas. precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name On the landscape, however, the soils and in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes miscellaneous areas are natural phenomena, and they general facts about the unit and gives the principal have the characteristic variability of all natural hazards and limitations to be considered in planning phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed for specific uses. properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including surface layer, all the soils of a series have major areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous and arrangement. areas for which it is named and some “included” areas Soils of one series can differ in texture of the that belong to other taxonomic classes. surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of Most included soils have properties similar to those erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus On the basis of such differences, a soil series is they do not affect use and management. These are divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The or may not be mentioned in the map unit description. name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature Other included soils and miscellaneous areas, that affects use or management. For example, Moody however, have properties and behavioral silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, is a phase of the characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to Moody series. require different management. These are called Some map units are made up of two or more major contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are are in small areas and could not be mapped called complexes. A complex consists of two or more separately because of the scale used. Some small soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. shown separately on the maps. The pattern and The included areas of contrasting soils or proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit somewhat similar in all areas. Nora-Crofton complex, 6 descriptions. A few included areas may not have been to 9 percent slopes, is an example. observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so areas have little or no soil material and support little or 30 Soil Survey of

no vegetation. The map unit Pits, quarry, is an • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on example. toeslopes Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent Similar inclusions: of each map unit. Other tables (see Contents) give • Soils in which the content of organic matter properties of the soils and the limitations, capabilities, decreases regularly with increasing depth and potentials for many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms used in describing the soils or Use and Management miscellaneous areas. Cropland Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring AcA—Alcester silty clay loam, 0 to 2 wheat percent slopes Suitability for crops: Well suited (fig. 6) Management concerns: Few limitations Composition Management considerations: • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and Alcester and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent matter. Setting Interpretive Groups Landform: High flood plains Land capability classification: 1 Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Range site: Loamy Overflow Shape of areas: Irregular Windbreak suitability group: 1 Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Pasture suitability group: K Typical Profile Surface soil: AcB—Alcester silty clay loam, 2 to 6 0 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay loam percent slopes Subsoil: Composition 16 to 36 inches—dark gray silty clay loam 36 to 50 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam Alcester and similar soils: 85 to 99 percent 50 to 60 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent 60 to 80 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty Setting clay loam Landform: Fans Soil Properties and Qualities Position on the landform: Footslopes Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Drainage class: Moderately well drained Shape of areas: Irregular Depth to bedrock: Very deep Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 inches over clayey alluvium Typical Profile Depth to high water table: 3 to 6 feet Surface soil: Frequency of flooding: Rare 0 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Ponding: None Permeability: Moderate Subsoil: Available water capacity: High 16 to 36 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Content of organic matter: High 36 to 50 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam Surface runoff class: Low 50 to 60 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil 60 to 80 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. clay loam Inclusions Soil Properties and Qualities Contrasting inclusions: Drainage class: Well drained • The well drained Graceville soils, which have Depth to bedrock: Very deep gravelly material at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; on Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 footslopes inches over clayey alluvium Minnehaha County, South Dakota 31

Figure 6.—Corn in an area of Alcester silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. This productive soil is on high flood plains. The farmstead in the background is in an area of Alcester silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes.

Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Moody soils, which do not have dark colors Flooding: None extending past a depth of 20 inches; on backslopes Ponding: None Similar inclusions: Permeability: Moderate • Soils in which the content of organic matter Available water capacity: High decreases regularly with increasing depth Content of organic matter: High Surface runoff class: Medium Use and Management Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil Cropland during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Inclusions wheat Contrasting inclusions: Suitability for crops: Well suited • The well drained Graceville soils, which have Management concerns: Water erosion gravelly material at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; on Management considerations: footslopes • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 32 Soil Survey of

surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. Available water capacity: Moderate Contour farming and grassed waterways help to Content of organic matter: Moderate control water erosion. Surface runoff class: Very low • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Inclusions content of organic matter. Contrasting inclusions: Interpretive Groups • The moderately well drained Bon soils, which do not Land capability classification: 2e have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Range site: Silty high flood plains Windbreak suitability group: 3 • The somewhat poorly drained Dimo soils, which do Pasture suitability group: F not have lime in the upper 20 inches; on high flood plains • The well drained Graceville soils, which do not have Ar—Arlo loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on footslopes Composition • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo and Chaska Arlo and similar soils: 70 to 90 percent soils, which do not have gravelly material within a Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent depth of 40 inches; on low flood plains Setting Similar inclusions: • Soils that have a surface layer and subsoil of silt Landform: Low flood plains loam or silty clay loam Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Use and Management Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Cropland and pasture Typical Profile Main crops: Corn, oats, soybeans, and spring wheat Surface layer: Suitability for crops: Poorly suited 0 to 10 inches—very dark gray, calcareous loam Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, wind erosion, the high content of lime (which Subsoil: adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients), 10 to 14 inches—dark grayish brown, wind erosion, and agrochemical leaching calcareous loam that has redoximorphic Management considerations: concentrations • In wet years this soil is better suited to early 14 to 20 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam maturing crops than to some other crops. Leaving crop that has redoximorphic concentrations residue on the surface and deferring tillage when the 20 to 30 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam soil is wet help to maintain tilth and control wind that has redoximorphic concentrations erosion. Underlying layer: • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 30 to 80 inches—light olive brown, calcareous to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of gravelly sand that has redoximorphic organic matter, fertility, and tilth. concentrations • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will use it reduces the amount of time available for Soil Properties and Qualities leaching. Drainage class: Poorly drained • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to Depth to bedrock: Very deep remove excess water. Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches • Permanent pasture or hayland species should be over gravelly material established. High water table: At the surface to 1.5 feet below the Interpretive Groups surface Flooding: Occasional for brief periods Land capability classification: 4w Ponding: None Range site: Subirrigated Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and Windbreak suitability group: 10 very rapid in the underlying gravelly material Pasture suitability group: A Minnehaha County, South Dakota 33

Ba—Baltic silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent Baltic soil; on footslopes at the outer edge of some slopes areas • The very poorly drained Worthing soils, which do not Composition contain lime in the upper layers; in basins Baltic and similar soils: 75 to 99 percent Use and Management Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 25 percent Rangeland and cropland Setting Main crops: Drained areas—corn, soybeans, oats, and Landform: Till plains and flood plains spring wheat; undrained areas—none Position on the landform: Basins and low flood plains Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Management concerns: Ponding, high water table, Shape of areas: Oval or elongated wind erosion, a slow rate of water infiltration, and Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres the high content of lime, which adversely affects Typical Profile the availability of plant nutrients Management considerations: Surface layer: • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty clay vigor. loam • Deferring tillage when the soil is wet helps to prevent Subsurface layer: soil compaction. 7 to 12 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty • Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to clay that has redoximorphic concentrations prevent soil compaction. • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to Subsoil: remove excess water. 12 to 26 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty • Areas of this soil should be maintained for wildlife clay that has redoximorphic concentrations habitat. 26 to 38 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Interpretive Groups 38 to 55 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam Land capability classification: 5w that has redoximorphic concentrations Range site: Shallow Marsh Underlying layer: Windbreak suitability group: 10 55 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay Pasture suitability group: B2 loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Soil Properties and Qualities Bb—Baltic silty clay loam, ponded Drainage class: Very poorly drained Composition Depth to bedrock: Very deep Baltic and similar soils: 80 to 99 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 20 percent inches High water table: 2 feet above to 1.5 feet below the Setting surface Landform: Till plains and flood plains Flooding: None Position on the landform: Basins and low flood plains Ponding: Frequent for long periods Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Permeability: Slow Shape of areas: Oval or elongated Available water capacity: High Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Content of organic matter: High Surface runoff class: Negligible Typical Profile Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. Surface layer: Many areas are artificially drained. 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty clay Inclusions loam Contrasting inclusions: Subsurface layer: • The moderately well drained Davison and Wakonda 7 to 12 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty soils, which have a higher content of lime than the clay that has redoximorphic concentrations 34 Soil Survey of

Subsoil: BcA—Benclare-Corson complex, 0 to 2 12 to 26 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty percent slopes clay that has redoximorphic concentrations 26 to 38 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay Composition loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Benclare and similar soils: 50 to 75 percent 38 to 55 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam Corson and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent that has redoximorphic concentrations Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 15 percent Underlying layer: Setting 55 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Landform: Terraces and depletions Position on the landform: Benclare—footslopes; Corson—summits and backslopes Soil Properties and Qualities Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Drainage class: Very poorly drained Size of areas: 10 to 500 acres Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Typical Profile inches Benclare Depth to high water table: 2 feet above to 1.5 feet Surface layer: below the surface 0 to 8 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Flooding: None Ponding: Frequent for very long periods Subsoil: Permeability: Slow 8 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay Available water capacity: High 15 to 31 inches—grayish brown and dark gray silty Content of organic matter: High clay Surface runoff class: Negligible 31 to 42 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. silty clay 42 to 52 inches—pale olive, calcareous clay that Inclusions has redoximorphic concentrations and Contrasting inclusions: depletions • The moderately well drained Davison and Wakonda Underlying layer: soils, which have a higher content of lime than the 52 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay that Baltic soil; on footslopes at the outer edge of some has redoximorphic depletions areas • The very poorly drained Worthing soils, which do not Corson contain lime in the upper layers; in basins Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 6 inches—dark gray silty clay Wildlife habitat Subsoil: 6 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay Suitability for crops: Unsuited 16 to 25 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty Management concerns: Ponding, high water table, a clay slow rate of water infiltration, and the high content 25 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous of lime, which adversely affects the availability of silty clay plant nutrients 39 to 49 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Management considerations: silty clay that has redoximorphic concentrations • Areas of this soil should be maintained for wildlife habitat, native vegetation, and ground-water recharge. Underlying layer: 49 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Interpretive Groups silty clay that has redoximorphic depletions Land capability classification: 8w Soil Properties and Qualities Range site: Not assigned Windbreak suitability group: 10 Drainage class: Benclare—moderately well drained; Pasture suitability group: NS Corson—well drained Minnehaha County, South Dakota 35

Depth to bedrock: Very deep BeE—Betts-Ethan loams, 15 to 40 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 slopes inches Composition Depth to high water table: Benclare—3 to 5 feet; Corson—more than 6 feet Betts and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Flooding: None Ethan and similar soils: 25 to 45 percent Ponding: None Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Permeability: Slow Setting Available water capacity: High Content of organic matter: Benclare—high; Corson— Landform: Moraines moderate Position on the landform: Betts—shoulders; Ethan— Surface runoff class: Low backslopes Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Benclare Slope range: 15 to 40 percent soil during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Betts • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on toeslopes Surface layer: • The well drained Moody soils, which have less clay 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown, calcareous than the Corson soil; on summits and backslopes loam • The well drained Henkin soils, which have more Subsoil: sand and less clay than the Corson soil; on summits 5 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous and backslopes clay loam Similar inclusions: Underlying layer: • Soils that contain less clay than the Benclare soil 26 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Use and Management clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features 35 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Cropland clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Ethan wheat Suitability for crops: Well suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Benclare—a slow rate of 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam water infiltration; Corson—a slow rate of water Subsoil: infiltration, wind erosion 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Management considerations: clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Leaving crop residue on the surface, minimizing tillage, tilling in a timely manner, and including grasses Underlying layer: and legumes in the cropping system conserve 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous moisture, help to control erosion, and help to maintain clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features the content of organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Soil Properties and Qualities • Chiseling or subsoiling when the soil is dry improves tilth and increases the rate of water infiltration. Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Interpretive Groups Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Land capability classification: Benclare—1; Corson— inches 2s Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Range site: Benclare—Loamy Overflow; Corson— Flooding: None Clayey Ponding: None Windbreak suitability group: Benclare—4; Corson—4C Permeability: Moderately slow Pasture suitability group: Benclare—K; Corson—E Available water capacity: High 36 Soil Survey of

Content of organic matter: Moderately low Typical Profile Surface runoff class: High Surface soil: Other properties: Both soils have a high content of 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy lime. loam Inclusions Subsoil: Contrasting inclusions: 12 to 28 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy • The moderately well drained Bonilla and Trent soils loam on footslopes Underlying layer: • The well drained Clarno and Egan soils, which do 28 to 74 inches—grayish brown and light olive not have lime in the upper 12 inches; on backslopes brown loamy fine sand and fine sand • The moderately well drained Davison soils on 74 to 80 inches—brown clay loam footslopes adjacent to wet areas • The very poorly drained Worthing soils in basins Soil Properties and Qualities • The excessively drained Talmo soils, which have gravelly material within a depth of 14 inches; on Drainage class: Well drained shoulders Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Similar inclusions: inches over loamy material • Soils that have more silt and less sand than the Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Betts and Ethan soils Flooding: None Use and Management Ponding: None Permeability: Moderately rapid in the fine sandy loam Rangeland material and moderately slow in the underlying Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited clay loam Management concerns: Wind erosion, water erosion, Available water capacity: Moderate and the high content of lime, which adversely Content of organic matter: Moderate affects the availability of plant nutrients Surface runoff class: Low Management considerations: Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control erosion. Inclusions Interpretive Groups Contrasting inclusions: • The well drained Davis soils, which contain less Land capability classification: Betts—7e; Ethan—7e sand and more clay in the surface layer and subsoil Range site: Betts—Thin Upland; Ethan—Thin Upland than the Blendon soil; on footslopes Windbreak suitability group: Betts—10; Ethan—10 • The well drained Dobalt soils, which are dark to a Pasture suitability group: Betts—NS; Ethan—NS depth of less than 16 inches and contain more clay in the subsoil than the Blendon soil; on summits and backslopes BfA—Blendon fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, percent slopes which contain more sand and less clay in the subsoil than the Blendon soil; on summits and shoulders Composition Similar inclusions: Blendon and similar soils: 80 to 95 percent • Soils that are dark to a depth of less than 20 inches Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Use and Management Setting Cropland Landform: Outwash plains Position on the landform: Footslopes Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Slope range: 0 to 2 percent wheat Shape of areas: Irregular Suitability for crops: Well suited Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres Management concerns: The restricted available Minnehaha County, South Dakota 37

water capacity, wind erosion, and agrochemical Subsoil: leaching 9 to 25 inches—brown fine sandy loam Management considerations: 25 to 46 inches—pale brown, calcareous fine • This soil is better suited to early maturing crops, sandy loam such as small grain, than to some other crops. Underlying layer: Minimizing tillage, leaving crop residue on the surface, 46 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous and including grasses and legumes in the cropping fine sandy loam system help to control erosion, conserve moisture, 59 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous and maintain the content of organic matter. fine sandy loam that has redoximorphic • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to depletions in the upper part and redoximorphic control wind erosion. concentrations and depletions in the lower part • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will use it reduces the amount of time available for Soil Properties and Qualities leaching. Drainage class: Well drained Interpretive Groups Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: Blendon—more Land capability classification: 2s than 40 inches over loamy material; Henkin—more Range site: Sandy than 40 inches over loamy glacial till or gravelly Windbreak suitability group: 5 material Pasture suitability group: H Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None BhB—Blendon-Henkin fine sandy loams, Ponding: None 2 to 6 percent slopes Permeability: Blendon—moderately rapid in the fine sandy loam material and moderately slow in the Composition underlying clay loam; Henkin—moderately rapid Available water capacity: Moderate Blendon and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent Content of organic matter: Blendon—moderate; Henkin and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent Henkin—moderately low Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Surface runoff class: Medium Setting Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Blendon soil during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Landform: Outwash plains Position on the landform: Blendon—footslopes; Inclusions Henkin—summits and backslopes Contrasting inclusions: Slope range: 2 to 6 percent • The well drained Davis soils, which contain less Shape of areas: Irregular sand and more clay in the surface layer and subsoil Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres than the major soils; on footslopes Typical Profile • The well drained Dobalt soils, which are dark to a Blendon depth of less than 20 inches and contain more clay in the subsoil than the major soils; on summits and Surface soil: backslopes 0 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam • The well drained Flandreau soils, which contain less Subsoil: sand and more clay in the surface layer and the upper 12 to 28 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy part of the subsoil than the major soils; on backslopes loam • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, which contain more sand and less clay in the subsoil Underlying layer: than the major soils; on summits and shoulders 28 to 74 inches—grayish brown and light olive brown loamy fine sand and fine sand Use and Management 74 to 80 inches—brown clay loam Cropland Henkin Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Surface layer: wheat 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited 38 Soil Survey of

Management concerns: Wind erosion, water erosion, Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 the restricted available water capacity, and inches agrochemical leaching Depth to high water table: 3 to 5 feet Management considerations: Flooding: Occasional for brief periods • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, Ponding: None such as small grain, than to some other crops. Permeability: Moderate Minimizing tillage, leaving crop residue on the surface, Available water capacity: High and including grasses and legumes in the cropping Content of organic matter: High system help to control erosion, conserve moisture, Surface runoff class: Low and help to maintain the content of organic matter. Inclusions • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to control wind erosion. Contrasting inclusions: • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low use it reduces the amount of time available for flood plains leaching. • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which have more silt and less sand than the Bon soil; on low Interpretive Groups flood plains Land capability classification: Blendon—3e; Henkin— • The moderately well drained Janude soils, which 3e have less clay than the Bon soil; on high flood plains Range site: Blendon—Sandy; Henkin—Sandy Similar inclusions: Windbreak suitability group: Blendon—5; Henkin—5 • Soils that do not have lime in the upper 20 inches Pasture suitability group: Blendon—H; Henkin—H Use and Management Bo—Bon loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Cropland Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Composition wheat Bon and similar soils: 80 to 95 percent Suitability for crops: Well suited Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Management concerns: Few limitations Management considerations: Setting • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and Landform: High flood plains helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic Slope range: 0 to 2 percent matter. Shape of areas: Irregular Interpretive Groups Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Land capability classification: 1 Typical Profile Range site: Loamy Overflow Surface layer: Windbreak suitability group: 1 0 to 9 inches—dark gray, calcareous loam Pasture suitability group: K Subsoil: 9 to 39 inches—dark gray, calcareous loam Cb—Chancellor silty clay loam, 0 to 1 Underlying layer: percent slopes 39 to 78 inches—dark gray, dark grayish brown, Composition and grayish brown, calcareous loam and stratified loamy fine sand and fine sandy loam; Chancellor and similar soils: 75 to 90 percent redoximorphic concentrations in the lower Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent part Setting 78 to 80 inches—dark grayish brown, calcareous loam Landform: Till plains Position on the landform: Toeslopes Soil Properties and Qualities Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Drainage class: Moderately well drained Shape of areas: Elongated Depth to bedrock: Very deep Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres Minnehaha County, South Dakota 39

Typical Profile Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, and a slow rate of water infiltration Surface soil: Management considerations: 0 to 12 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam • This soil is better suited to late-planted crops than to Subsoil: some other crops. 12 to 17 inches—very dark gray silty clay • Deferring tillage when the soil is wet helps to prevent 17 to 23 inches—dark gray silty clay soil compaction. 23 to 31 inches—dark gray silty clay that has • Practices that reduce runoff from adjacent soils help redoximorphic concentrations to control wetness. 31 to 47 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to that has redoximorphic concentrations remove excess water. Underlying layer: Interpretive Groups 47 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silty clay loam that has redoximorphic Land capability classification: 2w concentrations Range site: Loamy Overflow Windbreak suitability group: 2 Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture suitability group: A Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Cc—Chancellor-Tetonka complex, 0 to 1 inches percent slopes High water table: At the surface to 2 feet below the surface Composition Flooding: Frequent for brief periods Chancellor and similar soils: 40 to 60 percent Ponding: None Tetonka and similar soils: 25 to 35 percent Permeability: Slow Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Available water capacity: High Content of organic matter: High Setting Surface runoff class: Very low Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil Landform: Till plains during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Position on the landform: Chancellor—toeslopes; Tetonka—basins Inclusions Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Contrasting inclusions: Shape of areas: Elongated • The poorly drained Clamo soils, which have lime Size of areas: 10 to 60 acres within a depth of 30 inches; on low flood plains • The poorly drained, saline Salmo soils on low flood Typical Profile plains Chancellor • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in small basins Surface soil: • The moderately well drained Trent and Wakonda 0 to 12 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam soils on footslopes Subsoil: Similar inclusions: 12 to 17 inches—very dark gray silty clay • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the 17 to 23 inches—dark gray silty clay Chancellor soil 23 to 31 inches—dark gray silty clay that has • Soil that have more sand in the subsoil than the redoximorphic concentrations Chancellor soil 31 to 47 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam Use and Management that has redoximorphic concentrations Cropland Underlying layer: Main crops: Alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and 47 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous spring wheat silty clay loam that has redoximorphic Suitability for crops: Well suited concentrations 40 Soil Survey of

Tetonka Similar inclusions: • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil Surface layer: • Soils that have more sand in the subsoil 0 to 7 inches—dark gray silt loam Use and Management Subsurface layer: 7 to 16 inches—gray silt loam that has Cropland redoximorphic concentrations Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Transitional layer: wheat 16 to 20 inches—gray silt loam and silty clay that Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited have redoximorphic concentrations Management concerns: Chancellor—flooding, high water table; Tetonka—ponding, high water table Subsoil: Management considerations: 20 to 45 inches—gray silty clay that has • These soils are better suited to late-planted crops redoximorphic concentrations than to some other crops. 45 to 60 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that • Deferring tillage when the soils are wet helps to has redoximorphic concentrations and prevent soil compaction. depletions • Practices that reduce runoff from adjacent soils help Underlying layer: to control wetness. 60 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay loam • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to that has redoximorphic concentrations and remove excess water. depletions Interpretive Groups Soil Properties and Qualities Land capability classification: Chancellor—2w; Drainage class: Chancellor—somewhat poorly Tetonka—4w drained; Tetonka—poorly drained Range site: Chancellor—Loamy Overflow; Tetonka— Depth to bedrock: Very deep Wet Meadow Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Windbreak suitability group: Chancellor—2; Tetonka— inches 10 High water table: Chancellor—at the surface to 2 feet Pasture suitability group: Chancellor—A; Tetonka— below the surface; Tetonka—1 foot above to 1 foot B2 below the surface Flooding: Chancellor—frequent for brief periods; Tetonka—none Cd—Chaska loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Ponding: Chancellor—none; Tetonka—frequent for long periods Composition Permeability: Slow Chaska and similar soils: 75 to 85 percent Available water capacity: High Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 25 percent Content of organic matter: High Surface runoff class: Chancellor—very low; Tetonka— Setting negligible Landform: Low flood plains Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Chancellor soil during periods of rainfall or Shape of areas: Elongated snowmelt. Size of areas: 10 to 40 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Surface layer: • The poorly drained, saline Salmo soils on low flood 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown, calcareous, plains stratified loam • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which have less clay in the subsoil than the major soils; on Underlying layer: footslopes 6 to 72 inches—gray, light gray, dark gray, and • The very poorly drained Worthing soils in basins light brownish gray, calcareous loam, stratified • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which loam, and loamy fine sand are calcareous at the surface; on footslopes 72 to 80 inches—dark gray and light brownish Minnehaha County, South Dakota 41

gray, calcareous loam and stratified loamy fine Windbreak suitability group: 1K sand with redoximorphic concentrations Pasture suitability group: A Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Ch—Chaska loam, channeled Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Composition inches Chaska and similar soils: 70 to 80 percent Depth to high water table: 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet Contrasting inclusions: 20 to 30 percent Flooding: Occasional for brief periods Ponding: None Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Low flood plains Available water capacity: High Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Content of organic matter: Moderate Shape of areas: Long and narrow Surface runoff class: Low Size of areas: 15 to 300 acres Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Surface layer: • The very poorly drained Baltic soils, which contain 0 to 6 inches—dark grayish brown, calcareous, more clay in the subsoil than the Chaska soil; on low stratified loam flood plains and in basins Underlying layer: • The moderately well drained Bon soils, which do not 6 to 72 inches—gray, light gray, dark gray, and have a stratified surface layer or subsoil; on high flood light brownish gray, calcareous loam, stratified plains loam, and loamy fine sand • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which 72 to 80 inches—dark gray and light brownish have more silt and less sand than the Chaska soil; on gray, calcareous loam and stratified loamy fine low flood plains sand with redoximorphic concentrations Similar inclusions: • Soils that do not have stratification in the upper 10 Soil Properties and Qualities inches Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Use and Management Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Cropland inches Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Depth to high water table: 1.5 to 2.5 feet wheat Flooding: Frequent for long periods Suitability for crops: Well suited Ponding: None Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, Permeability: Moderate wind erosion, and the high content of lime, which Available water capacity: High adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients Content of organic matter: Moderate Management considerations: Surface runoff class: Low • Leaving crop residue on the surface and deferring Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. tillage when the soil is wet help to maintain tilth and Inclusions control erosion. • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Contrasting inclusions: to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of • The moderately well drained Bon soils, which do not organic matter, fertility, and tilth. have a stratified surface layer or subsoil; on high flood • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to plains remove excess water. • The moderately well drained Davis soils on high flood plains Interpretive Groups • The somewhat poorly drained Dimo soils, which Land capability classification: 2w have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Range site: Subirrigated high flood plains 42 Soil Survey of

• The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which Underlying layer: have more silt and less sand than the Chaska soil; on 60 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty low flood plains clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Similar inclusions: • Soils that do not have stratification in the upper 10 Soil Properties and Qualities inches Drainage class: Poorly drained Use and Management Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Rangeland inches over sandy material Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Depth to high water table: 0.5 foot to 1.5 feet Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, Flooding: Occasional for long periods wind erosion, the high content of lime (which Ponding: None adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients), Permeability: Slow and meandering channels (which limit cultivation) Available water capacity: High Management considerations: Content of organic matter: High • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Surface runoff class: Very low vigor and helps to control streambank erosion and Inclusions wind erosion. • Cultivated areas should be seeded to adapted Contrasting inclusions: grasses. • The moderately well drained Alcester soils, which contain less clay than the Clamo soil; on high flood Interpretive Groups plains Land capability classification: 6w • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which Range site: Subirrigated contain less clay than the Clamo soil; on low flood Windbreak suitability group: 1K plains Pasture suitability group: NS Similar inclusions: • Soils that do not have lime within a depth of 30 Cm—Clamo silty clay, 0 to 1 percent inches slopes • Soils that have lime within a depth of 14 inches Composition Use and Management Clamo and similar soils: 85 to 99 percent Cropland and pasture Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent Main crops: Corn, oats, soybeans (fig. 7), and spring Setting wheat Suitability for crops: Poorly suited Landform: Low flood plains Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, the Slope range: 0 to 1 percent high content of lime (which adversely affects the Shape of areas: Elongated availability of plant nutrients), a slow rate of water Size of areas: 15 to 1,600 acres infiltration, soil compaction (if tilled during wet Typical Profile periods), and wind erosion Management considerations: Surface layer: • In wet years this soil is better suited to late-planted 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray silty clay crops than to some other crops. Subsoil: • Deferring tillage when the soil is wet helps to 8 to 19 inches—very dark gray silty clay maintain tilth and minimizes soil compaction. 19 to 25 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to 25 to 51 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty control wind erosion. clay that has redoximorphic concentrations • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to 51 to 60 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous remove excess water. silty clay loam that has redoximorphic • Permanent pasture or hayland species should be concentrations established. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 43

Figure 7.—Soybeans in an area of Clamo silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes.

Interpretive Groups Typical Profile Land capability classification: 4w Surface layer: Range site: Wetland 0 to 6 inches—dark gray silty clay Windbreak suitability group: 10 Subsoil: Pasture suitability group: B1 6 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay 16 to 25 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty CoB—Corson silty clay, 2 to 6 percent clay slopes 25 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silty clay Composition 39 to 49 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Corson and similar soils: 75 to 85 percent silty clay that has redoximorphic concentrations Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 25 percent Underlying layer: Setting 49 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silty clay that has redoximorphic concentrations Landform: Terraces Position on the landform: Backslopes Soil Properties and Qualities Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Drainage class: Well drained Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Depth to bedrock: Very deep 44 Soil Survey of

Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Setting inches Landform: Terraces Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Position on the landform: Backslopes Flooding: None Slope range: 6 to 9 percent Ponding: None Shape of areas: Irregular Permeability: Slow Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Available water capacity: High Content of organic matter: Moderate Typical Profile Surface runoff class: High Surface layer: Inclusions 0 to 6 inches—dark gray silty clay Contrasting inclusions: Subsoil: • The moderately well drained Benclare soils on 6 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay footslopes 16 to 25 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on clay toeslopes 25 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • The well drained Moody soils, which have less clay silty clay than the Corson soil; on summits and backslopes 39 to 49 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silty clay that has redoximorphic concentrations Similar inclusions: • Soils that have lime within a depth of 10 inches Underlying layer: 49 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Use and Management silty clay that has redoximorphic concentrations Cropland Soil Properties and Qualities Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Drainage class: Well drained wheat Depth to bedrock: Very deep Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Management concerns: Water erosion, wind erosion, inches and a slow rate of water infiltration Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management considerations: Flooding: None • Leaving crop residue on the surface, minimizing Ponding: None tillage, tilling in a timely manner, and including grasses Permeability: Slow and legumes in the cropping system help to control Available water capacity: High erosion, conserve moisture, and help to maintain tilth Content of organic matter: Moderate and the content of organic matter. Surface runoff class: High • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to control water erosion, but slopes in most areas are too Inclusions short or too irregular for farming on the contour. Contrasting inclusions: • Chiseling or subsoiling when the soil is dry • The moderately well drained Benclare soils on increases the rate of water infiltration. footslopes • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Interpretive Groups toeslopes Land capability classification: 3e • The well drained Houdek and Moody soils, which Range site: Clayey have less clay than the Corson soil; on backslopes Windbreak suitability group: 4C • The well drained Shindler soils, which have less clay Pasture suitability group: E and more sand than the Corson soil; on shoulders Similar inclusions: • Soils that have lime within a depth of 10 inches CoC—Corson silty clay, 6 to 9 percent slopes Use and Management Composition Cropland Corson and similar soils: 75 to 85 percent Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 25 percent wheat Minnehaha County, South Dakota 45

Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited Henkin Management concerns: Water erosion, wind erosion, Surface layer: and a slow rate of water infiltration 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy Management considerations: loam • Leaving crop residue on the surface, minimizing tillage, tilling in a timely manner, and including grasses Subsoil: and legumes in the cropping system help to control 9 to 25 inches—brown fine sandy loam erosion, conserve moisture, and help to maintain tilth 25 to 46 inches—pale brown, calcareous fine and the content of organic matter. sandy loam • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways Underlying layer: help to control water erosion, but slopes in most areas 46 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous are too short or too irregular for contour farming or fine sandy loam terraces. 59 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • Chiseling or subsoiling when the soil is dry fine sandy loam that has redoximorphic increases the rate of water infiltration. depletions in the upper part and redoximorphic Interpretive Groups concentrations and depletions in the lower part Land capability classification: 3e Range site: Clayey Soil Properties and Qualities Windbreak suitability group: 4C Pasture suitability group: E Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: Corson—more CpC—Corson-Henkin complex, 6 to 9 than 60 inches; Henkin—more than 40 inches over percent slopes loamy glacial till or gravelly material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Composition Flooding: None Corson and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent Ponding: None Henkin and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent Permeability: Corson—slow; Henkin—moderately Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent rapid Available water capacity: Corson—high; Henkin— Setting moderate Landform: Terraces and outwash plains Content of organic matter: Corson—moderate; Position on the landform: Shoulders and backslopes Henkin—moderately low Slope range: 6 to 9 percent Surface runoff class: Corson—high; Henkin—medium Shape of areas: Long and narrow Other properties: This map unit occurs as a terrace Size of areas: 5 to 50 acres escarpment near Beaver Creek and lower Splitrock Creek. It typically includes an area with Typical Profile short steep slopes that is too small to map Corson separately. Surface layer: Inclusions 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay Contrasting inclusions: Subsoil: • The moderately well drained Benclare soils on 8 to 14 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay footslopes 14 to 30 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on silty clay toeslopes Underlying layer: • The well drained Grovena and Shindler soils, which 30 to 51 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous have less clay than the Corson soil and more clay than silty clay that has redoximorphic concentrations the Henkin soil; on shoulders and backslopes 51 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous silty clay • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, loam that has redoximorphic concentrations which contain more sand and less clay in the subsoil and depletions than the major soils; on summits and shoulders 46 Soil Survey of

Use and Management Transitional layer: 6 to 14 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam Cropland Underlying layer: Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 14 to 40 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous wheat silt loam that has relict redoximorphic features Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited 40 to 80 inches—very pale brown, calcareous silt Management concerns: Corson—wind erosion, water loam that has relict redoximorphic features erosion, and a slow rate of water infiltration; Henkin—wind erosion, water erosion, the Nora restricted available water capacity, and Surface layer: agrochemical leaching 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam Management considerations: • Leaving crop residue on the surface, minimizing Subsoil: tillage, tilling in a timely manner, and including grasses 9 to 22 inches—pale brown silty clay loam and legumes in the cropping system help to control 22 to 32 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam erosion, conserve moisture, and help to maintain the 32 to 54 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam content of organic matter, fertility, and tilth. that has relict redoximorphic features • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways Underlying layer: help to control water erosion, but slopes in most areas 54 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous are too short or too irregular for contour farming or silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations terraces. and depletions • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to control wind erosion. Soil Properties and Qualities • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Drainage class: Well drained use it reduces the amount of time available for leaching. Depth to bedrock: Very deep Interpretive Groups Depth to contrasting parent material: Crofton—more than 60 inches; Nora—more than 40 inches over Land capability classification: Corson—3e; Henkin—4e loamy glacial till or sandy material Range site: Corson—Clayey; Henkin—Sandy Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Windbreak suitability group: Corson—4C; Henkin—5 Flooding: None Pasture suitability group: Corson—E; Henkin—H Ponding: None Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: High CrD—Crofton-Nora complex, 9 to 15 Content of organic matter: Crofton—low; Nora— percent slopes moderate Surface runoff class: High Composition Other properties: The Crofton soil has a high content Crofton and similar soils: 35 to 50 percent of lime. Nora and similar soils: 30 to 50 percent Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Contrasting inclusions: Setting • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Landform: Dissected plains footslopes Position on the landform: Crofton—shoulders; Nora— • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on backslopes toeslopes Slope range: 9 to 15 percent Similar inclusions: Shape of areas: Irregular • Soils that do not have lime within a depth of 30 Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres inches Typical Profile Use and Management Crofton Cropland and pasture Surface layer: 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silt Main crops: Nora—alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, and loam spring wheat Minnehaha County, South Dakota 47

Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Underlying layer: Management concerns: Crofton—wind erosion, water 14 to 40 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous erosion, and the high content of lime, which silt loam that has relict redoximorphic features adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients; 40 to 80 inches—very pale brown, calcareous silt Nora—water erosion loam that has relict redoximorphic features Management considerations: • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Nora surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. Surface layer: • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam help to control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are too short or too irregular for contour farming Subsoil: or terraces. 9 to 22 inches—pale brown silty clay loam • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to 22 to 32 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam control wind erosion. 32 to 54 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps that has relict redoximorphic features to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of Underlying layer: organic matter, fertility, and tilth. 54 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • Establishing permanent pasture or hayland species silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations helps to control erosion. and depletions • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant vigor and control erosion. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Well drained Land capability classification: Crofton—6e; Nora—4e Depth to bedrock: Very deep Range site: Crofton—Thin Upland; Nora—Silty Depth to contrasting parent material: Crofton—more Windbreak suitability group: Crofton—8; Nora—3 than 60 inches; Nora—more than 40 inches over Pasture suitability group: Crofton—G; Nora—F loamy glacial till or sandy material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None CrE—Crofton-Nora complex, 15 to 25 Ponding: None percent slopes Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: High Composition Content of organic matter: Crofton—low; Nora— Crofton and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent moderate Nora and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent Surface runoff class: High Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 20 percent Other properties: The Crofton soil has a high content of lime. Setting Inclusions Landform: Dissected plains Position on the landform: Crofton—shoulders; Nora— Contrasting inclusions: backslopes • The well drained Ihlen soils, which have Slope range: 15 to 25 percent unweathered bedrock within a depth of 40 inches; on Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular backslopes and footslopes Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres • The well drained Shindler soils, which have less silt and more sand than the major soils; on shoulders Typical Profile • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Crofton footslopes Surface layer: • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silt toeslopes loam Similar inclusions: Transitional layer: • Soils that do not have lime within a depth of 30 6 to 14 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam inches 48 Soil Survey of

Use and Management Subsoil: 8 to 14 inches—gray and light yellowish brown, Rangeland calcareous clay loam Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited 14 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Management concerns: Crofton—wind erosion, water clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features erosion, and the high content of lime, which Underlying layer: adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients; 59 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Nora—water erosion loam that has relict redoximorphic features Management considerations: • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Soil Properties and Qualities vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control Drainage class: Well drained erosion. Depth to bedrock: Very deep Interpretive Groups Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 inches Land capability classification: Crofton—6e; Nora—6e Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Range site: Crofton—Thin Upland; Nora—Silty Flooding: None Windbreak suitability group: Crofton—10; Nora—10 Ponding: None Pasture suitability group: Crofton—NS; Nora—NS Permeability: Crofton—moderate; Shindler— moderately slow Available water capacity: High CsD—Crofton-Shindler complex, 9 to 15 Content of organic matter: Crofton—low; Shindler— percent slopes moderately low Surface runoff class: Crofton—high; Shindler—very Composition high Crofton and similar soils: 45 to 60 percent Other properties: Both soils have a high content of Shindler and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent lime. Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Inclusions Setting Contrasting inclusions: Landform: Dissected plains • The well drained Davis soils, which have dark colors Position on the landform: Crofton—shoulders; extending to a depth of more than 20 inches; on Shindler—backslopes footslopes Slope range: 9 to 15 percent • The well drained Flandreau and Moody soils, which Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular do not have lime in the upper 25 inches; on Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres backslopes • The well drained Nora soils, which do not have lime Typical Profile in the upper 13 inches; on backslopes Crofton • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Surface layer: toeslopes 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silt Similar inclusions: loam • Soils that do not have lime below a depth of 8 Transitional layer: inches 6 to 14 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam Use and Management Underlying layer: Rangeland and pasture 14 to 40 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous silt loam that has relict redoximorphic features Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited 40 to 80 inches—very pale brown, calcareous silt Management concerns: Wind erosion, water erosion, loam that has relict redoximorphic features and the high content of lime, which adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients Shindler Management considerations: Surface layer: • Establishing permanent pasture or hayland species 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam helps to control erosion. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 49

• Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Available water capacity: High vigor and control erosion. Content of organic matter: High • If areas of this map unit are used for crops, Surface runoff class: Low minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways Inclusions help to control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are too short or too irregular for contour farming Contrasting inclusions: or terraces. • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps flood plains to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the • The poorly drained Clamo soils, which have more content of organic matter. clay than the Davis soil; on low flood plains • The moderately well drained Janude soils, which Interpretive Groups have less clay than the Davis soil; on high flood plains Land capability classification: Crofton—6e; Shindler— Similar inclusions: 6e • Soils that contain less sand and more silt than the Range site: Crofton—Thin Upland; Shindler—Silty Davis soil Windbreak suitability group: Crofton—8; Shindler—8 • Soils that contain less clay than the Davis soil Pasture suitability group: Crofton—G; Shindler—G Use and Management DcA—Davis loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Cropland Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Composition wheat Davis and similar soils: 80 to 95 percent Suitability for crops: Well suited Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Management concerns: Few limitations Management considerations: Setting • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and Landform: High flood plains helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic Slope range: 0 to 2 percent matter. Shape of areas: Irregular Interpretive Groups Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Land capability classification: 1 Typical Profile Range site: Loamy Overflow Surface layer: Windbreak suitability group: 1 0 to 8 inches—dark gray loam Pasture suitability group: K Transitional layer: 8 to 16 inches—dark gray loam DcB—Davis loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Subsoil: Composition 16 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam 23 to 47 inches—grayish brown loam Davis and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent 47 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent loam Setting Soil Properties and Qualities Landform: Fans Drainage class: Moderately well drained Position on the landform: Footslopes Depth to bedrock: Very deep Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Shape of areas: Irregular inches Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Depth to high water table: 3 to 5 feet Typical Profile Frequency of flooding: Rare Ponding: None Surface layer: Permeability: Moderate 0 to 8 inches—dark gray loam 50 Soil Survey of

Transitional layer: Windbreak suitability group: 3 8 to 16 inches—dark gray loam Pasture suitability group: F Subsoil: 16 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam 23 to 47 inches—grayish brown loam DcC—Davis loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes 47 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam Composition Soil Properties and Qualities Davis and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent Drainage class: Well drained Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Depth to bedrock: Very deep Setting Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 inches Landform: Fans Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Position on the landform: Footslopes Flooding: None Slope range: 6 to 9 percent Ponding: None Shape of areas: Irregular Permeability: Moderate Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres Available water capacity: High Typical Profile Content of organic matter: High Surface runoff class: Medium Surface layer: Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil 0 to 8 inches—dark gray loam during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Transitional layer: Inclusions 8 to 16 inches—dark gray loam Contrasting inclusions: Subsoil: • The well drained Blendon soils, which have less clay 16 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam than the Davis soil; on footslopes 23 to 47 inches—grayish brown loam • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low 47 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous flood plains loam • The well drained Henkin soils, which have less clay Soil Properties and Qualities than the Davis soil; on backslopes Drainage class: Well drained Similar inclusions: Depth to bedrock: Very deep • Soils that have lime above a depth of 20 inches Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 • Soils that contain less sand and more silt than the inches Davis soil Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Use and Management Flooding: None Ponding: None Cropland Permeability: Moderate Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Available water capacity: High wheat Content of organic matter: High Suitability for crops: Well suited Surface runoff class: Medium Management concerns: Water erosion Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil Management considerations: during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Inclusions surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to Contrasting inclusions: control water erosion. • The well drained Blendon soils, which have less clay • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps than the Davis soil; on footslopes to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low content of organic matter. flood plains • The well drained Grovena soils, which are dark to a Interpretive Groups depth of less than 20 inches; on backslopes Land capability classification: 2e • The well drained Henkin soils, which have less clay Range site: Silty than the Davis soil; on backslopes Minnehaha County, South Dakota 51

Similar inclusions: clay loam that has redoximorphic • Soils that have lime above a depth of 20 inches concentrations and depletions • Soils that contain less sand and more silt than the Underlying layer: Davis soil 41 to 54 inches—light olive brown, calcareous clay Use and Management loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Cropland 54 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown and pale Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring yellow, calcareous clay loam that has wheat redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited Crossplain Management concerns: Water erosion Management considerations: Surface layer: • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray clay loam surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. Subsoil: • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to 8 to 16 inches—very dark gray clay loam control water erosion. 16 to 24 inches—dark gray clay that has • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps redoximorphic concentrations to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the 24 to 42 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous content of organic matter. clay loam that has redoximorphic Interpretive Groups concentrations and depletions Land capability classification: 3e Underlying layer: Range site: Silty 42 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Windbreak suitability group: 3 clay loam that has redoximorphic Pasture suitability group: F concentrations and depletions Soil Properties and Qualities Dd—Davison-Crossplain clay loams, 0 to Drainage class: Davison—moderately well drained; 2 percent slopes Crossplain—somewhat poorly drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Composition Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 inches Davison and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent High water table: Davison—at a depth of 1.5 to 4.0 Crossplain and similar soils: 25 to 55 percent feet; Crossplain—at the surface to 2 feet below the Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent surface Setting Flooding: Davison—none; Crossplain—frequent for brief periods Landform: Till plains Ponding: None Position on the landform: Davison—backslopes and Permeability: Davison—moderate; Crossplain—slow footslopes; Crossplain—toeslopes Available water capacity: High Slope range: Davison—0 to 2 percent; Crossplain—0 Content of organic matter: Davison—moderate; to 1 percent Crossplain—high Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated Surface runoff class: Low Size of areas: 5 to 70 acres Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Typical Profile Crossplain soil during periods of rainfall or Davison snowmelt. The Davison soil has a high content of lime. Surface layer: 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam Inclusions Subsoil: Contrasting inclusions: 8 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • The well drained Ethan soils on shoulders clay loam that has redoximorphic • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which are concentrations dark to a depth of more than 20 inches; on footslopes 22 to 41 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • The well drained Wentworth soils on summits 52 Soil Survey of

• The poorly drained Tetonka soils in small basins Typical Profile • The very poorly drained Worthing soils in basins Delmont Similar inclusions: Surface layer: • Soils that contain more silt and less sand than the 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray loam Davison soil Subsoil: • Soils that contain less sand than the Crossplain soil 8 to 15 inches—very dark gray loam Use and Management Underlying layer: Cropland 15 to 73 inches—grayish brown and light brownish gray, calcareous gravelly loamy sand and Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring gravelly sand wheat 73 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous sand Suitability for crops: Well suited Management concerns: Davison—the high content of Enet lime (which adversely affects the availability of Surface layer: plant nutrients) and wind erosion; Crossplain— 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray loam flooding, high water table Management considerations: Subsoil: • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 7 to 23 inches—very dark gray loam surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. 23 to 28 inches—brown sandy loam • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Underlying layer: to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of 28 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous organic matter, fertility, and tilth. gravelly sand • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to remove excess water in areas of the Crossplain soil. Soil Properties and Qualities Practices that reduce runoff from adjacent soils help to Drainage class: Delmont—somewhat excessively control wetness. drained; Enet—well drained • Deferring tillage when the soils are wet helps to Depth to bedrock: Very deep prevent soil compaction. Depth to contrasting parent material: Delmont—14 to Interpretive Groups 20 inches over gravelly material; Enet—20 to 40 inches over gravelly material Land capability classification: Davison—2s; Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Crossplain—2w Flooding: None Range site: Davison—Limy Subirrigated; Crossplain— Ponding: None Loamy Overflow Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and Windbreak suitability group: Davison—1K; very rapid in the underlying gravelly material Crossplain—2 Available water capacity: Delmont—low; Enet— Pasture suitability group: Davison—F; Crossplain—A moderate Content of organic matter: Moderate DeA—Delmont-Enet loams, 0 to 2 percent Surface runoff class: Low slopes Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Enet soil during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Composition Inclusions Delmont and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent Enet and similar soils: 25 to 40 percent Contrasting inclusions: Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent • The poorly drained Arlo soils on low flood plains • The well drained Davis soils, which do not have Setting gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Landform: Outwash plains footslopes Position on the landform: Delmont—summits and • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to shoulders; Enet—backslopes and footslopes sandy material within a depth of 40 inches, do not Slope range: 0 to 2 percent have gravelly material, and have loamy glacial till Shape of areas: Irregular below a depth of 40 inches; on summits and Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres backslopes Minnehaha County, South Dakota 53

Similar inclusions: Typical Profile • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the Delmont Delmont soil Surface layer: • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray loam Enet soil • Soils that have sand and gravel at a depth of 40 to Subsoil: 60 inches 8 to 15 inches—very dark gray loam Underlying layer: Use and Management 15 to 73 inches—grayish brown and light brownish Cropland gray, calcareous gravelly loamy sand and gravelly sand Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 73 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous sand wheat Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited Enet Management concerns: The restricted available water Surface layer: capacity; agrochemical leaching 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray loam Management considerations: • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, Subsoil: such as small grain, than to some other crops. 7 to 23 inches—very dark gray loam Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 23 to 28 inches—brown sandy loam surface conserve moisture. Underlying layer: • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 28 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the gravelly sand content of organic matter. • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the Soil Properties and Qualities soils to store water if an adequate and dependable supply of water is available. Drainage class: Delmont—somewhat excessively • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will drained; Enet—well drained use it reduces the amount of time available for Depth to bedrock: Very deep leaching. Depth to contrasting parent material: Delmont—14 to 20 inches over gravelly material; Enet—20 to 40 Interpretive Groups inches over gravelly material Land capability classification: Delmont—3s; Enet—2s Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Range site: Delmont—Shallow to Gravel; Enet—Silty Flooding: None Windbreak suitability group: Delmont—6G; Enet—6G Ponding: None Pasture suitability group: Delmont—D2; Enet—D1 Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and very rapid in the underlying gravelly material Available water capacity: Delmont—low; Enet— DeB—Delmont-Enet loams, 2 to 6 percent moderate slopes Content of organic matter: Moderate Surface runoff class: Medium Composition Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Enet soil Delmont and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Enet and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: Setting • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Landform: Outwash plains toeslopes Position on the landform: Delmont—summits and • The well drained Davis soils, which do not have shoulders; Enet—backslopes and footslopes gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Slope range: 2 to 6 percent footslopes Shape of areas: Irregular • The well drained Egan and Nora soils, which have Size of areas: 10 to 500 acres more silt in the subsoil than the major soils and do not 54 Soil Survey of

have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Position on the landform: Delmont—backslopes and backslopes footslopes; Talmo—shoulders • The excessively drained Talmo soils, which have Slope range: 6 to 9 percent gravelly material within a depth of 14 inches; on Shape of areas: Irregular shoulders Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Similar inclusions: Typical Profile • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the Delmont Delmont soil Surface layer: • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray loam Enet soil • Soils that have sand and gravel at a depth of 40 to Subsoil: 60 inches 8 to 15 inches—very dark gray loam Use and Management Underlying layer: Cropland 15 to 73 inches—grayish brown and light brownish gray, calcareous gravelly loamy sand and Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring gravelly sand wheat 73 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous sand Suitability for crops: Poorly suited Management concerns: The restricted available water Talmo capacity, water erosion, and agrochemical Surface layer: leaching 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous gravelly Management considerations: loam • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, such as small grain, than to some other crops. Underlying layer: Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 7 to 15 inches—grayish brown, calcareous very surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. gravelly loamy sand • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 15 to 80 inches—pale brown and grayish brown, to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the calcareous very gravelly sand content of organic matter. • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the Soil Properties and Qualities soils to store water if an adequate and dependable Drainage class: Delmont—somewhat excessively supply of water is available. drained; Talmo—excessively drained • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Depth to bedrock: Very deep use it reduces the amount of time available for Depth to contrasting parent material: Delmont—14 to leaching. 20 inches over gravelly material; Talmo—0 to 14 Interpretive Groups inches over gravelly material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Land capability classification: Delmont—4e; Enet—3e Flooding: None Range site: Delmont—Shallow to Gravel; Enet—Silty Ponding: None Windbreak suitability group: Delmont—6G; Enet—6G Permeability: Delmont—moderate in the loamy Pasture suitability group: Delmont—D2; Enet—D1 sediments and very rapid in the underlying gravelly material; Talmo—very rapid DgC—Delmont-Talmo complex, 6 to 9 Available water capacity: Delmont—low; Talmo—very percent slopes low Content of organic matter: Delmont—moderate; Composition Talmo—moderately low Surface runoff class: Delmont—medium; Talmo—low Delmont and similar soils: 35 to 55 percent Other properties: The Talmo soil has a high content of Talmo and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent lime. Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent Inclusions Setting Contrasting inclusions: Landform: Outwash plains • The well drained Enet and Graceville soils, which Minnehaha County, South Dakota 55

are dark to a depth of more than 20 inches; on DgD—Delmont-Talmo complex, 9 to 15 backslopes and footslopes percent slopes • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to sandy material within a depth of 40 inches, do not Composition have gravelly material, and have loamy glacial till Delmont and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent below a depth of 40 inches; on summits and Talmo and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent backslopes Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent • The well drained Henkin soils, which do not have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Setting summits and backslopes Landform: Moraines • The well drained Shindler soils, which do not have Position on the landform: Delmont—backslopes and gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on footslopes; Talmo—shoulders shoulders and backslopes Slope range: 9 to 15 percent Similar inclusions: Shape of areas: Irregular • Soils that have less gravelly material than the Talmo Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres soil Typical Profile • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the Delmont Delmont soil Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray loam Cropland and pasture Subsoil: Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 8 to 15 inches—very dark gray loam wheat Underlying layer: Suitability for crops: Poorly suited 15 to 73 inches—grayish brown and light brownish Management concerns: Delmont—the restricted gray, calcareous gravelly loamy sand and available water capacity, water erosion, and gravelly sand agrochemical leaching; Talmo—the restricted 73 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous sand available water capacity, water erosion, agrochemical leaching, and the high content of Talmo lime, which adversely affects the availability of Surface layer: plant nutrients 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous gravelly Management considerations: loam • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, such as small grain, than to some other crops. Underlying layer: Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 7 to 15 inches—grayish brown, calcareous very surface help to control water erosion and conserve gravelly loamy sand moisture. 15 to 80 inches—pale brown and grayish brown, • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps calcareous very gravelly sand to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of Soil Properties and Qualities organic matter, fertility, and tilth. • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Drainage class: Delmont—somewhat excessively use it reduces the amount of time available for drained; Talmo—excessively drained leaching. Depth to bedrock: Very deep • Seeding cultivated areas to adapted grasses helps Depth to contrasting parent material: Delmont—14 to to control erosion. 20 inches over gravelly material; Talmo—0 to 14 inches over gravelly material Interpretive Groups Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Land capability classification: Delmont—4e; Talmo—6s Flooding: None Range site: Delmont—Shallow to Gravel; Talmo—Very Ponding: None Shallow Permeability: Delmont—moderate in the loamy Windbreak suitability group: Delmont—6G; Talmo—10 sediments and very rapid in the underlying Pasture suitability group: Delmont—D2; Talmo—NS gravelly material; Talmo—very rapid 56 Soil Survey of

Available water capacity: Delmont—low; Talmo—very Range site: Delmont—Shallow to Gravel; Talmo—Very low Shallow Content of organic matter: Delmont—moderate; Windbreak suitability group: Delmont—10; Talmo—10 Talmo—moderately low Pasture suitability group: Delmont—NS; Talmo—NS Surface runoff class: Delmont—high; Talmo—low Other properties: The Talmo soil has a high content of lime. DmA—Dempster silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Inclusions Composition Contrasting inclusions: Dempster and similar soils: 70 to 90 percent • The well drained Enet soils, which are dark to a Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent depth of more than 20 inches; on backslopes and footslopes Setting • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to Landform: Outwash plains sandy material within a depth of 40 inches, do not Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes have gravelly material, and have loamy glacial till Slope range: 0 to 2 percent below a depth of 40 inches; on summits and Shape of areas: Irregular backslopes Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres • The well drained Grovena soils, which do not have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Typical Profile backslopes Surface layer: • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam which are sandy and do not have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on summits and shoulders Subsoil: 9 to 15 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam Similar inclusions: 15 to 37 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the loam Delmont soil • Soils that have less gravelly material than the Talmo Underlying layer: soil 37 to 50 inches—brown, calcareous gravelly loamy sand Use and Management 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Rangeland very gravelly loamy sand Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Delmont—the restricted available water capacity, water erosion, and Drainage class: Well drained agrochemical leaching; Talmo—the restricted Depth to bedrock: Very deep available water capacity, water erosion, Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches agrochemical leaching, and the high content of over gravelly material lime, which adversely affects the availability of Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet plant nutrients Flooding: None Management considerations: Ponding: None • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Permeability: Moderate in the silty sediments and very vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control rapid in the gravelly material erosion. Available water capacity: Moderate • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Content of organic matter: Moderate use it reduces the amount of time available for Surface runoff class: Low leaching. Inclusions • Seeding cultivated areas to adapted grasses helps to control erosion. Contrasting inclusions: • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to Interpretive Groups sandy material within a depth of 40 inches, do not Land capability classification: Delmont—6e; Talmo—6e have gravelly material, and have loamy glacial till Minnehaha County, South Dakota 57

below a depth of 40 inches; on summits and Setting backslopes Landform: Outwash plains • The well drained Graceville soils, which are dark to a Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes depth of more than 20 inches and have gravelly Slope range: 2 to 6 percent material at a depth of more than 40 to 60 inches; on Shape of areas: Irregular footslopes Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres • The excessively drained Talmo soils, which have gravelly material within a depth of 14 inches; on Typical Profile shoulders and backslopes • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which are Surface layer: dark to a depth of more than 20 inches and do not 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam have gravel at a depth of less than 40 inches; on Subsoil: footslopes 9 to 15 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on 15 to 37 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay toeslopes loam Similar inclusions: Underlying layer: • Soils that contain more sand in the subsoil than the 37 to 50 inches—brown, calcareous gravelly Dempster soil loamy sand Use and Management 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Cropland very gravelly loamy sand Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Soil Properties and Qualities wheat Suitability for crops: Well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: The restricted available water Depth to bedrock: Very deep capacity; agrochemical leaching Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches Management considerations: over gravelly material • This soil is better suited to early maturing crops, Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet such as small grain, than to some other crops. Flooding: None Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Ponding: None surface conserve moisture. Permeability: Moderate in the silty sediments and very • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps rapid in the gravelly material to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Available water capacity: Moderate content of organic matter. Content of organic matter: Moderate • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the Surface runoff class: Medium soil to store water if an adequate and dependable supply of water is available. Inclusions • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Contrasting inclusions: use it reduces the amount of time available for • The poorly drained Arlo soils on low flood plains leaching. • The somewhat poorly drained Dimo soils on high Interpretive Groups flood plains • The well drained Graceville soils, which are dark to a Land capability classification: 2s depth of more than 20 inches and have gravelly Range site: Silty material at a depth of more than 40 to 60 inches; on Windbreak suitability group: 6G footslopes Pasture suitability group: D1 • The well drained Splitrock soils, which have loamy glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; on summits DmB—Dempster silt loam, 2 to 6 percent and backslopes slopes • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which are dark to a depth of more than 20 inches and do not Composition have gravel at a depth of less than 40 inches; on Dempster and similar soils: 70 to 90 percent footslopes Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent 58 Soil Survey of

Similar inclusions: Subsoil: • Soils that contain more sand in the subsoil than the 9 to 15 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam Dempster soil 15 to 37 inches—light yellowish brown silty clay loam Use and Management Underlying layer: Cropland 37 to 50 inches—brown, calcareous gravelly Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring loamy sand wheat 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited very gravelly loamy sand Management concerns: The restricted available water Talmo capacity, water erosion, and agrochemical leaching Surface layer: Management considerations: 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous gravelly • This soil is better suited to early maturing crops, loam such as small grain, than to some other crops. Underlying layer: Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 7 to 15 inches—grayish brown, calcareous very surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. gravelly loamy sand • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 15 to 80 inches—pale brown and grayish brown, to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the calcareous very gravelly sand content of organic matter. • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the Soil Properties and Qualities soil to store water if an adequate and dependable Drainage class: Dempster—well drained; Talmo— supply of water is available. excessively drained • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Depth to bedrock: Very deep use it reduces the amount of time available for Depth to contrasting parent material: Dempster—20 to leaching. 40 inches over gravelly material; Talmo—0 to 14 Interpretive Groups inches over gravelly material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Land capability classification: 3e Flooding: None Range site: Silty Ponding: None Windbreak suitability group: 6G Permeability: Dempster—moderate in the silty Pasture suitability group: D1 sediments and very rapid in the gravelly material; Talmo—very rapid DtB—Dempster-Talmo complex, 2 to 6 Available water capacity: Dempster—moderate; percent slopes Talmo—very low Content of organic matter: Dempster—moderate; Composition Talmo—moderately low Surface runoff class: Dempster—medium; Talmo— Dempster and similar soils: 50 to 75 percent very low Talmo and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent Other properties: The Talmo soil has a high content of Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent lime. Setting Inclusions Landform: Outwash plains Contrasting inclusions: Position on the landform: Dempster—backslopes; • The somewhat poorly drained Crossplain soils on Talmo—shoulders toeslopes Slope range: 2 to 6 percent • The well drained Graceville soils, which are dark to a Shape of areas: Irregular depth of more than 20 inches and have gravelly Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres material at a depth of more than 40 to 60 inches; on Typical Profile footslopes Dempster Similar inclusions: Surface layer: • Soils that contain more sand in the subsoil than the 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam Dempster soil Minnehaha County, South Dakota 59

Use and Management Subsoil: 7 to 22 inches—very dark gray clay loam Cropland 22 to 35 inches—dark gray clay loam that has Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring redoximorphic concentrations wheat 35 to 39 inches—grayish brown clay loam that has Suitability for crops: Poorly suited redoximorphic concentrations Management concerns: Dempster—the restricted Underlying layer: available water capacity, water erosion, and 39 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous agrochemical leaching; Talmo—the restricted gravelly loamy sand that has redoximorphic available water capacity, water erosion, concentrations agrochemical leaching, and the high content of lime, which adversely affects the availability of Soil Properties and Qualities plant nutrients Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management considerations: Depth to bedrock: Very deep • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches such as small grain, than to some other crops. over gravelly material Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Depth to high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. Flooding: Occasional for brief periods • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Ponding: None to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and organic matter, fertility, and tilth. very rapid in the underlying gravelly material • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the Available water capacity: Moderate soils to store water if an adequate and dependable Content of organic matter: High supply of water is available. Surface runoff class: Low • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will use it reduces the amount of time available for Inclusions leaching. Contrasting inclusions: Interpretive Groups • The poorly drained Arlo soils, which are calcareous at or near the surface; on low flood plains Land capability classification: Dempster—3e; Talmo— • The well drained Graceville soils on footslopes 6s • The well drained Henkin soils, which do not have Range site: Dempster—Silty; Talmo—Very Shallow gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on Windbreak suitability group: Dempster—6G; Talmo— summits and backslopes 10 • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which Pasture suitability group: Dempster—D1; Talmo—NS are calcareous at the surface; on footslopes Similar inclusions: Dw—Dimo clay loam, 0 to 2 percent • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the slopes Dimo soil Composition Use and Management Dimo and similar soils: 70 to 90 percent Cropland Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring wheat Setting Suitability for crops: Well suited Landform: High flood plains Management concerns: The restricted available water Slope range: 0 to 2 percent capacity; agrochemical leaching Shape of areas: Irregular Management considerations: Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres • In dry years this soil is better suited to early maturing crops, such as small grain, than to some Typical Profile other crops. Minimizing tillage and leaving crop Surface layer: residue on the surface conserve moisture. 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray clay loam • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 60 Soil Survey of

to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Content of organic matter: Moderate content of organic matter. Surface runoff class: Medium • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the Inclusions soil to store water if an adequate and dependable supply of water is available. Contrasting inclusions: • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to use it reduces the amount of time available for leaching. sandy material within a depth of 40 inches; on summits and backslopes Interpretive Groups • The well drained Grovena soils, which do not have Land capability classification: 2w loamy glacial till within a depth of 40 inches; on Range site: Loamy Overflow backslopes Windbreak suitability group: 1 • The well drained Shindler soils, which have a Pasture suitability group: K calcareous subsoil; on shoulders • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, which are sandy; on summits and shoulders DxB—Dobalt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils on footslopes Composition • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on toeslopes Dobalt and similar soils: 80 to 95 percent Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Similar inclusions: • Soils that formed entirely in loamy glacial till Setting • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the Landform: Till plains Dobalt soil Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Use and Management Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Cropland Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Typical Profile wheat Suitability for crops: Well suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Water erosion 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management considerations: Subsoil: • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 8 to 19 inches—brown loam surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. 19 to 29 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to that has relict redoximorphic concentrations control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are 29 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous too short or too irregular for contour farming. clay loam that has redoximorphic • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps concentrations and depletions to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Underlying layer: 59 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Interpretive Groups clay loam that has redoximorphic Land capability classification: 2e concentrations and depletions Range site: Silty Soil Properties and Qualities Windbreak suitability group: 3 Pasture suitability group: F Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches DyA—Dobalt-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 percent over loamy glacial till slopes Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Composition Flooding: None Ponding: None Dobalt and similar soils: 60 to 85 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Bonilla and similar soils: 10 to 25 percent Available water capacity: High Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Minnehaha County, South Dakota 61

Setting Content of organic matter: Dobalt—moderate; Bonilla—high Landform: Till plains Surface runoff class: Low Position on the landform: Dobalt—summits and Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Bonilla backslopes; Bonilla—footslopes soil during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Inclusions Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres Contrasting inclusions: Typical Profile • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to Dobalt sandy material within a depth of 40 inches; on summits and backslopes Surface layer: • The well drained Grovena soils, which do not have 0 to 8 inches—dark grayish brown loam loamy glacial till within a depth of 40 inches; on Subsoil: backslopes 8 to 19 inches—brown loam • The moderately well drained, silty Trent soils on 19 to 29 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam footslopes that has relict redoximorphic concentrations • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on 29 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous toeslopes clay loam that has redoximorphic Similar inclusions: concentrations and depletions • Soils that formed entirely in loamy glacial till Underlying layer: • Soils that contain less sand in the subsoil than the 59 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Dobalt soil clay loam that has redoximorphic Use and Management concentrations and depletions Cropland Bonilla Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Surface soil: wheat 0 to 11 inches—dark gray loam Suitability for crops: Well suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Few limitations 11 to 22 inches—dark gray clay loam Management considerations: 22 to 32 inches—light olive brown clay loam • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and 32 to 45 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic clay loam that has redoximorphic depletions matter. Underlying layer: Interpretive Groups 45 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, Land capability classification: Dobalt—1; Bonilla—1 calcareous, stratified silt loam that has Range site: Dobalt—Silty; Bonilla—Loamy Overflow redoximorphic depletions Windbreak suitability group: Dobalt—3; Bonilla—1 Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture suitability group: Dobalt—F; Bonilla—K Drainage class: Dobalt—well drained; Bonilla— moderately well drained EaB—Egan-Ethan complex, 2 to 6 percent Depth to bedrock: Very deep slopes Depth to contrasting parent material: Dobalt—20 to 40 Composition inches over loamy glacial till; Bonilla—more than 60 inches Egan and similar soils: 50 to 75 percent Depth to high water table: Dobalt—more than 6 feet; Ethan and similar soils: 20 to 40 percent Bonilla—3.5 to 5.0 feet Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Flooding: None Setting Ponding: None Permeability: Dobalt—moderately slow; Bonilla— Landform: Till plains moderate Position on the landform: Egan—summits and Available water capacity: High backslopes; Ethan—shoulders 62 Soil Survey of

Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Inclusions Shape of areas: Irregular Contrasting inclusions: Size of areas: 20 to 500 acres • The well drained Betts soils, which are dark to a Typical Profile depth of 5 inches or less; on shoulders Egan • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils, which contain more clay than the major soils; on Surface layer: toeslopes 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • The well drained Clarno and Henkin soils, which loam have less silt and more sand than the Egan soil and Subsoil: are not calcareous at or near the surface; on 10 to 20 inches—brown silty clay loam backslopes 20 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam • The moderately well drained Davison soils, which 28 to 35 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous are calcareous at the surface; on footslopes clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Similar inclusions: 35 to 43 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay • Soils that formed in parent material that does not loam that has relict redoximorphic features have glacial till above a depth of 40 inches Underlying layer: Use and Management 43 to 65 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Cropland 65 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Main crops: Alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and loam that has redoximorphic concentrations spring wheat and depletions Suitability for crops: Well suited Ethan Management concerns: Egan—water erosion; Ethan— wind erosion, water erosion, and the high content Surface layer: of lime, which adversely affects the availability of 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam plant nutrients Subsoil: Management considerations: 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the clay loam that has relict redoximorphic surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. features • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to control water erosion, but the slopes in some areas Underlying layer: are too short or too irregular for contour farming. 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps clay loam that has relict redoximorphic to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of features organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Soil Properties and Qualities • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to control wind erosion. Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Interpretive Groups Depth to contrasting parent material: Egan—24 to 40 Land capability classification: Egan—2e; Ethan—3e inches over loamy glacial till; Ethan—more than 60 Range site: Egan—Silty; Ethan—Thin Upland inches Windbreak suitability group: Egan—3; Ethan—8 Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Pasture suitability group: Egan—F; Ethan—G Flooding: None Ponding: None Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High EeB—Egan-Ethan-Trent complex, 1 to 6 Content of organic matter: Egan—moderate; Ethan— percent slopes moderately low Composition Surface runoff class: Medium Other properties: The Ethan soil has a high content of Egan and similar soils: 25 to 45 percent lime. Ethan and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent Minnehaha County, South Dakota 63

Trent and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent upper part and redoximorphic concentrations Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent and depletions in the lower part 46 to 52 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Setting silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Landform: Till plains and depletions Position on the landform: Egan—backslopes; Ethan— Underlying layer: shoulders; Trent—footslopes 52 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Slope range: Egan—2 to 6 percent; Ethan—2 to 6 silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations percent; Trent—1 to 2 percent and depletions Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 1,000 acres Soil Properties and Qualities Typical Profile Drainage class: Egan—well drained; Ethan—well Egan drained; Trent—moderately well drained Surface layer: Depth to bedrock: Very deep 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay Depth to contrasting parent material: Egan—24 to 40 loam inches over loamy glacial till; Ethan—more than 60 inches; Trent—more than 40 inches over loamy Subsoil: glacial till 10 to 20 inches—brown silty clay loam Depth to high water table: Egan—more than 6 feet; 20 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Ethan—more than 6 feet; Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet 28 to 35 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Flooding: None clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Ponding: None 35 to 43 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Permeability: Egan—moderately slow; Ethan— loam that has relict redoximorphic features moderately slow; Trent—moderate Underlying layer: Available water capacity: High 43 to 65 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Content of organic matter: Egan—moderate; Ethan— loam that has redoximorphic concentrations moderately low; Trent—high 65 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Surface runoff class: Egan—medium; Ethan—medium; loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Trent—low and depletions Other properties: The Ethan soil has a high content of lime. Runoff water flows over the Trent soil during Ethan periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Surface layer: Inclusions 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam Contrasting inclusions: Subsoil: • The well drained Clarno soils, which have less silt 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous and more sand than the Egan soil and are calcareous clay loam that has relict redoximorphic at a greater depth than the Ethan soil; on backslopes features • The well drained Huntimer soils, which have more Underlying layer: clay in the subsoil than the major soils; on backslopes 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • The well drained Crofton soils, which have more silt clay loam that has relict redoximorphic and less sand than the Ethan soil; on shoulders features • The moderately well drained Davison soils, which are calcareous at the surface; on footslopes Trent • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Surface soil: toeslopes 0 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay loam • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins • The excessively well drained Talmo soils, which Subsoil: have gravelly material within a depth of 14 inches; on 15 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay shoulders loam 23 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Similar inclusions: 28 to 46 inches—brown silty clay loam and silt • Soils that are similar to the Egan soil but do not have loam; redoximorphic concentrations in the glacial till above a depth of 40 inches 64 Soil Survey of

Use and Management Subsoil: 10 to 20 inches—brown silty clay loam Cropland 20 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Main crops: Alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and 28 to 35 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous spring wheat clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Suitability for crops: Well suited 35 to 43 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Management concerns: Egan—water erosion; Ethan— loam that has relict redoximorphic features wind erosion, water erosion, and the high content Underlying layer: of lime, which adversely affects the availability of 43 to 65 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay plant nutrients; Trent—few limitations loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Management considerations: 65 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the loam that has redoximorphic concentrations surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. and depletions • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to control water erosion, but the slopes in some areas Trent are too short or too irregular for contour farming. Surface soil: • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 0 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay loam to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Subsoil: • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to 15 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay control wind erosion. loam 23 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Interpretive Groups 28 to 46 inches—brown silty clay loam and silt Land capability classification: Egan—2e; Ethan—3e; loam; redoximorphic concentrations in the Trent—1 upper part and redoximorphic concentrations Range site: Egan—Silty; Ethan—Thin Upland; Trent— and depletions in the lower part Loamy Overflow 46 to 52 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Windbreak suitability group: Egan—3; Ethan—8; silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Trent—1 and depletions Pasture suitability group: Egan—F; Ethan—G; Trent—K Underlying layer: 52 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations EfA—Egan-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 and depletions percent slopes Soil Properties and Qualities Composition Drainage class: Egan—well drained; Trent— Egan and similar soils: 35 to 60 percent moderately well drained Trent and similar soils: 15 to 40 percent Depth to bedrock: Very deep Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: Egan—24 to 40 inches over loamy glacial till; Trent—more than 40 Setting inches over loamy glacial till Landform: Till plains Depth to high water table: Egan—more than 6 feet; Position on the landform: Egan—summits and Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet backslopes; Trent—footslopes Flooding: None Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Ponding: None Shape of areas: Irregular Permeability: Egan—moderately slow; Trent— Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres moderate Available water capacity: High Typical Profile Content of organic matter: Egan—moderate; Trent— Egan high Surface layer: Surface runoff class: Low 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Trent soil loam during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 65

Inclusions Slope range: Egan—2 to 6 percent; Wentworth—2 to 6 percent; Trent—1 to 2 percent Contrasting inclusions: Shape of areas: Irregular • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils, which Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres have more sand and less silt than the Trent soil; on footslopes Typical Profile • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils, Egan which contain more clay than the major soils; on Surface layer: toeslopes 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins loam • The well drained Clarno soils, which have less silt and more sand than the major soils; on backslopes Subsoil: • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which 10 to 20 inches—brown silty clay loam are calcareous at the surface; on footslopes 20 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam 28 to 35 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Similar inclusions: clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Soils that do not have glacial till above a depth of 40 35 to 43 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay inches loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Soils that have clay loam underlying material within a depth of 40 inches Underlying layer: • Soils that contain more clay in the subsoil than the 43 to 65 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Egan soil loam that has redoximorphic concentrations 65 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Use and Management loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Cropland and depletions Main crops: Alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and Wentworth spring wheat Surface layer: Suitability for crops: Well suited 0 to 10 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Management concerns: Few limitations Management considerations: Subsoil: • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and 10 to 26 inches—brown silty clay loam helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic 26 to 43 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous matter. silty clay loam 43 to 55 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Interpretive Groups silty clay loam that has redoximorphic Land capability classification: Egan—1; Trent—1 depletions Range site: Egan—Silty; Trent—Loamy Overflow Underlying layer: Windbreak suitability group: Egan—3; Trent—1 55 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Pasture suitability group: Egan—F; Trent—K silt loam and stratified fine sandy loam; redoximorphic concentrations and EgB—Egan-Wentworth-Trent silty clay depletions loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes Trent Composition Surface soil: 0 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Egan and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent Wentworth and similar soils: 20 to 50 percent Subsoil: Trent and similar soils: 15 to 30 percent 15 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent loam 23 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Setting 28 to 46 inches—brown silty clay loam and silt Landform: Till plains loam; redoximorphic concentrations in the Position on the landform: Egan—shoulders; upper part and redoximorphic concentrations Wentworth—backslopes; Trent—footslopes and depletions in the lower part 66 Soil Survey of

46 to 52 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Use and Management silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Cropland and depletions Main crops: Alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and Underlying layer: spring wheat 52 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Suitability for crops: Well suited silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Management concerns: Egan—water erosion; and depletions Wentworth—water erosion; Trent—few Soil Properties and Qualities limitations Management considerations: Drainage class: Egan—well drained; Wentworth—well • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the drained; Trent—moderately well drained surface help to control water erosion and conserve Depth to bedrock: Very deep moisture. Depth to contrasting parent material: Egan—24 to 40 • Contour farming and grassed waterways help inches over loamy glacial till; Wentworth—more to control water erosion, but the slopes in some than 40 inches over loamy glacial till; Trent—more areas are too short or too irregular for contour than 40 inches over loamy glacial till farming. Depth to high water table: Egan—more than 6 feet; • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Wentworth—more than 6 feet; Trent—3.5 to 5.0 to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the feet content of organic matter. Flooding: None Ponding: None Interpretive Groups Permeability: Egan—moderately slow; Wentworth— Land capability classification: Egan—2e; Wentworth— moderate; Trent—moderate 2e; Trent—1 Available water capacity: High Range site: Egan—Silty; Wentworth—Silty; Trent— Content of organic matter: Egan—moderate; Loamy Overflow Wentworth—moderate; Trent—high Windbreak suitability group: Egan—3; Wentworth—3; Surface runoff class: Egan—medium; Wentworth— Trent—1 medium; Trent—low Pasture suitability group: Egan—F; Wentworth—F; Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Trent soil Trent—K during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Inclusions Contrasting inclusions: EnA—Enet loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, • The well drained Clarno soils, which have less silt rarely flooded and more sand than the major soils; on backslopes Composition • The moderately well drained, loamy Davison soils, which are calcareous at the surface; on footslopes Enet and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Crossplain soils on Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent toeslopes Setting • The moderately well drained, silty Wakonda soils, which are calcareous to the surface; on footslopes Landform: High flood plains • The well drained Ethan soils, which are calcareous Slope range: 0 to 2 percent at the surface and contain more sand and less silt Shape of areas: Irregular than the major soils; on shoulders Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Typical Profile toeslopes • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray loam Similar inclusions: • Soils that contain more sand and less silt throughout Subsoil: • Soils that contain more clay in the subsoil than the 7 to 23 inches—very dark gray loam Egan soil 23 to 28 inches—brown sandy loam Minnehaha County, South Dakota 67

Underlying layer: • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the 28 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous soil to store water if an adequate and dependable gravelly sand supply of water is available. • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Soil Properties and Qualities use it reduces the amount of time available for Drainage class: Well drained leaching. Depth to bedrock: Very deep Interpretive Groups Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches over gravelly material Land capability classification: 2s Depth to high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet Range site: Silty Frequency of flooding: Rare Windbreak suitability group: 6G Ponding: None Pasture suitability group: D1 Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and very rapid in the gravelly material Available water capacity: Moderate EoA—Enet-Dimo complex, 0 to 2 percent Content of organic matter: Moderate slopes Surface runoff class: Low Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil Composition during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Enet and similar soils: 35 to 60 percent Inclusions Dimo and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Contrasting inclusions: • The poorly drained Arlo soils, which are calcareous Setting at the surface; on toeslopes Landform: High flood plains • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, Slope range: 0 to 2 percent which have gravelly material at a depth of 14 to 20 Shape of areas: Irregular inches; on backslopes and footslopes Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres • The somewhat poorly drained Dimo soils on footslopes and toeslopes Typical Profile • The moderately well drained Janude soils, which do Enet not have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; on high flood plains Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray loam Similar inclusions: • Soils that contain less gravelly material within a Subsoil: depth of 40 inches than the Enet soil 7 to 23 inches—very dark gray loam • Soils that are dark to a depth of less than 20 inches 23 to 28 inches—brown sandy loam Use and Management Underlying layer: 28 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Cropland gravelly sand Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Dimo wheat Suitability for crops: Well suited Surface layer: Management concerns: The restricted available water 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray clay loam capacity; agrochemical leaching Subsoil: Management considerations: 7 to 22 inches—very dark gray clay loam • This soil is better suited to early maturing crops, 22 to 35 inches—dark gray clay loam that has such as small grain, than to some other crops. redoximorphic concentrations Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 35 to 39 inches—grayish brown clay loam that has surface conserve moisture. redoximorphic concentrations • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Underlying layer: content of organic matter. 39 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous 68 Soil Survey of

gravelly loamy sand that has redoximorphic Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the concentrations surface conserve moisture. • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Soil Properties and Qualities to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Drainage class: Enet—well drained; Dimo—somewhat • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the poorly drained soils to store water if an adequate and dependable Depth to bedrock: Very deep supply of water is available. Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will over gravelly material use it reduces the amount of time available for Depth to high water table: Enet—3.5 to 6.0 feet; leaching. Dimo—1.5 to 3.0 feet Flooding: Enet—rare; Dimo—occasional for brief Interpretive Groups periods Land capability classification: Enet—2e; Dimo—2w Ponding: None Range site: Enet—Silty; Dimo—Loamy Overflow Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and Windbreak suitability group: Enet—6G; Dimo—1 very rapid in the underlying gravelly material Pasture suitability group: Enet—D1; Dimo—K Available water capacity: Moderate Content of organic matter: Enet—moderate; Dimo— high EpD—Ethan-Betts loams, 9 to 15 percent Surface runoff class: Low slopes Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Enet soil Composition during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Ethan and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Inclusions Betts and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Contrasting inclusions: • The poorly drained Arlo soils, which are calcareous Setting at the surface; on toeslopes Landform: Moraines • The poorly drained Clamo soils, which contain more Position on the landform: Ethan—backslopes; Betts— clay than the major soils; on low flood plains shoulders • The moderately well drained Janude soils, which do Slope range: 9 to 15 percent not have gravelly material within a depth of 40 inches; Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated on high flood plains Size of areas: 20 to 150 acres • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which have more silt and less sand than the major soils; on Typical Profile low flood plains Ethan Similar inclusions: Surface layer: • Soils that have less gravelly material within a depth 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam of 40 inches Subsoil: • Soils that are dark to a depth of less than 20 inches 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • Soils that are calcareous at a depth of less than 15 clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features inches Underlying layer: Use and Management 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Cropland clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Betts wheat Surface layer: Suitability for crops: Well suited 0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown, calcareous Management concerns: The restricted available water loam capacity; agrochemical leaching Management considerations: Subsoil: • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, 5 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous such as small grain, than to some other crops. clay loam Minnehaha County, South Dakota 69

Underlying layer: Range site: Ethan—Thin Upland; Betts—Thin Upland 26 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Windbreak suitability group: Ethan—8; Betts—8 clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Pasture suitability group: Ethan—G; Betts—G 35 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features EsE—Ethan-Clarno loams, 6 to 25 percent Soil Properties and Qualities slopes, very stony Drainage class: Well drained Composition Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Ethan and similar soils: 40 to 65 percent inches Clarno and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Flooding: None Setting Ponding: None Permeability: Moderately slow Landform: Moraines Available water capacity: High Position on the landform: Ethan—shoulders; Clarno— Content of organic matter: Moderately low backslopes Surface runoff class: High Slope range: Ethan—9 to 25 percent; Clarno—6 to 15 Other properties: Both soils have a high content of percent lime. Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Ethan • The well drained Clarno and Egan soils, which do not have lime in the upper 12 inches; on backslopes Surface layer: • The well drained Davis soils, which have dark colors 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam extending to a depth of more than 20 inches; on Subsoil: footslopes 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • The moderately well drained Davison soils on clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features footslopes adjacent to wet areas • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins Underlying layer: • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous which have gravelly material at a depth of 14 to 20 clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features inches; on shoulders and backslopes Clarno Similar inclusions: Surface layer: • Soils that have more silt and less sand than the 0 to 10 inches—very dark gray loam Ethan and Betts soils Subsoil: Use and Management 10 to 14 inches—dark grayish brown loam Cropland and pasture 14 to 22 inches—brown loam 22 to 29 inches—light olive brown, calcareous Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited loam Management concerns: Wind erosion, water erosion, 29 to 44 inches—light yellowish brown, and the high content of lime, which adversely calcareous clay loam that has relict affects the availability of plant nutrients redoximorphic features Management considerations: • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Underlying layer: vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control 44 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous erosion. clay loam that has redoximorphic • Seeding cultivated areas to adapted grasses helps concentrations and depletions to control erosion. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Well drained Land capability classification: Ethan—6e; Betts—6e Depth to bedrock: Very deep 70 Soil Survey of

Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 EtD—Ethan-Clarno loams, 9 to 15 percent inches slopes Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Composition Flooding: None Ponding: None Ethan and similar soils: 30 to 60 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Clarno and similar soils: 20 to 40 percent Available water capacity: High Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Content of organic matter: Ethan—moderately low; Setting Clarno—moderate Surface runoff class: High Landform: Moraines Other properties: The Ethan soil has a high content of Position on the landform: Ethan—shoulders; Clarno— lime. In areas of both soils, 0.1 to 3.0 percent of backslopes the surface is covered with stones and boulders 1 Slope range: 9 to 15 percent to 3 feet in diameter. Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: • The well drained Betts soils, which are dark to a Ethan depth of 5 inches or less; on shoulders Surface layer: • The well drained Davis soils and the moderately 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam well drained Bonilla soils, which have dark colors extending to a depth of more than 20 inches; on Subsoil: footslopes 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • The moderately well drained Davison soils, which clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features are calcareous at the surface; on footslopes Underlying layer: • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous basins clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features • The excessively drained Talmo soils, which have gravelly material within a depth of 14 inches; on Clarno shoulders and backslopes Surface layer: Similar inclusions: 0 to 10 inches—very dark gray loam • Soils that have more silt and less sand than the Subsoil: Ethan and Clarno soils 10 to 14 inches—dark grayish brown loam Use and Management 14 to 22 inches—brown loam 22 to 29 inches—light olive brown, calcareous Rangeland loam Suitability for crops: Not suited 29 to 44 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Management concerns: Ethan—wind erosion, clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features water erosion, the high content of lime (which Underlying layer: adversely affects the availability of plant 44 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous nutrients), and stoniness; Clarno—water erosion, clay loam that has redoximorphic stoniness concentrations and depletions Management considerations: • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Soil Properties and Qualities vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control erosion. Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Interpretive Groups Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Land capability classification: Ethan—7s; Clarno—7s inches Range site: Ethan—Thin Upland; Clarno—Silty Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Windbreak suitability group: Ethan—10; Clarno—10 Flooding: None Pasture suitability group: Ethan—NS; Clarno—NS Ponding: None Minnehaha County, South Dakota 71

Permeability: Moderately slow Windbreak suitability group: Ethan—8; Clarno—3 Available water capacity: High Pasture suitability group: Ethan—G; Clarno—F Content of organic matter: Ethan—moderately low; Clarno—moderate Surface runoff class: High EuC—Ethan-Egan complex, 6 to 9 percent Other properties: The Ethan soil has a high content of slopes lime. Composition Inclusions Ethan and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Contrasting inclusions: Egan and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent • The well drained Betts soils, which are dark to a Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent depth of 5 inches or less; on shoulders Setting • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low flood plains Landform: Till plains • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins Position on the landform: Ethan—shoulders; Egan— • The well drained Egan soils, which have more silt backslopes and less sand than the Clarno soil; on backslopes Slope range: 6 to 9 percent • The excessively drained Talmo soils, which have Shape of areas: Irregular gravelly material within a depth of 14 inches; on Size of areas: 5 to 300 acres shoulders Typical Profile Similar inclusions: Ethan • Soils that have more silt and less sand than the Surface layer: Ethan and Clarno soils 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam Use and Management Subsoil: Cropland and pasture 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Main crops: Ethan—generally unsuited; Clarno— alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, and spring wheat Underlying layer: Suitability for crops: Poorly suited 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Management concerns: Ethan—wind erosion, water clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features erosion, and the high content of lime, which Egan adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients; Clarno—water erosion Surface layer: Management considerations: 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the loam surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. Subsoil: • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways 10 to 20 inches—brown silty clay loam help to control water erosion, but the slopes in some 20 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam areas are too short or too irregular for contour farming 28 to 35 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous or terraces. clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to 35 to 43 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay control wind erosion. loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of Underlying layer: organic matter, fertility, and tilth. 43 to 65 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay • Establishing permanent pasture and hayland loam that has redoximorphic concentrations species helps to control erosion. 65 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant loam that has redoximorphic concentrations vigor and control erosion. and depletions Interpretive Groups Soil Properties and Qualities Land capability classification: Ethan—6e; Clarno—4e Drainage class: Well drained Range site: Ethan—Thin Upland; Clarno—Silty Depth to bedrock: Very deep 72 Soil Survey of

Depth to contrasting parent material: Ethan—more • Seeding cultivated areas to adapted grasses helps than 60 inches; Egan—24 to 40 inches over loamy to control erosion. glacial till Interpretive Groups Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Land capability classification: Ethan—4e; Egan—3e Ponding: None Range site: Ethan—Thin Upland; Egan—Silty Permeability: Moderately slow Windbreak suitability group: Ethan—8; Egan—3 Available water capacity: High Pasture suitability group: Ethan—G; Egan—F Content of organic matter: Ethan—moderately low; Egan—moderate Surface runoff class: Medium ExC—Ethan, very stony-Egan complex, 2 Other properties: The Ethan soil has a high content of to 9 percent slopes lime. Composition Inclusions Ethan and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Contrasting inclusions: Egan and similar soils: 25 to 45 percent • The well drained Alcester and Davis soils and the Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent moderately well drained Trent soils, which are dark to a depth of more than 20 inches; on footslopes Setting • The well drained Betts soils, which are dark to a Landform: Moraines depth of 5 inches or less; on shoulders Position on the landform: Ethan—shoulders; Egan— • The well drained Clarno soils, which have less silt backslopes and more sand than the Egan soil and are not Slope range: Ethan—6 to 9 percent; Egan—2 to 9 calcareous above a depth of 26 inches; on backslopes percent • The well drained Huntimer soils, which have more Shape of areas: Irregular clay than the major soils; on summits and backslopes Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins Typical Profile Similar inclusions: Ethan • Soils that do not have glacial till above a depth of 40 inches Surface layer: 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown, calcareous loam Use and Management Subsoil: Cropland and pasture 9 to 39 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Main crops: Alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and clay loam that has relict redoximorphic spring wheat features Suitability for crops: Poorly suited Underlying layer: Management concerns: Ethan—wind erosion, water 39 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous erosion, and the high content of lime, which clay loam that has relict redoximorphic adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients; features Egan—water erosion Management considerations: Egan • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Surface layer: surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. 0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways loam help to control water erosion, but the slopes in most areas are too short or too irregular for contour farming Subsoil: or terraces. 10 to 20 inches—brown silty clay loam • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to 20 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam control wind erosion. 28 to 35 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of 35 to 43 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay organic matter, fertility, and tilth. loam that has relict redoximorphic features Minnehaha County, South Dakota 73

Underlying layer: Interpretive Groups 43 to 65 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Land capability classification: Ethan—7s; Egan—3e loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Range site: Ethan—Thin Upland; Egan—Silty 65 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Windbreak suitability group: Ethan—10; Egan—3 loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Pasture suitability group: Ethan—NS; Egan—F and depletions Soil Properties and Qualities FaA—Flandreau loam, 0 to 2 percent Drainage class: Well drained slopes Depth to bedrock: Very deep Composition Depth to contrasting parent material: Ethan—more than 60 inches; Egan—24 to 40 inches over loamy Flandreau and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent glacial till Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Setting Flooding: None Ponding: None Landform: Till plains Permeability: Moderately slow Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Available water capacity: High Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Content of organic matter: Ethan—moderately low; Shape of areas: Irregular Egan—moderate Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Surface runoff class: Medium Typical Profile Other properties: The Ethan soil has a high content of lime. In areas of the Ethan soil, 0.1 to 2.0 percent Surface layer: of the surface is covered with stones and boulders 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam 1 to 3 feet in diameter. Subsoil: Inclusions 7 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown loam 15 to 33 inches—yellowish brown loam Contrasting inclusions: 33 to 39 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam • The well drained Alcester and Davis soils and the moderately well drained Trent soils, which are dark to Underlying layer: a depth of more than 20 inches; on footslopes 39 to 78 inches—pale brown and light yellowish • The well drained Clarno soils, which have less silt brown, calcareous loamy sand over stratified and more sand than the Egan soil and are not loamy fine sand and fine sandy loam; calcareous above a depth of 26 inches; on backslopes redoximorphic concentrations and depletions • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low 78 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous flood plains clay loam that has redoximorphic • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins concentrations and depletions Similar inclusions: Soil Properties and Qualities • Soils that do not have glacial till above a depth of 40 Drainage class: Well drained inches Depth to bedrock: Very deep Use and Management Depth to contrasting parent material: 25 to 40 inches over sandy material over loamy glacial till at a Rangeland depth of more than 60 inches Suitability for crops: Not suited Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management concerns: Ethan—stoniness, water Flooding: None erosion, wind erosion, and the high content of Ponding: None lime, which adversely affects the availability of Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments, rapid plant nutrients; Egan—water erosion in the underlying sandy material, and moderately Management considerations: slow in the underlying loamy glacial till • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Available water capacity: Moderate vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control Content of organic matter: Moderate erosion. Surface runoff class: Low 74 Soil Survey of

Inclusions Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Contrasting inclusions: Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils, which are dark to a depth of 20 inches or more; on footslopes Typical Profile • The well drained Dobalt soils, which have loam or Surface layer: clay loam material within a depth of 40 inches; on 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam summits and backslopes • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, Subsoil: which are sandy; on summits and shoulders 7 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown loam 15 to 33 inches—yellowish brown loam Similar inclusions: 33 to 39 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam • Soils that are dark to a depth of more than 20 inches • Soils that contain less sand and more silt than the Underlying layer: Flandreau soil 39 to 78 inches—pale brown and light yellowish brown, calcareous loamy sand Use and Management over stratified loamy fine sand and fine Cropland sandy loam; redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 78 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous wheat clay loam that has redoximorphic Suitability for crops: Well suited concentrations and depletions Management concerns: The restricted available water capacity; agrochemical leaching Soil Properties and Qualities Management considerations: • This soil is better suited to early maturing crops, Drainage class: Well drained such as small grain, than to some other crops. Depth to bedrock: Very deep Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Depth to contrasting parent material: 25 to 40 inches surface conserve moisture. over sandy material over loamy glacial till at a • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps depth of more than 60 inches to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet content of organic matter. Flooding: None • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the Ponding: None soil to store water if an adequate and dependable Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments, rapid supply of water is available. in the underlying sandy material, and moderately • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will slow in the underlying loamy glacial till use it reduces the amount of time available for Available water capacity: Moderate leaching. Content of organic matter: Moderate Surface runoff class: Medium Interpretive Groups Inclusions Land capability classification: 2s Range site: Silty Contrasting inclusions: Windbreak suitability group: 3 • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils, which Pasture suitability group: F are dark to a depth of 20 inches or more; on footslopes • The well drained Dobalt soils, which have loam or FaB—Flandreau loam, 2 to 6 percent clay loam material within a depth of 40 inches; on slopes summits and backslopes Composition • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, which are sandy; on summits and shoulders Flandreau and similar soils: 75 to 90 percent Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Similar inclusions: • Soils that are dark to a depth of more than 20 Setting inches Landform: Till plains • Soils that contain less sand and more silt than the Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Flandreau soil Minnehaha County, South Dakota 75

Use and Management 15 to 33 inches—yellowish brown loam 33 to 39 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam Cropland Underlying layer: Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 39 to 78 inches—pale brown and light yellowish wheat brown, calcareous loamy sand over stratified Suitability for crops: Well suited loamy fine sand and fine sandy loam; Management concerns: Water erosion, the restricted redoximorphic concentrations and depletions available water capacity, and agrochemical 78 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous leaching clay loam that has redoximorphic Management considerations: concentrations and depletions • This soil is better suited to early maturing crops, such as small grain, than to some other crops. Thurman Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Surface layer: surface conserve moisture. 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam • Contour farming helps to control water erosion. • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Subsurface layer: to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the 6 to 10 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam content of organic matter. Transitional layer: • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy soil to store water if an adequate and dependable loam supply of water is available. • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Underlying layer: use it reduces the amount of time available for 18 to 70 inches—pale brown and light yellowish leaching. brown loamy fine sand and fine sand 70 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Interpretive Groups fine sand that has relict redoximorphic features Land capability classification: 2e Range site: Silty Soil Properties and Qualities Windbreak suitability group: 3 Drainage class: Flandreau—well drained; Thurman— Pasture suitability group: F somewhat excessively drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep FtB—Flandreau-Thurman complex, 2 to 6 Depth to contrasting parent material: Flandreau—25 to percent slopes 40 inches over sandy material over loamy glacial till at a depth of more than 60 inches; Thurman— Composition more than 60 inches Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flandreau and similar soils: 50 to 75 percent Flooding: None Thurman and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent Ponding: None Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Permeability: Flandreau—moderate in the loamy Setting sediments, rapid in the underlying sandy material, and moderately slow in the underlying loamy Landform: Till plains glacial till; Thurman—rapid Position on the landform: Flandreau—backslopes; Available water capacity: Flandreau—moderate; Thurman—shoulders Thurman—low Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Content of organic matter: Flandreau—moderate; Shape of areas: Irregular Thurman—moderately low Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Surface runoff class: Flandreau—medium; Thurman— Typical Profile very low Flandreau Inclusions Surface layer: Contrasting inclusions: 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam • The well drained Blendon soils, which are dark to a Subsoil: depth of 20 inches or more; on footslopes 7 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown loam • The well drained Henkin soils, which contain more 76 Soil Survey of

sand in surface layer and upper part of the subsoil Shape of areas: Irregular than the Flandreau soil; on summits and backslopes Size of areas: 10 to 300 acres • The well drained Moody soils, which contain more Typical Profile silt and less sand than the major soils; on backslopes • The well drained Crofton soils, which have more silt Surface soil: and less sand than the major soils and are calcareous 0 to 18 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam at the surface; on shoulders Subsoil: Similar inclusions: 18 to 30 inches—dark gray silty clay loam • Soils that have a subsoil of loam or silt loam 30 to 52 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Use and Management Underlying layer: Cropland 52 to 80 inches—brown, calcareous gravelly sand Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Soil Properties and Qualities wheat Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited Drainage class: Well drained Management concerns: Water erosion, the restricted Depth to bedrock: Very deep available water capacity, and agrochemical Depth to contrasting parent material: 40 to 60 inches leaching over gravelly material Management considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, Flooding: None such as small grain, than to some other crops. Ponding: None Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Permeability: Moderate in the silty sediments and very surface conserve moisture. rapid in the underlying gravelly material • Contour farming helps to control water erosion. Available water capacity: High • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Content of organic matter: Moderate to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Surface runoff class: Low content of organic matter. Other properties: Runoff water flows over this soil • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. soils to store water if an adequate and dependable Inclusions supply of water is available. • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Contrasting inclusions: use it reduces the amount of time available for • The well drained Alcester and Davis soils, which do leaching. not have gravelly material within a depth of 60 inches; on footslopes Interpretive Groups • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils, which Land capability classification: Flandreau—2e; have more sand and less silt in the subsoil than the Thurman—4e Graceville soil; on footslopes Range site: Flandreau—Silty; Thurman—Sandy • The well drained Dempster soils, which are dark to a Windbreak suitability group: Flandreau—3; Thurman—5 depth of less than 20 inches; on summits and Pasture suitability group: Flandreau—F; Thurman—H backslopes • The somewhat poorly drained Dimo soils on high flood plains GrA—Graceville silty clay loam, 0 to 2 • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on percent slopes toeslopes Composition Similar inclusions: • Soils that have sand and gravel within a depth of 40 Graceville and similar soils: 70 to 90 percent inches Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent Use and Management Setting Cropland Landform: Outwash plains Position on the landform: Footslopes Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Slope range: 0 to 2 percent wheat Minnehaha County, South Dakota 77

Suitability for crops: Well suited Available water capacity: High Management concerns: Agrochemical leaching Content of organic matter: Moderate Management considerations: Surface runoff class: Medium • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and Inclusions helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Contrasting inclusions: • The well drained Davis soils and the moderately well Interpretive Groups drained Bonilla and Trent soils, which are dark to a Land capability classification: 1 depth of 20 inches or more; on footslopes Range site: Silty • The well drained Dobalt and Houdek soils, which Windbreak suitability group: 3 have loam or clay loam glacial till within a depth of 20 Pasture suitability group: F to 40 inches; on backslopes • The well drained Ihlen soils, which have unweathered bedrock within a depth of 40 inches; on GsB—Grovena loam, 2 to 6 percent backslopes and footslopes slopes • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Composition toeslopes Grovena and similar soils: 70 to 85 percent Similar inclusions: Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 30 percent • Soils that have more silt and less sand in the subsoil than the Grovena soil Setting • Soils that grade to sandy material within a depth of Landform: Till plains 40 inches Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Use and Management Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Cropland Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Typical Profile wheat Suitability for crops: Well suited Surface layer: Management concerns: Water erosion 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown loam Management considerations: Subsoil: • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 9 to 13 inches—brown silt loam surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. 13 to 24 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to 24 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown loam control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are 30 to 36 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous too short or too irregular for contour farming. loam • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Underlying layer: content of organic matter. 36 to 51 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous sandy loam Interpretive Groups 51 to 80 inches—calcareous clay loam that is light Land capability classification: 2e yellowish brown in the upper part and very pale Range site: Silty brown in the lower part; redoximorphic Windbreak suitability group: 3 concentrations in the lower part Pasture suitability group: F Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep GvA—Grovena-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 percent slopes inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material Composition Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Grovena and similar soils: 55 to 80 percent Ponding: None Bonilla and similar soils: 15 to 40 percent Permeability: Moderate Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 10 percent 78 Soil Survey of

Setting Available water capacity: High Content of organic matter: Grovena—moderate; Landform: Till plains Bonilla—high Position on the landform: Grovena—summits and Surface runoff class: Low backslopes; Bonilla—footslopes Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Bonilla Slope range: 0 to 2 percent soil during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Grovena • The well drained Dobalt soils, which have loam or clay loam glacial till within a depth of 20 to 40 inches; Surface layer: on backslopes 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown loam • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which have Subsoil: less sand and more silt than the major soils; on 9 to 13 inches—brown silt loam footslopes 13 to 24 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on 24 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown loam toeslopes 30 to 36 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Similar inclusions: loam • Soils that have more silt and less sand in the subsoil Underlying layer: • Soils that grade to sandy material within a depth of 36 to 51 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous 40 inches sandy loam Use and Management 51 to 80 inches—calcareous clay loam that is light yellowish brown in the upper part and very pale Cropland brown in the lower part; redoximorphic Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring concentrations in the lower part wheat Bonilla Suitability for crops: Well suited Management concerns: Few limitations Surface soil: Management considerations: 0 to 11 inches—dark gray loam • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and Subsoil: helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic 11 to 22 inches—dark gray clay loam matter. 22 to 32 inches—light olive brown clay loam Interpretive Groups 32 to 45 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous clay loam that has redoximorphic depletions Land capability classification: Grovena—1; Bonilla—1 Range site: Grovena—Silty; Bonilla—Loamy Overflow Underlying layer: Windbreak suitability group: Grovena—3; Bonilla—1 45 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, Pasture suitability group: Grovena—F; Bonilla—K calcareous, stratified silt loam that has redoximorphic depletions Soil Properties and Qualities HoB—Houdek clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Drainage class: Grovena—well drained; Bonilla— Composition moderately well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Houdek and similar soils: 75 to 85 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: Grovena—more Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 25 percent than 40 inches over loamy glacial till or sandy Setting material; Bonilla—more than 60 inches Depth to high water table: Grovena—more than 6 feet; Landform: Till plains Bonilla—3.5 to 5.0 feet Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Flooding: None Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Ponding: None Shape of areas: Irregular Permeability: Moderate Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Minnehaha County, South Dakota 79

Typical Profile Suitability for crops: Well suited Management concerns: Water erosion Surface layer: Management considerations: 0 to 6 inches—dark gray clay loam • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Subsoil: surface help to control erosion and conserve 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam moisture. 17 to 22 inches—grayish brown, calcareous clay • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to loam control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are 22 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous too short or too irregular for contour farming. clay loam that has redoximorphic depletions • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Underlying layer: content of organic matter. 33 to 71 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous clay loam that has redoximorphic Interpretive Groups concentrations and depletions Land capability classification: 2e 71 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Range site: Silty clay loam with strata of sand; redoximorphic Windbreak suitability group: 3 concentrations and depletions Pasture suitability group: F Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep HsC—Houdek-Shindler clay loams, 6 to 9 Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 percent slopes inches Composition Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Houdek and similar soils: 55 to 75 percent Ponding: None Shindler and similar soils: 10 to 30 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Available water capacity: High Setting Content of organic matter: Moderate Surface runoff class: Medium Landform: Moraines Position on the landform: Houdek—backslopes; Inclusions Shindler—shoulders Contrasting inclusions: Slope range: 6 to 9 percent • The well drained Davis soils, which are dark to a Shape of areas: Irregular depth of 20 inches or more; on footslopes Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres • The well drained Grovena and Shindler soils, which Typical Profile do not have an increase in clay content in the subsoil; Houdek on shoulders and backslopes • The well drained Splitrock soils, which have less Surface layer: sand and more silt in the subsoil than the Houdek soil; 0 to 6 inches—dark gray clay loam on backslopes Subsoil: • The well drained Henkin soils, which have less clay 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam than the Houdek soil; on shoulders and backslopes 17 to 22 inches—grayish brown, calcareous clay • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on loam toeslopes 22 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Similar inclusions: clay loam that has redoximorphic depletions • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the Underlying layer: Houdek soil 33 to 71 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Use and Management clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Cropland 71 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring clay loam with strata of sand; redoximorphic wheat concentrations and depletions 80 Soil Survey of

Shindler high content of lime, which adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients Surface layer: Management considerations: 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Subsoil: surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. 8 to 14 inches—gray and light yellowish brown, • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways calcareous clay loam help to control water erosion, but slopes in most areas 14 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous are too short or too irregular for contour farming or clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features terraces. • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to Underlying layer: control wind erosion. 59 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps loam that has relict redoximorphic features to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of Soil Properties and Qualities organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Drainage class: Well drained Interpretive Groups Depth to bedrock: Very deep Land capability classification: Houdek—3e; Shindler— Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 4e inches Range site: Houdek—Silty; Shindler—Silty Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Windbreak suitability group: Houdek—3; Shindler—8 Flooding: None Pasture suitability group: Houdek—F; Shindler—G Ponding: None Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High Content of organic matter: Houdek—moderate; HsD—Houdek-Shindler clay loams, 9 to Shindler—moderately low 15 percent slopes Surface runoff class: Houdek—medium; Shindler— Composition high Other properties: The Shindler soil has a high content Houdek and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent of lime. Shindler and similar soils: 15 to 30 percent Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 25 percent Inclusions Setting Contrasting inclusions: • The well drained Blendon, Davis, and Enet soils, Landform: Moraines which are dark to a depth of 20 inches or more; on Position on the landform: Houdek—backslopes; footslopes Shindler—shoulders • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to Slope range: 9 to 15 percent sandy material within a depth of 40 inches; on Shape of areas: Irregular backslopes Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Typical Profile footslopes Houdek • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on toeslopes Surface layer: 0 to 6 inches—dark gray clay loam Similar inclusions: • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the Subsoil: Houdek soil 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam 17 to 22 inches—grayish brown, calcareous clay Use and Management loam Cropland 22 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous clay loam that has redoximorphic depletions Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring wheat Underlying layer: Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited 33 to 71 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Management concerns: Houdek—water erosion; clay loam that has redoximorphic Shindler—wind erosion, water erosion, and the concentrations and depletions Minnehaha County, South Dakota 81

71 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Use and Management clay loam with strata of sand; redoximorphic Cropland and pasture concentrations and depletions Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Shindler wheat Surface layer: Suitability for crops: Poorly suited 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam Management concerns: Houdek—water erosion; Shindler—wind erosion, water erosion, and the Subsoil: high content of lime, which adversely affects the 8 to 14 inches—gray and light yellowish brown, availability of plant nutrients calcareous clay loam Management considerations: 14 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. Underlying layer: • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways 59 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay help to control water erosion, but slopes in most areas loam that has relict redoximorphic features are too short or too irregular for contour farming or terraces. Soil Properties and Qualities • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to Drainage class: Well drained control wind erosion. Depth to bedrock: Very deep • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of inches organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Establishing permanent pasture or hayland species Flooding: None helps to control erosion. Ponding: None • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Permeability: Moderately slow vigor and control erosion. Available water capacity: High Interpretive Groups Content of organic matter: Houdek—moderate; Shindler—moderately low Land capability classification: Houdek—4e; Shindler—6e Surface runoff class: Houdek—high; Shindler—very Range site: Houdek—Silty; Shindler—Silty high Windbreak suitability group: Houdek—3; Shindler—8 Other properties: The Shindler soil has a high content Pasture suitability group: Houdek—F; Shindler—G of lime. Inclusions HtD—Houdek-Talmo complex, 9 to 15 Contrasting inclusions: percent slopes • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils on footslopes Composition • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Houdek and similar soils: 25 to 55 percent toeslopes Talmo and similar soils: 20 to 50 percent • The well drained Corson soils, which have more clay Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 30 percent than the major soils; on backslopes • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, Setting which have gravelly material within a depth of 20 Landform: Moraines inches; on shoulders Position on the landform: Houdek—backslopes; • The well drained Henkin soils, which have less clay Talmo—summits and shoulders in the subsoil than the major soils; on shoulders and Slope range: 9 to 15 percent backslopes Shape of areas: Irregular • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres sandy material within a depth of 40 inches; on backslopes Typical Profile Houdek Similar inclusions: • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the Surface layer: Houdek soil 0 to 6 inches—dark gray clay loam 82 Soil Survey of

Subsoil: have gravelly material at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; on 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam backslopes and footslopes 17 to 22 inches—grayish brown, calcareous clay • The well drained Shindler soils, which are loam calcareous within a depth of 8 inches; on shoulders 22 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • The well drained Splitrock soils, which have more silt clay loam that has redoximorphic depletions and less sand than the Houdek soil; on summits and backslopes Underlying layer: • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low 33 to 71 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous flood plains clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Similar inclusions: 71 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the clay loam with strata of sand; redoximorphic Houdek soil concentrations and depletions Use and Management Talmo Cropland and pasture Surface layer: Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous gravelly Management concerns: Houdek—water erosion; loam Talmo—the restricted available water capacity and Underlying layer: the high content of lime, which adversely affects 7 to 15 inches—grayish brown, calcareous very the availability of plant nutrients gravelly loamy sand Management considerations: 15 to 80 inches—pale brown and grayish brown, • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant calcareous very gravelly sand vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control erosion. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Houdek—well drained; Talmo— excessively drained Land capability classification: Houdek—4e; Talmo—6e Depth to bedrock: Very deep Range site: Houdek—Silty; Talmo—Very Shallow Depth to contrasting parent material: Houdek—more Windbreak suitability group: Houdek—3; Talmo—10 than 60 inches; Talmo—0 to 14 inches over Pasture suitability group: Houdek—F; Talmo—NS gravelly material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None HuA—Huntimer silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Ponding: None percent slopes Permeability: Houdek—moderately slow; Talmo—very rapid Composition Available water capacity: Houdek—high; Talmo—very Huntimer and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent low Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Content of organic matter: Houdek—moderate; Talmo—moderately low Setting Surface runoff class: Houdek—high; Talmo—low Landform: Ice-walled lake plains Other properties: The Talmo soil has a high content of Position on the landform: Summits lime. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Inclusions Shape of areas: Oval Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres Contrasting inclusions: • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils and the Typical Profile well drained Davis soils, which are dark to a depth of Surface layer: 20 inches or more; on footslopes 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, which have gravelly material at a depth of 14 to 20 Subsoil: inches; on backslopes 7 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay • The well drained Dempster and Enet soils, which 12 to 18 inches—brown silty clay Minnehaha County, South Dakota 83

18 to 26 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty Range site: Silty clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Windbreak suitability group: 3 26 to 38 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Pasture suitability group: F silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Underlying layer: HuB—Huntimer silty clay loam, 2 to 6 38 to 50 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous percent slopes silty clay loam that has redoximorphic Composition concentrations and depletions 50 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay Huntimer and similar soils: 75 to 90 percent loam that has varves of silt loam and fine sand Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent in the lower part; redoximorphic concentrations Setting and depletions Landform: Ice-walled lake plains Soil Properties and Qualities Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Drainage class: Well drained Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Depth to bedrock: Very deep Shape of areas: Irregular Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres inches over loamy glacial till Typical Profile Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Surface layer: Ponding: None 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay Permeability: Slow loam Available water capacity: High Subsoil: Content of organic matter: Moderate 7 to 12 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay Surface runoff class: Medium 12 to 18 inches—brown silty clay Inclusions 18 to 26 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty clay loam that has relict redoximorphic Contrasting inclusions: features • The moderately well drained Benclare and Bonilla 26 to 38 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous soils on footslopes silty clay loam that has redoximorphic • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on concentrations and depletions toeslopes • The well drained Egan soils, which have less clay Underlying layer: than the Huntimer soil; on summits and backslopes 38 to 50 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Similar inclusions: 50 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay • Soils that have more clay in the subsoil than the loam that has varves of silt loam and fine sand Huntimer soil in the lower part; redoximorphic concentrations Use and Management and depletions Cropland Soil Properties and Qualities Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Drainage class: Well drained wheat Depth to bedrock: Very deep Suitability for crops: Well suited Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Management concerns: Few limitations inches over loamy glacial till Management considerations: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and Flooding: None helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic Ponding: None matter. Permeability: Slow Available water capacity: High Interpretive Groups Content of organic matter: Moderate Land capability classification: 1 Surface runoff class: High 84 Soil Survey of

Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Surface soil: • The moderately well drained Benclare soils on 0 to 11 inches—dark gray silty clay loam footslopes Subsoil: • The well drained Egan and Wentworth soils, which 11 to 17 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam have less clay than the Huntimer soil; on summits and 17 to 25 inches—pale brown silty clay loam backslopes 25 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam • The well drained Ethan soils, which are calcareous that has relict redoximorphic features at a depth of 5 inches or less and have less clay than the Huntimer soil; on shoulders Bedrock: • The very poorly drained Worthing soils in basins 35 inches—reddish brown, unweathered Sioux quartzite Similar inclusions: • Soils that have more clay in the subsoil than the Soil Properties and Qualities Huntimer soil Drainage class: Well drained Use and Management Depth to bedrock: Moderately deep Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches Cropland over unweathered Sioux quartzite Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet wheat Flooding: None Suitability for crops: Well suited Ponding: None Management concerns: Water erosion Permeability: Moderate in the loess and very slow in Management considerations: the underlying Sioux quartzite • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Available water capacity: Moderate surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. Content of organic matter: Moderate • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways Surface runoff class: Low help to control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are too short or too irregular for contour farming Inclusions or terraces. Contrasting inclusions: • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps • The well drained Graceville soils, which are dark to a to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the depth of 20 inches or more and have gravelly material content of organic matter. at a depth of 40 to 60 inches; on footslopes Interpretive Groups • The well drained Moody soils, which do not have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches; on backslopes Land capability classification: 2e • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Range site: Silty footslopes Windbreak suitability group: 3 • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins Pasture suitability group: F • Outcrops of unweathered bedrock on shoulders and footslopes IhA—Ihlen silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent Similar inclusions: slopes • Soils that are dark to a depth of more than 20 inches Composition • Soils that have unweathered bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches Ihlen and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent • Soils that have more sand and less silt than the Ihlen Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent soil Setting Use and Management Landform: Dissected plains Cropland Position on the landform: Footslopes Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Shape of areas: Irregular wheat Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited Minnehaha County, South Dakota 85

Management concerns: The restricted available water Flooding: None capacity and the limited depth to bedrock Ponding: None Management considerations: Permeability: Ihlen—moderate in the loess and very • This soil is better suited to early maturing crops, slow in the underlying Sioux quartzite; Rock such as small grain, than to some other crops. outcrop—very slow Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Available water capacity: Ihlen—moderate; Rock surface conserve moisture. outcrop—very low • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Content of organic matter: Ihlen—moderate; Rock to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the outcrop—very low content of organic matter. Surface runoff class: Ihlen—medium; Rock outcrop— high Interpretive Groups Inclusions Land capability classification: 2s Range site: Silty Contrasting inclusions: Windbreak suitability group: 6D • The well drained Grovena and Flandreau soils, Pasture suitability group: F which have more sand and less silt than the Ihlen soil and do not have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches; on backslopes IrB—Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 4 • The well drained Davis soils, which are dark at a percent slopes depth of 20 or more inches and do not have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches; on footslopes Composition • The well drained Moody soils, which do not have Ihlen and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent bedrock within a depth of 40 inches; on backslopes Rock outcrop: 15 to 35 percent • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent footslopes • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Setting toeslopes Landform: Dissected plains Similar inclusions: Position on the landform: Backslopes and footslopes • Soils that are dark to a depth of more than 20 inches Slope range: 0 to 4 percent • Soils that have unweathered bedrock at a depth of Shape of areas: Irregular less than 20 inches Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres • Soils that have more sand and less silt than the Ihlen Typical Profile soil Use and Management Ihlen Rangeland Surface soil: 0 to 11 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Management concerns: Ihlen—the restricted available Subsoil: water capacity, water erosion, and the limited 11 to 17 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam depth to Sioux quartzite bedrock; Rock outcrop— 17 to 25 inches—pale brown silty clay loam the restricted available water capacity and a very 25 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam slow rate of water infiltration that has relict redoximorphic features Management considerations: Underlying layer: • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant 35 inches—reddish brown, unweathered Sioux vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control quartzite erosion. Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Ihlen—well drained; Rock outcrop— Land capability classification: Ihlen—2e; Rock excessively drained outcrop—8s Depth to bedrock: Ihlen—moderately deep Range site: Ihlen—Silty; Rock outcrop—not assigned Depth to contrasting parent material: Ihlen—20 to 40 Windbreak suitability group: Ihlen—6D; Rock inches over unweathered Sioux quartzite outcrop—10 Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Pasture suitability group: Ihlen—F; Rock outcrop—NS 86 Soil Survey of

IrE—Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 35 Shape of areas: Irregular percent slopes Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Composition Typical Profile Ihlen Ihlen and similar soils: 35 to 60 percent Rock outcrop: 25 to 50 percent Surface soil: Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent 0 to 11 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Setting Subsoil: Landform: Dissected plains (fig. 8) 11 to 17 inches—grayish brown silty clay Position on the landform: Shoulders, backslopes, and loam footslopes 17 to 25 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Slope range: Ihlen—4 to 25 percent; Rock outcrop—9 25 to 35 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam to 35 percent that has relict redoximorphic features

Figure 8.—An area of Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 35 percent slopes, along Split Rock Creek. The rock is Sioux quartzite. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 87

Underlying layer: Management considerations: 35 inches—reddish brown, unweathered Sioux • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant quartzite vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control erosion. Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Ihlen—well drained; Rock outcrop— excessively drained Land capability classification: Ihlen—4e; Rock Depth to bedrock: Ihlen—moderately deep outcrop—8s Depth to contrasting parent material: Ihlen—20 to 40 Range site: Ihlen—Silty; Rock outcrop—not assigned inches over unweathered Sioux quartzite Windbreak suitability group: Ihlen—6D; Rock Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet outcrop—10 Flooding: None Pasture suitability group: Ihlen—F; Rock outcrop—NS Ponding: None Permeability: Ihlen—moderate in the loess and very slow in the underlying Sioux quartzite; Rock Ja—Janude fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 outcrop—very slow percent slopes Available water capacity: Ihlen—moderate; Rock outcrop—very low Composition Content of organic matter: Ihlen—moderate; Rock Janude and similar soils: 85 to 99 percent outcrop—very low Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent Surface runoff class: Ihlen—high; Rock outcrop—very high Setting Other properties: The bedrock includes escarpments Landform: High flood plains in some areas. Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Inclusions Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 15 to 180 acres Contrasting inclusions: • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low Typical Profile flood plains Surface layer: • The moderately well drained Davis soils on high 0 to 19 inches—dark gray fine sandy loam flood plains • The well drained Grovena and Moody soils, which Transitional layer: do not have bedrock within a depth of 40 inches; on 19 to 43 inches—dark grayish brown, calcareous backslopes fine sandy loam • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Underlying layer: footslopes 43 to 57 inches—grayish brown, calcareous fine Similar inclusions: sandy loam • Soils that are dark to a depth of more than 20 inches 57 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty • Soils that have unweathered bedrock at a depth of clay loam that has redoximorphic less than 20 inches concentrations • Soils that have more sand and less silt than the Ihlen soil Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Drainage class: Moderately well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Rangeland and recreation Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited inches over loamy glacial till Management concerns: Ihlen—the restricted available Depth to high water table: 4 to 6 feet water capacity, water erosion, and the limited Frequency of flooding: Rare depth to bedrock; Rock outcrop—the restricted Ponding: None available water capacity and a very slow rate of Permeability: Moderate water infiltration Available water capacity: Moderate 88 Soil Survey of

Content of organic matter: Moderate Typical Profile Surface runoff class: Low Surface layer: 0 to 7 inches—gray silty clay loam Inclusions Subsurface layer: Contrasting inclusions: 7 to 30 inches—grayish brown and dark gray, • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low calcareous silt loam and silty clay loam flood plains • The poorly drained Clamo soils, which have more Transitional layer: clay than the Janude soil; on low flood plains 30 to 43 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which loam have more clay and silt than the Janude soil; on low Subsoil: flood plains 43 to 64 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay Similar inclusions: loam that has redoximorphic concentrations • Soils that are leached to a depth of more than 30 Underlying layer: inches 64 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay Use and Management loam that has strata of fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam and has redoximorphic Cropland concentrations Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring wheat Soil Properties and Qualities Suitability for crops: Well suited Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Management concerns: The restricted available water Depth to bedrock: Very deep capacity; wind erosion Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Management considerations: inches • Minimizing tillage, leaving crop residue on the Depth to high water table: 1 to 3 feet surface, and including grasses and legumes in the Flooding: Occasional for brief periods cropping system help to control erosion, conserve Ponding: None moisture, and help to maintain the content of organic Permeability: Moderately slow matter. Available water capacity: High • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to Content of organic matter: Moderately low control wind erosion. Surface runoff class: Low Interpretive Groups Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. Land capability classification: 2s Inclusions Range site: Sandy Contrasting inclusions: Windbreak suitability group: 1 • The moderately well drained Alcester soils on high Pasture suitability group: H flood plains • The poorly drained Clamo soils on low flood plains • The moderately well drained Bon soils, which have La—Lamo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent more sand and less silt than the Lamo soil; on high slopes flood plains Composition • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils, which have more sand and less silt than the Lamo soil; on Lamo and similar soils: 75 to 80 percent low flood plains Contrasting inclusions: 20 to 25 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils, Setting which are not calcareous within a depth of 30 inches; on toeslopes Landform: Low flood plains Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Similar inclusions: Shape of areas: Irregular • Soils that are more poorly drained than the Lamo Size of areas: 10 to 500 acres soil Minnehaha County, South Dakota 89

Use and Management Underlying layer: 64 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay Cropland loam that has strata of fine sandy loam and Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring very fine sandy loam and has redoximorphic wheat concentrations Suitability for crops: Well suited Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, Soil Properties and Qualities wind erosion, and the high content of lime, which Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients Depth to bedrock: Very deep Management considerations: Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 • Leaving crop residue on the surface and deferring inches tillage when the soil is wet help to maintain tilth, Depth to high water table: 1 to 3 feet minimize soil compaction, and help to control erosion. Flooding: Frequent for brief periods • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Ponding: None to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of Permeability: Moderately slow organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Available water capacity: High • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to Content of organic matter: Moderate remove excess water. Surface runoff class: Low Interpretive Groups Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. Land capability classification: 2w Inclusions Range site: Subirrigated Contrasting inclusions: Windbreak suitability group: 2K • The very poorly drained Baltic soils, which contain Pasture suitability group: A more clay in the subsoil than the Lamo soil; on low flood plains and in basins Lb—Lamo silty clay loam, channeled • The moderately well drained Bon soils, which have more sand and less silt than the Lamo soil; on high Composition flood plains • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils, Lamo and similar soils: 70 to 80 percent which have more clay in the subsoil than the Lamo soil Contrasting inclusions: 20 to 30 percent and are leached to a depth of more than 28 inches; on Setting toeslopes • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils, which Landform: Low flood plains contain more sand and less silt than the Lamo soil; on Slope range: 0 to 1 percent low flood plains Shape of areas: Long and narrow Size of areas: 15 to 800 acres Similar inclusions: • Soils that have stratification in the upper 10 inches Typical Profile • Soils that are more poorly drained than the Lamo Surface layer: soil 0 to 7 inches—gray silty clay loam Use and Management Subsurface layer: Rangeland 7 to 30 inches—grayish brown and dark gray, calcareous silt loam and silty clay loam Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, Transitional layer: meandering channels that limit cultivation, and the 30 to 43 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay high content of lime, which adversely affects the loam availability of plant nutrients Subsoil: Management considerations: 43 to 64 inches—light gray, calcareous silty clay • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant loam that has redoximorphic concentrations vigor and control streambank erosion. 90 Soil Survey of

• Cultivated areas should be seeded to adapted Permeability: Moderate grasses. Available water capacity: High • Restricting grazing during wet periods can minimize Content of organic matter: Moderate soil compaction. Surface runoff class: Medium Interpretive Groups Inclusions Land capability classification: 6w Contrasting inclusions: Range site: Subirrigated • The well drained Alcester soils, which are dark to a Windbreak suitability group: 2K depth of 24 inches or more; on footslopes Pasture suitability group: NS • The somewhat poorly drained, clayey Chancellor soils on toeslopes • The somewhat poorly drained, silty Whitewood soils M-W—Miscellaneous water on toeslopes • The moderately well drained Trent soils and the • This map unit consists of small manmade areas that moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda soils on are used for industrial, sanitary, or mining applications footslopes and that contain water most of the year. Similar inclusions: • Soils that are calcareous at a depth of 12 to 30 MdB—Moody silty clay loam, 2 to 6 inches percent slopes • Soils that have more sand and less silt than the Moody soil Composition • Soils that have glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 Moody and similar soils: 75 to 85 percent inches Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 25 percent Use and Management Setting Cropland Landform: Plains Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes wheat Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Suitability for crops: Well suited Shape of areas: Irregular Management concerns: Water erosion Size of areas: 15 to 300 acres Management considerations: Typical Profile • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. Surface soil: • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay control water erosion. loam • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Subsoil: to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the 11 to 24 inches—brown silty clay loam content of organic matter. 24 to 35 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam Interpretive Groups 35 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous silt loam that has relict redoximorphic features Land capability classification: 2e Range site: Silty Underlying layer: Windbreak suitability group: 3 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Pasture suitability group: F silt loam that has redoximorphic depletions Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained MgA—Moody-Gayville complex, 0 to 3 Depth to bedrock: Very deep percent slopes Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Composition inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Moody and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent Flooding: None Gayville and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent Ponding: None Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent Minnehaha County, South Dakota 91

Setting Available water capacity: Moody—high; Gayville— moderate Landform: Plains and flood plains Content of organic matter: Moderate Position on the landform: Moody—summits and Surface runoff class: Moody—low; Gayville—medium backslopes; Gayville—high flood plains Other properties: The Gayville soil has a sodium- Slope range: Moody—0 to 3 percent; Gayville—0 to 2 affected subsoil. percent Shape of areas: Irregular Inclusions Size of areas: 5 to 20 acres Contrasting inclusions: Typical Profile • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils, Moody which do not have a sodium-affected subsoil; on toeslopes Surface soil: • The well drained Corson soils, which have more clay 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay than the Moody soil; on summits and backslopes loam • The moderately well drained Trent soils on Subsoil: footslopes 11 to 24 inches—brown silty clay loam • The moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda 24 to 35 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam soils on footslopes 35 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Similar inclusions: silt loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Soils that are calcareous at a depth of 12 to 30 Underlying layer: inches 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • Soils that have an increase in clay content in the silt loam that has redoximorphic depletions subsoil and are not sodium affected Gayville Use and Management Surface layer: Cropland 0 to 2 inches—gray silt loam Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Subsoil: wheat 2 to 7 inches—dark gray silty clay Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited 7 to 13 inches—grayish brown silty clay Management concerns: Moody—slight; Gayville—the 13 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous sodium-affected subsoil (which adversely affects silty clay loam plant growth by restricting root penetration) and a Underlying layer: slow rate of water infiltration 26 to 51 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Management considerations: loam that has redoximorphic depletions • Leaving crop residue on the surface, minimizing 51 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous tillage, tilling in a timely manner, and including grasses loam over loamy very fine sand; redoximorphic and legumes in the cropping system help to control concentrations and depletions erosion, conserve moisture, and help to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. Soil Properties and Qualities • Chiseling or subsoiling when the soils are dry Drainage class: Moody—well drained; Gayville— increases the rate of water infiltration. somewhat poorly drained • Proper grazing management on rangeland helps to Depth to bedrock: Very deep maintain plant vigor. Depth to contrasting parent material: Moody—more • Restricted grazing during wet periods can minimize than 40 inches over loamy glacial till or sandy soil compaction. material; Gayville—9 to 30 inches over loamy Interpretive Groups alluvium Depth to high water table: Moody—more than 6 feet; Land capability classification: Moody—1; Gayville—6s Gayville—2 to 4 feet Range site: Moody—Silty; Gayville—Saline Lowland Flooding: Moody—none; Gayville—rare Windbreak suitability group: Moody—3; Gayville—9W Ponding: None Pasture suitability group: Moody—F; Gayville—J Permeability: Moody—moderate; Gayville—very slow 92 Soil Survey of

MnB—Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 2 to 6 Available water capacity: High percent slopes Content of organic matter: Moderate Surface runoff class: Medium Composition Inclusions Moody and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Contrasting inclusions: Nora and similar soils: 20 to 40 percent • The well drained Alcester soils, which are dark to a Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent depth of 24 inches or more; on footslopes Setting • The well drained Crofton soils, which are calcareous throughout; on summits and shoulders Landform: Plains • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Position on the landform: Moody—summits and toeslopes backslopes; Nora—shoulders • The moderately well drained Trent soils and the Slope range: 2 to 6 percent moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda soils on Shape of areas: Irregular footslopes Size of areas: 20 to 800 acres • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Typical Profile toeslopes Moody Similar inclusions: Surface soil: • Soils that have more sand and less silt 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • Soils that have glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 loam inches • Soils that have an increase in clay content in the Subsoil: subsoil 11 to 24 inches—brown silty clay loam Use and Management 24 to 35 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam 35 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Cropland silt loam that has relict redoximorphic features Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Underlying layer: wheat 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Suitability for crops: Well suited silt loam that has redoximorphic depletions Management concerns: Water erosion (fig. 9) Management considerations: Nora • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Surface layer: surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are Subsoil: too short or too irregular for contour farming. 9 to 22 inches—pale brown silty clay loam • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 22 to 32 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the 32 to 54 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam content of organic matter. that has relict redoximorphic features Interpretive Groups Underlying layer: 54 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Land capability classification: Moody—2e; Nora—2e silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Range site: Moody—Silty; Nora—Silty and depletions Windbreak suitability group: Moody—3; Nora—3 Pasture suitability group: Moody—F; Nora—F Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep MnC—Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 6 to 9 Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 percent slopes inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material Composition Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Moody and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent Ponding: None Nora and similar soils: 15 to 30 percent Permeability: Moderate Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Minnehaha County, South Dakota 93

Figure 9.—Terraces help to control erosion in an area of Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes.

Setting Nora Landform: Plains Surface layer: Position on the landform: Moody—backslopes; Nora— 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam summits and shoulders Subsoil: Slope range: 6 to 9 percent 9 to 22 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Shape of areas: Irregular 22 to 32 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam Size of areas: 15 to 100 acres 32 to 54 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam Typical Profile that has relict redoximorphic features Moody Underlying layer: Surface soil: 54 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations loam and depletions Subsoil: Soil Properties and Qualities 11 to 24 inches—brown silty clay loam Drainage class: Well drained 24 to 35 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam Depth to bedrock: Very deep 35 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 silt loam that has relict redoximorphic inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material features Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Underlying layer: Flooding: None 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Ponding: None silt loam that has redoximorphic depletions Permeability: Moderate 94 Soil Survey of

Available water capacity: High Setting Content of organic matter: Moderate Landform: Plains Surface runoff class: Medium Position on the landform: Moody—summits and Inclusions backslopes; Trent—footslopes Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Contrasting inclusions: Shape of areas: Irregular • The well drained Alcester soils, which are dark to a Size of areas: 15 to 900 acres depth of 24 inches or more; on footslopes • The well drained Crofton soils, which are calcareous Typical Profile throughout; on summits and shoulders Moody • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Surface soil: toeslopes 0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay • The moderately well drained Trent soils and the loam moderately well drained, calcareous Wakonda soils on footslopes Subsoil: • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on 11 to 24 inches—brown silty clay loam toeslopes 24 to 35 inches—light olive brown silty clay loam 35 to 50 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Similar inclusions: silt loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Soils that have more sand and less silt • Soils that have glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 Underlying layer: inches 50 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous silt loam that has redoximorphic depletions Use and Management Trent Cropland Surface soil: Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 0 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay loam wheat Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited Subsoil: Management concerns: Water erosion 15 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay Management considerations: loam • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the 23 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. 28 to 46 inches—brown silty clay loam and silt • Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways loam; redoximorphic concentrations in the help to control water erosion, but slopes in some upper part and redoximorphic concentrations areas are too short or too irregular for contour farming and depletions in the lower part or terraces. 46 to 52 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the and depletions content of organic matter. Underlying layer: Interpretive Groups 52 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Land capability classification: Moody—3e; Nora—3e and depletions Range site: Moody—Silty; Nora—Silty Windbreak suitability group: Moody—3; Nora—3 Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture suitability group: Moody—F; Nora—F Drainage class: Moody—well drained; Trent— moderately well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep MtA—Moody-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 Depth to contrasting parent material: Moody—more percent slopes than 40 inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material; Trent—more than 40 inches over loamy Composition glacial till Moody and similar soils: 35 to 60 percent Depth to high water table: Moody—more than 6 feet; Trent and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent Flooding: None Minnehaha County, South Dakota 95

Ponding: None Shape of areas: Irregular Permeability: Moderate Size of areas: 15 to 600 acres Available water capacity: High Typical Profile Content of organic matter: Moody—moderate; Trent— Nora high Surface runoff class: Low Surface layer: Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Trent soil 0 to 9 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Subsoil: Inclusions 9 to 22 inches—pale brown silty clay loam 22 to 32 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam Contrasting inclusions: 32 to 54 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam • The somewhat poorly drained, clayey Chancellor that has relict redoximorphic features soils on toeslopes • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which Underlying layer: are calcareous throughout; on footslopes 54 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations toeslopes and depletions Similar inclusions: Crofton • Soils that are calcareous at a depth of 12 to 30 Surface layer: inches 0 to 6 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous silt • Soils that have more sand and less silt loam Use and Management Transitional layer: Cropland 6 to 14 inches—pale brown, calcareous silt loam Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring wheat Underlying layer: Suitability for crops: Well suited 14 to 40 inches—light yellowish brown, Management concerns: Few limitations calcareous silt loam that has relict Management considerations: redoximorphic features • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and 40 to 80 inches—very pale brown, calcareous silt helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic loam that has relict redoximorphic features matter. Soil Properties and Qualities Interpretive Groups Drainage class: Well drained Land capability classification: Moody—1; Trent—1 Depth to bedrock: Very deep Range site: Moody—Silty; Trent—Loamy Overflow Depth to contrasting parent material: Nora—more than Windbreak suitability group: Moody—3; Trent—1 40 inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material; Pasture suitability group: Moody—F; Trent—K Crofton—more than 60 inches Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None NcC—Nora-Crofton complex, 6 to 9 Ponding: None percent slopes Permeability: Moderate Available water capacity: High Composition Content of organic matter: Nora—moderate; Crofton— Nora and similar soils: 40 to 65 percent low Crofton and similar soils: 15 to 40 percent Surface runoff class: Medium Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Other properties: The Crofton soil has a high content of lime. Setting Inclusions Landform: Dissected plains Position on the landform: Nora—backslopes; Crofton— Contrasting inclusions: shoulders (fig. 10) • The well drained Alcester soils, which are dark to a Slope range: 6 to 9 percent depth of 24 inches or more; on footslopes 96 Soil Survey of

Figure 10.—An area of Nora-Crofton complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes. The Crofton soil is in the lighter colored areas on shoulders. The Nora soil is darker and is on backslopes.

• The well drained Flandreau and Grovena soils, Use and Management which have more sand and less silt than the major Cropland soils; on summits and backslopes Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils wheat on summits and shoulders Suitability for crops: Fairly well suited • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Management concerns: Nora—water erosion; toeslopes Crofton—wind erosion, water erosion, and the • The moderately well drained Trent and Wakonda high content of lime, which adversely affects the soils on footslopes availability of plant nutrients Similar inclusions: Management considerations: • Soils that are not calcareous within a depth of 30 • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the inches surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 97

• Contour farming, terraces, and grassed waterways Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 help to control water erosion, but slopes in some inches areas are too short or too irregular for contour farming High water table: 0.5 foot above to 1 foot below the or terraces. surface • Wind stripcropping and field windbreaks help to Flooding: Frequent for brief periods control wind erosion. Ponding: None • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Permeability: Moderately slow to control wind erosion and water erosion and helps to Available water capacity: High maintain the content of organic matter, fertility, and Content of organic matter: Moderate tilth. Surface runoff class: Very low Other properties: This soil has a high content of lime. Interpretive Groups Land capability classification: Nora—3e; Crofton—4e Inclusions Range site: Nora—Silty; Crofton—Thin Upland Contrasting inclusions: Windbreak suitability group: Nora—3; Crofton—8 • The very poorly drained Baltic soils, which have Pasture suitability group: Nora—F; Crofton—G more clay than the Obert soil; on low flood plains and in basins Ob—Obert silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low slopes flood plains Composition Similar inclusions: • Soils that are better drained than the Obert soil Obert and similar soils: 90 to 99 percent Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 10 percent Use and Management Setting Rangeland and pasture Landform: Low flood plains Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, Shape of areas: Long and narrow and the high content of lime, which adversely Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres affects the availability of plant nutrients Typical Profile Management considerations: • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Surface layer: vigor. 0 to 6 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam • Restricting grazing when the soil is wet helps to Subsurface layer: prevent soil compaction. 6 to 40 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay Interpretive Groups loam that has redoximorphic concentrations in the upper part Land capability classification: 5w Range site: Wetland Transitional layer: Windbreak suitability group: 10 40 to 52 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam Pasture suitability group: B1 Underlying layer: 52 to 65 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations in the Og—Orthents, gravelly upper part and redoximorphic concentrations Composition and depletions in the lower part 65 to 80 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay Orthents and similar soils: 90 to 99 percent loam that has strata of sand and gravel and Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 10 percent has redoximorphic concentrations and Setting depletions Landform: Outwash plains Soil Properties and Qualities Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, Drainage class: Very poorly drained backslopes, footslopes, and toeslopes Depth to bedrock: Very deep Slope range: 0 to 60 percent 98 Soil Survey of

Shape of areas: Irregular areas and using the mounds of overburden material as Size of areas: 10 to 140 acres topsoil dressing. • Applying fertilizer as needed helps to establish Typical Profile range or tame pasture plants. Surface soil: Interpretive Groups 0 to 18 inches—yellowish brown, calcareous gravelly sandy loam Land capability classification: 8s Range site: Very Shallow Underlying layer: Windbreak suitability group: 10 18 to 80 inches—yellowish brown, calcareous Pasture suitability group: NS gravelly loamy sand Soil Properties and Qualities Or—Orthents, loamy Drainage class: Excessively drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Composition Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Orthents and similar soils: 80 to 95 percent inches Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Setting Ponding: None Landform: Till plains and plains Permeability: Moderately rapid to very rapid Position on the landform: Summits, shoulders, Available water capacity: Very low backslopes, and footslopes Content of organic matter: Low Slope range: 0 to 15 percent Surface runoff class: Very low or low Shape of areas: Irregular Inclusions Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Contrasting inclusions: Typical Profile • Aquents in areas where gravel has been removed to Surface layer: a depth at the level of the water table 0 to 6 inches—dark gray and brown, calcareous • The well drained Dempster soils, which have 20 to clay loam 40 inches of silty material over sand and gravel; on backslopes and summit remnants Transitional layer: • The well drained Graceville soils, which are dark to a 6 to 15 inches—pale brown and dark gray, depth of more than 20 inches and have more than 40 mottled, calcareous clay loam inches of silty material over sand and gravel; on Underlying layer: footslope remnants 15 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown and pale • Orthents that do not have sand and gravel; in areas yellow, mottled, calcareous clay loam where sand and gravel have been removed and loamy or silty underlying material has been exposed Soil Properties and Qualities Use and Management Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Rangeland and wildlife habitat Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Suitability for crops: Unsuited inches Management concerns: Slope Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Management considerations: Flooding: None • This map unit consists of areas from which gravel Ponding: None has been excavated and removed. In some areas Permeability: Moderately slow that have been reclaimed, a few inches of loamy Available water capacity: High material has been replaced on the surface. Some Content of organic matter: Moderately low areas have also been used as landfills prior to Surface runoff class: Low to high reclamation. Inclusions • Abandoned areas can be restored to range, tame pasture, or cropland if reclamation measures are Contrasting inclusions: applied. Reclamation measures include shaping the • The well drained Moody and Nora soils, which are Minnehaha County, South Dakota 99

not calcareous within a depth of 12 inches; on Typical Profile remnants of summits, backslopes, and shoulders Orthents • The well drained Crofton soils, which have a surface Surface soil: layer that has not been mixed with the underlying 0 to 18 inches—yellowish brown, calcareous material; on remnants of shoulders and backslopes gravelly sandy loam • The well drained, loamy Houdek soils, which are not calcareous within a depth of 18 inches; on summits Underlying layer: and backslopes 18 to 80 inches—yellowish brown, calcareous • The gravelly Orthents in areas where material has gravelly loamy sand been removed and gravelly underlying material has Aquents been exposed Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 8 inches—light brownish gray and yellowish Cropland and pasture brown, calcareous gravelly loam Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Underlying layer: wheat 8 to 80 inches—pale brown, calcareous gravelly Suitability for crops: Poorly suited loamy sand Management concerns: Water erosion, wind erosion, Soil Properties and Qualities and limited fertility Management considerations: Drainage class: Orthents—excessively drained; • This map unit includes loamy and silty borrow areas Aquents—very poorly drained and other cut and fill areas. Most areas are reclaimed. Depth to bedrock: Very deep An area west of Wall Lake was used as a site for Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 settling ponds during the Wall Lake restoration project. inches • Minimizing tillage, leaving crop residue on the High water table: Orthents—at a depth of more than 6 surface, and including grasses and legumes in the feet; Aquents—2 feet above to 2 feet below the cropping system help to control erosion, improve surface fertility, and conserve moisture. Flooding: None • Seeding cultivated areas to adapted grasses helps Ponding: Orthents—none; Aquents—frequent for very to control erosion. long periods Permeability: Orthents—moderately rapid to very Interpretive Groups rapid; Aquents—rapid Available water capacity: Very low Land capability classification: 4e Content of organic matter: Orthents—low; Aquents— Range site: Thin Upland moderately low Windbreak suitability group: 8 Surface runoff class: Orthents—very low or low; Pasture suitability group: G Aquents—very low Other properties: The Aquents are at or below the level of the water table during some periods. Ow—Orthents-Aquents complex, gravelly Inclusions Composition Contrasting inclusions: Orthents and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent • The somewhat excessively drained Delmont soils, Aquents and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent which have 14 to 20 inches of loamy material over Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent sand and gravel; on remnants of shoulders and backslopes Setting • The well drained Enet soils, which have 20 to 40 Landform: Outwash plains inches of loamy material over sand and gravel; on Position on the landform: Orthents—summits, footslope remnants shoulders, and backslopes; Aquents—toeslopes • The well drained Dempster soils, which have 20 to Slope range: Orthents—0 to 60 percent; Aquents—0 40 inches of silty material over sand and gravel; on to 2 percent remnants of summits and backslopes Shape of areas: Irregular • The well drained Graceville soils, which are dark to a Size of areas: 5 to 200 acres depth of more than 20 inches and have more than 40 100 Soil Survey of

inches of silty material over sand and gravel; on Flooding: None footslope remnants Ponding: None • Orthents that do not have sand and gravel; in areas Permeability: Very slow where sand and gravel have been removed and loamy Available water capacity: Very low or silty underlying material has been exposed Content of organic matter: Very low Surface runoff class: Medium to very high Use and Management Inclusions Rangeland and wildlife habitat Contrasting inclusions: Suitability for crops: Unsuited • The well drained Ihlen soils, which are silty to a Management concerns: Slope and wetness depth of 20 to 40 inches; on backslopes Management considerations: • The gravelly or loamy Orthents in areas where • This map unit consists of areas from which gravel gravelly or loamy material has been disturbed or has been excavated and removed. In some areas that deposited during or following quarry operations have been reclaimed, a few inches of loamy material • Areas where surface water or ground water has has been replaced on the surface. Some areas have filled parts of a quarry also been used as landfills prior to reclamation. • Abandoned areas can be restored to range, tame Use and Management pasture, or cropland if reclamation measures are Wildlife habitat applied. Reclamation measures include shaping the areas and using the mounds of overburden material as Suitability for crops: Unsuited topsoil dressing. Management considerations: • Applying fertilizer as needed helps to establish • This map unit includes active and inactive Sioux range or tame pasture plants. quartzite quarries. Some areas may be reclaimed and have crushed rock and other debris on the surface. Interpretive Groups Deep inactive pits may fill with water. Land capability classification: Orthents—8s; Aquents—5w Interpretive Groups Range site: Orthents—Very Shallow; Aquents—Wetland Land capability classification: 8s Windbreak suitability group: Orthents—10; Aquents—10 Range site: Not assigned Pasture suitability group: Orthents—NS; Aquents—NS Windbreak suitability group: 10 Pasture suitability group: NS Pt—Pits, quarry Composition Sa—Salmo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent Pits, quarry: 85 to 99 percent slopes Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent Composition Setting Salmo and similar soils: 70 to 80 percent Contrasting inclusions: 20 to 30 percent Landform: Terraces and flood plains Position on the landform: Shoulders, backslopes, Setting footslopes, and toeslopes Landform: Low flood plains Slope range: 0 to 90 percent Slope range: 0 to 1 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Shape of areas: Elongated or irregular Size of areas: 10 to 150 acres Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Typical Profile Typical Profile 0 to 80 inches—reddish brown, unweathered Sioux Surface layer: quartzite bedrock 0 to 5 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty clay Soil Properties and Qualities loam that has accumulations of salt and has redoximorphic concentrations Drainage class: Excessively drained Depth to bedrock: Very shallow Subsoil: Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet 5 to 17 inches—very dark gray, calcareous silty Minnehaha County, South Dakota 101

clay loam that has accumulations of salt and Use and Management has redoximorphic concentrations Cropland and pasture 17 to 41 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay loam that has accumulations of salt and has Main crops: Barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring redoximorphic concentrations wheat 41 to 49 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam Suitability for crops: Poorly suited that has accumulations of gypsum and has Management concerns: Flooding, high water table, redoximorphic concentrations salinity, wind erosion, and the high content of lime, which adversely affects the availability of plant Underlying layer: nutrients 49 to 59 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Management considerations: sandy loam that has redoximorphic • In most years this soil is better suited to late-planted concentrations crops than to some other crops. 59 to 80 inches—grayish brown, calcareous • Leaving crop residue on the surface and deferring sandy loam that has redoximorphic tillage when the soil is wet help to maintain tilth, concentrations in the upper part and minimize surface compaction, and help to control wind redoximorphic concentrations and depletions in erosion. the lower part • Permanent pasture and hayland species should be Soil Properties and Qualities established. Drainage class: Poorly drained Interpretive Groups Depth to bedrock: Very deep Land capability classification: 4w Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Range site: Saline Subirrigated inches over gravelly material Windbreak suitability group: 10 High water table: At the surface to 1.5 feet below the Pasture suitability group: J surface Flooding: Frequent for brief periods Ponding: None Permeability: Moderately slow in the silty alluvium and SdE—Shindler-Houdek clay loams, 15 to moderately rapid in the underlying loamy 40 percent slopes sediments Composition Available water capacity: Moderate Content of organic matter: High Shindler and similar soils: 35 to 60 percent Surface runoff class: Very low Houdek and similar soils: 10 to 30 percent Other properties: This soil has a high content of salts Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 30 percent and lime. Setting Inclusions Landform: Moraines Contrasting inclusions: Position on the landform: Shindler—shoulders; • The very poorly drained Baltic soils, which have Houdek—backslopes more clay than the Salmo soil; on low flood plains and Slope range: Shindler—15 to 40 percent; Houdek—15 in basins to 25 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor and Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated Whitewood soils on toeslopes Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils on Typical Profile footslopes Shindler • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils on low flood plains Surface layer: • The very poorly drained Worthing soils, which have 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam more clay in the subsoil than the Salmo soil; in basins Subsoil: Similar inclusions: 8 to 14 inches—gray and light yellowish brown, • Soils that have a stratified surface layer calcareous clay loam • Soils that contain more sand and less silt than the 14 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Salmo soil clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features 102 Soil Survey of

Underlying layer: • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on 59 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay toeslopes loam that has relict redoximorphic features Similar inclusions: Houdek • Soils that do not have an increase of clay content in the subsoil and are not calcareous within a depth of 14 Surface layer: inches 0 to 6 inches—dark gray clay loam Use and Management Subsoil: 6 to 17 inches—dark grayish brown clay loam Rangeland 17 to 22 inches—grayish brown, calcareous clay Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited loam Management concerns: Water erosion 22 to 33 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Management considerations: clay loam that has redoximorphic depletions • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Underlying layer: vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control 33 to 71 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous erosion. clay loam that has redoximorphic Interpretive Groups concentrations and depletions 71 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Land capability classification: Shindler—7e; Houdek—6e clay loam that has strata of sand and has Range site: Shindler—Silty; Houdek—Silty redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Windbreak suitability group: Shindler—10; Houdek—10 Pasture suitability group: Shindler—NS; Houdek—NS Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep SnE—Shindler-Talmo complex, 15 to 40 Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 percent slopes inches Composition Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flooding: None Shindler and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Ponding: None Talmo and similar soils: 25 to 45 percent Permeability: Moderately slow Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Available water capacity: High Setting Content of organic matter: Shindler—moderately low; Houdek—moderate Landform: Moraines Surface runoff class: Shindler—very high; Houdek— Position on the landform: Shindler—backslopes; high Talmo—shoulders Other properties: The Shindler soil has a high content Slope range: 15 to 40 percent of lime. Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 5 to 80 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Shindler • The well drained Crofton soils, which have more silt and less sand than the Shindler soil; on summits and Surface layer: shoulders 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam • The well drained Davis soils, which are dark at a Subsoil: depth of 20 inches or more; on footslopes 8 to 14 inches—gray and light yellowish brown, • The well drained Nora soils, which have more silt calcareous clay loam and less sand than the Houdek soil; on summits and 14 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous shoulders clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low flood plains Underlying layer: • The excessively drained Thurman soils on summits 59 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay and shoulders loam that has relict redoximorphic features Minnehaha County, South Dakota 103

Talmo Management considerations: • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Surface layer: vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous gravelly erosion. loam Interpretive Groups Underlying layer: 7 to 15 inches—grayish brown, calcareous very Land capability classification: Shindler—7e; Talmo—7e gravelly loamy sand Range site: Shindler—Silty; Talmo—Very Shallow 15 to 80 inches—pale brown and grayish brown, Windbreak suitability group: Shindler—10; Talmo—10 calcareous very gravelly sand Pasture suitability group: Shindler—NS; Talmo—NS

Soil Properties and Qualities SpA—Splitrock silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Drainage class: Shindler—well drained; Talmo— percent slopes excessively drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Composition Depth to contrasting parent material: Shindler—more Splitrock and similar soils: 80 to 95 percent than 60 inches; Talmo—0 to 14 inches over Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent gravelly material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Setting Flooding: None Landform: Till plains Ponding: None Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Permeability: Shindler—moderately slow; Talmo—very Slope range: 0 to 2 percent rapid Shape of areas: Irregular Available water capacity: Shindler—high; Talmo—very Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres low Content of organic matter: Moderately low Typical Profile Surface runoff class: Shindler—very high; Talmo— Surface layer: medium 0 to 9 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Other properties: The Shindler soil has a high content of lime. Subsoil: 9 to 19 inches—brown silty clay loam Inclusions 19 to 34 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Contrasting inclusions: 34 to 51 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay • The well drained Blendon and Davis soils, which are loam that has redoximorphic depletions dark to a depth of more than 20 inches; on footslopes Underlying layer: • The well drained Crofton soils, which have more silt 51 to 66 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay and less sand than the Shindler soil; on summits and loam that has redoximorphic concentrations shoulders and depletions • The well drained Dempster soils, which have 20 to 66 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous 40 inches of silty material over sand and gravel; on clay loam that has redoximorphic summits concentrations and depletions • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on toeslopes Soil Properties and Qualities Similar inclusions: Drainage class: Well drained • Soils that contain less gravel than the Talmo soil Depth to bedrock: Very deep Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches Use and Management over loamy glacial till Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Rangeland Flooding: None Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Ponding: None Management concerns: Shindler—water erosion; Permeability: Moderately slow Talmo—the restricted available water capacity Available water capacity: High 104 Soil Survey of

Content of organic matter: Moderate Subsoil: Surface runoff class: Low 9 to 19 inches—brown silty clay loam 19 to 34 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Inclusions 34 to 51 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay Contrasting inclusions: loam that has redoximorphic depletions • The well drained Dobalt soils, which have more sand Underlying layer: and less silt than the Splitrock soil; on summits and 51 to 66 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay backslopes loam that has redoximorphic concentrations • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to and depletions sandy material within a depth of 40 inches and do not 66 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous have till within a depth of 40 inches; on summits and clay loam that has redoximorphic backslopes concentrations and depletions • The moderately well drained Trent soils on footslopes • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on Soil Properties and Qualities toeslopes Drainage class: Well drained Similar inclusions: Depth to bedrock: Very deep • Soils that do not have glacial till within a depth of 40 Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches inches over loamy glacial till Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Use and Management Flooding: None Cropland Ponding: None Permeability: Moderately slow Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Available water capacity: High wheat Content of organic matter: Moderate Suitability for crops: Well suited Surface runoff class: Medium Management concerns: Few limitations Management considerations: Inclusions • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and helps Contrasting inclusions: to maintain tilth and the content of organic matter. • The well drained Dobalt soils, which have more sand Interpretive Groups and less silt than the Splitrock soil; on summits and backslopes Land capability classification: 1 • The well drained Flandreau soils, which grade to Range site: Silty sandy material within a depth of 40 inches and do not Windbreak suitability group: 3 have till within a depth of 40 inches; on summits and Pasture suitability group: F backslopes • The well drained Corson soils, which have more clay SpB—Splitrock silty clay loam, 2 to 6 in the subsoil than the Splitrock soil; on backslopes percent slopes • The moderately well drained Trent soils on footslopes Composition • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on toeslopes Splitrock and similar soils: 75 to 95 percent Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Similar inclusions: • Soils that do not have glacial till within a depth of 40 Setting inches Landform: Till plains Use and Management Position on the landform: Summits and backslopes Cropland Slope range: 2 to 6 percent Shape of areas: Irregular Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Size of areas: 10 to 400 acres wheat Suitability for crops: Well suited Typical Profile Management concerns: Water erosion Surface layer: Management considerations: 0 to 9 inches—dark gray silty clay loam • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on Minnehaha County, South Dakota 105

the surface help to control erosion and conserve Setting moisture. Landform: Moraines (fig. 11) • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to Position on the landform: Steinauer—shoulders; control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are Shindler—backslopes too irregular for contour farming. Slope range: Steinauer—25 to 60 percent; Shindler— • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps 25 to 40 percent to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated content of organic matter. Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres Interpretive Groups Typical Profile Land capability classification: 2e Steinauer Range site: Silty Windbreak suitability group: 3 Surface layer: Pasture suitability group: F 0 to 4 inches—grayish brown, calcareous clay loam Transitional layer: SsF—Steinauer-Shindler clay loams, 25 to 4 to 13 inches—grayish brown and light brownish 60 percent slopes gray, calcareous clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Composition Underlying layer: Steinauer and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent 13 to 43 inches—light yellowish brown and light Shindler and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent brownish gray, calcareous clay loam that has Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 30 percent relict redoximorphic features

Figure 11.—The deciduous trees in the foreground are in an area of Steinauer-Shindler clay loams, 25 to 60 percent slopes. The open field in the center is an area of Alcester silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes. The trees along the river in the background are in an area of Chaska loam, channeled. 106 Soil Survey of

43 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Management considerations: clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control Shindler erosion. Surface layer: Interpretive Groups 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam Land capability classification: Steinauer—7e; Subsoil: Shindler—7e 8 to 14 inches—gray and light yellowish brown, Range site: Steinauer—Thin Upland; Shindler—Silty calcareous clay loam Windbreak suitability group: Steinauer—10; Shindler— 14 to 59 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous 10 clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features Pasture suitability group: Steinauer—NS; Shindler—NS Underlying layer: 59 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous clay loam that has relict redoximorphic features TdE—Talmo-Delmont complex, 15 to 40 percent slopes Soil Properties and Qualities Composition Drainage class: Well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Talmo and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Delmont and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent inches Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 30 percent Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Setting Flooding: None Ponding: None Landform: Moraines Permeability: Moderately slow Position on the landform: Talmo—shoulders; Available water capacity: High Delmont—backslopes Content of organic matter: Steinauer—low; Shindler— Slope range: Talmo—15 to 40 percent; Delmont—15 to moderately low 25 percent Surface runoff class: Very high Shape of areas: Irregular Other properties: Both soils have a high content of Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres lime. Typical Profile Inclusions Talmo Contrasting inclusions: Surface layer: • The well drained Alcester soils, which are dark to a 0 to 7 inches—very dark gray, calcareous gravelly depth of 24 inches or more; on footslopes loam • The somewhat poorly drained Chaska soils on low Underlying layer: flood plains 7 to 15 inches—grayish brown, calcareous very • The well drained Crofton and Nora soils, which have gravelly loamy sand more silt and less sand than the major soils; on 15 to 80 inches—pale brown and grayish brown, summits and shoulders calcareous very gravelly sand • The well drained Davis soils, which are dark to a depth of 20 inches or more; on footslopes Delmont Similar inclusions: Surface layer: • Soils that contain less clay 0 to 8 inches—very dark gray loam Subsoil: Use and Management 8 to 15 inches—very dark gray loam Rangeland Underlying layer: Suitability for crops: Unsuited 15 to 73 inches—grayish brown and light brownish Management concerns: Water erosion and the high gray, calcareous gravelly loamy sand and content of lime, which adversely affects the gravelly sand availability of plant nutrients 73 to 80 inches—light gray, calcareous sand Minnehaha County, South Dakota 107

Soil Properties and Qualities vigor, conserves moisture, and helps to control erosion. Drainage class: Talmo—excessively drained; Delmont—somewhat excessively drained Interpretive Groups Depth to bedrock: Very deep Land capability classification: Talmo—7e; Delmont—6e Depth to contrasting parent material: Talmo—0 to 14 Range site: Talmo—Very Shallow; Delmont—Shallow inches over gravelly material; Delmont—14 to 20 to Gravel inches over gravelly material Windbreak suitability group: Talmo—10; Delmont—10 Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Pasture suitability group: Talmo—NS; Delmont—NS Flooding: None Ponding: None Permeability: Talmo—very rapid; Delmont—moderate Te—Tetonka silt loam, 0 to 1 percent in the loamy sediments and very rapid in the slopes underlying gravelly material Composition Available water capacity: Talmo—very low; Delmont— low Tetonka and similar soils: 80 to 95 percent Content of organic matter: Talmo—moderately low; Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 20 percent Delmont—moderate Setting Surface runoff class: Talmo—medium; Delmont—high Landform: Till plains Inclusions Position on the landform: Basins Contrasting inclusions: Slope range: 0 to 1 percent • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils on Shape of areas: Oval footslopes Size of areas: 5 to 10 acres • The somewhat excessively drained Thurman soils, Typical Profile which do not have gravel in the underlying material; on summits and shoulders Surface layer: • The well drained Corson soils, which have more clay 0 to 7 inches—dark gray silt loam than the major soils; on backslopes in areas near Subsurface layer: Beaver and Splitrock Creeks 7 to 16 inches—gray silt loam that has • The well drained Henkin soils, which have less redoximorphic concentrations gravel than the Delmont soil; on summits and backslopes Transitional layer: • The well drained Shindler soils, which do not have 16 to 20 inches—gray silt loam and silty clay that sand and gravel in the subsoil; on the lower have redoximorphic concentrations backslopes Subsoil: Similar inclusions: 20 to 45 inches—gray silty clay that has • Soils that contain less gravel redoximorphic concentrations • Soils that contain more silt and less sand than the 45 to 60 inches—light brownish gray silty clay that Delmont soil has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Use and Management Underlying layer: Rangeland 60 to 80 inches—light brownish gray clay loam Suitability for crops: Unsuited that has redoximorphic concentrations and Management concerns: Delmont—the restricted depletions available water capacity, water erosion, and Soil Properties and Qualities agrochemical leaching; Talmo—the restricted available water capacity, water erosion, Drainage class: Poorly drained agrochemical leaching, and the high content of Depth to bedrock: Very deep lime, which adversely affects the availability of Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 plant nutrients inches Management considerations: High water table: 1 foot above to 1 foot below the • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant surface 108 Soil Survey of

Flooding: None Typical Profile Ponding: Frequent for long periods Thurman Permeability: Slow Surface layer: Available water capacity: High 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam Content of organic matter: High Surface runoff class: Negligible Subsurface layer: 6 to 10 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam Inclusions Transitional layer: Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor and loam Crossplain soils on toeslopes • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which Underlying layer: are calcareous within a depth of 6 inches; on 18 to 70 inches—pale brown and light yellowish footslopes brown loamy fine sand and fine sand • The very poorly drained Worthing soils in basins 70 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous fine sand that has relict redoximorphic features Use and Management Flandreau Cropland Surface layer: Main crops: Corn, soybeans 0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown loam Suitability for crops: Poorly suited Management concerns: Ponding, high water table Subsoil: Management considerations: 7 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown loam • This soil is better suited to late-planted crops than to 15 to 33 inches—yellowish brown loam some other crops. 33 to 39 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam • Deferring tillage when the soil is wet helps to Underlying layer: maintain tilth and minimize surface compaction. 39 to 78 inches—pale brown and light yellowish • Practices that reduce runoff from adjacent soils help brown, calcareous loamy sand over stratified to control wetness. loamy fine sand and fine sandy loam; • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to redoximorphic concentrations and depletions remove excess water. 78 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Interpretive Groups clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Land capability classification: 4w Range site: Wet Meadow Soil Properties and Qualities Windbreak suitability group: 10 Pasture suitability group: B2 Drainage class: Thurman—somewhat excessively drained; Flandreau—well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep TfC—Thurman-Flandreau complex, 6 to 9 Depth to contrasting parent material: Thurman—more percent slopes than 60 inches; Flandreau—25 to 40 inches over sandy material over loamy glacial till at a depth of Composition more than 60 inches Thurman and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Flandreau and similar soils: 20 to 45 percent Flooding: None Contrasting inclusions: 20 to 30 percent Ponding: None Permeability: Thurman—rapid; Flandreau—moderate Setting in the loamy sediments, rapid in the underlying Landform: Till plains sandy material, and moderately slow in the Position on the landform: Thurman—shoulders and underlying loamy glacial till backslopes; Flandreau—backslopes Available water capacity: Thurman—low; Flandreau— Slope range: 6 to 9 percent moderate Shape of areas: Irregular Content of organic matter: Thurman—moderately low; Size of areas: 20 to 100 acres Flandreau—moderate Minnehaha County, South Dakota 109

Surface runoff class: Thurman—low; Flandreau— TgD—Thurman-Grovena complex, 9 to 15 medium percent slopes Inclusions Composition Contrasting inclusions: Thurman and similar soils: 25 to 55 percent • The well drained Blendon and Davis soils, which are Grovena and similar soils: 20 to 40 percent dark to a depth of more than 20 inches; on footslopes Contrasting inclusions: 15 to 35 percent • The well drained Dobalt soils, which have glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 inches; on summits and Setting backslopes Landform: Moraines • The well drained Henkin soils, which have more clay Position on the landform: Thurman—shoulders and than the Thurman soil and average less clay in the backslopes; Grovena—backslopes subsoil than the Flandreau soil; on backslopes Slope range: 9 to 15 percent Similar inclusions: Shape of areas: Oval or elongated • Soils that have less sandy material than the Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres Flandreau soil Typical Profile • Soils that have more gravelly material than the Thurman Thurman soil Surface layer: Use and Management 0 to 6 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam Cropland and pasture Subsurface layer: Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 6 to 10 inches—grayish brown fine sandy loam wheat Transitional layer: Suitability for crops: Poorly suited 10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy Management concerns: Thurman—wind erosion, the loam restricted available water capacity, and agrochemical leaching and runoff; Flandreau— Underlying layer: water erosion, the restricted available water 18 to 70 inches—pale brown and light yellowish capacity, and agrochemical leaching brown loamy fine sand and fine sand Management considerations: 70 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • These soils are better suited to early maturing crops, fine sand that has relict redoximorphic features such as small grain, than to some other crops. Grovena Minimizing tillage, farming on the contour, and leaving crop residue on the surface help to control erosion and Surface layer: conserve moisture. 0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown loam • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Subsoil: to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the 9 to 13 inches—brown silt loam content of organic matter. 13 to 24 inches—yellowish brown silt loam • Irrigation helps to overcome the limited ability of the 24 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown loam soils to store water if an adequate and dependable 30 to 36 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous supply of water is available. loam • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will use it reduces the amount of time available for Underlying layer: leaching. 36 to 51 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • Seeding cultivated areas to adapted grasses helps sandy loam to control erosion. 51 to 80 inches—calcareous clay loam that is light yellowish brown in the upper part and very pale Interpretive Groups brown in the lower part; redoximorphic Land capability classification: Thurman—4e; concentrations in the lower part Flandreau—3e Soil Properties and Qualities Range site: Thurman—Sandy; Flandreau—Silty Windbreak suitability group: Thurman—5; Flandreau—3 Drainage class: Thurman—somewhat excessively Pasture suitability group: Thurman—H; Flandreau—F drained; Grovena—well drained 110 Soil Survey of

Depth to bedrock: Very deep Tr—Trent silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: Thurman—more slopes than 60 inches; Grovena—more than 40 inches Composition over loamy glacial till or sandy material Depth to high water table: More than 6 feet Trent and similar soils: 75 to 90 percent Flooding: None Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Ponding: None Setting Permeability: Thurman—rapid; Grovena—moderate Available water capacity: Thurman—low; Grovena— Landform: Plains high Position on the landform: Footslopes Content of organic matter: Thurman—moderately low; Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Grovena—moderate Shape of areas: Elongated Surface runoff class: Thurman—low; Grovena—high Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Surface soil: • The well drained Blendon soils, which are dark to a 0 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay loam depth of more than 20 inches and contain more sand Subsoil: than the major soils; on footslopes 15 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay • The well drained, silty Davis soils, which are dark to loam a depth of more than 20 inches; on footslopes 23 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam • The moderately well drained Bonilla soils on 28 to 46 inches—brown silty clay loam and silt footslopes loam; redoximorphic concentrations in the • The well drained Crofton soils, which have more silt upper part and redoximorphic concentrations and less sand than the Grovena soil; on summits and and depletions in the lower part shoulders 46 to 52 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Similar inclusions: silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations • Soils that are calcareous within a depth of 30 inches and depletions • Soils that grade to sandy material within a depth of Underlying layer: 40 inches 52 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Use and Management silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Cropland and pasture Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited Soil Properties and Qualities Management concerns: Thurman—wind erosion, the Drainage class: Moderately well drained restricted available water capacity, and Depth to bedrock: Very deep agrochemical leaching and runoff; Grovena—water Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 erosion and the restricted available water capacity inches over loamy glacial till Management considerations: Depth to high water table: 3.5 to 5.0 feet • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Flooding: None vigor and control erosion. Ponding: None • Applying nitrogen close to the time when crops will Permeability: Moderate use it reduces the amount of time available for Available water capacity: High leaching. Content of organic matter: High • Seeding cultivated areas to adapted grasses helps Surface runoff class: Low to control erosion. Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Trent soil Interpretive Groups during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Land capability classification: Thurman—6e; Inclusions Grovena—4e Range site: Thurman—Sandy; Grovena—Silty Contrasting inclusions: Windbreak suitability group: Thurman—5; Grovena—3 • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Pasture suitability group: Thurman—H; Grovena—F toeslopes Minnehaha County, South Dakota 111

• The well drained Moody soils on backslopes Typical Profile • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which Wakonda are calcareous within a depth of 6 inches; on Surface soil: footslopes 0 to 13 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on loam toeslopes Subsoil: Similar inclusions: 13 to 19 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty • Soils that have an irregular decrease in organic clay loam matter content with increasing depth 19 to 28 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty clay loam Use and Management 28 to 38 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty Cropland clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring wheat Underlying layer: Suitability for crops: Well suited 38 to 73 inches—light olive brown and light Management concerns: Few limitations yellowish brown, calcareous silty clay loam and Management considerations: silt loam; redoximorphic concentrations and • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and depletions helps to maintain the content of organic matter, fertility, 73 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous and tilth. loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Interpretive Groups Chancellor Land capability classification: 1 Range site: Loamy Overflow Surface soil: Windbreak suitability group: 1 0 to 12 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam Pasture suitability group: K Subsoil: 12 to 17 inches—very dark gray silty clay 17 to 23 inches—dark gray silty clay W—Water 23 to 31 inches—dark gray silty clay that has redoximorphic concentrations • This map unit consists of open areas of water, 31 to 47 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam including lakes, ponds, and streams. that has redoximorphic concentrations Underlying layer: Wa—Wakonda-Chancellor silty clay 47 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Composition Soil Properties and Qualities Wakonda and similar soils: 35 to 60 percent Chancellor and similar soils: 25 to 45 percent Drainage class: Wakonda—moderately well drained; Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Chancellor—somewhat poorly drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep Setting Depth to contrasting parent material: Wakonda—more Landform: Till plains and plains than 40 inches over loamy glacial till; Chancellor— Position on the landform: Wakonda—footslopes; more than 60 inches Chancellor—toeslopes High water table: Wakonda—at a depth of 2 to 4 feet; Slope range: Wakonda—0 to 2 percent; Chancellor—0 Chancellor—at the surface to 2 feet below the to 1 percent surface Shape of areas: Irregular or elongated Flooding: Wakonda—none; Chancellor—frequent for Size of areas: 10 to 80 acres brief periods 112 Soil Survey of

Ponding: None Interpretive Groups Permeability: Wakonda—moderate; Chancellor— Land capability classification: Wakonda—2s; slow Chancellor—2w Available water capacity: High Range site: Wakonda—Limy Subirrigated; Content of organic matter: Wakonda—moderate; Chancellor—Loamy Overflow Chancellor—high Windbreak suitability group: Wakonda—1K; Surface runoff class: Wakonda—low; Chancellor—very Chancellor—2 low Pasture suitability group: Wakonda—F; Chancellor—A Other properties: The Wakonda soil has a high content of lime. Runoff water flows over the Wakonda and Chancellor soils during periods of rainfall or WcA—Wentworth-Chancellor-Wakonda snowmelt. silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes Inclusions Composition Contrasting inclusions: Wentworth and similar soils: 40 to 60 percent • The very poorly drained Baltic soils in basins Chancellor and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which are Wakonda and similar soils: 10 to 30 percent calcareous within a depth of 10 inches; on low flood Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent plains • The well drained Moody and Wentworth soils on Setting summits and backslopes Landform: Till plains • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which are Position on the landform: Wentworth—summits and not calcareous within a depth of 30 inches; on backslopes; Chancellor—toeslopes; Wakonda— footslopes footslopes Similar inclusions: Slope range: Wentworth—0 to 2 percent; Chancellor— • Soils that have more sand in the subsoil than the 0 to 1 percent; Wakonda—0 to 2 percent Chancellor soil Shape of areas: Irregular • Soils that have more sand and less silt than the Size of areas: 20 to 100 acres Wakonda soil Typical Profile Use and Management Wentworth Cropland Surface layer: 0 to 10 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring wheat Subsoil: Suitability for crops: Well suited 10 to 26 inches—brown silty clay loam Management concerns: Wakonda—wind erosion and 26 to 43 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous the high content of lime, which adversely affects silty clay loam the availability of plant nutrients; Chancellor— 43 to 55 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous flooding, high water table, and a slow rate of water silty clay loam that has redoximorphic infiltration depletions Management considerations: Underlying layer: • In wet years these soils are better suited to late- 55 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous planted crops than to some other crops. silt loam and stratified fine sandy loam; • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the redoximorphic concentrations and depletions surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Chancellor to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of Surface soil: organic matter, fertility, and tilth. 0 to 12 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam • Practices that reduce runoff from adjacent soils help to control wetness. Subsoil: • Deferring tillage on the Chancellor soil during wet 12 to 17 inches—very dark gray silty clay periods helps to prevent soil compaction. 17 to 23 inches—dark gray silty clay Minnehaha County, South Dakota 113

23 to 31 inches—dark gray silty clay that has Other properties: Runoff water flows over the redoximorphic concentrations Chancellor soil during periods of rainfall or 31 to 47 inches—gray, calcareous silty clay loam snowmelt. The Wakonda soil has a high content of that has redoximorphic concentrations lime. Underlying layer: Inclusions 47 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Contrasting inclusions: silty clay loam that has redoximorphic • The well drained Clarno soils, which have more concentrations sand and less silt than the Wentworth soil; on summits Wakonda and backslopes • The well drained Huntimer soils, which have more Surface soil: clay than the Wentworth soil; on summits and 0 to 13 inches—dark gray, calcareous silty clay backslopes loam • Splitrock soils, which have glacial till at a depth of 20 Subsoil: to 40 inches; on summits and backslopes 13 to 19 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty • The moderately well drained Trent soils, which are clay loam not calcareous within a depth of 30 inches; on 19 to 28 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty footslopes clay loam • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins 28 to 38 inches—light olive brown, calcareous silty Similar inclusions: clay loam that has redoximorphic • Soils that have more sand in the subsoil than the concentrations Chancellor soil Underlying layer: • Soils that have more sand and less silt than the 38 to 73 inches—light olive brown and light Wakonda soil yellowish brown, calcareous silty clay loam and • Soils that have less clay in the subsoil than the silt loam; redoximorphic concentrations and Chancellor soil depletions 73 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Use and Management loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Cropland and depletions Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring Soil Properties and Qualities wheat Drainage class: Wentworth—moderately well drained; Suitability for crops: Well suited Chancellor—somewhat poorly drained; Management concerns: Wentworth—few limitations; Wakonda—moderately well drained Chancellor—flooding, high water table, and a slow Depth to bedrock: Very deep rate of water infiltration; Wakonda—wind erosion Depth to contrasting parent material: Wentworth— and the high content of lime, which adversely more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till; affects the availability of plant nutrients Chancellor—more than 60 inches; Wakonda— Management considerations: more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till • In wet years the Chancellor and Wakonda soils are High water table: Wentworth—at a depth of 3 to 5 feet; better suited to late-planted crops than to some other Chancellor—at the surface to 2 feet below the crops. surface; Wakonda—at a depth of 2 to 4 feet • Managing crop residue helps to control erosion, Flooding: Wentworth—none; Chancellor—frequent for conserves moisture, and helps to maintain tilth and the brief periods; Wakonda—none content of organic matter. Ponding: None • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Permeability: Wentworth—moderate; Chancellor— to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of slow; Wakonda—moderate organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Available water capacity: High • Practices that reduce runoff from adjacent soils help Content of organic matter: Wentworth—moderate; to control wetness. Chancellor—high; Wakonda—moderate • Deferring tillage on the Chancellor soil during wet Surface runoff class: Low periods helps to prevent soil compaction. 114 Soil Survey of

Interpretive Groups silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Land capability classification: Wentworth—1; Chancellor—2w; Wakonda—2s Underlying layer: Range site: Wentworth—Silty; Chancellor—Loamy 52 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Overflow; Wakonda—Limy Subirrigated silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Windbreak suitability group: Wentworth—3; and depletions Chancellor—2; Wakonda—1K Soil Properties and Qualities Pasture suitability group: Wentworth—F; Chancellor— A; Wakonda—F Drainage class: Wentworth—well drained; Trent— moderately well drained Depth to bedrock: Very deep WhA—Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 0 Depth to contrasting parent material: Wentworth— to 2 percent slopes more than 60 inches over loamy glacial till; Trent— more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till Composition Depth to high water table: Wentworth—more than 6 Wentworth and similar soils: 45 to 75 percent feet; Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet Trent and similar soils: 20 to 40 percent Flooding: None Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Ponding: None Permeability: Moderate Setting Available water capacity: High Landform: Till plains Content of organic matter: Wentworth—moderate; Position on the landform: Wentworth—summits and Trent—high backslopes; Trent—footslopes Surface runoff class: Low Slope range: 0 to 2 percent Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Trent soil Shape of areas: Irregular during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. Size of areas: 20 to 200 acres Inclusions Typical Profile Contrasting inclusions: Wentworth • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on toeslopes Surface layer: • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in basins 0 to 10 inches—dark gray silty clay loam • The well drained Clarno soils, which have more Subsoil: sand and less silt than the major soils; on summits and 10 to 30 inches—pale brown silty clay loam backslopes 30 to 50 inches—pale brown, calcareous silty clay • The well drained Huntimer soils, which have more loam clay than the major soils; on summits and backslopes • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which Underlying layer: are calcareous within a depth of 6 inches; on 50 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous silty clay footslopes loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Similar inclusions: • Soils that have glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 Trent inches Surface soil: Use and Management 0 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Cropland Subsoil: 15 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay Main crops: Alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, soybeans, and loam spring wheat 23 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Suitability for crops: Well suited 28 to 46 inches—brown silty clay loam and silt Management concerns: Few limitations loam; redoximorphic concentrations in the Management considerations: upper part and redoximorphic concentrations • Managing crop residue conserves moisture and and depletions in the lower part helps to maintain tilth and the content of organic 46 to 52 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous matter. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 115

Interpretive Groups Underlying layer: 52 to 80 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous Land capability classification: Wentworth—1; Trent—1 silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Range site: Wentworth—Silty; Trent—Loamy Overflow and depletions Windbreak suitability group: Wentworth—3; Trent—1 Pasture suitability group: Wentworth—F; Trent—K Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Wentworth—well drained; Trent— moderately well drained WhB—Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 Depth to bedrock: Very deep to 6 percent slopes Depth to contrasting parent material: Wentworth— more than 60 inches over loamy glacial till; Trent— Composition more than 40 inches over loamy glacial till Wentworth and similar soils: 45 to 70 percent Depth to high water table: Wentworth—more than 6 Trent and similar soils: 15 to 35 percent feet; Trent—3.5 to 5.0 feet Contrasting inclusions: 5 to 25 percent Flooding: None Ponding: None Setting Permeability: Moderate Landform: Till plains Available water capacity: High Position on the landform: Wentworth—summits and Content of organic matter: Wentworth—moderate; backslopes; Trent—footslopes Trent—high Slope range: Wentworth—2 to 6 percent; Trent—1 to 2 Surface runoff class: Wentworth—medium; Trent—low percent Inclusions Shape of areas: Irregular Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Contrasting inclusions: • The somewhat poorly drained Chancellor soils on Typical Profile toeslopes Wentworth • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in basins • The well drained Clarno soils, which have more Surface layer: sand and less silt than the major soils; on summits and 0 to 10 inches—dark gray silty clay loam backslopes Subsoil: • The moderately well drained Wakonda soils, which 10 to 30 inches—pale brown silty clay loam are calcareous within a depth of 6 inches; on 30 to 50 inches—pale brown, calcareous silty clay footslopes loam • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood soils on toeslopes Underlying layer: 50 to 80 inches—pale yellow, calcareous silty clay Similar inclusions: loam that has redoximorphic concentrations • Soils that have glacial till at a depth of 20 to 40 and depletions inches • Soils that are dark to a depth of less than 8 inches Trent Use and Management Surface soil: 0 to 15 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Cropland Subsoil: Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring 15 to 23 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay wheat loam Suitability for crops: Well suited 23 to 28 inches—pale brown silty clay loam Management concerns: Wentworth—water erosion; 28 to 46 inches—brown silty clay loam and silt Trent—few limitations loam; redoximorphic concentrations in the Management considerations: upper part and redoximorphic concentrations • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the and depletions in the lower part surface help to control erosion and conserve moisture. 46 to 52 inches—light brownish gray, calcareous • Contour farming and grassed waterways help to silt loam that has redoximorphic concentrations control water erosion, but slopes in some areas are and depletions too irregular for contour farming. 116 Soil Survey of

• Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps Flooding: Frequent for very brief periods to control erosion and helps to maintain tilth and the Ponding: None content of organic matter. Permeability: Moderately slow Available water capacity: High Interpretive Groups Content of organic matter: High Land capability classification: Wentworth—2e; Trent—1 Surface runoff class: Low Range site: Wentworth—Silty; Trent—Loamy Overflow Other properties: Runoff water flows over the Windbreak suitability group: Wentworth—3; Trent—1 Whitewood soil during periods of rainfall or Pasture suitability group: Wentworth—F; Trent—K snowmelt. Inclusions Wk—Whitewood silty clay loam, 0 to 2 Contrasting inclusions: percent slopes • The somewhat poorly drained Lamo soils, which are calcareous within a depth of 10 inches; on low flood Composition plains Whitewood and similar soils: 75 to 90 percent • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent • The moderately well drained Trent and Wakonda soils on footslopes Setting Similar inclusions: Landform: Till plains and plains • Soils that contain more clay in the subsoil than the Position on the landform: Toeslopes Whitewood soil Slope range: 0 to 2 percent • Soils that contain more sand and less silt than the Shape of areas: Elongated Whitewood soil Size of areas: 10 to 50 acres Use and Management Typical Profile Cropland Surface layer: 0 to 10 inches—dark gray silty clay loam that has Main crops: Alfalfa, corn, oats, soybeans, and spring redoximorphic concentrations wheat Suitability for crops: Well suited Subsurface layer: Management concerns: Flooding, high water table 10 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay loam Management considerations: Subsoil: • In wet years this soil is better suited to late-planted 16 to 36 inches—dark gray silty clay loam that has crops than to some other crops. redoximorphic concentrations • Deferring tillage when the soil is wet helps to prevent 36 to 50 inches—grayish brown silty clay loam that soil compaction. has redoximorphic concentrations and • Practices that reduce runoff from adjacent soils help depletions to control wetness. 50 to 62 inches—grayish brown, calcareous silty • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to clay loam that has redoximorphic remove excess water. concentrations and depletions Interpretive Groups Underlying layer: Land capability classification: 2w 62 to 80 inches—light olive gray, calcareous silty Range site: Loamy Overflow clay loam that has redoximorphic Windbreak suitability group: 2 concentrations Pasture suitability group: A Soil Properties and Qualities Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Wo—Worthing silty clay loam, 0 to 1 Depth to bedrock: Very deep percent slopes Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Composition inches High water table: At the surface to 2 feet below the Worthing and similar soils: 85 to 99 percent surface Contrasting inclusions: 1 to 15 percent Minnehaha County, South Dakota 117

Setting Management concerns: Ponding, high water table, and soil compaction Landform: Till plains Management considerations: Position on the landform: Basins • Proper grazing management helps to maintain plant Slope range: 0 to 1 percent vigor. Shape of areas: Oval • Deferring tillage when the soil is wet helps to prevent Size of areas: 5 to 100 acres soil compaction. Typical Profile • Restricting grazing during wet periods helps to prevent soil compaction. Surface soil: • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to 0 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay loam remove excess water. Subsoil: • Areas of this map unit should be maintained as 16 to 25 inches—dark gray silty clay wildlife habitat. 25 to 46 inches—dark gray silty clay that has Interpretive Groups redoximorphic concentrations 46 to 58 inches—gray silty clay loam that has Land capability classification: 5w redoximorphic concentrations Range site: Shallow Marsh Windbreak suitability group: 10 Underlying layer: Pasture suitability group: B2 58 to 80 inches—light olive gray silty clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Wr—Worthing-Davison complex, 0 to 2 Soil Properties and Qualities percent slopes Drainage class: Very poorly drained Composition Depth to bedrock: Very deep Worthing and similar soils: 30 to 55 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 Davison and similar soils: 25 to 50 percent inches over loamy glacial till Contrasting inclusions: 10 to 25 percent Depth to high water table: 2 feet above to 1 foot below the surface Setting Flooding: None Landform: Till plains Ponding: Frequent for very long periods Position on the landform: Worthing—basins; Davison— Permeability: Slow footslopes Available water capacity: High Slope range: Worthing—0 to 1 percent; Davison—0 to Content of organic matter: High 2 percent Surface runoff class: Negligible Shape of areas: Elongated Inclusions Size of areas: 10 to 100 acres Contrasting inclusions: Typical Profile • The very poorly drained Baltic soils, which are Worthing calcareous throughout; in basins Surface soil: • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins 0 to 16 inches—dark gray silty clay loam • The moderately well drained Wakonda and Davison soils on footslopes Subsoil: 16 to 25 inches—dark gray silty clay Similar inclusions: 25 to 46 inches—dark gray silty clay that has • Soils that contain less clay than the Worthing soil redoximorphic concentrations 46 to 58 inches—gray silty clay loam that has Use and Management redoximorphic concentrations Pasture and cropland Underlying layer: Main crops: Drained areas—alfalfa, corn, and 58 to 80 inches—light olive gray silty clay loam soybeans; undrained areas—none that has redoximorphic concentrations and Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited depletions 118

Davison Inclusions Surface layer: Contrasting inclusions: 0 to 8 inches—dark gray, calcareous clay loam • The moderately well drained Bonilla and Trent soils, which are dark to a depth of 20 inches or more; on Subsoil: footslopes 8 to 22 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous • The well drained Egan soils on backslopes clay loam that has redoximorphic • The poorly drained Tetonka soils in shallow basins concentrations • The somewhat poorly drained Whitewood, 22 to 41 inches—light yellowish brown, calcareous Chancellor, and Crossplain soils on toeslopes clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Similar inclusions: • Soils that have less sand and more silt than the Underlying layer: Davison soil 41 to 54 inches—light olive brown, calcareous clay loam that has redoximorphic concentrations Use and Management and depletions Cropland (where drained) and pasture 54 to 80 inches—light yellowish brown and pale yellow, calcareous clay loam that has Suitability for crops: Generally unsuited redoximorphic concentrations and depletions Management concerns: Worthing—ponding, high water table, and soil compaction; Davison—wind Soil Properties and Qualities erosion and the high content of lime, which Drainage class: Worthing—very poorly drained; adversely affects the availability of plant nutrients Davison—moderately well drained Management considerations: Depth to bedrock: Very deep • Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the Depth to contrasting parent material: Worthing—more surface conserve moisture and help to control erosion. than 40 inches over loamy glacial till; Davison— • Including grasses and legumes in the rotation helps more than 60 inches to control erosion and helps to maintain the content of High water table: Worthing—2 feet above to 1 foot organic matter, fertility, and tilth. below the surface; Davison—at a depth of 1.5 to • Maintaining existing drainage systems helps to 4.0 feet remove excess water in areas of the Worthing soil. Flooding: None Deferring tillage when the soil is wet helps to prevent Ponding: Worthing—frequent for very long periods; soil compaction. Restricting grazing during wet periods Davison—none helps to prevent surface compaction. Permeability: Worthing—slow; Davison—moderate Interpretive Groups Available water capacity: High Content of organic matter: Worthing—high; Davison— Land capability classification: Worthing—5w; moderate Davison—2s Surface runoff class: Worthing—negligible; Davison— Range site: Worthing—Shallow Marsh; Davison—Limy low Subirrigated Other properties: The Davison soil has a high content Windbreak suitability group: Worthing—10; Davison—1K of lime. Pasture suitability group: Worthing—B2; Davison—F 119

Use and Management of the Soils

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of Crops and Pasture the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural General management needed for crops and for resources and the environment. Also, it can help to pasture and hayland is suggested in this section. The prevent soil-related failures in land uses. crops best suited to the soils, including some not In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists, commonly grown in the survey area, are identified; soil conservationists, engineers, and others collect productivity ratings and the estimated yields of the extensive field data about the nature and behavioral main crops and hay and pasture plants are listed for characteristics of the soils. They collect data on each soil; the system of land capability classification erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that used by the Natural Resources Conservation Service affect various soil uses and management. Field is explained; and prime farmland is described. experience and collected data on soil properties and Planners developing management systems for performance are used as a basis in predicting soil individual fields or farms should consider the detailed behavior. information given in the description of each soil under Information in this section can be used to plan the the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific use and management of soils for crops and pasture; information can be obtained from the local office of the as rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings, Natural Resources Conservation Service, the South sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, and the systems, and parks and other recreational facilities; Agricultural Experiment Station at South Dakota State and for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the University. potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent construction failures caused by unfavorable soil properties. Crops Planners and others using soil survey information Jeffrey A. Hemenway, conservation agronomist, Natural can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on Resources Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. productivity and on the environment in all or part of the survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain About 75 percent of the acreage in Minnehaha or create a land use pattern in harmony with the County is used for cultivated crops or tame pasture natural soil. (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). The major Contractors can use this survey to locate sources crops are corn and soybeans. Alfalfa, barley, millet, of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use oats, and spring wheat also are grown. Alfalfa is it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very harvested mainly for hay; spring wheat and soybeans firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation. are grown as cash crops. Corn, oats, and barley are Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and grown as cash crops and as livestock feed. Corn is others may also find this survey useful. The survey harvested for both silage and grain. can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and The potential of the soils in Minnehaha County for locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds, increased crop production is good. Crop production playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs. could be increased considerably by extending the The soils in the survey area are assigned to various latest crop production technology to all cropland in the interpretive groups at the end of each map unit county. This soil survey can greatly facilitate the description and in some of the tables. The groups for application of such technology. each map unit are also shown in the section The soil resource is agriculture’s foundation. “Interpretive Groups,” which follows the tables at the Protecting the soil resource requires an understanding back of the survey. of soil quality. Soil quality is the fitness of a specific 120 Soil Survey of

kind of soil to function within its surroundings, support hay and pasture. Water erosion reduces productivity plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance the and results in sedimentation. It is a hazard in areas of quality of water and air, and support human health and Betts, Crofton, Ethan, Shindler, Steinauer, Talmo, and habitation. other soils that have slopes of more than 2 percent. Soil quality has a direct effect on plant growth and Productivity is reduced when the more fertile surface productivity for crops, range, hay, and woodland. It layer is lost and part of the subsoil is incorporated into affects how water moves into and through the soil. the plow layer. Loss of the surface layer is especially Maintaining or enhancing soil quality can reduce the damaging on soils that have a thin surface layer, such negative effects of erosion. Improving soil quality can as Betts and Steinauer soils. Erosion also reduces the reduce the movement of nitrates and other chemicals productivity of soils that tend to be droughty, such as to adjacent water bodies and into the ground water. Delmont and Talmo soils. Maintaining a high level of soil quality will ensure that Water erosion can accelerate the pollution of the soil resource is sustained for the future. surface water sources by increasing runoff, whereby Soil quality and soil health can be evaluated by sediments rich in nutrients and possible pesticides monitoring several indicators. For example, an enter streams, lakes, and potholes. Phosphorus indicator of soil loss by erosion may be the thinning of loading of surface waters by surface runoff and the surface layer or visual and physical evidence of sediments is a major concern in South Dakota. gullies, small rills, and adjacent sediment. Indicators Measures that control water erosion minimize the for physical, chemical, and biological conditions can pollution of streams and lakes by sediment and be simple field tests or sophisticated laboratory preserve the quality of water for fish and wildlife and analyses. for recreational and municipal uses. Such measures As a result of past agricultural practices, the also reduce the amount of fertilizer needed in cropped inherent quality of many soils has been degraded. areas by helping to prevent the removal of plant Good management practices, however, such as nutrients and the movement of agrochemicals. conservation tillage, nutrient and moisture Pesticide and nutrient runoff can be managed by management systems, and riparian buffers or using a system of conservation tillage that leaves crop windbreaks, can improve soil quality. As a rule, residue on the surface, by following pesticide labels, management practices that maintain a cover of and by applying fertilizer based on the results of soil vegetation on the soil, return the maximum practical nutrient testing. Limiting row crops in areas that have amount of residue to the surface, and minimize soil slopes of more than 8 percent reduces the rate of disturbance (tillage) result in higher levels of soil runoff of pesticides and nutrients. Runoff from upland quality. areas can concentrate pesticides on ponded soils. Degradation of soil quality can have negative Pesticide and nutrient runoff is a concern if the soil effects on the soil resource and can result in costly is occasionally flooded or frequently flooded; is subject offsite impacts. Soil erosion and the consequential to ponding; is assigned to hydrologic group C or D and deposition of sediment by wind or water are examples. has a slope of more than 2 percent; is assigned to Other negative effects of soil degradation include the hydrologic group A and has a slope of more than 6 compaction and loss of granular structure in the percent; or is assigned to hydrologic group B, has a surface layer, a reduced rate of water infiltration, a slope of 3 percent or more, and has a K factor of more reduced content of organic matter, and the formation than 0.17. of surface crusts. Degradation of soils can also lead to A cropping sequence that keeps a plant cover on nutrient loss or imbalances, pesticide carryover, and the surface for extended periods holds soil losses to reduced biological activity. an amount that will not reduce the productive capacity Soil quality indicators may be considered diagnostic of the soils. If a plant cover cannot protect the soil, tools for assessing the health of the soil. They may careful management of crop residue is essential. also engender a cause for concern for the land user Minimizing tillage and leaving crop residue on the and thus may stimulate a change in management. surface increase the rate of water infiltration, reduce Monitoring trends in soil health can help in planning the runoff rate, and help to control erosion. and evaluating current land use practices. Terraces and diversions reduce the length of slopes The paragraphs that follow describe the and thus reduce the runoff rate and help to control management needed on the cropland in the county. erosion on the gently sloping Moody, Nora, and Water erosion is a major problem on more than half Splitrock soils (fig. 12). Many areas of Delmont, Egan, of the land in Minnehaha County used for crops or for and Ethan soils are poorly suited to terraces and Minnehaha County, South Dakota 121

Figure 12.—Terraces help to control water erosion in this area of Nora-Crofton complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes. diversions because of short, irregular slopes or continuous layer on the soil surface that can restrict because of an unfavorable subsoil that would be the movement of water and air into the soil and can exposed in terrace channels. hinder seedling emergence. Such crusts generally are Wind erosion is a slight or moderate hazard in less than 2 inches thick. Surface crusting increases many areas of the county. The hazard of wind erosion the hazard of wind erosion in many areas. They is greatest on the sandy Thurman soils and the clayey reduce the rate of water infiltration and increase the Clamo and Corson soils. Soils that have a high content runoff rate. Maintaining a cover of vegetation or crop of lime in the surface layer, such as Arlo, Betts, and residue on the soil helps to minimize the impact of Wakonda soils, also are highly susceptible to wind raindrops. Management practices that improve the erosion. These soils can be damaged in a few hours if stability of soil aggregates, increase the content of the winds are strong and the soils are dry and are not organic matter, and minimize the concentration of protected by a plant cover or surface mulch. sodium ions can help to prevent surface crusting. A Intensively cultivated areas of soils that formed in rotary hoe or row cultivator can be used to shatter the loess, such as Moody, Nora, and Crofton soils, also crust and thus improve seedling emergence and weed are susceptible to wind erosion. Wind erosion can be control. controlled by maintaining the content of organic Information about measures that control erosion on matter, maintaining an adequate plant cover or a cover each kind of soil is included in the Field Office of crop residue, stripcropping, and keeping the surface Technical Guide, which is available in the local office of rough. Planting windbreaks of suitable trees and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. shrubs also is effective in controlling wind erosion. Wetness is a major management concern in areas A soil crust is a relatively thin, somewhat of the somewhat poorly drained Chancellor, 122 Soil Survey of

Crossplain, Lamo, and Whitewood soils, the poorly crops. Applying nitrogen close to the time when the drained Clamo, Salmo, and Tetonka soils, and the very crops will use it also can reduce the risk of losses by poorly drained Baltic, Obert, and Worthing soils. shortening the time available for leaching (Gerwing Unless they are artificially drained, these soils are so and Gelderman, 1993). wet that crops frequently are damaged. These soils Soil tilth is an important factor in the germination of also have a potential for denitrification. Open ditch seeds and the infiltration of water into the soil. Soils drainage systems can remove excess water if a that have good tilth are granular and porous. If tilled drainage outlet is available. Controlling the runoff from when wet, Benclare and Corson soils tend to be very adjacent soils also helps to minimize wetness and cloddy when they dry. As a result of the cloddiness, agrochemical movement in these soils. preparing a good seedbed is difficult. These soils dry The moderately well drained Alcester, Bon, Bonilla, out slowly in the spring and can be difficult to till during Davis, and Trent soils are on high flood plains and wet periods. Maintaining tilth is also a concern in areas footslopes that receive additional moisture when of the somewhat poorly drained Chancellor, streams occasionally overflow and when water runs Crossplain, and Lamo soils, the poorly drained Clamo off the higher adjacent soils. Tillage and planting are soils, and the very poorly drained Baltic and Worthing delayed in the spring during wet years; in most years, soils. These soils commonly are wet in the spring, and however, natural drainage is adequate and the they dry out slowly. Tillage is difficult in areas of these additional moisture is beneficial for crops. soils, and tilth deteriorates if they are cultivated at a Denitrification can occur when runoff water flows over high moisture content. Tilth is poor in soils that have a these soils and tillage and planting are delayed. claypan, such as Gayville soils. Tilling in a timely Soil fertility helps to determine the yields that can manner, including grasses and legumes in the be obtained from the soil. Fertility can be improved by cropping system, and incorporating crop residue into applying fertilizer and animal wastes and by including the soil improve tilth and increase the rate of water grasses and legumes in the cropping system. In areas infiltration. of soils that have a high content of lime in the surface Soil compaction also is an important factor in soil layer, such as Betts, Crofton, Davison, Ethan, and management. It can occur when important physical Wakonda soils, the kinds and amounts of fertilizer properties, such as pore space, are degraded. Soil applied should be based on the results of soil tests, on compaction results from weight on the soil pushing the the needs of the crop, and on the expected level of soil particles together. When compaction occurs in the yields. The South Dakota Cooperative Extension surface layer or subsoil, aeration is impaired and plant Service or the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment roots have more difficulty pushing through the soil to Station at South Dakota State University can help in reach water and nutrients. Other soil conditions that determining the kinds and amounts of fertilizer affect compaction are wet conditions and clayey needed, the appropriate application methods, and the textures in the surface layer and subsoil. Compaction correct timing of application. The appropriate methods is a concern if the upper 10 inches of the soil has may vary, depending on the crop, the soil, climatic more than 35 percent clay. conditions, and the location of the field in relation to Management measures that improve soil tilth and the depth to an aquifer and the distance to surface minimize surface compaction include using high- water sources. In steep areas and in areas of soils that residue crops in the rotation a high percentage of the are susceptible to leaching, careful monitoring of the time, preventing trampling by livestock during wet use of agrochemicals can help to prevent periods, deferring the use of equipment during wet environmental problems. The leaching of nitrates and periods, leaving as much residue as possible on or pesticides is most commonly associated with soils that near the surface, and eliminating unnecessary tillage are underlain by sand or gravel, soils that are subject trips. The timing of farming activities is critical. If to occasional or frequent flooding, soils that are compaction has occurred, it can be reduced through susceptible to run-on during periods of heavy rainfall ripping or deep plowing. Tilth and compaction are or snowmelt, and soils that have steep slopes and a especially important in areas of clayey soils, such as high potential for water erosion. Using a nutrient and Badger, Chancellor, Clamo, Crossplain, Lamo, and pesticide management plan can help to control the Whitewood soils and in claypan, or sodium-affected, leaching potential. Such a plan involves following soils, such as Gayville soils. pesticide labeling and fertility recommendations based Sodium-affected soils create some additional on soil nutrient tests. The key to preventing large management problems. They have a slow rate of water nitrogen losses to ground water is minimizing the infiltration, and most of them are less productive than additions of nutrients that are not used by the present other soils because they have a lower content of Minnehaha County, South Dakota 123

organic matter. Also, they have high pH values, which formerly supported native vegetation but have been limit nutrient availability. The penetration of roots and invaded by introduced tame grasses, such as smooth moisture can be restricted by the dense, compact bromegrass, because of overgrazing. Managing these subsoil in these soils. The management of sodium- sites as native rangeland is no longer practical in affected soils should always include tilling in a timely many cases. Because of overgrazing, improper manner; minimizing tillage; leaving crop residue on the management, and poor agronomic practices, much of surface, which helps to maintain the content of organic the pasture or hayland is presently producing well matter; and maintaining tilth. Including grasses and below its potential. legumes in the rotation helps to maintain the content Proper management of pasture and hayland is of organic matter, fertility, and tilth. Chiseling and needed to obtain maximum sustained yields. Proper subsoiling when the soil is dry can increase the rate of stocking rates allow the pasture plants to retain their water infiltration. vigor. Overgrazing results in depletion of the root Field crops suited to the soils and climate of the systems of the pasture plants. If continued overgrazing survey area include row crops and small grain. Oats is allowed, the plants will eventually die out and be and spring wheat are the main small grain crops. replaced by less desirable species and by weeds. A Barley and sunflowers also are grown. Corn and planned grazing system that includes periods of soybeans are the main row crops. Corn is grown adequate rest or deferment for the key pasture mainly for grain, but some is harvested for silage. species improves plant vigor and thus improves All of the commonly grown and climatically adapted production. Including rest periods between periods of crops are suited to the very deep, well drained or grazing allows the pasture plants to regrow and moderately well drained soils, such as Alcester, replenish their energy reserves. Harvesting hay at the Bonilla, Clarno, Davis, Egan, Grovena, Huntimer, proper stage of plant growth also helps to maintain Moody, Nora, Trent, and Wentworth soils. Delmont and plant vigor. Generally, the plants should be allowed to Enet soils are better suited to early maturing small grow to early or mid bloom stage before they are grain than to the deeper rooted, late-maturing crops, harvested. Grazing pasture species at the proper such as corn and alfalfa. The porous underlying stage of growth also increases production. The plants material limits the available water capacity and the should not be grazed before they have produced depth to which roots can develop. Benclare and enough leaf material to replenish stored energy Corson soils have a clayey subsoil that retards root reserves. Generally, the plants should be allowed to growth and restricts the amount of water that is grow to a height of 8 to 14 inches before grazing is released to plants. These soils are better suited to initiated. The proper height depends on the species small grain and alfalfa than to row crops. Thurman being managed. If the plants become too tall or mature soils, which are susceptible to erosion, also are better before grazing is allowed, the quality and quantity of suited to small grain, which provides better protection the forage can be affected. Also, allowing the plants to than row crops against wind erosion. regrow before the first killing frost provides adequate energy reserves for survival during the winter and for the initiation of regrowth in the spring. Allowing Pasture and Hayland regrowth also increases the ability of the plants to trap David W. Schmidt, range conservationist, Natural Resources snow, thereby increasing soil moisture. Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. Pasture and hayland species can be divided into two broad categories. Cool-season species begin their Pasture and hayland are used for the production of growth early in the spring and reach maturity in early adapted domesticated perennial forage plants to be summer. If soil moisture is adequate, they may regrow grazed by livestock or harvested for hay (fig. 13). in the fall when temperatures cool. Cool-season plants These forage plants may be either native or introduced include smooth bromegrass, intermediate wheatgrass, species and may be seeded alone or in mixtures. and alfalfa. Warm-season species begin growth in Generally, these species are established as part of a early summer. Warm-season species include big long-term forage program, but in some areas legumes bluestem and switchgrass. or grasses have been established as part of a short- Proper management includes the periodic term crop rotation. reestablishment of pasture and hayland. The length of Currently, about 8 percent of the county is classified time that pasture or hayland remains productive as pasture and hayland (U.S. Department of depends on the plant species, the type of soil, climatic Commerce, 1999). This acreage supplies a major factors, and management techniques. Generally, many portion of the forage for livestock. It includes areas that of the tame species should be replaced every 5 to 10 124 Soil Survey of

Figure 13.—An area of Obert silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, used for the production of hay. years. Native species that are adapted to the site increase the extent of weeds in areas of pasture and generally remain productive for an extended period of hayland. Weeds should be controlled within time, depending on the kind of management applied. economical and environmental constraints. Species selection should be based on the type of soil The soils in the county have been assigned to and on producer needs. Using improved varieties can pasture suitability groups. These groups are listed at result in increased production, improved forage quality, the end of each map unit description and in the and improved stand establishment and longevity of the section “Interpretive Groups.” Pasture suitability stand. groups are based primarily on the suitability of the soil Maintaining soil fertility is an important for certain pasture or hayland species, on management concern. Applications of fertilizer should management needs, and on potential productivity. The be based on the results of soil tests. Care should be principal criteria for assigning a soil to a pasture taken to prevent the contamination of water supplies. suitability group include depth, drainage class, texture, Proper levels of fertilizer can increase production, structure, permeability, available water capacity, increase the longevity of the stand, and improve the position on the landform, and special internal features. quality of the forage. Planting legumes, such as alfalfa, Detailed interpretations for each pasture suitability in combination with grasses increases the nitrogen group in the county are provided in the Field Office level and thus helps to meet the nutrient needs of Technical Guide, which is available in the local office of grass species. the Natural Resources Conservation Service. General Weeds can be a problem unless proper descriptions of the pasture suitability groups in this management techniques are applied. Allowing county are provided in the following paragraphs. The overgrazing, failing to maintain soil fertility, and descriptions include limitations affecting the use of the selecting species that are not adapted to the site can soils for pasture or hayland and a list of suitable plant Minnehaha County, South Dakota 125

species. The species are selected based on yield suitable in areas of these soils include creeping foxtail potential, adaptability to the site, palatability, and and reed canarygrass. The main management relative ease of establishment. concern is surface compaction, which can result from Group A.—The soils in this group receive harvesting or grazing during periods when the soils additional moisture from runoff or flooding. All are saturated. Deferring grazing or delaying harvesting climatically adapted grasses and legumes are suitable, can minimize surface compaction and improve plant but only plants that are capable of utilizing the extra vigor. Denitrification and the movement of moisture are recommended. agrochemicals also are concerns in areas of these The soils in this group are artificially drained or soils. have a water table that is seasonally high for only Group D1.—The soils in this group have a short periods and thus does not adversely affect plant moderately deep root zone and a limited available growth. Examples are Arlo, Chancellor, Chaska, water capacity, which restrict the selection of Clamo, Crossplain, Lamo, and Obert soils. The climatically adapted grasses and legumes. species that are most suitable in areas of these soils The soils in this group are excessively drained to include alfalfa, big bluestem, creeping foxtail, somewhat poorly drained and are moderately deep indiangrass, intermediate wheatgrass, reed over sand and gravel. The somewhat poorly drained canarygrass, smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass, and soils and some of the moderately well drained soils switchgrass. Maintaining plant vigor and maintaining have a water table that is seasonally high for short good soil tilth are the major management concerns. periods and are calcareous at or near the surface. Some of the soils in the group are calcareous to the Typical soils in this group are Dempster and Enet soils. surface. This characteristic can limit the availability of The species that are most suitable in areas of these plant nutrients and can increase the potential for soils include alfalfa, intermediate wheatgrass, and denitrification and agrochemical movement. Proper smooth bromegrass. The major management grazing use, including deferred grazing and timely concerns are maintaining plant vigor and minimizing harvesting, helps to maintain plant vigor. Applications leaching through proper use of agrochemicals. Proper of fertilizer may also be needed. Surface compaction hayland management and proper grazing use, may be a concern during wet periods. Deferring use including deferred grazing or a planned grazing during these periods helps to minimize compaction system, help to maintain plant vigor. Applications of and maintain soil tilth. fertilizer may also be needed. Group B1.—The soils in this group receive Group D2.—The soils in this group have a shallow additional moisture from runoff or flooding. Because of root zone and a limited available water capacity, which excess moisture, the selection of climatically adapted restrict the selection of climatically adapted grasses grasses is limited to water-tolerant species. and legumes. The soils in this group are not artificially drained The soils in this group are excessively drained to and do not have a water table that is seasonally high moderately well drained and are shallow over sand for prolonged periods. Examples are Clamo and Obert and gravel. Delmont soils are examples. The species soils. The species that are most suitable in areas of that are most suitable in areas of these soils include these soils include creeping foxtail and reed crested wheatgrass and pubescent wheatgrass. canarygrass. The main management concern is Maintaining the plant community can be difficult surface compaction, which can result from harvesting because of the extreme droughtiness and the shallow or grazing during periods when the soils are saturated. root zone. Minimizing leaching through proper use of Deferring grazing or delaying harvesting can minimize agrochemicals also is a concern. Proper grazing use, surface compaction and improve plant vigor. deferred grazing, a planned grazing system, and Denitrification and the movement of agrochemicals timely harvesting help to maintain plant vigor. also are concerns in areas of these soils. Group E.—The soils in this group have a clayey Group B2.—The soils in this group receive subsoil and have a high content of soluble salts in the additional moisture from runoff. Because of excess underlying material. An unfavorable root zone limits moisture, the selection of climatically adapted grasses the selection and productivity of climatically adapted is limited to water-tolerant species. grasses and legumes. The soils in this group are not artificially drained. Corson soils are examples of soils in this group. They are mainly very deep and are somewhat poorly The species that are most suitable in areas of these drained to very poorly drained. Examples are Baltic, soils include alfalfa, big bluestem, green needlegrass, Tetonka, and Worthing soils. The species that are most indiangrass, intermediate wheatgrass, smooth 126 Soil Survey of

bromegrass, and switchgrass. The major management management improve plant vigor and help to control concerns are maintaining plant vigor and maintaining erosion. Applications of fertilizer may also be needed. good tilth. Proper grazing use, deferred grazing, a Agrochemical movement in areas of these soils and in planned grazing system, and proper hayland the form of runoff to other areas also is a concern. management improve plant vigor and help to maintain Group J.—The soils in this group are characterized tilth. Applications of fertilizer may also be needed. by excessive salinity and alkalinity, which severely limit Group F.—The soils in this group are suited to all the selection and productivity of climatically adapted climatically adapted grasses and legumes, but bunch- grasses and legumes. Also, the soils have a water type grass species are not recommended in areas table that is seasonally high for prolonged periods. where the slope is 6 percent or more. The soils in this group are mainly very deep and are The soils in this group include Alcester, Clarno, poorly drained or very poorly drained. Salmo soils are Davis, Davison, Egan, Flandreau, Grovena, Ihlen, typical of the soils in this group. The species that are Moody, Nora, Splitrock, Wakonda, and Wentworth most suitable in areas of this soil include tall soils. The species that are most suitable in areas of wheatgrass and western wheatgrass. The major these soils include alfalfa, big bluestem, green management concern is maintaining a desirable plant needlegrass, indiangrass, intermediate wheatgrass, community. Surface compaction also is a concern if smooth bromegrass, switchgrass, and little bluestem. grazing or harvesting is allowed during periods when The major management concerns are maintaining the soil is saturated. Proper grazing use, deferred plant vigor and maintaining good tilth. Proper grazing grazing, a planned grazing system, and proper use, deferred grazing, a planned grazing system, and hayland management help to maintain plant vigor and proper hayland management improve plant vigor and ensure the survival of the stand. help to maintain tilth. Applications of fertilizer may also Group K.—The soils in this group receive be needed. additional moisture from runoff. They have a thick, Group G.—The soils in this group are calcareous dark surface layer. They are suited to all of the within a depth of 10 inches. They range from gently climatically adapted grasses and legumes. sloping to moderately steep. The selection and The soils in this group are mainly very deep, are productivity of climatically adapted grasses and well drained or moderately well drained, and have legumes are limited by the slope, the high content of medium or moderately fine textures. They include Bon, lime, and the hazard of erosion. Bonilla, Davis, and Trent soils. The species that are Betts, Crofton, Ethan, and Shindler soils are typical most suitable in areas of these soils include alfalfa, big of the soils in this group. The species that are most bluestem, creeping foxtail, indiangrass, intermediate suitable in areas of these soils include alfalfa, crested wheatgrass, reed canarygrass, orchardgrass, smooth wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, pubescent bromegrass, and switchgrass. The major management wheatgrass, and smooth bromegrass. The major concerns are maintaining plant vigor and maintaining management concerns are maintaining plant vigor and good tilth. Proper grazing use, deferred grazing, a controlling erosion. The risk of pollution by planned grazing system, and proper hayland agrochemicals in runoff from areas of these soils also management improve plant vigor and help to maintain is a concern. Proper grazing use, deferred grazing, a tilth. Applications of fertilizer may also be needed. The planned grazing system, and proper hayland movement of agrochemicals in the form of runoff to management improve plant vigor and help to control other areas also is a concern. erosion. Applications of fertilizer may also be needed. Group NS.—The soils in this group are generally Group H.—The soils in this group are susceptible not suitable for pasture or hayland plantings because to erosion. Also, a limited available water capacity they are very shallow to gravel, are sandy and have a restricts the selection and productivity of climatically low content of organic matter, are very strongly saline adapted grasses and legumes. or alkaline, or are clayey and have a dense subsoil. The soils in this group include Blendon, Henkin, and Also included in this group are areas of soils that are Thurman soils. The species that are most suitable in so steep that pasture planting is not feasible because areas of these soils include alfalfa, big bluestem, of the erosion hazard and the difficulty in establishing indiangrass, intermediate wheatgrass, smooth erosion-control practices. bromegrass, and switchgrass. The major management concerns are maintaining plant vigor and controlling Productivity Ratings erosion. The risk of pollution by agrochemicals also is a major concern. Proper grazing use, deferred grazing, Soil productivity ratings are relative ratings of the a planned grazing system, and proper hayland ability of a soil to produce a particular crop. They are Minnehaha County, South Dakota 127

useful for estimating long-term average crop yields, for the table because of variations in rainfall and other comparing the production capacity of soils, and in climatic factors. various economic analyses. The productivity ratings of The yields are based mainly on the experience and the soils in Minnehaha County are shown in table 5. records of farmers, conservationists, university Productivity ratings are based on soil properties researchers, and extension agents. Available yield that are important to crop production. The experience data from nearby counties and results of field trials of soil scientists, conservationists, and university and demonstrations also are considered. researchers is used to develop the ratings. Results The management needed to obtain the indicated from field trials and demonstrations and the records yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil and experience of producers also are considered. and the crop. Management can include drainage, The ratings developed for this survey are erosion control, and protection from flooding; the comparative ratings, and they apply to the detailed soil proper planting and seeding rates; suitable high- map units in Minnehaha County. The ratings are for yielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage; local use and may differ from those developed for control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects; adjacent or nearby counties. favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen, The data used to determine productivity ratings phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each include crop and range yields, range composition, and crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure, other soils information published in this soil survey. and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures Forage use values were provided by the South Dakota the smallest possible loss. Agricultural Experiment Station at South Dakota State The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity University. Four steps are used to calculate the of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are productivity ratings (Malo, 1996). The first step is to likely to increase as new production technology is determine a comparative crop rating for each map unit developed. The productivity of a given soil compared that is suitable for crop production. In the second step, with that of other soils, however, is not likely to the amount of usable grass (range) forage available for change. each map unit is determined (total range yield Crops other than those shown in table 6 are grown multiplied by the forage use value factor). Since not all in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed native forage is usable by livestock, a forage use value because the acreage of such crops is small. The local factor (based on the plant species that occur) is office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, calculated for each soil series. The third step is to the South Dakota Cooperative Extension Service, or determine the grass/range rating for each map unit. the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station at Grass/range ratings are equated to crop ratings by South Dakota State University can provide information using a balance point factor. The rating is for potential about the management and productivity of the soils for palatable native vegetation. Finally, a soil productivity those crops. rating that reflects the highest and best use for each detailed soil map unit is determined. The soil Land Capability Classification productivity rating is equal to the highest value of either the final crop rating or the grass/range rating. Land capability classification shows, in a general Because these productivity ratings are based on way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops. comparisons of physical and chemical properties of Crops that require special management are excluded. soils, the rating of one soil relative to another soil The soils are grouped according to their limitations for should not change as a result of fluctuations in field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for economic conditions or advancements in technology. crops, and the way they respond to management. The Also, the potential yield advantage of one soil over criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major another generally does not change when a new form and generally expensive landforming that would of fertilizer, a new grain variety, a new tillage system, change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the or a new pest management program is developed. soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a Yields per Acre substitute for interpretations designed to show suitability and limitations of groups of soils for pasture The average yields per acre that can be expected and hayland, rangeland, or woodland or for of the principal crops under a high level of engineering purposes. management are shown in table 6. In any given year, In the capability system, soils are generally grouped yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit 128 Soil Survey of

(USDA, 1961). Only class and subclass are used in Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the this survey. Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and Capability classes, the broadest groups, are fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is designated by the numbers 1 through 8. The numbers limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower that responsible levels of government, as well as choices for practical use. The classes are defined as individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise follows: use of our Nation’s prime farmland. Class 1 soils have few limitations or hazards that Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department restrict their use. of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of Class 2 soils have moderate limitations or hazards physical and chemical characteristics for producing that reduce the choice of plants or that require food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is moderate conservation practices. available for these uses. It could be cultivated land, Class 3 soils have severe limitations or hazards that pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not reduce the choice of plants or that require special urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities, conservation practices, or both. growing season, and moisture supply are those Class 4 soils have very severe limitations or needed for the soil to economically produce sustained hazards that reduce the choice of plants or that high yields of crops when proper management, require very careful management, or both. including water management, and acceptable farming Class 5 soils are not likely to erode but have other methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use. an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from Class 6 soils have severe limitations or hazards that precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and make them generally unsuitable for cultivation. growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an Class 7 soils have very severe limitations or acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no hazards that make them unsuitable for cultivation. rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not Class 8 soils and miscellaneous areas have excessively erodible or saturated with water for long limitations or hazards that nearly preclude their use for periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during commercial crop production. the growing season or is protected from flooding. The Capability subclasses are soil groups within one slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e, information about the criteria for prime farmland is w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, 2e. The available at the local office of the Natural Resources letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of Conservation Service. erosion unless close-growing plant cover is About 301,735 acres in the survey area, or nearly maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil 58 percent of the total acreage, meets the soil interferes with plant growth or cultivation; s shows that requirements for prime farmland. Scattered areas of the soil has a root zone limitation mainly because it is this land are throughout the county. Almost all the too shallow, too sandy, or too rocky; and c, used in prime farmland is used for crops, mainly corn, only some parts of the United States, shows that the soybeans, small grain, and alfalfa. chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry. A recent trend in land use in some parts of the In class 1 there are no subclasses because the survey area has been the loss of some prime farmland soils of this class have few limitations or hazards. to industrial and urban uses. The loss of prime Class 5 contains only the subclasses indicated by w, farmland to other uses puts pressure on marginal s, or c because the soils in class 5 are subject to little lands, which generally are more erodible, droughty, or no erosion. They have other limitations or hazards and less productive and cannot be easily cultivated. that restrict their use to pasture, rangeland, woodland, The map units in the survey area that are wildlife habitat, or recreation. considered prime farmland are listed in table 7. This The capability classification of the map units in the list does not constitute a recommendation for a survey area is given in the detailed soil map unit particular land use. On some soils included in the list, descriptions and in the “Interpretive Groups” section, measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such which follows the tables at the back of this survey. as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or Prime Farmland not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective measures. The extent of each listed map Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the farmland defined by the U.S. Department of detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use Minnehaha County, South Dakota 129

and management are described under the heading management. The tall grasses and some of the mid “Detailed Soil Map Units.” grasses have been replaced by less desirable plants. In many areas of the county, the past misuse of the native vegetation has resulted in an invasion of cool- Rangeland season tame grasses, namely smooth bromegrass David W. Schmidt, range conservationist, Natural Resources and Kentucky bluegrass. As a result, the amount of Conservation Service, helped prepare this section. available forage is reduced. In most areas, however, enough of the original plants remain for the Rangeland supports native vegetation suitable for reestablishment of high-quality native plants if good grazing or browsing. It includes areas where native management practices are applied. vegetation has been reestablished. The vegetation is mainly grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs. The Range Sites and Condition Classes amounts and kinds of native vegetation in any one area are determined by the soil, topography, climate, Different kinds of soil vary in their capacity to past use, and management. produce native vegetation. Soil properties that affect Nearly all of the county was rangeland before the moisture supply and plant nutrients have the greatest first permanent settlers arrived. Currently, about 2.5 influence on the productivity of range plants. Soil percent of the county supports native range vegetation reaction, salt content, and a seasonal high water table (USDA, 1992). This rangeland supplies a portion of the also are important. Soils that produce approximately forage for livestock in the county. Approximately 58 the same kinds, amounts, and proportions of native percent of the farm and ranch income in the county is vegetation make up a range site. The potential native derived from the sale of livestock and livestock vegetation on a range site is the stabilized plant products (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1999). Most community that the site is capable of producing. It of the livestock enterprises are cow-calf operations. consists of the plants that were growing on the site Some are yearling operations, and some combine cow when the region was settled. This plant community herds with yearlings. This latter practice permits maintains itself and changes very little as long as the greater flexibility in adjusting livestock numbers during environment remains unchanged. The relationship periods of drought. Sheep are raised in limited between soils and vegetation was ascertained during numbers throughout the county and are commonly run this survey; thus, range sites generally can be in combination with cow herds. The rangeland is determined directly from the soil maps. generally grazed from May to October. The forage The plants within the native plant community are provided by rangeland is generally supplemented by sometimes grouped as decreasers, increasers, and crop aftermath and tame pasture plants, such as invaders, depending on their response to grazing intermediate wheatgrass, orchardgrass, and smooth pressure. Decreasers are plants that respond to bromegrass. In winter the forage is supplemented by overgrazing by decreasing in abundance. They protein concentrate and hay. generally are the most productive plants and the ones Minnehaha County is part of the tall grass prairie. most preferred by the grazing animals. Increasers are The native vegetation is dominated by tall and mid plants that respond to grazing pressure, at least grasses and forbs (Baumberger, 1977). Common tall initially, by increasing in amount as the more desirable grass species include big bluestem, switchgrass, and decreaser plants become less abundant. Increasers prairie dropseed. Mid grasses include little bluestem, generally are less productive and less preferred by the sideoats grama, and needlegrasses. Goldenrod and grazing animal. Invaders are plants that are not part of prairie-clover are common forbs. The tall grass prairie the original plant community but invade because of consists of cool- and warm-season plants, which some kind of disturbance or continued overgrazing. provide high-quality forage throughout the growing Some invader plants have little or no value for grazing. season. The cool-season plants grow mostly during Because plants do not respond in the same manner April, May, and June and include such plants as to different influences, a plant may be a decreaser on porcupinegrass. The warm-season plants grow mostly some range sites but an increaser on others. A cool- during June, July, and August and include such plants season plant, for example, may be a decreaser if the as big bluestem. The cool-season grasses may start site is grazed only during the spring but would be an growing again in September and October if rainfall is increaser if the same site were grazed only during the adequate. summer. The reverse would be true for the warm- The native vegetation in many parts of the county is season plants. Restricting grazing to the spring would producing below its potential because of past cause the warm-season plants to increase in 130 Soil Survey of

abundance, and restricting grazing to the summer range seeding, fencing, and measures that provide would cause them to decrease. water for livestock. Table 8 shows, for the soils in the county, the range The soils in the county are assigned to 14 different site; the composition of species in the potential natural range sites. These range sites are described in the plant community; and the potential annual production following paragraphs. of vegetation in favorable, average, and unfavorable Clayey range site.—The potential native years. Potential annual production is the amount of vegetation on this site is a mixture of tall and mid vegetation that can be expected to grow annually on grasses interspersed with a variety of forbs. Big well managed rangeland that is supporting the bluestem and little bluestem, which are warm-season potential natural plant community. It includes all grasses, make up about 50 percent of the vegetation vegetation, whether or not it is palatable to grazing in about equal proportions. Needlegrasses and animals. It includes the current year’s growth of leaf, western wheatgrass are the dominant cool-season twigs, and fruits of woody plants. It does not include grasses. They make up about 25 percent of the the increase in stem diameter of trees and shrubs. It is vegetation. Other grasses that occur in areas of this expressed in pounds per acre of air-dry vegetation for range site include sideoats grama, blue grama, and favorable, average, and unfavorable years. In a grasslike sedges. Forbs, such as sageworts, heath favorable year, the amount and distribution of aster, false boneset, and yarrow, are common but precipitation and the temperature make growing generally make up less than 10 percent of the conditions substantially better than average. In an vegetation. The soils in areas of this range site have a unfavorable year, growing conditions are well below clayey subsoil and slow or very slow permeability. average, generally because of low available soil Corson soils are examples. moisture. The major management concern on this site is Yields are adjusted to a common percent of air-dry maintaining the extent of the most productive grasses. moisture content. The relationship of green weight to Big bluestem, little bluestem, and needlegrasses air-dry weight varies according to such factors as rapidly lose their productive capacity after continued exposure, amount of shade, recent rains, and overgrazing because the livestock prefer these plants. unseasonable dry periods. Western wheatgrass, sideoats grama, and blue grama Range management maintains the capacity of the increase in abundance if overgrazing is allowed. rangeland to produce forage for livestock and game Kentucky bluegrass and/or blue grama become animals and to provide wildlife habitat, water, and dominant after continued overgrazing. Low forage watershed protection. The primary objective of good production is the result. The extent of the most range management is to keep the rangeland in productive grasses can be increased or maintained by excellent or good condition. The main management proper stocking rates and by a deferred grazing or concern is responding to important changes in the rotation grazing program, which provides rest periods plant community of a range site. during the key growing season of the desirable plants. Range condition is determined by comparing the Limiting grazing in these areas when the soils are wet present vegetation on a range site with the potential helps to prevent surface compaction. native plant community for the site. Four range Limy Subirrigated range site.—The potential condition classes are recognized. The range site is in native vegetation on this site is an excellent stand of excellent condition if 76 to 100 percent of the present warm-season, tall and mid grasses. Little bluestem vegetation is the same kind as the potential native makes up about 40 percent of the vegetation. A vegetation; in good condition if the percentage is 51 to combination of big bluestem, indiangrass, and 75; in fair condition if the percentage is 26 to 50; and in switchgrass makes up about 35 percent; prairie poor condition if the percentage is 25 or less. The dropseed, which makes up 10 percent; sideoats potential production depends on the range site, the grama, which makes up 5 percent; and sedges and range condition, and the moisture available to plants forbs, which make up 10 percent. This site is less during the growing season. productive than the Subirrigated site because of the Measures that maintain or improve the range seasonal high water table and the high content of lime condition are needed on all of the rangeland in the in the soils. Davison and Wakonda soils are typical of county. They include proper stocking rates and rotation the soils on this site. or deferred grazing systems. These systems provide The major management concern on this site is rest periods that maintain or improve the vigor of the maintaining the extent of the most productive grasses. key plants. Good range management also includes Big bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, and prairie Minnehaha County, South Dakota 131

dropseed lose their productive capacity and thin out maintaining the most productive grasses. Cordgrass after continuous grazing because the livestock prefer and Nuttall alkaligrass rapidly lose vigor and density if these plants. As the extent of these plants decreases, continued overgrazing is allowed. As a result, saltgrass the extent of little bluestem and sideoats grama initially increases in extent and becomes the principal grass increases. After continuous overgrazing, however, on the site. Because this species is characterized by bluegrasses, sedges, and downy brome become the lower productivity and low palatability in most seasons, principal plants on the site. Low forage production is forage production on the site is greatly reduced. The the result. The extent of the most productive grasses content of salt may reduce the availability of selected can be increased or maintained by proper stocking nutrients. rates and by a deferred grazing or rotation grazing Saline Subirrigated range site.—The potential program, which provides rest periods during the key native vegetation on this site is an excellent stand of growing season of the desirable plants. warm-season, tall and mid grasses. Little bluestem Loamy Overflow range site.—The potential native makes up about 45 percent of the vegetation. Other vegetation on this site is tall, warm-season prairie plants include big bluestem, which makes up about 20 grasses. About 70 percent of the forage is a percent; indiangrass, which makes up 10 percent; combination of big bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass, which makes up 10 percent; and sedges switchgrass, all of which are tall, warm-season and forbs, which make up 10 percent. The soils on this grasses. Warm-season, mid grasses, such as little site have accumulations of salt and have a high water bluestem and sideoats grama, make up about 15 table. Salmo soils are examples. percent of the vegetation. Forbs, such as Maximilian The plant community on this site is very fragile. Big sunflower, stiff sunflower, tall gayfeather, and bluestem, little bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass goldenrod, make up about 10 percent, and leadplant, rapidly lose their productive capacity and thin out after wild rose, and sedges make up about 5 percent. The continuous grazing because livestock prefer these soils in areas of this range site regularly benefit from plants. As the extent of these plants decreases, inland stream overflow or run-on from the higher areas, but saltgrass and foxtail barley become the principal agrochemical movement is a potential hazard. Typical plants on the site. Low forage production is the result. soils are Alcester, Bon, Bonilla, Chancellor, The extent of the most productive grasses can be Crossplain, Trent, and Whitewood soils. increased or maintained by proper stocking rates and Big bluestem, switchgrass, indiangrass, Maximilian by a deferred grazing or rotation grazing program, sunflower, and stiff sunflower lose their productive which provides rest periods during the key growing capacity and thin out after continuous grazing because season of the desirable plants. The accumulation of the livestock prefer these plants. As the extent of these salts may reduce the availability of plant nutrients, and plants decreases, the extent of little bluestem and denitrification is a potential hazard. sideoats grama initially increases. After continuous Sandy range site.—The potential native vegetation overgrazing, however, Kentucky bluegrass, a short, on this site is dominated by tall and mid, warm-season cool-season grass, becomes the principal plant on the grasses. Big bluestem, sand bluestem, prairie site. Low forage production is the result. The extent of sandreed, and switchgrass make up about 50 percent the most productive grasses can be increased or of the vegetation. Sideoats grama and little bluestem maintained by proper stocking rates and by a deferred make up about 20 percent. Needleandthread, grazing or rotation grazing program, which provides porcupinegrass, and Canada wildrye, which are cool- rest periods during the key growing season of the season grasses, make up about 15 percent. Forbs, desirable plants. such as heath aster, scurfpea, and perennial Saline Lowland range site.—The climax plant sunflowers, and shrubs, such as wild rose and cover is made up of species that have a tolerance for leadplant, make up about 15 percent. The soils on this salinity. Cordgrasses typically dominate the site and site have a surface layer of fine sandy loam. Typical make up about 60 percent of the vegetation. Other soils are Blendon, Henkin, Janude, and Thurman soils. grasses include Nuttall alkaligrass, western The major management concern on this site is wheatgrass, alkali muhly, and foxtail barley. Sedges maintaining the extent of the most productive grasses. and forbs occur in small amounts, and woody plants The extent of sand bluestem, switchgrass, and seldom grow in areas of this range site. The soils porcupinegrass decreases after continuous grazing typically have a concentration of soluble salts that can because the livestock prefer these plants. The extent affect the kind of vegetation. Gayville soils are typical of prairie sandreed, needleandthread, little bluestem, of the soils on this site. and sideoats grama initially increases as that of the The major management concern on this site is other grasses decreases. After continuous 132 Soil Survey of

overgrazing, these grasses thin out and are replaced plants. The soils on this site have a potential for by blue grama and Kentucky bluegrass. Low forage agrochemical leaching. production is the result. The extent of the most Silty range site.—The potential native vegetation productive grasses can be increased or maintained by on this site is tall and mid grasses and a large number proper stocking rates and by a deferred grazing or of forbs. Cool-season grasses make up about 20 rotation grazing program, which provides rest periods percent of the vegetation. These include green during the key growing season of these plants. needlegrass, porcupinegrass, and bearded Shallow Marsh range site.—This site is ponded in wheatgrass. Warm-season grasses, such as little spring and early summer. The potential native bluestem, big bluestem, prairie dropseed, switchgrass, vegetation is water-tolerant, tall prairie grasses and and indiangrass, make up about 60 percent of the sedges. Bluejoint reedgrass and slough sedge make vegetation. Forbs, such as blacksamson, dotted up about 70 percent of the vegetation. Cattails, gayfeather, stiff sunflower, heath aster, and prairie common spikesedge, prairie cordgrass, and reedgrass clover, and shrubs, such as leadplant, rose, and make up about 20 percent. Forbs, such as smartweed western snowberry, make up about 20 percent. The and waterplantain, make up about 10 percent. Baltic soils in areas of this range site have a silty or loamy and Worthing soils are typical of the soils on this site. surface layer and subsoil. Typical soils are Clarno, The major management concern on this site is Dempster, Egan, Enet, Flandreau, Houdek, Huntimer, maintaining the extent of the most productive plants. Moody, Nora, and Wentworth soils. After continued overgrazing, bluejoint reedgrass and The major management concern on this site is slough sedge are replaced by spikesedge and other maintaining the extent of the most productive plants. grasslike plants that are less palatable to livestock. An After continuous grazing, the extent of big bluestem, increase in the abundance of the less palatable indiangrass, prairie dropseed, porcupinegrass, and vegetation results in a loss of available forage. The green needlegrass decreases because the livestock extent of the most productive plants can be maintained prefer these plants. The extent of little bluestem and by proper stocking rates and by a deferred grazing sideoats grama initially increases after continuous program, which provides rest periods during the key grazing. After continuous overgrazing, however, short growing season of these plants. Allowing grazing when grasses, such as blue grama, annual bromes, and the soils are wet can result in surface compaction. Kentucky bluegrass, become the dominant plants. Low Also, these soils have a potential for denitrification. forage production is the result. The extent of the most Shallow to Gravel range site.—The potential productive grasses can be increased or maintained by native vegetation on this site is mid prairie grasses. proper stocking rates and by a deferred grazing or Needleandthread, a cool-season grass, makes up rotation grazing program, which provides rest periods about 30 percent of the vegetation. Warm-season during the key growing season of the desirable plants. grasses make up about 50 percent. These include little Subirrigated range site.—The potential native bluestem, plains muhly, sideoats grama, and prairie vegetation on this site is dominantly tall, warm-season dropseed, which make up 40 percent of the grasses. Big bluestem, the dominant warm-season vegetation, and blue grama and hairy grama, which grass, makes up about 60 percent of the vegetation. make up 10 percent. Sedges, forbs, and shrubs make Prairie cordgrass, switchgrass, indiangrass, and little up about 20 percent. The soils on this site are bluestem make up about 20 percent. Forbs, such as underlain by sand and gravel at a depth of 10 to 20 American licorice, Maximilian sunflower, downy inches. They have a low available water capacity. gentian, Canada milkvetch, heath aster, and Missouri Delmont soils are examples. goldenrod, make up about 15 percent. The soils in The major management concern on this site is areas of this range site have a water table within a maintaining the extent of the most productive plants. depth of 36 to 60 inches during most of the growing Needleandthread, little bluestem, plains muhly, season. The water table is at the surface at times sideoats grama, and prairie dropseed rapidly thin out during the spring. These soils have a potential for after continuous overgrazing. When the extent of these denitrification. Arlo, Chaska, and Lamo soils are grasses decreases, the extent of sedges, blue grama, examples. and hairy grama increases. If overgrazing continues, The major management concern on this site is the productivity of the site is greatly reduced. The maintaining the extent of the most productive plants. extent of the most productive grasses can be After continuous grazing, the extent of big bluestem, maintained by proper stocking rates and by a rotation indiangrass, switchgrass, and forbs, such as grazing or deferred grazing program, which provides Maximilian sunflower, decreases because the rest periods during the key growing season of these livestock prefer these plants. The extent of little Minnehaha County, South Dakota 133

bluestem, sideoats grama, and sedges initially The major management concern on this site is increases after continuous grazing. After continuous maintaining the extent of the most productive plants. If overgrazing, however, short grasses, such as overgrazing is allowed, the site rapidly deteriorates to Kentucky bluegrass, downy brome, and sedges, a stand of grama grasses, threadleaf sedge, and a few become the dominant plants. Low forage production is unpalatable forbs. If overgrazing continues, the stand the result. The extent of the most productive tall of short grasses may thin out and much of the site is grasses can be maintained by proper stocking rates subject to erosion. A productive cover of grasses can and by a rotation grazing or deferred grazing program, be maintained by proper stocking rates and by a which provides rest periods during the key growing deferred grazing or rotation grazing program, which season of these plants. provides rest periods during the key growing season Thin Upland range site.—The potential native of the desirable plants. vegetation on this site is tall and mid grasses and a Wet Meadow range site.—This range site has the large number of forbs. Warm-season grasses make up potential to produce a luxuriant stand of sedges and 70 percent of the vegetation. These include little mid or tall grasses. Sedges, such as woolly sedge, are bluestem, which makes up 30 percent; prairie abundant. Prairie cordgrass, reedgrasses, fowl dropseed, big bluestem, switchgrass, indiangrass, and bluegrass, and reed canarygrass commonly occur in plains muhly, which make up 30 percent; and sideoats significant amounts. Forbs, such as smartweed and grama, which makes up 10 percent. Cool-season false aster, occur in small amounts. Shrubs and trees grasses, such as green needlegrass, porcupinegrass, are rare. Tetonka soils are typical of the soils on this and needleandthread, make up about 10 percent. site. Forbs, such as pasqueflower, dotted gayfeather, and The major management concern on this site is blacksamson, and woody plants, such as leadplant maintaining the most palatable plants. Some areas are and rose, make up about 20 percent. The soils in not usable by livestock during the spring and early areas of this range site have a thin, calcareous surface summer because they are commonly ponded for layer. Betts, Crofton, Ethan, and Steinauer soils are about 4 to 8 weeks after periods of snowmelt or heavy examples. rainfall. If continued overgrazing is allowed, the The major management concern on this site is grasses and the more palatable sedges decrease in maintaining the extent of the most productive plants. abundance and the extent of the less palatable Indiangrass, prairie dropseed, big bluestem, spikesedge and rushes increases. Weedy grasses, porcupinegrass, and plains muhly lose their productive such as foxtail barley, invade. Low forage production is capacity and thin out after continuous grazing because the result. The more productive grasses can be the livestock prefer these plants. The extent of little maintained by using proper stocking rates and by bluestem, sideoats grama, and needleandthread using a rotation grazing or deferred grazing system, initially increases as the other grasses thin out. After which provides rest periods during the key growing continuous overgrazing, short grasses, such as blue season of the desirable plants. Surface compaction grama, dominate the site. Low forage production is the can be a problem if grazing is allowed during wet result. The extent of the most productive grasses can periods. These soils have a potential for denitrification. be increased or maintained by proper stocking rates Wetland range site.—This range site has the and by a deferred grazing or rotation grazing program, potential to produce a luxuriant stand of grasses that which provides rest periods during the key growing tolerate a high water table. Because areas of this site season of the desirable plants. are often under water during the spring, their use is Very Shallow range site.—The potential native limited to summer and fall. Prairie cordgrass is the vegetation on this site is mid and short grasses. dominant species. It makes up about 70 percent of the Needleandthread, plains muhly, and sideoats grama, vegetation. Reedgrasses, reed canarygrass, the dominant mid grasses, make up about 50 percent switchgrass, Canada wildrye, bluegrasses, and of the vegetation. Short grasses, such as blue grama sedges also grow on this site. They generally make up and hairy grama, and sedges make up about 30 less than 25 percent of the vegetation. Forbs, such as percent. Forbs, such as dotted gayfeather, asters, waterhemlock, and giant goldenrod, and blacksamson, and sagewort, and shrubs, such as shrubs, such as false indigo and willows, occur in leadplant and rose, make up about 20 percent. The small amounts. Clamo and Obert soils are typical of soils in areas of this range site are underlain by sand the soils on this site. and gravel at a depth of less than 10 inches. They The major management concern on this site is have a potential for agrochemical leaching. Talmo soils maintaining the extent of the most productive plants. If are examples. continued overgrazing is allowed, the stand of climax 134 Soil Survey of

grasses loses vigor and density and sedges, rushes, are along the Big Sioux River. Other areas are on flood Kentucky bluegrass, and saltgrass increase or invade. plains along the smaller drainageways and on Houdek A less productivity plant community is the result. The and Shindler soils in the draws and on hillsides most productive grasses can be maintained by using adjacent to the flood plains (fig. 14). The soils that proper stocking rates and by using a rotation grazing support trees and shrubs are not classified as or deferred grazing system, which provides rest woodland soils. They are grassland soils, which periods during the key growing season of the desirable formed under a grassland influence. Before the area plants. If grazing is allowed on this site during periods was settled, periodic fires prevented the widespread when the soils are wet, surface compaction is a establishment of trees and shrubs. Since the county concern. These soils have a potential for was settled, however, and fire-control measures have denitrification. been used, trees and shrubs have been established in some areas. Isolated trees and shrubs grow in small Native Woodland, Windbreaks, and clumps and larger groves. Bur oak, green ash, eastern cottonwood, common chokecherry, hackberry, Environmental Plantings American elm, American plum, smooth sumac, Gregory F. Yapp, forester, Natural Resources Conservation western snowberry, boxelder, basswood, false indigo, Service, helped prepare this section. sandbar willow, and peachleaf willow are some of the more common species in the survey area. Some of the Native trees and shrubs grow on about 3,000 acres more water-tolerant species, such as green ash, in Minnehaha County. Most of the larger wooded areas willows, eastern cottonwood, American elm, and

Figure 14.—Bur oak is the dominant species in wooded areas of Shindler-Houdek clay loams, 15 to 40 percent slopes. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 135

boxelder, grow on Chaska and Lamo soils on the flood on the growth of trees and shrubs. Soil reaction, salt plains along the major creeks and along the margins content, and a seasonal high water table also are of sloughs and wetlands. Green ash, American elm, important. The windbreak suitability groups in this and boxelder are water tolerant for only very short survey area are described in the following paragraphs. periods of time. Most of the wooded areas are used for Group 1.—The soils in this group are well suited to recreation or as wildlife habitat. Some areas are woody plantings. They are on footslopes and high periodically grazed by livestock. flood plains. They receive additional moisture from Windbreaks have been planted over the years to runoff and flooding. Some areas are irrigated. All protect livestock, buildings, and yards from wind and climatically suited trees and shrubs grow well. snow. In addition, these plantings provide important This group consists mainly of loamy, silty, and winter cover for wildlife. Several rows of broadleaf and clayey, somewhat poorly drained to well drained soils coniferous trees and shrubs provide the most that are deep or very deep. Available water capacity is protection. moderate or high. The fine sandy loams and loamy Field windbreaks are narrow plantings made at right fine sands are subject to severe wind erosion. A high angles to the prevailing wind at specific intervals pH level can affect the selection of species in areas of across the field. The interval depends on the erodibility soils in subgroup 1K. Typical soils in group 1 are of the soil. Field windbreaks protect cropland and Alcester, Bonilla, Davis, and Trent soils. crops from wind, help to keep snow on the fields, and Group 2.—The soils in this group are moderately provide food and cover for wildlife. This type of suited to woody plantings. They are on toeslopes and windbreak may consist of one row or multiple rows of in basins. They receive additional moisture from runoff adapted tree and shrub species. or have a high water table within the root zone. Farmstead and feedlot windbreaks are planted to Wetness limits the selection of species suitable for protect buildings and livestock from severe winter planting on these soils and may affect the growth rate. weather, which is common in Minnehaha County. A high pH level limits the selection of species in areas Along with other environmental plantings, these of soils in subgroup 2K. windbreaks also help to beautify farmsteads and This group consists of very deep, sandy, silty, reduce noise levels. They generally consist of multiple loamy, and clayey, somewhat poorly drained, poorly rows of adapted trees and shrubs. Many of the older drained, or very poorly drained soils. Available water plantings in the county have been neglected and are in capacity is high. The soils are excessively wet or may need of renovation. This renovation may include be ponded in the spring or during overflow periods. additional plantings adjacent to the existing The sandy loams and loamy fine sands are subject to windbreaks and the control of grasses in the older severe wind erosion. Typical soils are Chancellor, windbreaks. Competition by grass species, such as Crossplain, and Whitewood soils. smooth bromegrass, in the windbreaks is a major Group 3.—The soils in this group are well suited to factor in the decline of windbreaks within the county. woody plantings. They are on summits, shoulders, This competition can be controlled with herbicides or backslopes, and footslopes. Except for those that cultural methods (fig. 15). To ensure plant survival, a require abundant moisture, all climatically suited trees healthy planting stock of suitable species should be and shrubs grow well. planted properly on a well prepared site and This group consists of very deep, loamy and silty, maintained in good condition. well drained soils. Available water capacity is moderate Table 9 shows suitable trees and shrubs for planting or high. The susceptibility to water erosion ranges from as well as the expected 20-year height of the species slight in the nearly level areas to severe in the strongly on the various soil types in the county. sloping areas. The susceptibility to wind erosion At the end of each map unit description under the ranges from slight to severe. Typical soils are Clarno, heading “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in the section Egan, Grovena, Houdek, Moody, Nora, Splitrock, and “Interpretive Groups,” the soils are assigned to Wentworth soils. windbreak suitability groups. A windbreak suitability Group 4.—The soils in this group are fairly well group is a distinctive group of soils that supports trees suited to woody plantings. They are on summits, and shrubs having similar growth and survival rates if backslopes, and footslopes. Most of the climatically weather conditions are normal and the windbreak is suited trees and shrubs grow well; however, maximum properly managed. The relationship between the soils growth is not possible because of limited root and the growth of trees and shrubs was ascertained development. during this survey. Soil properties that affect moisture This group consists of very deep, clayey soils and supply and plant nutrients have the greatest influence clayey soils that have a loamy or silty surface layer. 136 Soil Survey of

Figure 15.—A well cultivated young windbreak in an area of Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes.

The soils are moderately well drained or well drained. well on the soils in this group. Plantings can be Available water capacity is low or moderate in the established, but optimum survival and growth should more clayey soils and moderate or high in the silty and not be expected. Field windbreaks are not effective loamy soils. The clayey soils are subject to severe because of the slow growth rate and the low height at wind erosion and to surface compaction during wet maturity. periods. Soils having accumulations of salts in the This group consists of silty and loamy, well drained lower part of the subsoil also are in this group. The and somewhat excessively drained soils that are moderately sloping and strongly sloping soils are moderately deep to bedrock or are shallow or subject to severe water erosion. Typical soils are moderately deep to sand and gravel. Available water Benclare and Corson soils. capacity is low or moderate. The moderately sloping Group 5.—The soils in this group are well suited to and strongly sloping soils are subject to severe woody plantings. They are on summits, backslopes, erosion. The soils in this group have a potential for and footslopes. All climatically suited trees and shrubs agrochemical leaching. Typical soils are Delmont, grow well, except those that require abundant Dempster, Enet, and Ihlen soils. moisture. Group 7.—The soils in this group are poorly suited This group consists mainly of very deep, loamy and to woody plantings. They are on summits and sandy, well drained and somewhat excessively drained shoulders. No trees or shrubs grow well. Coniferous soils. Available water capacity generally is low or trees and shrubs are better suited than deciduous moderate. The soils are subject to severe or very trees and shrubs. Plantings can be established, but severe wind erosion. They have a potential for optimum survival and growth should not be expected. agrochemical leaching. Typical soils are Blendon, Field windbreaks are not effective because of the slow Henkin, and Thurman soils. growth rate and the low height at maturity. Group 6.—The soils in this group are poorly suited This group consists of very deep, sandy, somewhat to woody plantings. They are on summits, shoulders, excessively drained soils. Available water capacity is backslopes, and footslopes. No trees and shrubs grow very low or low. The soils are subject to very severe Minnehaha County, South Dakota 137

wind erosion. None of the soils in Minnehaha County Agricultural Experiment Station at South Dakota State are in this group. University or from a commercial nursery. Group 8.—The soils in this group are poorly suited to woody plantings. They are on shoulders and Recreation backslopes. No trees and shrubs grow well. Plantings can be established, but optimum survival and growth The soils of the survey area are rated in table 10 should not be expected. Field windbreaks are not according to limitations that affect their suitability for effective because of the slow growth rate and the low recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil height at maturity. features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the This group consists of very deep, loamy and silty, surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered. well drained soils that contain enough calcium Not considered in the ratings, but important in carbonate at or near the surface to adversely affect evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of the growth and survival of trees and shrubs. Available the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic water capacity is moderate or high. The soils are quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water subject to severe wind erosion and water erosion. impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines. Typical soils are Betts, Crofton, Ethan, and Shindler The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent soils. and the ability of the soil to support vegetation also are Group 9.—The soils in this group are poorly suited important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for to woody plantings. They have a dense claypan recreational uses by the duration and intensity of subsoil and an excessive amount of salts (especially flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In sodium) in the lower part of the subsoil. They are on planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of high flood plains. No trees and shrubs grow well the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of because of the adverse effects of the dense claypan flooding is essential. subsoil and the salts. The soils are subject to surface In table 10, the degree of soil limitation is expressed compaction during wet periods. as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil This group consists of deep and very deep, silty properties are generally favorable and that limitations and loamy, somewhat poorly drained soils. Available are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that water capacity is low or moderate. Gayville soils are limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning, typical of the soils in this group. design, or special maintenance. Severe means that Group 10.—The soils in this group generally are soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can unsuited to woody plantings. They are shallow to be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special bedrock, very shallow to gravel, very saline, very design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a alkaline, stony, or very wet. Specialized plantings for combination of these measures. wildlife, recreation, or beautification may be The information in table 10 can be supplemented by established in some areas. The most favorable sites other information in this survey, for example, should be selected, and only those trees and shrubs interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in table that have the best potential to survive and grow should 13 and interpretations for dwellings without basements be planted. and for local roads and streets in table 12. The soils in this group have a wide range in texture, Camp areas require site preparation, such as depth, drainage, available water capacity, permeability, shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas, salinity, and slope characteristics. Susceptibility to stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and water erosion and wind erosion ranges from slight to installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp very severe. Clayey soils are subject to surface areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some compaction. The sandy soils and soils that are vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and underlain by sand and gravel and may be susceptible are not wet or subject to flooding or ponding during the to runoff from the higher areas have a potential for period of use. The surface has few or no stones or agrochemical leaching. Denitrification is a concern in boulders, absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and areas of wet soils. Typical soils in this group are Baltic, is not dusty when dry. Excessive slope and stones or Obert, Steinauer, Talmo, Tetonka, and Worthing soils. boulders can greatly increase the cost of constructing Additional information on planning windbreaks and campsites. screens and planting and caring for trees and shrubs Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most can be obtained from the local offices of the Natural vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and Resources Conservation Service, the South Dakota parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm Cooperative Extension Service, or the South Dakota when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to 138 Soil Survey of

flooding or ponding during the period of use, and do are generally used intensively in this area. The lack of not have slopes or stones or boulders that increase good grassy cover is a significant result of current land the cost of shaping sites or of building access roads use patterns and is an important habitat limitation for and parking areas. many of the wildlife species that originally inhabited Playgrounds require soils that can withstand this area. If new wildlife habitat developments are intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level considered, providing undisturbed grassy cover is an and are not wet or subject to flooding or ponding important consideration. during the season of use. The surface is free of stones Native woody habitat in the survey area is on the and boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when flood plains and adjacent slopes, streams, and rivers dry. If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over and around some wetlands and lakes. Although they bedrock or a hardpan should be considered. are not abundant, these shrubby and wooded areas Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding are very important for many wildlife species. They should require little or no cutting and filling. The best provide either food or cover during some part of the soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty year. Farmstead and field windbreaks (fig. 16) are when dry, and are not subject to flooding or ponding common and provide many of the same benefits if more than once a year during the period of use. They they include evergreens and fruit-producing species. have moderate slopes and few or no stones or Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation and boulders on the surface. water that are available to wildlife for food and cover; therefore, they also affect the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Wildlife abundance depends on Wildlife Habitat the amount and distribution of food, cover, and water. Connie M. Vicuna, biologist, Natural Resources Conservation An understanding of soil capabilities is important in the Service, helped prepare this section. development of wildlife habitat through planting desirable vegetation, maintaining existing vegetation, Minnehaha County provides a variety of wildlife and promoting natural establishment of desirable habitat types. The most prominent are those plants. associated with cropland and wetlands. Common Because of the topographic units they represent wildlife species include whitetail deer, gray partridge, and the capabilities of the soils to produce and doves, sharptail grouse, cottontail rabbits, squirrels, maintain vegetation, soil associations provide an pheasants, ducks, geese, other waterbirds, beaver, indication of actual and potential distribution and mink, muskrats, fox, coyotes, and raccoon. Fisheries density of wildlife and their habitat. Land use and in the county are associated with the many ponds, management practices have a primary influence on lakes, and streams. wildlife. These practices also are influenced by the Cropland dominates the agricultural landscape in soils and often correlate with soil associations. The soil Minnehaha County. Such areas can provide winter associations in Minnehaha County are described food supplies if a cover of crop residue is maintained under the heading “General Soil Map Units.” throughout the winter. No-till farming can improve the Individual soils have different potentials for the value of cropland as wildlife habitat. Erosion-control development and maintenance of wildlife habitat and water quality practices, such as grassed elements. The soils, therefore, influence the degree or waterways and terraces, also enhance wildlife habitat extent to which wildlife habitat can be established or in areas of cropland. improved. The soils of Minnehaha County are rated in Wetlands are numerous throughout Minnehaha table 11 according to their potential to provide each of County. They include potholes and flood plains along the wildlife habitat elements. This information can be streams and rivers. Potholes are very common in the used in planning parks, wildlife areas, nature study western half of the county. The size of the wetlands areas, and other developments for wildlife; in selecting ranges from less than 0.1 acre to several hundred soils that are suitable for establishing, improving, or acres. Water regimes are equally variable and include maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in temporary to permanent bodies of water. The great determining the intensity of management needed for variety and number of wetlands in this area make it each element of the habitat. The ratings, described in extremely attractive to waterfowl. Ducks, geese, the following paragraphs, indicate the ease of grebes, herons, and other waterbirds are abundant establishing or maintaining these elements. residents from spring through fall. The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or Grassy habitat is limited in extent. The areas of very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element rangeland are very limited, and hayland and pasture or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or Minnehaha County, South Dakota 139

Figure 16.—This established windbreak in an area of Flandreau loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, provides cover for wildlife and holds drifting snow. maintained. Few or no limitations affect management, available water capacity, wetness, salinity, soil and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of reaction, slope, surface stoniness, ponding, and fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture also are established, improved, or maintained in most places. considerations. Examples of grain and seed crops Moderately intensive management is required for important to wildlife in Minnehaha County are corn, satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that sorghum, wheat, and oats. limitations are severe for the designated element or Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or grasses and herbaceous legumes. The primary use of maintained in most places, but management is difficult this habitat is as nesting and roosting cover. Soil and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates properties and features that affect the growth of that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are grasses and legumes are depth of the root zone, very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be texture of the surface layer, available water capacity, expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat wetness, salinity, surface stoniness, ponding, soil is impractical or impossible. reaction, flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the moisture also are considerations. Examples of grasses following paragraphs: and legumes are intermediate wheatgrass, Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and bromegrass, and alfalfa. seed-producing herbaceous plants. Their primary use Native herbaceous plants are native or naturally is as food sources, although small grain crops also established grasses and forbs, including weeds. They provide some nesting cover. Soil properties and are used for food, nesting, and escape cover. Soil features that affect the growth of grain and seed crops properties and features that affect the growth of these are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer, plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the 140 Soil Survey of

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness, affecting development of shallow water areas are salinity, surface stoniness, soil reaction, ponding, and depth to bedrock, wetness, surface stoniness, slope, flooding. Soil temperature and soil moisture also are and permeability. Examples of shallow water areas are considerations. Examples of wild herbaceous plants marshes, waterfowl feeding areas, and ponds. are big bluestem, switchgrass, indiangrass, green Information concerning the habitat elements needlegrass, and sideoats grama. needed to maintain and manage specific wildlife Planted woody plants include trees and shrubs that species can be obtained from the local office of the require cultivation before and during establishment Natural Resources Conservation Service; the South and eventually will provide fruit, buds, twigs, bark, and Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks; the foliage. These plants are important as food sources United States Fish and Wildlife Service; or the Wildlife and provide reproductive cover, winter cover, and and Fisheries Sciences Department at South Dakota escape cover. Soil properties that affect the growth of State University. trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone, available water capacity, soil reaction, wetness, slope, flooding, Engineering ponding, salinity, and soil moisture. Examples of these trees and shrubs are green ash, hackberry, caragana, This section provides information for planning land plum, chokecherry, Rocky Mountain juniper, and uses related to urban development and to water eastern redcedar. management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the Native deciduous trees and woody understory most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given produce nuts or other fruit, buds, twigs, bark, and for building site development, sanitary facilities, foliage. Besides the food sources they provide, these construction materials, and water management. The elements are important for winter cover and escape ratings are based on observed performance of the cover. Soil properties and features that affect the soils and on the data in the tables described under the growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the heading “Soil Properties.” root zone, salinity, flooding, ponding, soil reaction, Information in this section is intended for land use available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for these plants are elm, cottonwood, ash, bur oak, willow, planning site investigations prior to design and plum, and chokecherry. construction. The information, however, has limitations. Native coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. For example, estimates and other data generally apply Soil properties and features that affect the growth of only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet. coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth Because of the map scale, small areas of different of the root zone, available water capacity, salinity, soils may be included within the mapped areas of a flooding, ponding, soil reaction, and wetness. Eastern specific soil. redcedar is the only species of this type that grows The information is not site specific and does not regularly in the survey area. eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils Native shrubs are bushy woody plants that produce or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in fruit, buds, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil properties and the design and construction of engineering works. features that affect the growth of shrubs are depth of Government ordinances and regulations that the root zone, available water capacity, salinity, soil restrict certain land uses or impose specific design reaction, flooding, ponding, wetness, and soil criteria were not considered in preparing the moisture. Examples of shrubs are gooseberry, information in this section. Local ordinances and snowberry, sumac, willows, and false indigo. regulations should be considered in planning, in site Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild selection, and in design. herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites. Soil properties, site features, and observed They are important as food and provide reproductive performance were considered in determining the cover. Soil properties and features affecting wetland ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil plants are texture of the surface layer, wetness, survey, determinations were made about grain-size reaction, salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction, Examples of wetland plants are cattails, sloughgrass, depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6 whitetop, cordgrass, rushes, sedges, and reeds. feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal Shallow water areas have an average depth of less high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural than 5 feet and include naturally wet areas. Shallow soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were water areas can be created by dams, levees, or other collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of water-control structures. Soil properties and features the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed Minnehaha County, South Dakota 141

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility, excavations can be made is affected by the depth to a permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential, seasonal high water table and the susceptibility of the available water capacity, and other behavioral soil to flooding. The resistance of the excavation walls characteristics affecting engineering uses. or banks to sloughing or caving is affected by soil This information can be used to evaluate the texture and depth to the water table. potential of areas for residential, commercial, Dwellings and small commercial buildings are industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed estimates of construction conditions; evaluate soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family alternative routes for roads, streets, highways, dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate made for small commercial buildings without alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank basements, for dwellings with basements, and for absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed dwellings without basements. The ratings are based onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate on soil properties, site features, and observed potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil; performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding, plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds, shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause terraces, and other structures for soil and water the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to conservation; and predict performance of proposed bedrock, large stones, slope, and flooding affect the small structures and pavements by comparing the ease of excavation and construction. Landscaping and performance of existing similar structures on the same grading that require cuts and fills of more than 60 to 80 or similar soils. inches are not considered. The information in the tables, along with the soil Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year. this survey, can be used to make additional They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base interpretations. of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally special meaning in soil science and are defined in the limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on Glossary. soil properties, site features, and observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock, a high Building Site Development water table, flooding, large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and grading. Soil strength (as Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil inferred from the engineering classification of the soil), limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings shrink-swell potential, frost action potential, and depth with and without basements, small commercial to a high water table affect the traffic-supporting buildings, and local roads and streets. The limitations capacity. are considered slight if soil properties and site features are generally favorable for the indicated use and Sanitary Facilities limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site features are not favorable for the Table 13 shows the degree and kind of soil indicated use and special planning, design, or limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields, maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features are considered slight if soil properties and site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that are generally favorable for the indicated use and special design, significant increases in construction limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if costs, and possibly increased maintenance are soil properties or site features are not favorable for the required. Special feasibility studies may be required indicated use and special planning, design, or where the soil limitations are severe. maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves, are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. The special design, significant increases in construction ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and costs, and possibly increased maintenance are observed performance of the soils. The ease of required. digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth The table also shows the suitability of the soils for to bedrock or a very firm dense layer, stone content, use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good soil texture, and slope. The time of the year that indicates that soil properties and site features are 142 Soil Survey of

favorable for the use and good performance and low is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope and bedrock properties and site features are moderately favorable can cause construction problems, and large stones for the use and one or more soil properties or site can hinder compaction of the lagoon floor. features make the soil less desirable than the soils Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of properties or site features are unfavorable for the use landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration. covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is layer of soil from a source away from the site. evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties, Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy site features, and observed performance of the soils. vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of ground- Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, and water pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation flooding or ponding affect absorption of the effluent. should be considered. Large stones and bedrock interfere with installation. The ratings in the table are based on soil Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank properties, site features, and observed performance of absorption fields, including excessively slow the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock, a high water absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside table, slope, flooding, and ponding affect both types of seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth water table is near the surface. There must be of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances investigation is needed. require that this material be of a certain thickness. Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to used to cover compacted solid waste in an area hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite, solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste. level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments Soil texture, wetness, rock fragments, and slope of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to affect the ease of removing and spreading the material hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best is required to minimize seepage and contamination of cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy ground water. and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to The table gives ratings for the natural soil that wind erosion. makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, After soil material has been removed, the soil generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface material remaining in the borrow area must be thick layer are excavated to provide material for the enough over bedrock or the water table to permit embankments. The ratings are based on soil revegetation. The soil material used as the final cover properties, site features, and observed performance of for a landfill should be suitable for plants. The surface the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope, layer generally has the best workability, more organic permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock, matter, and the best potential for plants. Material from flooding, ponding, large stones, and content of organic the surface layer should be stockpiled for use as the matter. final cover. Excessive seepage resulting from rapid permeability in the soil or a water table that is high Construction Materials enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution Table 14 gives information about the soils as a results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and Minnehaha County, South Dakota 143

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on excavation of the material. soil properties and site features that affect the removal The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as compaction, minor processing, and other standard indicated by the engineering classification of the soil), construction practices are assumed. Each soil is the thickness of suitable material, and the content of evaluated to a depth of 60 or 80 inches. rock fragments. Reaction and stratification are given in Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one the soil series descriptions. Gradation of grain sizes is place and used in road embankments in another given in the table on engineering index properties. place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6 clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is feet high and less exacting in design than higher up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at embankments. least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight, The ratings are for the soil material below the large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable surface layer to a depth of 60 or 80 inches. It is source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as assumed that soil layers will be mixed during shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and excavating and spreading. Many soils have layers of gravel. contrasting suitability within their profile. The table Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation showing engineering index properties provides can be established and maintained. The upper 40 detailed information about each soil layer. This inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also information can help to determine the suitability of evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow each layer for use as roadfill. The performance of soil area. after it is stabilized with lime or cement is not Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by considered in the ratings. such properties as soil reaction, salinity, available The ratings are based on soil properties, site water capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, features, and observed performance of the soils. The loading, and spreading is affected by rock fragments, thickness of suitable material is a major consideration. slope, a water table, soil texture, and thickness of The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a suitable material. Reclamation of the borrow area is high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs affected by slope, a water table, rock fragments, in place after it has been compacted and drained is flooding, ponding, bedrock, and toxic material. determined by its strength (as inferred from the Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones potential. and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes Soils rated good contain significant amounts of of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult. cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less. Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10. have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 15 to 25 percent, or many stones or have a water table percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is at a depth of 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a difficult. plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25 than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large percent; are wet; or have a water table at a depth of amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes less than 1 foot. They may have layers of suitable of more than 15 percent, have a seasonal high water material, but the material is less than 3 feet thick. table at or near the surface, or are subject to frequent Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for flooding or ponding. commercial use with a minimum of processing. They The surface layer of most soils is generally are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter for each use vary widely. In table 14, only the content. Organic matter greatly increases the probability of finding material in suitable quantity is absorption and retention of moisture and absorption of evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific nutrients for plant growth. 144

Water Management or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of usable material. It also affects trafficability. Table 15 gives information on the soil properties Drainage is the removal of excess surface and and site features that affect water management. The subsurface water from the soil. How easily and degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and bedrock or to other layers that affect the rate of water levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil movement; permeability; depth to a high water table or properties and site features are generally favorable for depth of standing water if the soil is subject to ponding; the indicated use and limitations are minor and are slope; susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating features are not favorable for the indicated use and and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are affected special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to by depth to bedrock, large stones, slope, and the overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of the soil properties or site features are so unfavorable or so after drainage is adversely affected by extreme acidity difficult to overcome that special design, significant or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as salts, increase in construction costs, and possibly increased sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is maintenance are required. not considered in the ratings. This table also gives for each soil the restrictive Irrigation is the controlled application of water to features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The diversions, and grassed waterways. design and management of an irrigation system are Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or affected by the cropping system, depth to the water embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low table, flooding, ponding, available water capacity, seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The intake rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. seepage potential is determined by the permeability of The construction of a system is affected by large the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other stones and depth to bedrock. The performance of a permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the system is affected by the depth of the root zone, the storage capacity of the reservoir area. amount of salts or sodium, and soil reaction. Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised Terraces and diversions are embankments or a structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet combination of channels and ridges constructed high, constructed to impound water or to protect land across a slope to control erosion and conserve against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large source of material for embankment fill. The ratings apply stones, and depth to bedrock affect the construction of to the soil material below the surface layer to a depth of terraces and diversions. A restricted rooting depth, a about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will be severe hazard of wind erosion or water erosion, an uniformly mixed and compacted during construction. excessively coarse texture, and restricted permeability The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural adversely affect maintenance. soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a Grassed waterways are natural or constructed depth even greater than the height of the embankment channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct can affect performance and safety of the embankment. surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock affect determine these properties. the construction of grassed waterways. A hazard of Soil material in embankments must be resistant to wind erosion, low available water capacity, restricted seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable rooting depth, toxic substances such as salts and compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features sodium, and restricted permeability adversely affect include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high the growth and maintenance of the grass after content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts construction. 145

Soil Properties

Data relating to soil properties are collected during the course of the soil survey. The data and the estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables, are explained on the following pages. Soil properties are determined by field examination of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are made and examined to identify and classify the soils and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are taken from some typical profiles and tested in the laboratory to determine grain-size distribution, plasticity, and compaction characteristics. Estimates of soil properties are based on field examination, on laboratory tests of samples from the survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field observations, verify properties that cannot be estimated accurately by field observation, and help to characterize key soils. The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables Figure 17.—Percentages of clay, silt, and sand in the basic include the range of grain-size distribution and USDA soil textural classes. Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the physical and chemical properties of the major layers of Classification of the soils is determined according to each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 2001) given. and the system adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Engineering Index Properties (AASHTO, 2000). The Unified system classifies soils according to Table 16 gives the engineering classifications and properties that affect their use as construction the range of index properties for the layers of each soil material. Soils are classified according to particle-size in the survey area. distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit, layer is indicated. and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils Texture is given in the standard terms used by the are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2 engineering properties of two groups can have a dual millimeters in diameter (fig. 17). “Loam,” for example, is classification, for example, CL-ML. soil that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, The AASHTO system classifies soils according to and less than 52 percent sand. If the content of those properties that affect roadway construction and particles coarser than sand is 15 percent or more, an maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.” soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified Textural terms are defined in the Glossary. in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the 146 Soil Survey of

basis of particle-size distribution, liquid limit, and The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained fertility and physical condition of the soil. They and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil visual inspection. dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, operations. A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at subgrade material can be indicated by a group index field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at 1 number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the /3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after the best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest. soil is dried at 105 degrees C. In table 17, the Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are estimated moist bulk density of each major soil indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dry- horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of weight basis. The percentages are estimates soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. determined mainly by converting volume percentage Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell in the field to weight percentage. potential, available water capacity, total pore space, Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than 3 soil indicates the pore space available for water and inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074 is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on matter, and soil structure. laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of field. downward movement of water when the soil is Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits) saturated. They are based on soil characteristics indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity, estimates are based on test data from the survey area and texture. Permeability is considered in the design or from nearby areas and on field examination. and management of irrigation systems, the The estimates of particle-size distribution, liquid development of nutrient and pesticide management limit, and plasticity index are generally rounded to the plans, and the design of soil drainage systems and nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and septic tank absorption fields. Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2 Available water capacity refers to the quantity of percentage points) across classification boundaries, water that the soil is capable of storing for use by the classification in the marginal zone is generally plants. The capacity for water storage is given in omitted in the table. inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil Physical and Chemical Properties properties that affect retention of water and depth of the root zone. The most important properties are the Table 17 shows estimates of some characteristics content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk density, and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates and soil structure. Available water capacity is an are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey important factor in the choice of plants or crops to be area. The estimates are based on field observations grown, in the selection of a tillage system, in crop and on test data for these and similar soils. residue management decisions, and in the design and Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each management of irrigation systems. Available water layer is indicated. capacity is not an estimate of the quantity of water Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil actually available to plants at any given time. particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and diameter. In the table, the estimated clay content of is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For weight, of the soil material that is less than 2 many soils, values have been verified by laboratory millimeters in diameter. analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops Minnehaha County, South Dakota 147

and other plants, in selecting pesticides, in evaluating Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils that soil amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in have similar properties affecting their resistance to determining the risk of corrosion. wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups indicate Salinity is a measure of soluble salts in the soil at the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion. The soils saturation. It is expressed as the electrical conductivity assigned to group 1 are the most susceptible to wind of the saturation extract, in millimhos per centimeter at erosion, and those assigned to group 8 are the least 25 degrees C. Estimates are based on field and susceptible. The groups are as follows: laboratory measurements at representative sites of 1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine nonirrigated soils. The salinity of irrigated soils is sands. affected by the quality of the irrigation water and by the 2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine frequency of water application. Hence, the salinity of sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric soils in individual fields can differ greatly from the soil material. value given in the table. Salinity affects the suitability of 3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy a soil for crop production, the stability of soil if used as loams, and very fine sandy loams. construction material, and the potential of the soil to 4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and corrode metal and concrete. silty clay loams. Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume 4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams, change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent change occurs mainly because of the interaction of clay. clay minerals with water and varies with the amount 5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams, sandy load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in clays, and hemic soil material. soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling 6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For loams that are less than 35 percent clay. others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind 7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material. basis of measurements of similar soils. 8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to because of rock fragments on the surface or because very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage of surface wetness. to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in design is often needed. the soil at various stages of decomposition. In table Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the 17, the estimated content of organic matter is change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter. classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent; The content of organic matter in a soil can be moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, 6 to 9 percent; and maintained or increased by returning crop residue to very high, greater than 9 percent. the soil. Organic matter affects the available water Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six nitrogen and other nutrients for crops. factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss Soil and Water Features by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt, Table 18 gives estimates of various soil and water sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil features. The estimates are used in land use planning structure and permeability. Values of K range from that involves engineering considerations. 0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four erosion by water. groups according to the rate of water infiltration when Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum the soils are not protected by vegetation, are average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from long- that can occur without reducing soil quality or crop duration storms. productivity over a sustained period. The rate is in tons The four hydrologic soil groups are: per acre per year. Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low 148 Soil Survey of

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist matter content with increasing depth; and little or no mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained horizon development. sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate Also considered are local information about the of water transmission. extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of the extent of flooding based on soil data is less moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or specific than that provided by detailed engineering well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific moderately coarse texture. These soils have a flood frequency levels. moderate rate of water transmission. High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a are based mainly on observations of the water table at layer that impedes the downward movement of water selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture. zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic These soils have a slow rate of water transmission. features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are depth to Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate the seasonal high water table, the kind of water table, (high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These and the months of the year that the water table consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that for less than 1 month is not indicated in the table. have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface, An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water material. These soils have a very slow rate of water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is transmission. allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the perched water table is water standing above an table, the first letter is for drained areas and the unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched, second is for undrained areas. water table is separated from a lower one by a dry Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is zone. caused by overflowing streams or by runoff from Two numbers in the column showing depth to the adjacent slopes. Water standing for short periods after water table indicate the normal range in depth to a rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, and saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot. water standing in swamps and marshes is considered The first numeral in the range indicates the highest ponding rather than flooding. water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth The table gives the frequency and duration of indicates that the water table is above the surface of flooding and the time of year when flooding is most the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table likely. is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of Frequency, duration, and probable dates of 6 feet for less than a month. occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means that depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but borings and on observations during soil mapping. The possible under unusual weather conditions (the rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in fractured, excavations can be made with trenching any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average, machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to hard or massive, blasting or special equipment 50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on generally is needed for excavation. the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or flooding is more than 50 percent in any year). Duration lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of is expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the to 7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all flooding into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture, occurs during the stated period. density, permeability, content of organic matter, and The information is based on evidence in the soil depth to the water table are the most important factors profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation Minnehaha County, South Dakota 149

or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly soil. Special site examination and design may be structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in needed if the combination of factors results in a severe winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil rigid structures. layer. Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and extract. electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion For concrete, the risk of corrosion also is expressed of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture, content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation extract.

151

Classification of the Soils

The system of soil classification used by the properties and other characteristics that affect National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories management. Generally, the properties are those of (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). Beginning with the broadest, horizons below plow depth where there is much these categories are the order, suborder, great group, biological activity. Among the properties and subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on characteristics considered are particle-size class, soil properties observed in the field or inferred from mineralogy class, cation-exchange activity class, soil those observations or from laboratory measurements. temperature regime, soil depth, and reaction class. A Table 19 shows the classification of the soils in the family name consists of the name of a subgroup survey area. The categories are defined in the preceded by terms that indicate soil properties. An following paragraphs. example is fine-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, ORDER. Twelve soil orders are recognized. The mesic Cumulic Endoaquolls. differences among orders reflect the dominant soil- SERIES. The series consists of soils within a forming processes and the degree of soil formation. family that have horizons similar in color, texture, Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical example is Mollisol. composition, and arrangement in the profile. SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil genesis and are important to plant growth or Soil Series and Their Morphology properties that reflect the most important variables In this section, each soil series recognized in the within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil suborder indicates the order. An example is Aquoll and the material in which it formed are identified for (Aqu, meaning water, plus oll, from Mollisol). each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind, described. The detailed description of each soil arrangement, and degree of development of horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). Many of the regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each technical terms used in the descriptions are defined in great group is identified by the name of a suborder “Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and in “Keys and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An to Soil Taxonomy” (Soil Survey Staff, 1998). Unless example is Endoaquoll (Endo, referring to otherwise indicated, matrix colors in the descriptions endosaturation, plus aquoll, the suborder of the are for dry soil; redoximorphic concentrations, Mollisols that has an aquic moisture regime). redoximorphic depletions, mottles (the term used for SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic color patterns not related to soil wetness), organic subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or coats, and stains are described under moist extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept conditions. No wet consistence is given when the soil of the great group; it is not necessarily the most material is nonsticky or nonplastic. Following the extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders, pedon description is the range of important suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some characteristics of the soils in the series. properties that are not representative of the great group but do not indicate transitions to any other taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or Alcester Series more adjectives preceding the name of the great group. An example is Cumulic Endoaquolls. Depth to bedrock: Very deep FAMILY. Families are established within a Drainage class: Well drained and moderately well subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical drained 152 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; hard, Landform: Fans and flood plains friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very Parent material: Silty colluvial-alluvial sediments and fine and fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual wavy silty alluvium boundary. Slope: 0 to 6 percent Bw6—60 to 80 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silty clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak Typical Pedon coarse subangular blocky structure parting to Alcester silty clay loam (fig. 18), 0 to 2 percent slopes, weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; 55 feet south and 700 feet west of the northeast hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few corner of sec. 12, T. 103 N., R. 50 W.; USGS Crooks, very fine tubular pores; very slightly effervescent; SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 44 neutral. minutes 47 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 46 Range in Characteristics minutes 25 seconds W. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 60 inches Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Depth to carbonates: More than 36 inches loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, inches over clayey alluvium slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than fine roots throughout; slightly acid; abrupt smooth carbonates): More than 60 inches boundary. Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon and a A—8 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay C horizon. loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to A horizon: weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly Hue—10YR sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) roots throughout; few very fine and fine tubular Chroma—1 or 2 pores; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam Bw1—16 to 29 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Bw horizon: loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak Hue—10YR or 2.5Y medium prismatic structure parting to weak Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Chroma—1 to 3 sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam roots throughout; few very fine and fine tubular pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bw2—29 to 36 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Arlo Series weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak Depth to bedrock: Very deep medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Drainage class: Poorly drained sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine tubular Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. very rapid in the underlying gravelly material Bw3—36 to 42 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Landform: Flood plains clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Parent material: Loamy alluvium over glacial outwash moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to Slope: 0 to 1 percent weak medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine Typical Pedon tubular pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Arlo loam (fig. 19), 0 to 1 percent slopes, 2,600 feet Bw4—42 to 50 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty north and 790 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak 7, T. 103 N., R. 50 W.; USGS Crooks, SD, topographic coarse prismatic structure parting to weak quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 44 minutes 20 seconds N. medium and coarse subangular blocky; hard, and long. 96 degrees 52 minutes 26 seconds W. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Bw5—50 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silty black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine subangular clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; coarse prismatic structure parting to weak hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Minnehaha County, South Dakota 153

very fine and fine roots throughout; few very fine Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches vesicular and tubular pores; 6 percent calcium over gravelly material carbonate equivalent; slightly effervescent; slightly Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. carbonates): More than 60 inches Bkg1—10 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) Other features: Some pedons have an Ak horizon, a C loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; horizon, or both. weak fine and medium subangular blocky A horizon: structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Hue—10YR or 2.5Y plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) common very fine tubular pores; 8 percent calcium Chroma—1 carbonate equivalent; few faint discontinuous black Texture—loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam (10YR 2/1) organic coats on faces of peds; few fine cylindrical soft masses of carbonate; few fine Bkg horizon: distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y redoximorphic concentrations; strongly Value—5 or 6 (3 to 5 moist) effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Chroma—1 or 2 boundary. Texture—dominantly loam, sandy clay loam, or Bkg2—14 to 20 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, clay loam; sandy loam or gravelly clay loam in very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; weak some pedons medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; 2Cg horizon: hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) fine and fine tubular pores; 15 percent calcium Chroma—1 to 4 carbonate equivalent; common fine and medium Texture—gravelly sand, gravelly loamy sand, very irregular soft masses of carbonate; few fine gravelly sand, sand, or loamy sand prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Baltic Series Bkg3—20 to 30 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, Depth to bedrock: Very deep dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak Drainage class: Very poorly drained medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; Permeability: Slow hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Landform: Till plains and flood plains very fine roots throughout; common very fine Parent material: Clayey alluvium tubular pores; 10 percent calcium carbonate Slope: 0 to 1 percent equivalent; common fine and medium irregular soft masses of carbonate and common fine rounded Typical Pedon soft masses of iron-manganese; 2 percent Baltic silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, 125 feet subrounded mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; south and 2,265 feet east of the northwest corner of moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. sec. 27, T. 104 N., R. 51 W.; USGS Colton, SD, 2Cg—30 to 80 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 47 minutes 24 gravelly sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; single seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 56 minutes 31 grain; loose; 6 percent calcium carbonate seconds W. equivalent; discontinuous carbonate coats on rock fragments and few prominent patchy dark A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) iron stains on rock loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular fragments; 15 percent subrounded mixed gravel; structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly common fine distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y plastic; few very fine roots throughout; 9 percent 4/2) redoximorphic depletions; slightly calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Range in Characteristics A2—7 to 12 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 30 inches clay, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium and Depth to carbonates: 0 to 6 inches coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, 154 Soil Survey of

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine Carbonates: At the surface roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 9 Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine inches prominent brown (7.5YR 4/3) redoximorphic Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly carbonates): 20 to 55 inches alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon, a By Bw1—12 to 26 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) silty horizon, or both. clay, black (2.5Y 2/1) moist; weak medium and A horizon: coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or N sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 7 percent Chroma—0 or 1 calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay effervescent; few fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; Bw and Bg horizons: slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or N Bw2—26 to 38 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) loam, very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; weak Chroma—0 to 3 coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, Texture—silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and Cg horizon: fine roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or N 7 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine Value—4 to 7 (2 to 6 moist) irregular masses of gypsum; few fine prominent Chroma—0 or 1 dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay loam concentrations; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bg—38 to 55 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam, dark gray (5Y 4/1) moist; weak coarse subangular Benclare Series blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Depth to bedrock: Very deep slightly plastic; few fine roots throughout; few very Drainage class: Moderately well drained fine tubular pores; 4 percent calcium carbonate Permeability: Slow equivalent; few fine irregular black (10YR 2/1) soft Landform: Terraces masses of iron-manganese and few fine gypsum Parent material: Clayey lacustrine sediments crystals; common fine and medium prominent Slope: 0 to 2 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) redoximorphic concentrations and Typical Pedon common fine and medium faint gray (2.5Y 5/1) Benclare silty clay loam, in an area of Benclare- redoximorphic depletions; slightly effervescent; Corson complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 110 feet north slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. and 515 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 6, T. Cg—55 to 80 inches; light gray (5Y 7/1) silty clay loam, 101 N., R. 47 W.; USGS Brandon, SD-IA, topographic gray (5Y 6/1) moist; massive; hard, firm, slightly quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 34 minutes 24 seconds N. sticky and slightly plastic; 7 percent calcium and long. 96 degrees 31 minutes 48 seconds W. carbonate equivalent; few fine cylindrical soft masses of carbonate, few fine irregular black Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay (10YR 2/1) soft masses of iron-manganese, and loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium few fine gypsum crystals; common fine prominent subangular blocky structure parting to moderate strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common fine and fine granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; redoximorphic concentrations and common fine common very fine vesicular pores; moderately and medium faint gray (2.5Y 5/1) redoximorphic acid; abrupt smooth boundary. depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately Bw1—8 to 15 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, alkaline. black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate fine Range in Characteristics subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 60 inches common very fine roots throughout; common very Minnehaha County, South Dakota 155

fine tubular pores; very few patchy pressure faces; Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 few wormcasts; slightly acid; gradual wavy inches boundary. Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than Bw2—15 to 24 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and carbonates): More than 60 inches dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, very dark gray Ap horizon: (10YR 3/1) and very dark grayish brown (10YR Hue—10YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure Value—2 to 4 (2 or 3 moist) parting to strong very fine and fine subangular Chroma—1 blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay fine roots throughout; common fine tubular pores; very few patchy pressure faces; few wormcasts; Bw horizon: slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Bw3—24 to 31 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) clay, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; Chroma—1 to 3 moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam strong fine and medium subangular blocky; very Bk horizon: hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common very Hue—2.5Y or 5Y fine tubular pores; very few discontinuous Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) pressure faces; neutral; clear wavy Chroma—1 to 3 boundary. Texture—silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay Bk1—31 to 42 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty clay, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak C horizon: medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to Hue—2.5Y or 5Y moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common Chroma—1 to 3 very fine tubular pores; few fine distinct very dark Texture—silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay; gray (5Y 3/1) coats; 7 percent calcium carbonate stratified fine sandy loam or fine sand below a equivalent; common fine and medium rounded soft depth of 40 inches in some pedons masses of carbonate; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bk2—42 to 52 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay, olive Betts Series (5Y 5/3) moist; moderate coarse subangular Depth to bedrock: Very deep blocky structure parting to moderate medium Drainage class: Well drained subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, sticky and Permeability: Moderately slow plastic; common very fine tubular pores; 15 Landform: Moraines percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few Parent material: Loamy glacial till discontinuous pressure faces; common medium Slope: 9 to 40 percent rounded soft masses of carbonate; common fine prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) Typical Pedon redoximorphic concentrations and common fine Betts loam, in an area of Ethan-Betts loams, 9 to 15 distinct dark gray (5Y 4/1) redoximorphic percent slopes, 2,150 feet south and 140 feet west of depletions; violently effervescent; moderately the northeast corner of sec. 12, T. 101 N., R. 51 W.; alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. USGS Hartford, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 C—52 to 80 inches; pale yellow (5Y 7/3) clay, pale degrees 34 minutes 00 seconds N. and long. 96 olive (5Y 6/3) moist; massive; very hard, very firm, degrees 53 minutes 26 seconds W. sticky and plastic; common very fine tubular pores; 20 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; many A—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, fine and medium distinct gray (5Y 5/1) very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; granular structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and moderately alkaline. slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; 8 percent calcium Range in Characteristics carbonate equivalent; 2 percent subangular and Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 50 inches subrounded mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; Depth to carbonates: More than 60 inches slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 156 Soil Survey of

Bk1—5 to 11 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) A horizon: clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak Hue—10YR coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Value—3 to 6 (2 to 5 moist) medium and coarse subangular blocky; hard, firm, Chroma—1 to 3 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Texture—loam or clay loam fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular Bk horizon: pores; 13 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y common fine rounded soft masses of carbonate Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) and common medium very dark brown (10YR 2/2) Chroma—2 to 4 wormcasts; 2 percent subangular and subrounded Texture—clay loam mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C horizon: Bk2—11 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Hue—2.5Y clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; weak Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; Chroma—2 to 4 hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Texture—clay loam or loam common very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and medium rounded soft Blendon Series masses of carbonate; 2 percent subangular and Depth to bedrock: Very deep subrounded mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; Drainage class: Well drained moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderately rapid in the fine sandy loam C1—26 to 35 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) material and moderately slow in the underlying clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; clay loam massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Landform: Outwash plains plastic; common very fine and fine roots; few very Parent material: Loamy glaciofluvial sediments fine tubular pores; 10 percent calcium carbonate Slope: 0 to 6 percent equivalent; few fine and medium rounded soft masses of carbonate; 2 percent subangular and Typical Pedon subrounded mixed gravel; common fine prominent Blendon fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 150 yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and light gray (2.5Y feet north and 850 feet east of the southwest corner of 7/1) relict redoximorphic features; strongly sec. 34, T. 103 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Renner, SD, effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 40 minutes 29 boundary. seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 42 minutes 28 C2—35 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) seconds W. clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine plastic; 8 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; sandy loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine few fine and medium rounded black (10YR 2/1) granular structure; soft, very friable; common very soft masses of iron-manganese; 2 percent fine and fine roots throughout; common medium subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; many tubular pores; few krotovinas; moderately acid; fine and medium prominent yellowish brown abrupt smooth boundary. (10YR 5/8) and many fine and medium prominent A—7 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine light gray (2.5Y 7/1) relict redoximorphic features; sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable; common very fine roots throughout; Range in Characteristics common very fine and fine tubular pores; few Depth to carbonates: 0 to 3 inches krotovinas; moderately acid; clear smooth Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 boundary. inches Bw—12 to 28 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than fine sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR carbonates): More than 60 inches 3/2) moist; weak medium prismatic structure Other features: Some pedons have a BCk horizon. parting to weak fine granular; soft, very friable; few Minnehaha County, South Dakota 157

very fine roots throughout; common very fine and Chroma—2 to 4 fine tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth Texture—clay loam or loam boundary. C1—28 to 43 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Bon Series single grain; loose; few very fine roots throughout; Depth to bedrock: Very deep neutral; clear smooth boundary. Drainage class: Moderately well drained C2—43 to 54 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy Permeability: Moderate fine sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Landform: Flood plains moist; single grain; loose; few very fine roots Parent material: Loamy alluvium throughout; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Slope: 0 to 2 percent C3—54 to 74 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine sand, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; single grain; Typical Pedon loose; few very fine roots throughout; neutral; Bon loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 2,450 feet south and abrupt smooth boundary. 2,590 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 11, T. 2C4—74 to 80 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam, 104 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Dell Rapids, SD, topographic dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; massive; hard, quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 49 minutes 35 seconds N. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very and long. 96 degrees 40 minutes 36 seconds W. fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; slightly acid. Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular structure; Range in Characteristics hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 36 inches fine roots throughout; few very fine vesicular and Depth to carbonates: More than 40 inches tubular pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 equivalent; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; inches over loamy material abrupt smooth boundary. Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than Bw1—9 to 23 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, very carbonates): More than 60 inches dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak medium Other features: Some pedons do not have a 2C subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly horizon. sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; few very fine and fine tubular A horizon: pores; 8 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; Hue—10YR strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) wavy boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 Bw2—23 to 39 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, Texture—fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak Bw horizon: coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Hue—10YR medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots Chroma—1 to 3 throughout; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 8 Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam percent calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth C horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y C1—39 to 45 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam and Value—5 to 7 (3 to 5 moist) stratified loamy fine sand, very dark gray (10YR Chroma—2 to 4 3/1) moist; massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky Texture—typically loamy fine sand or loamy sand; and slightly plastic; few fine tubular pores; 8 sandy loam, fine sandy loam, gravelly sandy percent calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly loam, gravelly fine sandy loam, sand, or fine effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth sand in some pedons boundary. 2C horizon: C2—45 to 65 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Hue—10YR or 2.5Y loam and stratified loamy fine sand, very dark Value—5 to 7 (3 to 5 moist) grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; massive; hard, 158 Soil Survey of

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very loamy fine sand; stratified silt loam, silty clay fine and fine tubular pores; 7 percent calcium loam, or clay loam in some pedons carbonate equivalent; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. C3—65 to 74 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Bonilla Series loam and stratified loamy fine sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; massive; hard, Depth to bedrock: Very deep friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very Drainage class: Moderately well drained fine and fine tubular pores; 8 percent calcium Permeability: Moderate carbonate equivalent; few fine rounded soft Landform: Till plains masses of carbonate; common fine prominent Parent material: Loamy eolian material strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic Slope: 0 to 2 percent concentrations; strongly effervescent; moderately Typical Pedon alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. C4—74 to 78 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy Bonilla loam, in an area of Grovena-Bonilla loams, 0 to fine sand and stratified fine sandy loam, dark 2 percent slopes, 680 feet north and 100 feet east of grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; massive; slightly the southwest corner of sec. 9, T. 104 N., R. 47 W.; hard, very friable; few very fine and fine tubular USGS Jasper, MN/SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 pores; 8 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; degrees 49 minutes 21 seconds N. and long. 96 common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) degrees 29 minutes 32 seconds W. redoximorphic concentrations; strongly Ap—0 to 11 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, very effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium boundary. granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly C5—78 to 80 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; fine roots throughout; common very fine vesicular massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly and tubular pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth plastic; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 7 boundary. percent calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly Bw1—11 to 22 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay effervescent; moderately alkaline. loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate Range in Characteristics medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly Thickness of the mollic epipedon: More than 20 inches sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Depth to carbonates: 0 to 20 inches fine roots throughout; common very fine vesicular Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 and tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. inches Bw2—22 to 32 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) clay Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak medium carbonates): More than 60 inches prismatic structure parting to weak fine Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon. subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly A horizon: sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Hue—10YR fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 Bk—32 to 45 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Texture—loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Bw horizon: weak fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, Hue—10YR slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine Chroma—1 to 3 tubular pores; 14 percent calcium carbonate Texture—loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam equivalent; common fine rounded soft masses of C horizon: carbonate; few fine prominent light gray (10YR Hue—10YR or 2.5Y 7/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly Value—3 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Chroma—1 to 3 boundary. Texture—loam or fine sandy loam stratified with C—45 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3), Minnehaha County, South Dakota 159

stratified silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) of sec. 22, T. 104 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Dell Rapids moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky Southeast, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 and slightly plastic; common very fine tubular degrees 48 minutes 13 seconds N. and long. 96 pores; 12 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; degrees 34 minutes 45 seconds W. common fine prominent light gray (10YR 7/1) Ap—0 to 12 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine moderately alkaline. subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, Range in Characteristics slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots throughout; few fine vesicular and tubular pores; Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 40 inches slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth to carbonates: 20 to 40 inches Bt1—12 to 17 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) silty Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 clay, black (2.5Y 2/1) moist; moderate medium inches prismatic structure parting to weak fine Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and carbonates): 50 to more than 60 inches plastic; few fine roots throughout; few very fine A horizon: tubular pores; few discontinuous clay films on Hue—10YR faces of peds; slightly acid; clear smooth Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 Bt2—17 to 23 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay, Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; moderate fine prismatic structure parting to moderate fine Bw horizon: subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and Hue—10YR or 2.5Y plastic; few fine roots throughout; few very fine Value—4 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) tubular pores; common continuous clay films on Chroma—1 to 3 faces of peds and very few carbonate coats in root Texture—loam or clay loam channels and pores; slightly acid; clear smooth Bk horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Bt3—23 to 31 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay, Value—6 or 7 (4 or 5 moist) very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; moderate medium Chroma—1 to 3 prismatic structure parting to weak coarse Texture—loam, clay loam, silt loam, or silty clay subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and loam plastic; few very fine tubular pores; few discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; C horizon: common fine distinct light yellowish brown (10YR Hue—10YR or 2.5Y 6/4) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; clear Value—6 or 7 (4 or 5 moist) smooth boundary. Chroma—1 to 4 Bk—31 to 47 inches; gray (2.5Y 6/1) silty clay loam, Texture—stratified silt loam, loam, or clay loam; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak coarse stratified fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, or subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, loamy sand in some pedons slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 6 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine rounded Chancellor Series soft masses of carbonate; common fine distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) redoximorphic Depth to bedrock: Very deep concentrations: very slightly effervescent; slightly Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Permeability: Slow C—47 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty Landform: Till plains and plains clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; Parent material: Local silty and clayey alluvium massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Slope: 0 to 1 percent slightly plastic; 3 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine rounded iron-manganese Typical Pedon concretions; common fine distinct pale brown Chancellor silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, 200 (10YR 6/3) redoximorphic concentrations: very feet south and 2,100 feet west of the northeast corner slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. 160 Soil Survey of

Range in Characteristics effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 40 inches C1—6 to 17 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) loam, very dark Depth to carbonates: 28 to 50 inches brown (10YR 2/2) moist, and light gray (10YR Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 7/2), stratified loamy fine sand, grayish brown inches (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; soft, very friable; Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than common very fine roots throughout; few very fine carbonates): More than 20 inches tubular pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate A horizon: equivalent; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y abrupt smooth boundary. Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) C2—17 to 60 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1), stratified Chroma—1 loam, very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; massive; Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; few very fine Bt horizon: tubular pores; few snail-shell fragments; 7 percent Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y calcium carbonate equivalent; slightly Value—3 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth Chroma—1 or 2 boundary. Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam C3—60 to 72 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) loam, very Bk horizon: dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist, and light brownish gray Hue—2.5Y or 5Y (2.5Y 6/2), stratified loamy fine sand, grayish Value—4 to 7 (3 to 6 moist) brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; soft, very friable, Chroma—1 to 4 slightly sticky; few very fine roots throughout; few Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam very fine tubular pores; few snail-shell fragments; 7 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; slightly C horizon: effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Hue—2.5Y or 5Y boundary. Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) C4—72 to 80 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) loam, very Chroma—1 to 4 dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist, and light brownish gray Texture—silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam (2.5Y 6/2), stratified loamy fine sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; soft, very friable, Chaska Series slightly sticky; few very fine tubular pores; few snail-shell fragments; 6 percent calcium carbonate Depth to bedrock: Very deep equivalent; common fine prominent brown (10YR Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 5/3) redoximorphic concentrations; slightly Permeability: Moderate effervescent; slightly alkaline. Landform: Flood plains Parent material: Loamy alluvium Range in Characteristics Slope: 0 to 2 percent Depth to carbonates: 0 to 10 inches Typical Pedon Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 inches Chaska loam, channeled, 300 feet south and 2,500 Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 8, T. 102 N., carbonates): More than 60 inches R. 49 W.; USGS Renner, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 39 minutes 33 seconds N. and long. 96 A horizon: degrees 44 minutes 16 seconds W. Hue—10YR Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) A—0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), Chroma—1 or 2 stratified loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR Texture—loam, silt loam, or clay loam 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky; common very fine and fine C horizon: roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 7 Hue—10YR or 2.5Y percent calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly Value—3 to 7 (2 to 5 moist) Minnehaha County, South Dakota 161

Chroma—1 to 3 irregular soft masses of carbonate; slightly Texture—stratified loam, fine sandy loam, silt alkaline; clear wavy boundary. loam, very fine sandy loam, or loamy fine sand; Bkg1—25 to 46 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty stratified fine sand, sandy clay loam, silty clay clay, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak loam, or clay loam in some pedons coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine tubular pores; 15 percent calcium carbonate Clamo Series equivalent; few discontinuous pressure faces; common medium and coarse irregular soft Depth to bedrock: Very deep masses of carbonate; common fine prominent Drainage class: Poorly drained strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic Permeability: Slow concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly Landform: Flood plains alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Parent material: Clayey alluvium Bkg2—46 to 51 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty Slope: 0 to 1 percent clay, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak Typical Pedon coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; 11 percent Clamo silty clay (fig. 20), 0 to 1 percent slopes, 68 feet calcium carbonate equivalent; few discontinuous north and 2,340 feet east of the southwest corner of pressure faces; common fine and medium sec. 6, T. 103 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Crooks, SD, irregular soft masses of carbonate and few fine topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 44 minutes 49 irregular soft masses of iron-manganese; common seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 45 minutes 45 fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) seconds W. redoximorphic concentrations; strongly Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay, effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular boundary. structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very Bkg3—51 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) plastic; common very fine and fine roots silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) throughout; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; Bg1—8 to 15 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) silty very hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; clay, black (2.5Y 2/1) moist; weak medium 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common prismatic structure parting to moderate medium fine and medium irregular soft masses of and coarse subangular blocky; very hard, firm, carbonate and few fine irregular soft masses of very sticky and very plastic; common very fine and iron-manganese; common fine prominent strong fine roots throughout; few discontinuous pressure brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; faces; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear Bg2—15 to 19 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) silty wavy boundary. clay, black (2.5Y 2/1) moist; weak medium Cg—60 to 80 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty prismatic structure parting to moderate medium clay loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) and coarse subangular blocky; very hard, firm, moist; massive; very hard, firm, slightly sticky and very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine slightly plastic; 10 percent calcium carbonate roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 8 equivalent; few fine irregular soft masses of percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few carbonate and common fine irregular soft masses discontinuous pressure faces; few fine irregular of iron-manganese; common fine prominent strong soft masses of carbonate; slightly alkaline; clear brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; wavy boundary. strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Bg3—19 to 25 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay, Range in Characteristics black (2.5Y 2/1) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 48 inches subangular blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and Depth to carbonates: 14 to 30 inches very plastic; few very fine and fine roots Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 11 percent inches over sandy material calcium carbonate equivalent; few discontinuous Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than pressure faces; common fine and medium carbonates): More than 25 inches 162 Soil Survey of

A horizon: pores; 1 percent subrounded and subangular Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N mixed gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) boundary. Chroma—0 or 1 Bw2—14 to 22 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, brown Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular Bg horizon: blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Hue—2.5Y, 5Y, or N slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) many very fine tubular pores; 1 percent Chroma—0 to 2 subrounded and subangular mixed gravel; slightly Texture—silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam acid; clear wavy boundary. Bk horizon: Bk1—22 to 29 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) Hue—2.5Y or 5Y loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak medium Value—4 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) prismatic structure parting to weak medium Chroma—1 or 2 subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly Texture—silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; many very fine tubular pores; 7 C horizon: percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Hue—2.5Y, 5Y, or N fine rounded soft masses of carbonate; 1 percent Value—4 to 7 (2 to 5 moist) subrounded and subangular mixed gravel; strongly Chroma—0 to 2 effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or clay boundary. loam; thin layers of sand or silt in some pedons Bk2—29 to 44 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Clarno Series weak medium angular blocky; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots throughout; Depth to bedrock: Very deep common very fine tubular pores; 16 percent Drainage class: Well drained calcium carbonate equivalent; common medium Permeability: Moderately slow and coarse rounded soft masses of carbonate and Landform: Moraines few fine rounded black (10YR 2/1) soft masses of Parent material: Loamy glacial till iron-manganese; 1 percent subrounded and Slope: 6 to 25 percent subangular mixed gravel; few fine prominent Typical Pedon yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common fine distinct gray (2.5Y Clarno loam, in an area of Ethan-Clarno loams, 9 to 5/1) relict redoximorphic features; violently 15 percent slopes, 650 feet south and 150 feet east of effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth the northwest corner of sec. 5, T. 104 N., R. 52 W.; boundary. USGS Buffalo Trading Post, SD, topographic C—44 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 50 minutes 46 seconds N. clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; and long. 97 degrees 06 minutes 30 seconds W. massive; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common A—0 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, very fine tubular pores; 15 percent calcium black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium subangular carbonate equivalent; very few discontinuous blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; carbonate coats on rock fragments; few medium slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly rounded soft masses of carbonate and common plastic; many very fine and fine roots throughout; 1 medium irregular black (10YR 2/1) soft masses of percent subrounded and subangular mixed gravel; iron-manganese; 1 percent subrounded and slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. subangular mixed gravel; common fine and Bw1—10 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; and few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak redoximorphic concentrations and common fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, medium distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; fine roots throughout; many very fine tubular moderately alkaline. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 163

Range in Characteristics throughout; few very fine and fine tubular pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 8 to 20 inches Bw1—6 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, Depth to carbonates: 12 to 26 inches very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 medium prismatic structure parting to moderate inches medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than plastic; common very fine and fine roots carbonates): More than 40 inches throughout; common very fine and fine tubular A horizon: pores; very few discontinuous pressure faces; Hue—10YR slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) Bw2—10 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, Chroma—1 or 2 very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, sticky Bw horizon: and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Hue—10YR or 2.5Y throughout; common very fine and fine tubular Value—4 or 5 (2 to 4 moist) pores; very few discontinuous pressure faces; Chroma—2 or 3 neutral; clear wavy boundary. Texture—loam or clay loam Bk1—16 to 25 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty Bk horizon: clay, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak Hue—10YR or 2.5Y medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) fine subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, sticky Chroma—2 to 4 and plastic; few very fine and fine roots Texture—loam or clay loam throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 20 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; C horizon: common faint patchy very dark gray (10YR 3/1) Hue—10YR or 2.5Y coats on vertical faces of peds and very few Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) discontinuous pressure faces; few fine rounded Chroma—2 to 4 soft masses of carbonate; violently effervescent; Texture—loam or clay loam slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bk2—25 to 39 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty clay, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; weak Corson Series medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; very hard, very firm; few Depth to bedrock: Very deep very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Drainage class: Well drained fine tubular pores; 20 percent calcium carbonate Permeability: Slow equivalent; very few discontinuous pressure faces Landform: Terraces and very few prominent patchy very dark brown Parent material: Clayey lacustrine sediments (10YR 2/2) coats on faces of peds and in pores; Slope: 0 to 9 percent common fine and medium rounded soft masses of Typical Pedon carbonate; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Corson silty clay, 2 to 6 percent slopes, 1,220 feet Bk3—39 to 49 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) south and 330 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. silty clay, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; weak 14, T. 102 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Garretson West, SD, medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 38 minutes 32 very firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 34 minutes 13 tubular pores; 19 percent calcium carbonate seconds W. equivalent; very few discontinuous pressure faces Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, and very few prominent patchy very dark brown black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine subangular (10YR 2/2) coats on faces of peds and in pores; blocky structure parting to moderate medium common medium and coarse rounded soft granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly masses of carbonate; few fine distinct light olive plastic; common very fine and fine roots brown (2.5Y 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; 164 Soil Survey of

violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual Chroma—2 to 4 wavy boundary. Texture—silty clay or clay C1—49 to 63 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silty clay, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; massive; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; Crofton Series common very fine tubular pores; 15 percent Depth to bedrock: Very deep calcium carbonate equivalent; very few prominent Drainage class: Well drained patchy brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) iron stains; few Permeability: Moderate fine rounded soft masses of carbonate; common Landform: Dissected plains fine faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and Parent material: Calcareous loess common fine faint very dark grayish brown (2.5Y Slope: 6 to 25 percent 3/2) redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Typical Pedon boundary. Crofton silt loam (fig. 21), in an area of Nora-Crofton C2—63 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes, 820 feet south and silty clay, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; 640 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 19, T. 102 massive; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; N., R. 50 W.; USGS Crooks, SD, topographic common very fine and fine tubular pores; 15 quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 37 minutes 43 seconds N. percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few and long. 96 degrees 52 minutes 20 seconds W. prominent patchy strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron stains; common fine distinct very dark grayish Ap—0 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt brown (2.5Y 3/2) and many fine faint light loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, depletions; violently effervescent; moderately slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very alkaline. fine roots throughout; few medium vesicular and tubular pores; 11 percent calcium carbonate Range in Characteristics equivalent; common fine rounded soft masses of Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 20 inches carbonate; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; Depth to carbonates: 0 to 30 inches abrupt smooth boundary. Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 AC—6 to 14 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt loam, inches brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak medium prismatic Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly carbonates): More than 60 inches hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; A horizon: common medium tubular pores; 13 percent Hue—10YR calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) medium rounded soft masses of carbonate and Chroma—1 or 2 common medium rounded carbonate concretions; Texture—silty clay or clay violently effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Bw horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y C1—14 to 40 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Value—4 to 6 (2 to 5 moist) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; Chroma—1 to 4 slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and Texture—silty clay or clay slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 9 Bk horizon: percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Hue—2.5Y fine rounded soft masses of carbonate; common Value—5 or 6 (4 or 5 moist) fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) relict Chroma—2 to 4 redoximorphic features; violently effervescent; Texture—silty clay or clay moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. C horizon: C2—40 to 59 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Hue—2.5Y or 5Y loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; slightly Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Minnehaha County, South Dakota 165

plastic; common very fine tubular pores; 16 A—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam, percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine granular rounded soft masses of carbonate; common fine structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) relict slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots redoximorphic features; violently effervescent; throughout; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. clear smooth boundary. C3—59 to 80 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/3) silt Bt1—8 to 16 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; massive; loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and prismatic structure parting to moderate fine slightly plastic; common very fine and fine tubular subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and pores; 9 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots few fine rounded soft masses of carbonate; many throughout; common very fine tubular pores; few medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; 4/6) and common fine faint gray (10YR 5/1) relict neutral; clear smooth boundary. redoximorphic features; violently effervescent; Bt2—16 to 24 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) clay, very moderately alkaline. dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Range in Characteristics subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; Depth to carbonates: 0 to 8 inches common very fine and fine roots throughout; few Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 very fine tubular pores; few faint discontinuous inches clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent subrounded Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than mixed gravel; common fine and medium faint carbonates): More than 60 inches brown (7.5YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. A horizon: Bk—24 to 42 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Hue—10YR clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak Value—4 to 6 (3 or 4 moist) fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky Chroma—2 or 3 and plastic; few very fine and fine roots Texture—silt loam throughout; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 8 C horizon: percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Hue—10YR or 2.5Y fine and medium rounded soft masses of Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) carbonate; 1 percent subrounded mixed gravel; Chroma—2 to 4 many fine and medium prominent brown (7.5YR Texture—silt loam 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations and common fine and medium faint gray (2.5Y 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; Crossplain Series slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. C—42 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay Depth to bedrock: Very deep loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained hard, firm, sticky and plastic; 10 percent calcium Permeability: Slow carbonate equivalent; 2 percent subrounded Landform: Till plains mixed gravel; common fine and medium prominent Parent material: Local clayey alluvium over loamy brown (7.5YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations glacial till and common medium distinct gray (N 4/) Slope: 0 to 1 percent redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Crossplain clay loam, in an area of Davison- Crossplain clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 250 feet Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 36 inches north and 350 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. Depth to carbonates: 16 to 48 inches 32, T. 104 N., R. 52 W.; USGS Buffalo Trading Post, Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 45 inches minutes 43 seconds N. and long. 97 degrees 05 Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than minutes 27 seconds W. carbonates): More than 40 inches 166 Soil Survey of

A horizon: silt loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N coarse and very coarse prismatic structure parting Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) to weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; Chroma—0 or 1 slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Texture—clay loam, silty clay loam, or loam plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual wavy Bt horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Bw2—23 to 41 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Value—3 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma—1 or 2 weak coarse and very coarse prismatic structure Texture—clay loam or clay parting to weak medium and coarse subangular Bk horizon: blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Hue—2.5Y or 5Y slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots Value—5 to 7 (4 or 5 moist) throughout; few very fine tubular pores; neutral; Chroma—1 to 3 clear wavy boundary. Texture—clay loam or loam Bw3—41 to 47 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; weak C horizon: medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; Hue—2.5Y or 5Y slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Value—5 to 7 (4 or 5 moist) plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; Chroma—1 to 3 common very fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual Texture—loam or clay loam wavy boundary. Bk—47 to 80 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) loam, Davis Series very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, Depth to bedrock: Very deep friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Drainage class: Well drained and moderately well very fine tubular pores; 5 percent calcium drained carbonate equivalent; few fine soft masses of Permeability: Moderate carbonate; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. Landform: Fans and flood plains Range in Characteristics Parent material: Loamy sediments Slope: 0 to 9 percent Thickness of the mollic epipedon: More than 20 inches Depth to carbonates: More than 20 inches Typical Pedon Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Davis loam (fig. 22), 0 to 2 percent slopes, 85 feet inches south and 2,100 feet east of the northwest corner of Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than sec. 15, T. 101 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Brandon, SD/IA, carbonates): More than 60 inches topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 33 minutes 30 Other features: Some pedons have a C horizon within seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 34 minutes 57 a depth of 80 inches. seconds W. A horizon: Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black Hue—10YR (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine subangular blocky Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly Chroma—1 or 2 hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Texture—loam or silt loam plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; Bw horizon: slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y BA—8 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loam, black Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse and very coarse Chroma—1 to 3 prismatic structure parting to weak medium and Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or clay coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, loam slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; slightly acid; gradual wavy Bk horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Bw1—16 to 23 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Value—3 to 6 (2 to 5 moist) Minnehaha County, South Dakota 167

Chroma—1 to 4 concentrations and few fine and medium distinct Texture—loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam gray (2.5Y 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Davison Series Bk3—30 to 41 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; weak Depth to bedrock: Very deep medium prismatic structure parting to weak Drainage class: Moderately well drained medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Permeability: Moderate sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots Landform: Till plains throughout; common very fine tubular pores; 20 Parent material: Loamy glacial till percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Slope: 0 to 2 percent fine and medium rounded soft masses of Typical Pedon carbonate; 1 percent subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; few fine prominent brownish yellow Davison clay loam, in an area of Davison-Crossplain (10YR 6/8) redoximorphic concentrations and clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 200 feet west and common fine and medium distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1) 360 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 16, T. redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; 102 N., R. 51 W.; USGS Hartford North, SD, moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 37 minutes 53 C1—41 to 54 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) clay seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 57 minutes 02 loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; massive; hard, seconds W. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam, very fine tubular pores; 17 percent calcium very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine carbonate equivalent; few fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, rounded soft masses of carbonate; 1 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; fine roots throughout; common very fine vesicular common fine and medium prominent brown and tubular pores; 6 percent calcium carbonate (7.5YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations and equivalent; 1 percent subangular and subrounded many medium distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Bk1—8 to 22 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) C2—54 to 73 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; moderate clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; massive; medium prismatic structure parting to weak hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, common very fine tubular pores; 18 percent slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very calcium carbonate equivalent; few prominent fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular discontinuous black (10YR 2/1) manganese or pores; 23 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; iron-manganese stains throughout; few fine and common fine and medium rounded soft masses of medium rounded soft masses of carbonate; 2 carbonate; 2 percent subangular and subrounded percent angular and subrounded mixed gravel; mixed gravel; few fine prominent dark yellowish many fine and medium prominent yellowish brown brown (10YR 4/6) redoximorphic concentrations; (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations and violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual common fine and coarse distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) smooth boundary. redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; Bk2—22 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; C3—73 to 80 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) clay loam, moderate medium prismatic structure parting to light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; massive; weak medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very tubular pores; 40 percent calcium carbonate fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular equivalent; few fine rounded black (10YR 2/1) soft pores; 23 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; masses of iron-manganese and few fine and common fine and medium rounded soft masses of medium irregular soft masses of carbonate; 1 carbonate; 2 percent subangular and subrounded percent subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; mixed gravel; common fine and medium prominent common fine prominent brownish yellow (10YR strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) redoximorphic 6/8) redoximorphic concentrations and common 168 Soil Survey of

fine prominent gray (2.5Y 5/1) redoximorphic Bw—8 to 15 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, depletions; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline. black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; Range in Characteristics slightly hard, very friable; common very fine and Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 15 inches fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular Depth to carbonates: 0 to 6 inches pores; 5 percent subrounded mixed gravel; neutral; Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 clear wavy boundary. inches 2C1—15 to 24 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than gravelly loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR carbonates): More than 15 inches 4/2) moist; single grain; loose; few very fine roots throughout; 6 percent calcium carbonate A horizon: equivalent; few patchy carbonate coats on sand Hue—10YR and gravel; 20 percent subrounded mixed gravel; Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Chroma—1 or 2 smooth boundary. Texture—clay loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, or 2C2—24 to 73 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam gravelly sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Bk horizon: single grain; loose; 6 percent calcium carbonate Hue—2.5Y equivalent; very few patchy carbonate coats on Value—5 to 7 (4 or 5 moist) sand and gravel; 25 percent subrounded mixed Chroma—2 to 4 gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; Texture—clay loam, loam, or sandy loam gradual smooth boundary. 2C3—73 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) sand, C horizon: brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; loose; 6 Hue—2.5Y percent calcium carbonate equivalent; 3 percent Value—5 to 8 (4 to 6 moist) subrounded mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; Chroma—1 to 4 slightly alkaline. Texture—clay loam or stratified loam, sandy loam, or silt loam Range in Characteristics Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches Delmont Series Depth to carbonates: 14 to 20 inches Depth to contrasting parent material: 14 to 20 inches Depth to bedrock: Very deep over gravelly material Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and carbonates): More than 60 inches very rapid in the underlying gravelly material A horizon: Landform: Outwash plains and moraines Hue—10YR Parent material: Loamy alluvium over glacial outwash Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) Slope: 0 to 25 percent Chroma—1 or 2 Typical Pedon Texture—loam, very fine sandy loam, or silt loam Delmont loam, in an area of Talmo-Delmont complex, 15 to 40 percent slopes, 2,400 feet north and 1,400 Bw horizon: feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 28, T. 102 N., Hue—10YR R. 48 W.; USGS Brandon, SD/IA, topographic Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 36 minutes 30 seconds N. Chroma—1 to 3 and long. 96 degrees 36 minutes 24 seconds W. Texture—loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam A—0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, 2C horizon: black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular Hue—5YR to 2.5Y structure; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) and fine roots throughout; common very fine Chroma—2 to 4 vesicular and tubular pores; 2 percent subrounded Texture—gravelly sand, gravelly loamy sand, very mixed gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. gravelly loamy sand, or very gravelly sand Minnehaha County, South Dakota 169

Dempster Series (10YR 5/4) moist; single grain; loose; 6 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few patchy Depth to bedrock: Very deep carbonate coats on sand and gravel; 50 percent Drainage class: Well drained subrounded mixed gravel; slightly effervescent; Permeability: Moderate in the silty sediments and very slightly alkaline. rapid in the gravelly material Range in Characteristics Landform: Outwash plains Parent material: Loess or silty alluvium over glacial Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches outwash Depth to carbonates: 20 to 40 inches Slope: 0 to 6 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches over gravelly material Typical Pedon Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than Dempster silt loam (fig. 23), 0 to 2 percent slopes, carbonates): More than 60 inches 2,100 feet north and 150 feet east of the southwest Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon. corner of sec. 35, T. 103 N., R. 51 W.; USGS Hartford A horizon: North, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 40 Hue—10YR minutes 48 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 55 Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) minutes 47 seconds W. Chroma—1 or 2 Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine Bw horizon: granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly Hue—10YR or 2.5Y sticky; many very fine and fine roots throughout; Value—4 to 6 (3 to 5 moist) common very fine tubular pores; slightly acid; Chroma—2 to 4 abrupt smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam Bw1—9 to 15 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) 2C horizon: moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to Hue—7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y weak coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, Value—5 or 6 (4 or 5 moist) friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many Chroma—2 to 4 very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Texture—gravelly loamy sand, gravelly sand, very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. gravelly sand, or very gravelly loamy sand Bw2—15 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure Dimo Series parting to weak medium subangular blocky; hard, Depth to bedrock: Very deep friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and fine tubular pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. very rapid in the underlying gravelly material Bw3—30 to 37 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Landform: Flood plains 6/4) silty clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR Parent material: Loamy alluvium over glacial outwash 4/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure Slope: 0 to 2 percent parting to weak medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very Typical Pedon fine and fine roots throughout; few very fine tubular Dimo clay loam (fig. 24), in an area of Enet-Dimo pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 176 feet south and 2C1—37 to 50 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly 148 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 1, T. 104 loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; single grain; N., R. 49 W.; USGS Dell Rapids, SD, topographic loose; 7 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 50 minutes 49 seconds N. patchy carbonate coats on sand and gravel; 20 and long. 96 degrees 40 minutes 12 seconds W. percent subrounded mixed gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay boundary. loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse 2C2—50 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine 6/4) very gravelly loamy sand, yellowish brown granular; very hard, friable, slightly sticky and 170 Soil Survey of

slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than roots throughout; neutral; abrupt smooth carbonates): 20 to 40 inches boundary. Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon. Bw1—7 to 13 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay A horizon: loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse Hue—10YR prismatic structure parting to weak medium Value—3 or 4 (2 moist) subangular blocky; very hard, friable, slightly sticky Chroma—1 or 2 and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Texture—clay loam, loam, or silty clay loam roots throughout; common very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bw horizon: Bw2—13 to 22 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay Hue—10YR or 2.5Y loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) prismatic structure parting to weak medium Chroma—1 or 2 subangular blocky; very hard, friable, slightly sticky Texture—clay loam, loam, or sandy clay loam and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine 2C horizon: roots throughout; common very fine tubular pores; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) Bw3—22 to 35 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay Chroma—2 to 4 loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse Texture—gravelly loamy sand, gravelly sand, very prismatic structure parting to weak medium gravelly sand, or very gravelly loamy sand subangular blocky; very hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular pores; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR Dobalt Series 5/8) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; clear Depth to bedrock: Very deep wavy boundary. Drainage class: Well drained BC—35 to 39 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay Permeability: Moderately slow loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak Landform: Till plains coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard, Parent material: Loamy eolian material over loamy friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very glacial till fine and fine roots throughout; 7 percent calcium Slope: 0 to 6 percent carbonate equivalent; very few patchy manganese or iron-manganese stains on sand and gravel; 8 Typical Pedon percent subrounded mixed gravel; common fine Dobalt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, 195 feet north and prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) 1,716 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 22, T. redoximorphic concentrations; very slightly 102 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Sioux Falls East, SD, effervescent; neutral; clear wavy boundary. topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 37 minutes 01 2C—39 to 80 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) gravelly second N. and long. 96 degrees 41 minutes 53 loamy sand, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; seconds W. single grain; loose; 6 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few patchy carbonate coats on Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sand and gravel and very few patchy manganese loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; or iron-manganese stains on sand and gravel; 20 weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to percent subrounded mixed gravel; few fine weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very redoximorphic concentrations; very slightly fine and fine roots throughout; moderately acid; effervescent; slightly alkaline. abrupt smooth boundary. Bw1—8 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very Range in Characteristics dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak coarse Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 40 inches prismatic structure parting to weak medium Depth to carbonates: 20 to 40 inches subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very over gravelly material fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine Minnehaha County, South Dakota 171

and fine tubular pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than boundary. carbonates): More than 60 inches Bw2—13 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) loam, very A horizon: dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak coarse Hue—10YR prismatic structure parting to weak medium and Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) coarse subangular blocky; slightly hard, very Chroma—1 or 2 friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Texture—loam or silt loam very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 1 percent subrounded Bw horizon: mixed gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5 Bw3—19 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Value—4 to 6 (3 or 4 moist) sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak Chroma—2 to 4 coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Texture—loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, medium and coarse subangular blocky; hard, sandy clay loam, or silt loam friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common 2Bk horizon: very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Hue—10YR or 2.5Y fine tubular pores; few mixed stones and cobbles Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) in the lower part of the horizon; 2 percent Chroma—2 to 4 subrounded mixed gravel; few fine prominent Texture—clay loam or loam yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) relict redoximorphic features; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2C horizon: 2Bk—29 to 59 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Hue—2.5Y clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; weak Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Chroma—2 to 4 medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly Texture—clay loam or loam sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular pores; 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; Egan Series common medium and coarse rounded soft Depth to bedrock: Very deep masses of carbonate; 5 percent subangular mixed Drainage class: Well drained gravel; common fine prominent yellowish brown Permeability: Moderately slow (10YR 5/8) redoximorphic concentrations and Landform: Till plains and moraines common fine prominent gray (5Y 6/1) Parent material: Silty glacial till over loamy glacial till redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; Slope: 0 to 9 percent moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2C—59 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Typical Pedon clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; Egan silty clay loam (fig. 25), in an area of Egan- massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 to 6 percent plastic; common very fine and fine tubular pores; slopes, 105 feet south and 2,340 feet east of the 14 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 104 N., R. 52 W.; USGS medium rounded soft masses of carbonate; 4 Buffalo Trading Post, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. percent subangular mixed gravel; many fine and 43 degrees 50 minutes 03 seconds N. and long. 97 medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) degrees 03 minutes 37 seconds W. redoximorphic concentrations and many fine and medium prominent gray (5Y 6/1) redoximorphic Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately 3/2) silty clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) alkaline. moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; hard, Range in Characteristics friable, sticky and plastic; common fine roots Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 20 inches throughout; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Depth to carbonates: 20 to 40 inches Bw1—10 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; over loamy glacial till moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to 172 Soil Survey of

moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, percent subrounded and subangular mixed gravel; friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine redoximorphic concentrations and common fine tubular pores; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/1) redoximorphic Bw2—20 to 28 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; alkaline. weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Range in Characteristics moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 8 to 19 inches fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine Depth to carbonates: 15 to 30 inches tubular pores; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Depth to contrasting parent material: 24 to 40 inches 2Bk1—28 to 35 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) over loamy glacial till clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than coarse prismatic structure parting to weak carbonates): More than 60 inches medium subangular blocky; very hard, friable, Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine A horizon: roots throughout; common very fine and fine Hue—10YR tubular pores; 17 percent calcium carbonate Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) equivalent; common fine irregular soft masses of Chroma—1 or 2 carbonate; 2 percent subrounded and subangular Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam mixed gravel; common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) relict redoximorphic features; Bw horizon: strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Hue—10YR or 2.5Y wavy boundary. Value—4 to 6 (3 or 4 moist) 2Bk2—35 to 43 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) clay Chroma—2 or 3 loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; weak coarse Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam prismatic structure parting to weak coarse 2Bk horizon: subangular blocky; very hard, firm, slightly sticky Hue—2.5Y and slightly plastic; few fine roots throughout; few Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) very fine tubular pores; 16 percent calcium Chroma—2 to 4 carbonate equivalent; common fine irregular soft Texture—clay loam or loam masses of carbonate; 3 percent subrounded and subangular mixed gravel; common fine prominent 2C horizon: strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) relict redoximorphic Hue—2.5Y features; strongly effervescent; moderately Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 2C1—43 to 65 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) clay Texture—clay loam or loam loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; massive; very hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; Enet Series 8 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine irregular soft masses of carbonate; 3 percent Depth to bedrock: Very deep subrounded and subangular mixed gravel; Drainage class: Well drained common fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments and redoximorphic concentrations; strongly very rapid in the gravelly material effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Landform: Outwash plains and flood plains boundary. Parent material: Loamy alluvium over glacial outwash 2C2—65 to 80 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) clay Slope: 0 to 6 percent loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; massive; very Typical Pedon hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 7 percent Enet loam (fig. 26), in an area of Delmont-Enet loams, calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine 0 to 2 percent slopes, 2,450 feet south and 50 feet rounded soft masses of iron-manganese; 3 west of the northeast corner of sec. 28, T. 110 N., R. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 173

48 W.; USGS Brandon, SD/IA, topographic Chroma—2 to 4 quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 31 minutes 49 seconds N. Texture—gravelly sand, gravelly loamy sand, very and long. 96 degrees 35 minutes 29 seconds W. gravelly loamy sand, or very gravelly sand A—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium subangular Ethan Series blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly plastic; many Depth to bedrock: Very deep very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine Drainage class: Well drained and fine tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth Permeability: Moderately slow boundary. Landform: Till plains and moraines Bw—7 to 23 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, Parent material: Loamy glacial till black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse prismatic Slope: 1 to 40 percent structure parting to moderate fine subangular Typical Pedon blocky; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Ethan loam (fig. 27), in an area of Ethan-Egan roots throughout; common very fine and fine complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes, 1,820 feet north and tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 150 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 23, T. 103 BC—23 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) sandy loam, N., R. 52 W.; USGS Humboldt, SD, topographic very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 42 minutes 30 seconds N. coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, and long. 97 degrees 01 minute 49 seconds W. friable; few very fine and fine roots throughout; Ap—0 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loam, common very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak percent subrounded mixed gravel; neutral; gradual fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, wavy boundary. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very 2C—28 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine and fine roots throughout; 14 percent calcium gravelly sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; carbonate equivalent; 2 percent subangular and single grain; loose; 6 percent calcium carbonate subrounded mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; equivalent; very few patchy carbonate coats on slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. sand and gravel; 20 percent subrounded mixed Bk1—9 to 23 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak Range in Characteristics coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, sticky Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 40 inches and plastic; few very fine and fine roots Depth to carbonates: 20 to 40 inches throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 16 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and over gravelly material medium irregular soft masses of carbonate; 2 Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than percent subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; carbonates): More than 60 inches few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) relict Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon. redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; A horizon: moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Hue—10YR Bk2—23 to 31 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak Chroma—1 or 2 coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Texture—loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine roots Bw horizon: throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 19 percent Hue—10YR calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) medium irregular soft masses of carbonate; 3 Chroma—1 to 3 percent subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; Texture—loam, clay loam, or sandy clay loam few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) relict 2C horizon: redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) Bk3—31 to 39 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) 174 Soil Survey of

clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak Parent material: Loamy eolian material over sandy coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, eolian material over loamy glacial till sticky and plastic; few very fine tubular pores; 15 Slope: 0 to 9 percent percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine irregular soft masses of carbonate; 3 percent Typical Pedon subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; Flandreau loam (fig. 28), in an area of Flandreau- common fine and medium prominent strong brown Thurman complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes, 2,350 feet (7.5YR 5/8) relict redoximorphic features; strongly south and 350 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy 34, T. 103 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Renner, SD, boundary. topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 40 minutes 59 C—39 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 41 minutes 32 loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; seconds W. hard, firm, sticky and plastic; 14 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; 4 percent subangular and Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) subrounded mixed gravel; common fine and loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak fine medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and granular structure; slightly hard, friable; common common fine and medium faint gray (2.5Y 6/1) very fine roots throughout; neutral; abrupt smooth relict redoximorphic features; strongly boundary. effervescent; moderately alkaline. Bw1—7 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak Range in Characteristics medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 10 inches subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable; common Depth to carbonates: 0 to 5 inches very fine roots throughout; neutral; gradual wavy Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 boundary. inches Bw2—15 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium carbonates): More than 40 inches prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; common very fine A horizon: roots throughout; common very fine and fine Hue—10YR or 2.5Y tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) Bw3—27 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Chroma—2 or 3 loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Texture—loam or clay loam prismatic structure parting to weak medium Bk horizon: subangular blocky; hard, friable; few very fine Hue—10YR or 2.5Y roots throughout; few very fine and fine tubular Value—5 to 7 (3 to 6 moist) pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 Bw4—33 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Texture—clay loam or loam sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine C horizon: subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; Hue—2.5Y common very fine tubular pores; slightly alkaline; Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) gradual wavy boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 2C1—39 to 45 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy Texture—clay loam or loam sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; loose; 3 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; slightly Flandreau Series effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock: Very deep 2C2—45 to 78 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3), Drainage class: Well drained stratified loamy fine sand and fine sandy loam, Permeability: Moderate in the loamy sediments, rapid light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; single grain; in the underlying sandy material, and moderately loose; 5 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few slow in the underlying loamy glacial till fine rounded black (10YR 2/1) soft masses of iron- Landform: Till plains manganese; common fine and medium prominent Minnehaha County, South Dakota 175

Figure 18.—Profile of Alcester silty clay loam. The surface Figure 19.—Profile of Arlo loam. Gravelly sand is at a depth of layer is about 16 inches thick. Depth is marked in feet. about 30 inches. Depth is marked in feet. 176 Soil Survey of

Figure 20.—Profile of Clamo silty clay. This soil is poorly Figure 21.—Profile of Crofton silt loam. Accumulations of drained. The depth to calcium carbonate is about 25 calcium carbonate begin near the surface. Depth is inches. Depth is marked in feet. marked in feet. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 177

Figure 22.—Profile of Davis loam. The loamy sediments are Figure 23.—Profile of Dempster silt loam. Gravelly loamy sand dark to a depth of more than 20 inches. Depth is marked is at a depth of about 32 inches. Depth is marked in feet. in feet. 178 Soil Survey of

Figure 24.—Profile of Dimo clay loam. Gravelly loamy sand is Figure 25.—Profile of Egan silty clay loam. Silty material is at a depth of about 26 inches. Depth is marked in feet. about 2 to 3 feet deep over loamy till. Depth is marked in feet. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 179

Figure 26.—Profile of Enet loam. Gravelly sand is at a depth of Figure 27.—Profile of Ethan loam. The dark surface layer is about 28 inches. Depth is marked in feet. about 9 inches thick, and carbonates are at the surface. Depth is marked in feet. 180 Soil Survey of

Figure 28.—Profile of Flandreau loam. The depth to sandy Figure 29.—Profile of Grovena loam. Loamy eolian material loam material ranges from 25 to 40 inches. Depth is with accumulations of calcium carbonate is at a depth of marked in feet. about 30 inches. Depth is marked in feet. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 181

Figure 30.—Profile of Houdek clay loam. Accumulations of Figure 31.—Profile of Huntimer silty clay loam. Cracking of the calcium carbonate begin at a depth of about 30 inches. soil when it is dry allows dark topsoil material to fall Depth is marked in feet. down into the subsoil. Depth is marked in feet. 182 Soil Survey of

Figure 32.—Profile of Ihlen silty clay loam. The silty clay loam Figure 33.—Profile of Janude fine sandy loam. Note the loess is about 24 inches thick over reddish brown Sioux stratified sediments. Depth is marked in feet. quartzite. Depth is marked in feet. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 183

Figure 34.—Profile of Moody silty clay loam. This soil is silty Figure 35.—Profile of Nora silty clay loam. Accumulations of clay loam to a depth of about 35 inches and is silt loam calcium carbonate begin at a depth of about 22 inches. with accumulations of calcium carbonate below that Depth is marked in feet. depth. Depth is marked in feet. 184 Soil Survey of

Figure 36.—Profile of Shindler clay loam. Carbonates are at Figure 37.—Profile of Talmo gravelly loam. Very gravelly loamy the surface, but accumulations of calcium carbonate sand and very gravelly sand are below a depth of about 7 begin at a depth of about 11 inches. Depth is marked in inches. Depth is marked in feet. feet. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 185

Figure 38.—Profile of Tetonka silt loam. This poorly drained Figure 39.—Profile of Thurman fine sandy loam. The surface soil has a dark surface layer about 7 inches thick. Depth layer is about 6 inches thick. Loamy fine sand and sand is marked in feet. are below a depth of about 18 inches. Depth is marked in feet. 186 Soil Survey of

Figure 40.—Profile of Trent silty clay loam. Dark colors extend Figure 41.—Profile of Worthing silty clay loam. This soil is very to a depth of more than 23 inches. Depth is marked in poorly drained. The subsoil begins at a depth of about 16 feet. inches. Depth is marked in feet. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 187

redoximorphic concentrations and common fine Gayville Series distinct gray (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual Depth to bedrock: Very deep wavy boundary. Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained 3C3—78 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Permeability: Very slow clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; massive; Landform: Flood plains very hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very Parent material: Alluvium fine tubular pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate Slope: 0 to 2 percent equivalent; few fine rounded soft masses of Typical Pedon carbonate and common fine and medium rounded black (10YR 2/1) soft masses of iron-manganese; Gayville silt loam, in an area of Moody-Gayville 1 percent subangular mixed gravel; many fine and complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, 2,227 feet south and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and 2,635 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 27, T. olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) redoximorphic 104 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Dell Rapids Southeast, SD, concentrations and common fine and medium topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 47 minutes 02 distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) redoximorphic seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 34 minutes 52 depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately seconds W. alkaline. E—0 to 2 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak thin platy structure; Range in Characteristics soft, very friable; many very fine to medium roots Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches throughout; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Depth to carbonates: 25 to 40 inches Btn1—2 to 7 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay, Depth to contrasting parent material: 25 to 40 inches black (10YR 2/1) moist; strong medium columnar over sandy material over loamy glacial till at a structure parting to moderate fine subangular depth of more than 60 inches blocky; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than very fine roots between peds; few very fine tubular carbonates): More than 60 inches pores; few faint continuous gray (10YR 6/1) coats Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon. on tops of columns and few faint discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; clear A horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—10YR Btn2—7 to 13 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Chroma—1 or 2 moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Texture—loam or silt loam moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, Bw horizon: friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine roots Hue—10YR or 2.5Y between peds; few faint discontinuous clay films Value—4 or 5 (2 to 4 moist) on faces of peds; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Chroma—2 to 4 boundary. Texture—loam, silt loam, clay loam, or sandy Bkz—13 to 26 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) loam silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak 2C horizon: fine subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky Hue—10YR or 2.5Y and slightly plastic; common very fine roots Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 15 percent Chroma—2 to 4 calcium carbonate equivalent; many medium and Texture—loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or fine coarse irregular soft masses of carbonate and few sand fine salt masses; violently effervescent; strongly 3C horizon: alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y C1—26 to 42 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) clay loam, Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; massive; Chroma—2 to 4 hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few Texture—clay loam or loam very fine roots throughout; 15 percent calcium 188 Soil Survey of

carbonate equivalent; common medium irregular Value—5 to 7 (3 to 5 moist) soft masses of carbonate; few fine distinct gray Chroma—2 to 4 (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; violently Texture—silty clay loam, very fine sandy loam, effervescent; strongly alkaline; clear smooth loam, clay loam, or silt loam boundary. C horizon: C2—42 to 51 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) clay loam, Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; massive; Value—6 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; 17 Chroma—2 to 4 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; many Texture—clay loam, loam, or loamy very fine sand; medium and coarse rounded carbonate fine sand, sandy loam, or silty clay loam in concretions; common fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) some pedons redoximorphic depletions; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. C3—51 to 68 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Graceville Series loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; slightly hard, friable; 6 percent calcium carbonate Depth to bedrock: Very deep equivalent; very few prominent discontinuous very Drainage class: Well drained dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese or iron- Permeability: Moderate in the silty sediments and very manganese stains; common medium prominent rapid in the underlying gravelly material yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic Landform: Outwash plains concentrations and common fine distinct gray Parent material: Silty alluvium or loess over glacial (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly outwash effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Slope: 0 to 2 percent boundary. Typical Pedon C4—68 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) loamy very fine sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) Graceville silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 2,650 moist; massive; soft, very friable; 6 percent feet south and 1,000 feet east of the northwest corner calcium carbonate equivalent; common medium of sec. 9, T. 104 N., R. 50 W.; USGS Colton Southeast, prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 49 redoximorphic concentrations and common minutes 38 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 50 medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic minutes 47 seconds W. depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately Ap—0 to 9 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay alkaline. loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular Range in Characteristics structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 20 inches roots throughout; slightly acid; clear smooth Depth to carbonates: 0 to 16 inches boundary. Depth to contrasting parent material: 9 to 30 inches A—9 to 18 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay over loamy alluvium loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate medium Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than subangular blocky structure parting to moderate carbonates): 9 to 16 inches medium granular; slightly hard, friable, sticky and E horizon: slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots Hue—10YR throughout; slightly acid; gradual smooth Value—5 to 7 (3 to 5 moist) boundary. Chroma—1 Bw1—18 to 30 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Texture—silt loam loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak medium Btn horizon: subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, sticky Hue—10YR or 2.5Y and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) throughout; common very fine tubular pores; Chroma—1 or 2 slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam Bw2—30 to 52 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty Bkz horizon: clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Minnehaha County, South Dakota 189

medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, very seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 38 minutes 02 friable, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine seconds W. tubular pores; few fine distinct olive yellow (2.5Y Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 6/6) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; clear loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; smooth boundary. weak fine granular structure; hard, friable; 2C—52 to 80 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly sand, common very fine and fine roots throughout; dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; single grain; loose; 7 slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few Bw1—9 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, dark discontinuous carbonate coats on sand and brown (10YR 3/3) moist; weak medium and gravel; 20 percent subrounded mixed gravel; coarse prismatic structure parting to weak slightly effervescent; neutral. medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Range in Characteristics sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 48 inches pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Depth to carbonates: 25 to 60 inches Bw2—13 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt Depth to contrasting parent material: 40 to 60 inches loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium and over gravelly material coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly carbonates): More than 60 inches sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and A horizon: fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular Hue—10YR pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) Bw3—24 to 30 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Chroma—1 or 2 6/4) loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; few fine Bw horizon: roots throughout; common very fine tubular pores; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Value—4 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) Bk—30 to 36 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma—1 to 4 loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; weak Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam coarse prismatic structure parting to weak 2C horizon: medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; many Hue—10YR or 2.5Y very fine and fine tubular pores; 7 percent calcium Value—4 to 7 (3 to 6 moist) carbonate equivalent; few fine rounded soft Chroma—2 to 4 masses of carbonate; strongly effervescent; Texture—gravelly loamy sand, gravelly sand, very moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. gravelly loamy sand, very gravelly sand, loamy C1—36 to 51 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sand, or sand sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 8 percent calcium Grovena Series carbonate equivalent; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock: Very deep 2C2—51 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR Drainage class: Well drained 6/4) clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; Permeability: Moderate massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Landform: Till plains and moraines plastic; common very fine tubular pores; 8 percent Parent material: Loamy eolian material calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine rounded Slope: 0 to 15 percent soft masses of carbonate; strongly effervescent; 1 percent subangular mixed gravel; moderately Typical Pedon alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Grovena loam (fig. 29), 2 to 6 percent slopes, 500 feet 2C3—60 to 80 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) south and 65 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; 20, T. 104 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Dell Rapids, SD, massive; very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 48 minutes 22 few very fine tubular pores; 9 percent calcium 190 Soil Survey of

carbonate equivalent; few fine rounded soft Typical Pedon masses of carbonate; 3 percent subangular mixed Henkin fine sandy loam, in an area of Blendon-Henkin gravel; common fine and medium prominent fine sandy loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes, 2,440 feet strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic north and 1,600 feet west of the southeast corner of concentrations; strongly effervescent; moderately sec. 27, T. 104 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Dell Rapids alkaline. Southeast, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 Range in Characteristics degrees 46 minutes 56 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 34 minutes 39 seconds W. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 8 to 20 inches Depth to carbonates: 30 to 48 inches Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 sandy loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material medium granular structure; slightly hard, very Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than friable; many very fine and fine roots throughout; carbonates): More than 60 inches common very fine and fine vesicular and tubular Other features: Some pedons do not have a 2C pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. horizon. Bw1—9 to 16 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium A horizon: prismatic structure parting to weak medium Hue—10YR subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) common very fine roots throughout; common very Chroma—1 or 2 fine and fine tubular pores; common krotovinas; Texture—loam or silt loam very few prominent discontinuous black (10YR Bw horizon: 2/1) coats on faces of peds; neutral; gradual Hue—10YR or 2.5Y smooth boundary. Value—4 to 6 (3 to 5 moist) Bw2—16 to 25 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) fine sandy Chroma—2 to 4 loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Texture—loam or silt loam prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; Bk horizon: common very fine roots throughout; common very Hue—10YR or 2.5Y fine and fine tubular pores; common krotovinas; Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 Bk—25 to 46 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine Texture—loam or silt loam sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak C horizon: medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine Hue—10YR or 2.5Y subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable; Value—5 to 8 (4 to 6 moist) common very fine roots throughout; common very Chroma—2 to 4 fine tubular pores; 11 percent calcium carbonate Texture—loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or equivalent; common fine and medium rounded soft silt loam masses of carbonate and few fine and medium rounded carbonate concretions; violently 2C horizon: effervescent; moderately alkaline; diffuse smooth Hue—2.5Y boundary. Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) C1—46 to 59 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Chroma—2 to 4 fine sandy loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; Texture—clay loam or loam massive; slightly hard, very friable; common very fine roots throughout; 9 percent calcium carbonate Henkin Series equivalent; few fine and medium rounded soft masses of carbonate; violently effervescent; Depth to bedrock: Very deep moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained C2—59 to 71 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Permeability: Moderately rapid fine sandy loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; Landform: Outwash plains massive; slightly hard, very friable; common very Parent material: Loamy glaciofluvial sediments fine roots throughout; 11 percent calcium Slope: 2 to 9 percent carbonate equivalent; few medium rounded soft Minnehaha County, South Dakota 191

masses of carbonate; common fine and medium Typical Pedon distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1) relict redoximorphic Houdek clay loam (fig. 30), in an area of Shindler- features; violently effervescent; moderately Houdek clay loams, 15 to 40 percent slopes, 600 feet alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. north and 50 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. C3—71 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) 18, T. 103 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Crooks, SD, fine sandy loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 43 minutes 09 massive; slightly hard, very friable; 8 percent seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 45 minutes 04 calcium carbonate equivalent; common medium seconds W. prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and common fine and medium distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1) relict A—0 to 6 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam, redoximorphic features; violently effervescent; black (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate fine and moderately alkaline. medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable, Range in Characteristics slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; neutral; clear Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 20 inches smooth boundary. Depth to carbonates: 18 to 60 inches Bt—6 to 17 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) inches over loamy glacial till or gravelly material moist; moderate medium prismatic structure Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than parting to moderate fine and medium subangular carbonates): More than 60 inches blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and A horizon: slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots Hue—10YR throughout; common very fine tubular pores; few Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) continuous clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent Chroma—1 or 2 subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; neutral; Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam clear wavy boundary. Bk1—17 to 22 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay Bw horizon: loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Value—4 to 6 (3 to 5 moist) weak fine and medium subangular blocky; hard, Chroma—2 or 3 friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam very fine to medium roots throughout; common Bk horizon: very fine tubular pores; 9 percent calcium Hue—10YR or 2.5Y carbonate equivalent; few fine and medium Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) irregular soft masses of carbonate; 1 percent Chroma—2 to 4 subangular and subrounded mixed gravel; strongly Texture—fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy loam effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth stratified with fine sand or loamy sand boundary. Bk2—22 to 33 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) C horizon: clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; weak Hue—10YR or 2.5Y medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Chroma—2 to 4 slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots Texture—fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, loam, throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 11 percent clay loam, very gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly calcium carbonate equivalent; common medium loamy sand irregular soft masses of carbonate; 1 percent subangular mixed gravel; common fine and Houdek Series medium prominent gray (10YR 5/1) relict redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; Depth to bedrock: Very deep moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Drainage class: Well drained C1—33 to 48 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Permeability: Moderately slow clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Landform: Till plains and moraines massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Parent material: Loamy glacial till plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; few Slope: 2 to 25 percent very fine tubular pores; 9 percent calcium 192 Soil Survey of

carbonate equivalent; common medium irregular Chroma—2 or 3 soft masses of carbonate; 2 percent subangular Texture—clay loam mixed gravel; few fine and medium prominent Bk horizon: yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) redoximorphic Hue—10YR or 2.5Y concentrations and common fine and medium Value—4 to 6 (4 or 5 moist) prominent gray (10YR 6/1) redoximorphic Chroma—2 to 4 depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately Texture—clay loam or loam alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. C2—48 to 71 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) C horizon: clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; 9 Chroma—2 to 4 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few Texture—clay loam or loam patchy black (10YR 2/1) manganese or iron- manganese stains throughout; few fine irregular soft masses of carbonate; 2 percent subangular Huntimer Series mixed gravel; common fine and medium prominent Depth to bedrock: Very deep yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) redoximorphic Drainage class: Well drained concentrations and common fine and medium Permeability: Slow prominent gray (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic Landform: Ice-walled lake plains depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately Parent material: Clayey glaciolacustrine sediments alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Slope: 0 to 6 percent C3—71 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Typical Pedon massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Huntimer silty clay loam (fig. 31), 0 to 2 percent plastic; few 2-inch lenses of stratified sand; 11 slopes, 192 feet south and 415 feet west of the percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few northeast corner of sec. 19, T. 104 N., R. 52 W.; USGS patchy black (10YR 2/1) manganese or iron- Buffalo Trading Post, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. manganese stains throughout and very few patchy 43 degrees 48 minutes 16 seconds N. and long. 97 carbonate coats on rock fragments; few fine degrees 06 minutes 39 seconds W. irregular soft masses of carbonate; 2 percent subangular mixed gravel; common medium Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and common clay loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; fine and medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) moderate fine angular blocky structure parting to redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; weak fine granular; very hard, friable, slightly moderately alkaline. sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine to medium roots throughout; common medium Range in Characteristics vesicular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 8 to 20 inches Bw1—7 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) Depth to carbonates: 14 to 24 inches silty clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 moderate medium prismatic structure parting to inches moderate fine subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than and plastic; common very fine to medium roots carbonates): More than 40 inches throughout; common medium tubular pores; few discontinuous pressure faces; neutral; clear wavy A horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR Bw2—12 to 18 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay, Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; moderate Chroma—1 or 2 medium prismatic structure parting to moderate Texture—clay loam, loam, or silt loam fine subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and Bt horizon: plastic; common very fine to medium roots Hue—10YR or 2.5Y throughout; common very fine tubular pores; few Value—4 to 6 (3 to 5 moist) distinct discontinuous black (10YR 2/1) coats on Minnehaha County, South Dakota 193

vertical faces of peds and few discontinuous rounded soft masses of carbonate and few coarse pressure faces; neutral; clear irregular boundary. cylindrical iron concretions; common fine and Bk1—18 to 26 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silty medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; moderate redoximorphic concentrations and common medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic fine subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky depletions; strongly effervescent; moderately and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. throughout; common very fine tubular pores; 6 C3—60 to 80 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; distinct discontinuous very dark grayish brown very hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; (10YR 3/2) coats on vertical faces of peds; common very fine and fine tubular pores; varves common medium and coarse rounded soft of silt loam and fine sand; 7 percent calcium masses of carbonate and few fine rounded carbonate equivalent; few prominent continuous carbonate concretions; few fine faint gray (10YR dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) iron stains in root 6/1) and common fine and medium prominent channels and/or pores; common coarse cylindrical strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) relict redoximorphic iron concretions; 1 percent subrounded mixed features; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gravel; common fine and medium prominent gradual wavy boundary. strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and common fine and Bk2—26 to 38 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) medium prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silty clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; redoximorphic concentrations and many fine and moderate medium prismatic structure parting to coarse faint gray (2.5Y 6/1) redoximorphic moderate fine angular blocky; hard, firm, slightly concentrations; strongly effervescent; moderately sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots alkaline. throughout; common very fine tubular pores; 8 Range in Characteristics percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common medium and coarse rounded soft masses of Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches carbonate and few fine rounded carbonate Depth to carbonates: 14 to 28 inches concretions; common fine and medium prominent Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 brown (7.5YR 4/4) and common fine and medium inches over loamy glacial till gray (10YR 5/1) relict redoximorphic features; Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual carbonates): More than 60 inches wavy boundary. A horizon: C1—38 to 50 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Hue—10YR silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) moderate medium angular blocky structure; very Chroma—1 or 2 hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay common very fine tubular pores; varved; 8 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few prominent Bw horizon: discontinuous black (10YR 2/1) manganese or Hue—10YR or 2.5Y iron-manganese stains; common fine and medium Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) rounded soft masses of carbonate; common fine Chroma—1 to 3 and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam redoximorphic concentrations and common Bk horizon: medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic Hue—10YR or 2.5Y deletions; strongly effervescent; moderately Value—5 to 7 (4 or 5 moist) alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 C2—50 to 60 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/1) silty clay Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam loam, gray (2.5Y 5/1) moist; massive; very hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common C horizon: very fine tubular pores; varved; 8 percent calcium Hue—2.5Y or 5Y carbonate equivalent; very few prominent patchy Value—5 to 7 (4 or 5 moist) very dark brown (10YR 2/2) manganese or iron- Chroma—1 to 4 manganese stains; common fine and medium Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam 194 Soil Survey of

Ihlen Series Range in Characteristics Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches Depth to bedrock: Moderately deep Depth to carbonates: More than 28 inches Drainage class: Well drained Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches Permeability: Moderate in the loess and very slow in over unweathered Sioux quartzite the underlying Sioux quartzite Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than Landform: Dissected plains carbonates): More than 60 inches Parent material: Loess over bedrock Other features: Some pedons have a C horizon. Slope: 0 to 25 percent Typical Pedon A horizon: Hue—10YR Ihlen silty clay loam (fig. 32), 0 to 2 percent slopes, Value—2 to 4 (2 or 3 moist) 1,800 feet south and 500 feet west of the northeast Chroma—1 or 2 corner of sec. 16, T. 104 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Dell Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam Rapids, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 48 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 42 Bw horizon: minutes 31 seconds W. Hue—10YR Value—4 to 6 (3 or 4 moist) Ap—0 to 11 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Chroma—2 to 4 loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine R layer: roots throughout; common very fine and fine Hue—2.5YR vesicular and tubular pores; slightly acid; clear Value—5 or 6 (4 or 5 moist) smooth boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 Bw1—11 to 17 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty Type of bedrock—Sioux quartzite clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; hard, very friable, Janude Series slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine Depth to bedrock: Very deep to medium tubular pores; few faint discontinuous Drainage class: Moderately well drained black (10YR 2/1) coats in root channels and Permeability: Moderate pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. Landform: Flood plains Bw2—17 to 25 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty Parent material: Loamy alluvium clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Slope: 0 to 2 percent prismatic structure parting to weak fine subangular blocky; hard, very friable, slightly sticky Typical Pedon and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Janude fine sandy loam (fig. 33), 0 to 2 percent roots throughout; common very fine and fine slopes, 100 feet south and 1,940 feet west of the tubular pores; slightly acid; gradual smooth northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 104 N., R. 49 W.; USGS boundary. Dell Rapids, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 BC—25 to 35 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) degrees 47 minutes 25 seconds N. and long. 96 silt loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; massive; degrees 44 minutes 10 seconds W. slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) fine sandy throughout; common very fine and fine tubular loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine pores; 1 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine very few prominent discontinuous yellowish brown granular; soft, very friable; common very fine and (10YR 5/6) iron stains in root channels and/or fine roots throughout; neutral; clear smooth pores; common fine prominent gray (10YR 5/1) boundary. relict redoximorphic features; very slightly A—8 to 19 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) fine sandy effervescent; neutral; abrupt irregular boundary. loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak coarse R—35 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), prismatic structure parting to weak medium and unweathered Sioux quartzite. coarse subangular blocky; soft, very friable; Minnehaha County, South Dakota 195

common very fine and fine roots throughout; Typical Pedon neutral; gradual wavy boundary. Lamo silty clay loam, channeled, 170 feet south and AC—19 to 43 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) 1,400 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 20, T. fine sandy loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak 102 N., R. 50 W.; USGS Crooks, SD, topographic coarse prismatic structure parting to weak quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 37 minutes 49 seconds N. medium and coarse subangular blocky; soft, very and long. 96 degrees 51 minutes 21 seconds W. friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular pores; 6 A1—0 to 7 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam, percent calcium carbonate equivalent; slightly black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine and medium effervescent; neutral; clear wavy boundary. granular structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and C1—43 to 57 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine slightly plastic; many very fine to medium roots sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; throughout; slightly alkaline; clear smooth massive; soft, very friable; few very fine and fine boundary. roots throughout; common very fine tubular pores; A2—7 to 17 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt 6 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; slightly loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak thin effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy platy structure parting to weak fine granular; hard, boundary. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many C2—57 to 80 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty very fine to medium roots throughout; few very fine clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) vesicular and tubular pores; 6 percent calcium moist; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky carbonate equivalent; slightly effervescent; slightly and slightly plastic; few very fine tubular pores; 6 alkaline; clear smooth boundary. percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common A3—17 to 30 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine redoximorphic concentrations; slightly subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine effervescent; slightly alkaline. granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Range in Characteristics plastic; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine vesicular and tubular pores; 7 Thickness of the mollic epipedon: More than 27 inches percent calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly Depth to carbonates: 14 to 30 inches effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 boundary. inches over loamy glacial till AB—30 to 43 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak carbonates): More than 60 inches medium subangular blocky structure parting to A horizon: weak fine granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Hue—10YR slightly plastic; common very fine roots throughout; Value—4 or 5 (2 or 3 moist) common very fine and fine vesicular and tubular Chroma—1 or 2 pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam few fine rounded soft masses of carbonate; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual C horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—10YR Bg—43 to 64 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) silty clay Value—5 to 7 (3 to 5 moist) loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; weak Chroma—1 to 3 fine and medium subangular blocky structure; very Texture—fine sandy loam, silty clay loam, loam, or hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; clay loam common very fine and fine tubular pores; 6 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Lamo Series fine rounded soft masses of carbonate; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) Depth to bedrock: Very deep redoximorphic concentrations; strongly Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth Permeability: Moderately slow boundary. Landform: Flood plains Cg—64 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) silty clay Parent material: Silty alluvium loam, gray (2.5Y 6/1) moist; massive; very hard, Slope: 0 to 1 percent friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common 196 Soil Survey of

very fine tubular pores; few thin strata of fine topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 45 minutes 16 sandy loam and very fine sandy loam; 6 percent seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 48 minutes 37 calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine seconds W. rounded soft masses of carbonate; common fine Ap—0 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly moist; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, effervescent; moderately alkaline. friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Range in Characteristics very fine and fine roots throughout; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 45 inches Bw1—11 to 24 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Depth to carbonates: 0 to 10 inches loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 medium prismatic structure parting to moderate inches medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and carbonates): More than 30 inches fine roots throughout; common very fine to A horizon: medium tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy Hue—10YR or 2.5Y boundary. Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) Bw2—24 to 35 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silty Chroma—1 or 2 clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly AB horizon: sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Hue—10YR or 2.5Y roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; Value—4 or 5 (2 or 3 moist) neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 Bk—35 to 50 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; weak Bg horizon: coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y medium and coarse subangular blocky; hard, Value—5 to 7 (3 to 6 moist) friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very Chroma—1 or 2 fine and fine roots throughout; few very fine tubular Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, clay loam, or pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; silty clay common fine irregular soft masses of carbonate; few fine distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) relict Cg horizon: redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y slightly alkaline; diffuse wavy boundary. Value—5 to 7 (3 to 6 moist) C1—50 to 62 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Chroma—1 or 2 silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, clay loam, or massive; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly silty clay plastic; few very fine tubular pores; 5 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine irregular Moody Series soft masses of carbonate; common fine distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly Depth to bedrock: Very deep effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Drainage class: Well drained boundary. Permeability: Moderate C2—62 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Landform: Plains silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Parent material: Loess massive; slightly hard, friable; few very fine tubular Slope: 0 to 9 percent pores; 5 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine rounded soft masses of iron- Typical Pedon manganese and few fine rounded soft masses of Moody silty clay loam (fig. 34), in an area of Moody- carbonate; common fine distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) Nora silty clay loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes, 2,400 feet redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; south and 88 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. moderately alkaline. 2, T. 103 N., R. 50 W.; USGS Colton Southeast, SD, Minnehaha County, South Dakota 197

Range in Characteristics fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few wormcasts; slightly acid; abrupt Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches smooth boundary. Depth to carbonates: More than 30 inches Bw—9 to 22 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium and inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than medium and coarse subangular blocky; slightly carbonates): More than 60 inches hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly A horizon: plastic; common very fine to medium roots Hue—10YR throughout; common very fine tubular pores; few Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) wormcasts; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary. Chroma—2 Bk1—22 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium and Bw horizon: coarse subangular blocky; soft, very friable, Hue—10YR or 2.5Y slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Value—4 to 6 (3 to 5 moist) fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine Chroma—2 to 4 tubular pores; 8 percent calcium carbonate Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam equivalent; common fine and medium rounded soft Bk horizon: masses of carbonate and few medium rounded Hue—10YR or 2.5Y carbonate concretions; strongly effervescent; Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—2 to 4 Bk2—32 to 54 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silt Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium C horizon: subangular blocky; soft, very friable, slightly sticky Hue—10YR or 2.5Y and slightly plastic; common very fine roots Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) throughout; many very fine tubular pores; 7 Chroma—2 to 4 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam fine and medium rounded soft masses of carbonate and few fine and medium rounded carbonate concretions; common fine and medium Nora Series prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and common fine and medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) relict Depth to bedrock: Very deep redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; Drainage class: Well drained slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Permeability: Moderate C—54 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Landform: Plains and dissected plains silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; Parent material: Loess massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and Slope: 2 to 25 percent slightly plastic; many very fine tubular pores; 6 Typical Pedon percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few calcium carbonate threads; common fine and medium Nora silty clay loam (fig. 35), in an area of Nora- prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) Crofton complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes, 1,890 feet redoximorphic concentrations and common fine south and 120 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. and medium faint gray (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic 35, T. 104 N., R. 50 W.; USGS Colton Southeast, SD, depletions; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 47 minutes 06 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 46 minutes 16 Range in Characteristics seconds W. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 20 inches Ap—0 to 9 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay Depth to carbonates: 13 to 30 inches loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to inches over loamy glacial till or sandy material weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very carbonates): More than 60 inches 198 Soil Survey of

A horizon: plastic; many very fine to medium roots Hue—10YR throughout; common very fine and fine vesicular Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) and tubular pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate Chroma—2 equivalent; common fine prominent strong brown Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam (7.5YR 4/6) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Bw horizon: smooth boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y A3—13 to 26 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Value—5 or 6 (3 or 4 moist) loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak Chroma—3 or 4 medium subangular blocky structure parting to Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam weak fine granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and Bk horizon: slightly plastic; many very fine to medium roots Hue—10YR or 2.5Y throughout; common very fine tubular pores; 7 Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Chroma—3 or 4 medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth C horizon: boundary. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y A4—26 to 40 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) loam, black (2.5Y 2/1) moist; weak fine granular Chroma—2 to 4 structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Texture—silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or silty plastic; common very fine roots throughout; clay loam common very fine tubular pores; few snail shells; 8 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth Obert Series boundary. ACg—40 to 52 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) silty clay loam, Depth to bedrock: Very deep very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; weak fine Drainage class: Very poorly drained subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine Permeability: Moderately slow granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Landform: Flood plains plastic; few very fine roots throughout; common Parent material: Loamy alluvium very fine tubular pores; 7 percent calcium Slope: 0 to 1 percent carbonate equivalent; strongly effervescent; Typical Pedon slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Cg1—52 to 65 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam, Obert silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, 400 feet olive gray (5Y 4/2) moist; massive; hard, friable, north and 1,850 feet west of the southeast corner of slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very sec. 7, T. 103 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Renner, SD, fine tubular pores; few strata of fine sand; 6 topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 44 minutes 00 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 38 minutes 18 prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) redoximorphic seconds W. concentrations and few fine distinct gray (2.5Y A1—0 to 6 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam, 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; slightly black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium granular effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly boundary. plastic; many very fine to medium roots Cg2—65 to 80 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) silty clay loam, throughout; common very fine and fine vesicular olive gray (5Y 4/2) moist; massive; hard, friable, and tubular pores; 8 percent calcium carbonate slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very equivalent; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; fine tubular pores; few strata of sand and gravel; clear smooth boundary. few soft masses of carbonate in the gravel layer; 5 A2—6 to 13 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium faint patchy black (10YR 2/1) manganese or iron- angular blocky structure parting to weak fine manganese stains; few fine prominent olive yellow granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly (2.5Y 6/6) redoximorphic concentrations and few Minnehaha County, South Dakota 199

fine distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1) redoximorphic medium salt masses; few fine distinct dark depletions; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline. yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly Range in Characteristics alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: More than 24 inches Bz—5 to 17 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Depth to carbonates: 0 to 10 inches clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 prismatic structure parting to weak fine and inches medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very carbonates): More than 60 inches fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 3 percent calcium A horizon: carbonate equivalent; common fine salt masses; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly Chroma—1 or 2 effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam boundary. ACg horizon: Bkzyg1—17 to 28 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty Hue—10YR or 2.5Y clay loam, very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; weak Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine Chroma—1 or 2 and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; Cg horizon: common very fine tubular pores; 3 percent calcium Hue—2.5Y or 5Y carbonate equivalent; common fine salt masses, Value—4 to 7 (3 to 6 moist) common fine nests of gypsum, and few fine Chroma—1 or 2 rounded soft masses of carbonate; few fine Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or loam prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Salmo Series boundary. Bkzyg2—28 to 41 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty Depth to bedrock: Very deep clay loam, very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; weak Drainage class: Poorly drained medium subangular blocky structure; slightly Permeability: Moderately slow in the silty alluvium and hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly moderately rapid in the underlying loamy plastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; sediments common very fine tubular pores; 8 percent calcium Landform: Flood plains carbonate equivalent; few fine salt masses, many Parent material: Silty alluvium fine and medium nests of gypsum, and few fine Slope: 0 to 1 percent rounded soft masses of carbonate; few fine Typical Pedon prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly Salmo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, 1,536 feet effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy north and 935 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. boundary. 21, T. 102 N., R. 51 W.; USGS Hartford South, SD, Byg—41 to 49 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) clay loam, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 37 minutes 13 very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; weak medium seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 57 minutes 12 subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, seconds W. slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine Az—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay roots throughout; common very fine and fine loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium tubular pores; few thin strata of fine sand; 7 subangular blocky structure parting to moderate percent calcium carbonate equivalent; many fine medium granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly and medium nests of gypsum; common fine and sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine medium prominent dark brown (10YR 3/3) and few roots throughout; few fine tubular pores; 7 percent fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6) calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and redoximorphic concentrations; 1 percent 200 Soil Survey of

subrounded mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; Shindler Series slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Cg1—49 to 59 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Depth to bedrock: Very deep sandy loam, dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) moist; massive; Drainage class: Well drained soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Permeability: Moderately slow common very fine and fine tubular pores; few thin Landform: Moraines and dissected plains strata of silty clay loam; 7 percent calcium Parent material: Loamy glacial till carbonate equivalent; very few distinct Slope: 6 to 40 percent discontinuous black (10YR 2/1) manganese or Typical Pedon iron-manganese stains; common coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Shindler clay loam (fig. 36), in an area of Crofton- redoximorphic concentrations and common Shindler complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes, 730 feet coarse faint grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) north and 68 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. redoximorphic depletions; slightly effervescent; 18, T. 103 N., R. 50 W.; USGS Hartford North, SD, slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 43 minutes 12 Cg2—59 to 80 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 53 minutes 23 loam, very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) moist; seconds W. massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay loam, slightly plastic; common very fine and fine tubular black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular pores; few thin strata of silty clay loam; 7 percent structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly calcium carbonate equivalent; common coarse plastic; common very fine and fine roots prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) throughout; common very fine vesicular and redoximorphic concentrations and many coarse tubular pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) redoximorphic equivalent; 2 percent subangular and subrounded depletions; 2 percent subrounded mixed gravel; mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly slightly effervescent; neutral. alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. Range in Characteristics Bw—8 to 14 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) and light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) clay loam, dark grayish Thickness of the mollic epipedon: More than 24 brown (10YR 4/2) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) inches moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to Carbonates: At the surface weak fine and medium subangular blocky; soft, Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine inches over gravelly material roots throughout; common fine tubular pores; 13 Gypsum and other visible salts (other than percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few carbonates): At the surface carbonate coats in root channels and pores in the A horizon: lower part; 3 percent subangular and subrounded Hue—10YR or 2.5Y mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Chroma—1 Bk1—14 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak fine Bz or Bkzyg horizon: and medium subangular blocky; very hard, firm, Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Value—3 to 5 (2 to 4 moist) throughout; common very fine tubular pores; 14 Chroma—1 or 2 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam fine and medium irregular soft masses of Cg horizon: carbonate; 2 percent subangular and subrounded Hue—2.5Y, 5Y, or N mixed gravel; common fine prominent strong Value—3 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and medium Chroma—0 to 2 distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1) relict redoximorphic Texture—sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam, features; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; or silty clay loam gradual wavy boundary. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 201

Bk2—21 to 59 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Splitrock Series clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Depth to bedrock: Very deep medium and coarse subangular blocky; very hard, Drainage class: Well drained firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine tubular pores; Permeability: Moderately slow 11 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; many Landform: Till plains medium and coarse irregular soft masses of Parent material: Loess over loamy glacial till carbonate; 2 percent subangular mixed gravel; few Slope: 0 to 6 percent fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and Typical Pedon common medium and coarse distinct gray (2.5Y 5/1) relict redoximorphic features; strongly Splitrock silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, 203 effervescent; slightly alkaline; diffuse irregular feet south and 2,230 feet east of the northwest corner boundary. of sec. 25, T. 104 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Dell Rapids, SD, C—59 to 80 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) clay loam, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 47 minutes 22 light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; massive; very seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 39 minutes 38 hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine tubular seconds W. pores; 10 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay common fine irregular soft masses of carbonate; 2 loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate percent subangular mixed gravel; common fine fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable, and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very and many medium distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) relict fine roots throughout; common fine vesicular and redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; tubular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth slightly alkaline. boundary. Bw1—9 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Range in Characteristics loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; weak medium Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 18 inches prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Depth to carbonates: 0 to 8 inches subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very inches fine roots throughout; common very fine tubular Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than pores; common wormcasts; slightly acid; clear carbonates): More than 60 inches smooth boundary. Bw2—19 to 34 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty A horizon: clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; Hue—10YR moderate medium prismatic structure parting to Value—3 or 4 (2 moist) moderate medium subangular blocky; slightly Chroma—1 or 2 hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly Texture—clay loam or loam plastic; common very fine roots throughout; Bw horizon: common very fine tubular pores; neutral; clear Hue—10YR or 2.5Y wavy boundary. Value—4 to 6 (2 to 5 moist) 2Bk—34 to 51 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) clay Chroma—1 to 3 loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; weak Texture—clay loam or loam medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, Bk horizon: slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine Hue—10YR or 2.5Y roots throughout; common very fine to medium Value—4 to 6 (3 to 5 moist) tubular pores; 12 percent calcium carbonate Chroma—2 to 4 equivalent; few discontinuous carbonate coats on Texture—clay loam rock fragments; common medium and coarse C horizon: rounded soft masses of carbonate; 1 percent Hue—10YR or 2.5Y subangular mixed gravel; few fine prominent gray Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly Chroma—2 to 4 effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth Texture—clay loam or loam boundary. 202 Soil Survey of

2C1—51 to 66 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) clay Chroma—2 to 4 loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; massive; Texture—clay loam or loam hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few 2C horizon: very fine tubular pores; 13 percent calcium Hue—10YR or 2.5Y carbonate equivalent; very few prominent patchy Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) black (10YR 2/1) manganese or iron-manganese Chroma—2 to 4 stains and very few prominent patchy strong Texture—clay loam or loam brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron stains throughout; common medium irregular soft masses of carbonate; 2 percent subangular mixed gravel; common Steinauer Series medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations and common fine Depth to bedrock: Very deep prominent (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; Drainage class: Well drained strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Permeability: Moderately slow smooth boundary. Landform: Moraines 2C2—66 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) Parent material: Loamy glacial till clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; Slope: 25 to 60 percent massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Typical Pedon plastic; few very fine tubular pores; 14 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few prominent Steinauer clay loam, in an area of Steinauer-Shindler patchy dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) iron stains in root clay loams, 25 to 60 percent slopes, 50 feet north and channels and/or pores; few medium and coarse 830 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 4, T. 101 irregular soft masses of carbonate; 2 percent N., R. 48 W.; USGS Brandon, SD/IA, topographic subangular mixed gravel; common fine distinct quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 34 minutes 22 seconds N. yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redoximorphic and long. 96 degrees 36 minutes 24 seconds W. concentrations and common fine prominent gray A—0 to 4 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay loam, (10YR 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; violently very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine and effervescent; slightly alkaline. medium subangular blocky structure parting to Range in Characteristics weak fine granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine and medium roots Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 20 inches throughout; 7 percent calcium carbonate Depth to carbonates: 18 to 40 inches equivalent; 2 percent subrounded and subangular Depth to contrasting parent material: 20 to 40 inches mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly over loamy glacial till alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than AC—4 to 13 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and carbonates): More than 60 inches light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay loam, dark Other features: Some pedons have a Bk horizon of silt grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and light olive brown loam or silty clay loam. (2.5Y 5/3) moist; weak fine and medium A horizon: subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine Hue—10YR granular; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) plastic; common fine and medium roots Chroma—1 or 2 throughout; few very fine and fine tubular pores; 8 Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Bw horizon: redoximorphic concentrations; 2 percent Hue—10YR subrounded and subangular mixed gravel; strongly Value—4 to 6 (3 to 5 moist) effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy Chroma—2 or 3 boundary. Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam; fine sand or C1—13 to 33 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) fine sandy loam in the lower part in some clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; pedons massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly 2Bk horizon: plastic; few fine roots throughout; few very fine Hue—10YR or 2.5Y tubular pores; 9 percent calcium carbonate Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) equivalent; 2 percent subangular mixed gravel; few Minnehaha County, South Dakota 203

fine prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and Talmo Series few fine distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/1) relict redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; Depth to bedrock: Very deep moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Drainage class: Excessively drained boundary. Permeability: Very rapid C2—33 to 43 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Landform: Outwash plains and moraines clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; Parent material: Glacial outwash massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly Slope: 2 to 40 percent plastic; few fine roots throughout; few very fine Typical Pedon tubular pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine irregular soft masses of Talmo gravelly loam (fig. 37), in an area of Talmo- carbonate throughout; 2 percent subangular mixed Delmont complex, 15 to 40 percent slopes, 2,350 feet gravel; common fine prominent brownish yellow north and 1,460 feet east of the southwest corner of (10YR 6/8) and common fine prominent strong sec. 28, T. 102 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Brandon, SD/IA, brown (7.5YR 5/8) relict redoximorphic features; topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 36 minutes 29 strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; diffuse seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 36 minutes 23 wavy boundary. seconds W. C3—43 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) A—0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) gravelly clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium massive; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly granular structure; slightly hard, very friable; many plastic; few very fine tubular pores; 7 percent very fine and fine roots throughout; 6 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few fine rounded calcium carbonate equivalent; 20 percent black (10YR 2/1) soft masses of iron-manganese subrounded mixed gravel; slightly effervescent; throughout and few fine irregular soft masses of slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary. carbonate throughout; 2 percent subangular mixed 2C1—7 to 15 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very gravel; common fine prominent brownish yellow gravelly loamy sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; (10YR 6/8) and few fine prominent strong brown single grain; loose; common very fine roots (7.5YR 5/8) relict redoximorphic features; strongly throughout; 6 percent calcium carbonate effervescent; moderately alkaline. equivalent; few patchy carbonate coats on the Range in Characteristics lower surfaces of peds or rocks; 35 percent subrounded mixed gravel; strongly effervescent; Depth to carbonates: 0 to 10 inches slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 2C2—15 to 55 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very inches gravelly sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; single Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than grain; loose; common very fine roots throughout; 6 carbonates): More than 60 inches percent calcium carbonate equivalent; very few A horizon: patchy carbonate coats on sand and gravel; 40 Hue—10YR percent subrounded mixed gravel; strongly Value—3 to 6 (2 to 5 moist) effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth Chroma—1 or 2 boundary. Texture—clay loam or loam 2C3—55 to 80 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very gravelly sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) AC horizon: moist; single grain; loose; 7 percent calcium Hue—10YR or 2.5Y carbonate equivalent; very few prominent patchy Value—5 or 6 (4 or 5 moist) yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron stains and very Chroma—2 to 4 few patchy carbonate coats on sand and gravel; Texture—clay loam or loam 55 percent subrounded mixed gravel; strongly C horizon: effervescent; slightly alkaline. Hue—10YR or 2.5Y Range in Characteristics Value—6 or 7 (5 or 6 moist) Chroma—2 to 4 Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 14 inches Texture—clay loam or loam Depth to carbonates: 0 to 14 inches 204 Soil Survey of

Depth to contrasting parent material: 0 to 14 inches structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and over gravelly material slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than throughout; common very fine and fine tubular carbonates): More than 60 inches pores; common fine distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) redoximorphic concentrations; moderately A horizon: acid; clear smooth boundary. Hue—10YR Bt1—20 to 34 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay, very Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium Chroma—1 or 2 prismatic structure parting to strong very fine Texture—gravelly loam, loam, or sandy loam angular blocky; slightly hard, firm, very sticky and 2C horizon: very plastic; few very fine and fine roots Hue—10YR or 2.5Y throughout; common very fine and fine tubular Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) pores; few continuous clay films on vertical faces Chroma—2 to 4 of peds; few fine rounded iron-manganese Texture—very gravelly sand, very gravelly loamy concretions; common fine distinct dark brown sand, extremely gravelly loamy sand, or very (7.5YR 3/2) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; gravelly sandy loam; fine sand below a depth of clear smooth boundary. 60 inches in some pedons Bt2—34 to 45 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong very fine Tetonka Series angular blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common fine tubular pores; few Depth to bedrock: Very deep discontinuous clay films on vertical faces of peds; Drainage class: Poorly drained few fine rounded iron-manganese concretions; Permeability: Slow common fine and medium distinct dark brown Landform: Till plains (7.5YR 3/2) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; Parent material: Local clayey alluvium clear smooth boundary. Slope: 0 to 1 percent Bg—45 to 60 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) Typical Pedon silty clay, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak fine angular blocky structure; very hard, firm, Tetonka silt loam (fig. 38), 0 to 1 percent slopes, 2,600 very sticky and very plastic; few very fine tubular feet north and 1,600 feet west of the southeast corner pores; common fine and medium prominent of sec. 20, T. 104 N., R. 52 W.; USGS Buffalo Trading yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic Post, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 47 concentrations and common fine and medium minutes 52 seconds N. and long. 97 degrees 05 distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) redoximorphic minutes 44 seconds W. depletions; neutral; clear smooth boundary. A—0 to 7 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam, black Cg—60 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) (10YR 2/1) moist; moderate very fine granular clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and massive; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots very fine and fine tubular pores; very few distinct throughout; few fine tubular pores; moderately patchy black (10YR 2/1) manganese or iron- acid; clear smooth boundary. manganese stains; common fine and medium E—7 to 16 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam, dark gray prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) (10YR 4/1) moist; moderate very thin platy redoximorphic concentrations and common fine structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and medium distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine redoximorphic depletions; neutral. roots throughout; common very fine and fine Range in Characteristics tubular pores; common fine faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) redoximorphic concentrations; Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 24 to 50 inches moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. Depth to carbonates: More than 30 inches E/B—16 to 20 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam, dark Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 gray (10YR 4/1) moist (E); gray (10YR 5/1) silty inches clay, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist (B); weak Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than very thin platy and strong very fine angular blocky carbonates): More than 50 inches Minnehaha County, South Dakota 205

A horizon: friable; common very fine roots throughout; Hue—10YR common very fine vesicular and tubular pores; Value—4 or 5 (2 or 3 moist) neutral; clear smooth boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 A—6 to 10 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky E horizon: structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly Hue—10YR hard, very friable; common very fine roots Value—5 to 7 (3 or 4 moist) throughout; common very fine vesicular and Chroma—1 or 2 tubular pores; neutral; gradual smooth Texture—silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam boundary. Bt horizon: AC—10 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) Hue—10YR or 2.5Y fine sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist; Value—4 to 6 (2 to 4 moist) weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable; few Chroma—1 or 2 very fine roots throughout; neutral; gradual smooth Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam boundary. C1—18 to 31 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy Bg horizon: fine sand, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; single grain; Hue—2.5Y or 5Y soft, very friable; few very fine roots throughout; Value—5 to 7 (4 or 5 moist) neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Chroma—1 or 2 C2—31 to 70 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Texture—silty clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, or fine sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; clay loose; 10 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; Cg horizon: strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual Hue—2.5Y or 5Y smooth boundary. Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) C3—70 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) Chroma—1 to 4 fine sand, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; single grain; Texture—clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or loose; 7 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; few loam fine and medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) relict redoximorphic features; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline. Thurman Series Range in Characteristics Depth to bedrock: Very deep Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 10 to 20 inches Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Depth to carbonates: More than 22 inches Permeability: Rapid Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 Landform: Till plains and moraines inches Parent material: Eolian material Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than Slope: 2 to 15 percent carbonates): More than 60 inches Typical Pedon A horizon: Thurman fine sandy loam (fig. 39), in an area of Hue—10YR Thurman-Flandreau complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes, Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) 1,100 feet east and 1,230 feet south of the northwest Chroma—1 or 2 corner of sec. 11, T. 102 N., R. 49 W.; USGS Renner, Texture—fine sandy loam or loamy fine SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 39 sand minutes 22 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 34 C horizon: minutes 12 seconds W. Hue—10YR Ap—0 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine Value—5 to 7 (4 or 5 moist) sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) Chroma—2 to 4 moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure Texture—loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, or parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very loamy sand 206 Soil Survey of

Trent Series redoximorphic concentrations; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Depth to bedrock: Very deep Bw4—39 to 46 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam, Drainage class: Moderately well drained dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Permeability: Moderate medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to Landform: Till plains and plains weak medium and coarse subangular blocky; Parent material: Silty sediments slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly Slope: 0 to 2 percent plastic; few very fine tubular pores; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Typical Pedon redoximorphic concentrations and few fine prominent light olive gray (5Y 6/2) redoximorphic Trent silty clay loam (fig. 40), in an area of Moody- depletions; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes, 890 feet Bk—46 to 52 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt south and 200 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; weak 35, T. 104 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Dell Rapids Southeast, coarse subangular blocky structure parting to SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 46 weak medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, minutes 25 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 33 friable; common very fine tubular pores; 7 percent minutes 08 seconds W. calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and Ap—0 to 7 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay medium rounded soft masses of carbonate; loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine granular common fine and medium prominent yellowish structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and brown (10YR 5/8) redoximorphic concentrations slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots and common fine and medium distinct gray (5Y throughout; moderately acid; abrupt smooth 6/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly boundary. effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy A—7 to 15 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay boundary. loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak fine and C—52 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt medium subangular blocky structure parting to loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly slightly hard, friable; common very fine and fine sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and tubular pores; 6 percent calcium carbonate fine roots throughout; few very fine and fine tubular equivalent; few fine rounded soft masses of pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. carbonate and few fine irregular very dark grayish Bw1—15 to 23 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) brown (10YR 3/2) soft masses of iron-manganese silty clay loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; throughout; common fine and medium prominent weak medium and coarse prismatic structure strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine and parting to weak medium and coarse subangular medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and redoximorphic concentrations; common fine and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots medium distinct gray (5Y 6/1) redoximorphic throughout; few very fine and fine tubular pores; depletions; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline. slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. Range in Characteristics Bw2—23 to 28 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 20 to 40 inches weak medium and coarse prismatic structure Depth to carbonates: 30 to 60 inches parting to moderate fine and medium subangular Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and inches over loamy glacial till slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than throughout; few very fine and fine tubular pores; carbonates): More than 60 inches neutral; gradual wavy boundary. A horizon: Bw3—28 to 39 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Hue—10YR loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to Chroma—1 or 2 moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine tubular pores; few fine Bw horizon: prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Hue—10YR Minnehaha County, South Dakota 207

Value—3 to 6 (2 to 5 moist) hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; Chroma—1 to 3 common very fine and fine roots throughout; few Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam very fine tubular pores; 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and medium Bk horizon: soft masses of carbonate; violently effervescent; Hue—10YR or 2.5Y moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) Bk2—19 to 28 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silty Chroma—2 to 4 clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak C horizon: medium and coarse subangular blocky; very hard, Hue—10YR or 2.5Y friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Chroma—2 to 4 fine tubular pores; 12 percent calcium carbonate Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or clay equivalent; common fine and medium soft masses loam of carbonate; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Bk3—28 to 38 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silty Wakonda Series clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Depth to bedrock: Very deep medium and coarse subangular blocky; very hard, Drainage class: Moderately well drained friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common Permeability: Moderate very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Landform: Till plains and plains fine tubular pores; 11 percent calcium carbonate Parent material: Silty sediments equivalent; common fine and medium soft masses Slope: 0 to 2 percent of carbonate; common fine prominent yellow Typical Pedon (10YR 7/6) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy Wakonda silty clay loam, in an area of Wakonda- boundary. Chancellor silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes, C1—38 to 58 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silty 1,050 feet north and 100 feet east of the southwest clay loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) moist; weak corner of sec. 5, T. 104 N., R. 48 W.; USGS Dell coarse prismatic structure parting to weak Rapids, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees medium and coarse subangular blocky; very hard, 50 minutes 23 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 38 friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common minutes 03 seconds W. very fine and fine roots throughout; common very Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay fine tubular pores; 8 percent calcium carbonate loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium equivalent; common fine and medium soft masses subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine of carbonate; common fine prominent yellow granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and (10YR 7/6) redoximorphic concentrations and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots common fine distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/1) throughout; 7 percent calcium carbonate redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; equivalent; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. clear smooth boundary. C2—58 to 73 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) A—8 to 13 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay silt loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium massive; very hard, friable, slightly sticky and subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly plastic; common very fine tubular pores; 7 slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very percent calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine fine and medium prominent yellow (10YR 7/6) and fine tubular pores; 8 percent calcium redoximorphic concentrations and common fine carbonate equivalent; slightly effervescent; slightly and medium distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/1) alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; Bk1—13 to 19 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; 2C3—73 to 80 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; massive; medium and coarse subangular blocky; slightly very hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly 208 Soil Survey of

plastic; common very fine tubular pores; 6 percent southwest corner of sec. 11, T. 104 N., R. 51 W.; calcium carbonate equivalent; common fine USGS Colton, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and common degrees 49 minutes 11 seconds N. and long. 96 fine prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) degrees 55 minutes 19 seconds W. redoximorphic concentrations; many fine distinct Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay light gray (10YR 7/1) redoximorphic depletions; 1 loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine percent subangular mixed gravel; strongly subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine effervescent; moderately alkaline. granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and Range in Characteristics slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots throughout; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 7 to 16 inches Bw—10 to 26 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay Depth to carbonates: 0 to 6 inches loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; weak Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine inches over loamy glacial till and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many carbonates): 7 to 16 inches very fine and fine roots throughout; common very A horizon: fine and fine tubular pores; neutral; abrupt wavy Hue—10YR boundary. Value—3 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) Bk1—26 to 43 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Chroma—1 or 2 silty clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; Texture—silty clay loam, loam, or silt loam weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly B horizon: sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Hue—10YR or 2.5Y fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine Value—5 to 7 (3 to 5 moist) tubular pores; 6 percent calcium carbonate Chroma—2 to 4 equivalent; common medium irregular soft masses Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam of carbonate; strongly effervescent; moderately C horizon: alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. Hue—2.5Y or 5Y Bk2—43 to 55 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) silty clay loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) moist; Chroma—1 to 4 weak coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common loam, or clay loam very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 7 percent calcium 2C horizon: carbonate equivalent; common medium irregular Hue—2.5Y soft masses of carbonate; few fine faint gray (2.5Y Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) 5/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly Chroma—1 to 4 effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear irregular Texture—loam or clay loam boundary. C—55 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) silt Wentworth Series loam and stratified fine sandy loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; massive; hard, friable; Depth to bedrock: Very deep common very fine tubular pores; 6 percent calcium Drainage class: Well drained and moderately well carbonate equivalent; common fine prominent drained reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) redoximorphic Permeability: Moderate concentrations and common fine distinct light gray Landform: Till plains (2.5Y 7/1) redoximorphic depletions; strongly Parent material: Silty glacial till over loamy glacial till effervescent; slightly alkaline. Slope: 0 to 6 percent Range in Characteristics Typical Pedon Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 8 to 20 inches Wentworth silty clay loam, in an area of Egan- Depth to carbonates: 20 to 36 inches Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 to 6 percent Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 slopes, 155 feet north and 2,140 feet east of the inches over loamy glacial till Minnehaha County, South Dakota 209

Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky carbonates): More than 60 inches and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine A horizon: tubular pores; slightly acid; clear smooth Hue—10YR boundary. Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) Bw—16 to 36 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Chroma—1 or 2 loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam prismatic structure parting to weak medium Bw horizon: subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly Hue—10YR or 2.5Y sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine Value—5 or 6 (3 or 4 moist) roots throughout; common very fine and fine Chroma—2 to 4 tubular pores; few fine prominent brown (7.5YR Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. Bk horizon: Bg—36 to 50 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty Hue—10YR or 2.5Y clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Value—4 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak Chroma—2 to 4 medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and C horizon: fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine Hue—10YR or 2.5Y tubular pores; common fine prominent reddish Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) yellow (7.5YR 6/6) redoximorphic concentrations Chroma—2 to 4 and common fine faint light brownish gray (2.5Y Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam; stratified loam 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; neutral; abrupt or fine sandy loam in some pedons wavy boundary. Bkg—50 to 62 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; Whitewood Series weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly Depth to bedrock: Very deep sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained fine tubular pores; 7 percent calcium carbonate Permeability: Moderately slow equivalent; common fine rounded soft masses of Landform: Till plains or plains carbonate and few fine rounded soft masses of Parent material: Local silty alluvium iron-manganese; common fine prominent reddish Slope: 0 to 2 percent yellow (7.5YR 6/6) redoximorphic concentrations Typical Pedon and few fine faint light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; strongly effervescent; Whitewood silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, slightly alkaline; diffuse wavy boundary. 2,495 feet south and 527 feet east of the northwest Cg—62 to 80 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty clay corner of sec. 19, T. 102 N., R. 47 W.; USGS Brandon, loam, olive gray (5Y 5/2) moist; massive; hard, SD/IA, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 37 friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common minutes 25 seconds N. and long. 96 degrees 31 very fine and fine tubular pores; 5 percent calcium minutes 48 seconds W. carbonate equivalent; few fine rounded soft Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay masses of carbonate and few fine rounded soft loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine masses of iron-manganese; common fine and granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and 4/6) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly fine roots throughout; common fine prominent effervescent; slightly alkaline. strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) redoximorphic Range in Characteristics concentrations; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. Thickness of the mollic epipedon: More than 24 inches A—10 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay Depth to carbonates: 30 to 52 inches loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) moist; weak fine Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 60 subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine inches 210 Soil Survey of

Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than A2—9 to 16 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay carbonates): More than 60 inches loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, A horizon: slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very Hue—10YR or 2.5Y fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) and fine tubular pores; neutral; clear wavy Chroma—1 boundary. Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam Btg1—16 to 25 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty Bw horizon: clay, black (2.5Y 2/1) moist; weak coarse prismatic Hue—10YR or 2.5Y structure parting to moderate medium subangular Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very Chroma—1 or 2 fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam tubular pores; common discontinuous clay films on faces of peds; neutral; clear wavy boundary. Bg horizon: Btg2—25 to 46 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay, Hue—2.5Y or 5Y very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; weak coarse Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) prismatic structure parting to moderate medium Chroma—1 or 2 subangular blocky; very hard, firm, sticky and Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam plastic; common very fine and fine roots Bkg horizon: throughout; common very fine tubular pores; Hue—2.5Y or 5Y common discontinuous clay films on faces of Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) peds; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR Chroma—1 or 2 5/8) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam gradual wavy boundary. Bg—46 to 58 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) silty clay loam, Cg horizon: very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) moist; weak coarse Hue—2.5Y or 5Y subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky Value—5 to 7 (4 to 6 moist) and plastic; common very fine and fine roots Chroma—1 or 2 throughout; common very fine tubular pores; few Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, clay loam, patchy clay films on faces of peds; common fine loam, or silty clay prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; gradual Worthing Series wavy boundary. Cg—58 to 80 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty clay Depth to bedrock: Very deep loam, olive gray (5Y 5/2) moist; massive; very Drainage class: Very poorly drained hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common fine Permeability: Slow irregular soft masses of iron-manganese; common Landform: Till plains fine yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic Parent material: Local clayey alluvium concentrations and common fine and medium faint Slope: 0 to 1 percent gray (2.5Y 6/1) redoximorphic depletions; slightly alkaline. Typical Pedon Range in Characteristics Worthing silty clay loam (fig. 41), 0 to 1 percent slopes, 55 feet south and 1,200 feet east of the northwest Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 35 to 60 inches corner of sec. 13, T. 102 N., R. 52 W.; USGS Depth to carbonates: More than 35 inches Humboldt, SD, topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 Depth to contrasting parent material: More than 40 degrees 38 minutes 42 seconds N. and long. 97 inches over loamy glacial till degrees 01 minute 30 seconds W. Depth to gypsum and other visible salts (other than carbonates): More than 35 inches A1—0 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay loam, black (10YR 2/1) moist; weak medium A horizon: subangular blocky structure parting to moderate Hue—10YR fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky Value—3 or 4 (2 or 3 moist) and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine Chroma—1 roots throughout; neutral; clear smooth boundary. Texture—silty clay loam or silt loam Minnehaha County, South Dakota 211

Btg horizon: Chroma—1 or 2 Hue—10YR to 5Y or N Texture—silty clay loam, clay, or clay loam Value—2 to 5 (2 or 3 moist) Cg horizon: Chroma—0 or 1 Hue—2.5Y or 5Y Texture—silty clay or clay Value—4 to 7 (3 to 6 moist) Bg horizon: Chroma—1 or 2 Hue—2.5Y or 5Y Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, or clay Value—4 to 7 (3 to 5 moist) loam

213

Formation of the Soils

Soil forms when chemical and physical processes Plant and Animal Life act on geologically deposited or accumulated material. The characteristics of the soil at any given point are Plants, animals, insects, earthworms, bacteria, and determined by the physical and mineralogical fungi have an important effect on soil formation. They composition of the parent material, the climate under cause gains in organic matter, gains or losses in plant which the soil material has accumulated and existed nutrients, and changes in soil structure and porosity. In since accumulation, the plant and animal life on and in Minnehaha County the prairie grasses have had more the soil, the relief, and the length of time that the influence than other living organisms on soil formation. forces of soil formation have acted on the soil material. As a result of these grasses, the surface layer of many Climate and plant and animal life are active factors soils has a moderate or high content of organic matter. of soil formation. They act on the parent material and Moody and Trent soils are examples. slowly change it to a natural body that has genetically Earthworms, insects, and burrowing animals help to related horizons. The effects of climate and plant and keep the soil open and porous. Bacteria and fungi animal life are modified by relief. The parent material decompose plant residue, thus releasing nutrients that affects the kind of soil profile that forms and in extreme plants utilize. cases determines it almost entirely. Finally, time is needed for changing the parent material into a soil Parent Material having genetically related horizons. Usually, a long time is required for the development of distinct Most of the soils in Minnehaha County formed in horizons. glacial material derived from preglacial formations of The factors of soil formation are so closely granite, limestone, quartzite, sandstone, and shale. interrelated in their effects on the soil that few The glacier ground up and mixed these materials as it generalizations can be made regarding the effect of transported them. When the glacier melted, the glacial any one factor unless conditions are specified for the material was redeposited. Some deposits consist of other four. The following paragraphs relate the factors unsorted materials, or glacial till. Other material was of soil formation to the soils in Minnehaha County. sorted either by water or by wind and water after it was deposited. Climate Loess is wind-deposited material that is mainly silt and very fine sand. Moody, Nora, and Crofton soils Climate directly influences the rate of chemical and formed in thick deposits of loess. physical weathering. Minnehaha County has a Silty glacial till is material that was deposited on continental climate marked by cold winters and hot glacial ice and then reworked by water and wind as summers. This climate favors the growth of grasses the glacier melted. Wentworth soils formed in this and the resulting accumulation of organic matter in the material. Egan soils formed in a thin mantle of silty upper part of the soil. Freezing of the soil during the glacial till and in the underlying loamy glacial till. winter slows the soil-forming processes. Alternate Loamy glacial till is a mixture of clay, silt, sand, and periods of freezing and thawing, however, help to gravel that contains few to many cobblestones and disintegrate parent materials, and frost heaving helps boulders. The content of pebbles and cobblestones is to mix soil material. The precipitation in the survey higher than that in silty glacial till. The proportion of area is sufficient to leach carbonates in most soils to each kind of material is determined by the kind of an average depth of 16 to more than 40 inches. The material picked up by the glacier. Houdek and Ethan climate is generally uniform throughout the county and soils are examples of soils that formed in loamy glacial thus as a separate factor does not differentiate the till. soils within the county. Glacial outwash is sandy, gravelly, and loamy 214

material deposited by glacial meltwater. Delmont, receive extra moisture in the form of runoff from Dempster, Enet, and Talmo soils formed in silty or adjacent soils. The layers in which organic matter loamy material underlain by sand and gravel within a accumulates are thicker than those in the Egan and depth of 40 inches. Moody soils. Also, calcium carbonate is leached to a Chancellor, Crossplain, and Worthing soils formed greater depth. In low areas where drainage is impeded, partly or entirely in local alluvium that washed from the the fluctuating water table favors the concentration of more sloping adjacent soils in the uplands. Bon and calcium carbonate and other soluble salts in Davison, Lamo soils formed in alluvium deposited by streams. Wakonda, and other soils. Tetonka and Worthing soils Benclare and Corson soils are examples of soils are in basins where water ponds. These soils have the that formed in clayey lacustrine sediments deposited colors characteristic of poorly drained soils. when meltwater ponded. Time Relief The length of time that soil material has been Relief influences soil formation through its effect on exposed to the other factors of soil formation is drainage, runoff, erosion, plant cover, and soil reflected in the kinds of soil that have formed. The temperature. On the more sloping soils, such as degree of profile development reflects the age of a soil. Crofton and Betts soils, much of the rainfall is lost The oldest soils are on the part of the landscape that through runoff and does not penetrate the surface. In has been stable for the longest time. In Minnehaha addition, some surface soil is lost through erosion. As County, these are Egan, Houdek, and Moody soils. a result, these soils have a thin surface layer and are The youngest soils either are those in which natural calcareous at or near the surface. erosion removes nearly as much soil material as is Runoff is slower in areas of Egan, Moody, and other formed through the weathering of parent material or less sloping soils, and more rainfall penetrates the are alluvial soils, which receive new material each time surface. These soils are calcareous at a greater depth the area is flooded. Betts and Steinauer soils are than the Crofton and Betts soils. Also, the horizons in examples of young soils that are subject to natural which organic matter accumulates are thicker. erosion. Chaska and Lamo soils are examples of Davis and Trent soils are in areas on footslopes that young alluvial soils. 215

References

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2000. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 20th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2001. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487-00.

Bailey, Dana R. 1899. History of Minnehaha County, South Dakota.

Baumberger, Rodney. 1977. South Dakota rangeland resources. Old West Regional Commission.

Flint, Richard Foster. 1955. Pleistocene geology of eastern South Dakota. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 262.

Gerwing, Jim, and Ron Gelderman. 1993. Nitrogen management and groundwater quality in South Dakota. FS 864.

Kolbe, Robert. 1988. History of Minnehaha County; historical-biographical sketches.

Malo, D.D. 1996. Soil productivity ratings and estimated yields for Brookings County, South Dakota. Plant Science Pamphlet 85, South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota State University.

Nestrud, L.M., W.C. Bourne, J. Wennblom, and W. Wiesner. 1964. Soil survey of Minnehaha County, South Dakota. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.

Rothrock, E.P. 1943. A geology of South Dakota—Part I, the surface. South Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 13.

Schell, Herbert S. 1975. History of South Dakota. 3rd edition (revised). University of Nebraska Press.

Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.

Soil Survey Staff. 1998. Keys to soil taxonomy. 8th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. 216

South Dakota Agricultural Statistics Service. 1995. South Dakota agriculture 1989- 1995.

Tomhave, Dennis W. 1994. Geology of Minnehaha County, South Dakota. South Dakota Geological Survey Bulletin 37.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1961. Land capability classification. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1992. National resources inventory, county base data. Natural Resources Conservation Service.

United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1993. 1990 census of population and housing. Economics and Statistics Administration.

United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1999. 1997 census of agriculture. Volume 1, geographic area series, part 41, South Dakota state and county data. 217

Glossary

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a expressed as: poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in Very low ...... 0 to 3 carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen. Low ...... 3 to 6 Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single Moderate ...... 6 to 9 mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as High ...... 9 to 12 granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods Very high ...... more than 12 are aggregates produced by tillage or logging. Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both, convex shoulder above and a concave footslope that plant growth is restricted. below. Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay, Base saturation. The degree to which material having deposited on land by streams. cation-exchange properties is saturated with Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K), 1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the expressed as a percentage of the total cation- presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A exchange capacity. positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic Basin. A depressed area with no surface outlet. feature. Examples include closed depressions on a glacial Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized till plain or lake basins. by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and features. other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim the surface. after the removal of soil for construction and other Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60 uses. Revegetation and erosion control are centimeters) in diameter. extremely difficult. Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium an accumulation of illuvial clay. carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. areas geographically associated in a characteristic Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil, single map unit. expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100 Atterberg limits. The collective designation of seven grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some so-called limits of consistency of fine grained soils, other stated pH value. The term, as applied to suggested by Albert Atterberg. The current usage soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity typically retains only liquid limit, plastic limit, and but is more precise in meaning. plasticity index. Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or Available water capacity (available moisture more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal available for use by most plants. It is commonly plow depth. defined as the difference between the amount of Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less soil water at field moisture capacity and the than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay, 218 Soil Survey of

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40 Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical percent silt. action that dissolves or weakens concrete or Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low uncoated steel. content of iron, manganese, and clay because of Crop residue management. Returning crop residue the chemical reduction of iron and manganese to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure, and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A organic matter content, and fertility and helps to type of redoximorphic depletion. control erosion. Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the Cropping system. Growing crops according to a surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root planned system of rotation and management channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin. practices. Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations contains much more clay than the horizons above tend to cave in or slough. it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range plastic or stiff when wet. Commonly associated plants. Because they are the most palatable, they with high sodium conditions. are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing. Climax plant community. The stabilized plant Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting community on a particular site. The plant cover grazing land for a prescribed period. reproduces itself and does not change so long as Dendritic. A term describing a treelike pattern of the environment remains the same. stream drainage. Closed depression. A low-lying area that is Denitrification. The reduction of nitrogen oxides surrounded by higher ground and has no natural (commonly nitrate and nitrite) to molecular outlet for surface drainage. nitrogen or nitrogen oxides with a lower oxidation Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand. state of nitrogen by bacterial activity Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly (denitrification) or by chemical reactions involving rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25 nitrogen (chemodenitrification). Nitrogen oxides centimeters) in diameter. are used by bacteria as terminal electron Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil acceptors in place of oxygen in anaerobic or or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern microaerophilic respiratory metabolism. or so small in area that it is not practical to map Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over them separately at the selected scale of mapping. bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches The pattern and proportion of the soils or deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches; miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to areas. 20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches. Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a surface for the specified use. plane. They typically take the form of concentric Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth, layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate, generally a terrace, built to protect downslope iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common areas by diverting runoff from its natural course. compounds making up concretions. If formed in Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese duration of wet periods under conditions similar to oxide are generally considered a type of those under which the soil formed. Alterations of redoximorphic concentration. the water regime by human activities, either Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not through drainage or irrigation, are not a invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount consideration unless they have significantly of crop residue on the surface throughout the year. changed the morphology of the soil. Seven Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion classes of natural soil drainage are recognized— and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to excessively drained, somewhat excessively deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes drained, well drained, moderately well drained, resistance of soil material to rupture and to somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of very poorly drained. These classes are defined in puddled soil material; and the manner in which the the “Soil Survey Manual.” soil material behaves when subject to Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water, compression. Terms describing consistence are from an area. defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in Minnehaha County, South Dakota 219

which all horizons between the upper boundary of Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated. moisture. Frost action can damage roads, Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material buildings and other structures, and plant roots. accumulated through wind action; commonly Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in especially to the processes or soil-forming factors blankets on the surface. responsible for the formation of the solum, or true Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a soil, from the unconsolidated parent material. perched water table in a soil in which saturated Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater. layers within 2 meters of the surface. Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift Erodibility. The degree or intensity of a soil’s state or consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders condition of, or susceptibility to, erosion. transported and deposited by glacial ice. Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers or cliff breaking the general continuity of more and subsequently sorted and deposited by gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp. are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas, Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the and outwash plains. soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine or sand for construction purposes. clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited Excess salt (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many the soil that restrict the growth of most plants. deposits are interbedded or laminated. Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to properties restrict the growth of plants. grass as protection against erosion. Conducts Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore surface water away from cropland. productivity through accumulation of moisture. Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as Summer fallow is common in regions of limited much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a tilled for at least one growing season for weed pebble. control and decomposition of plant residue. Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35 Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as balance, for the growth of specified plants when 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving factors are favorable. crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of of maturity or soon after maturity. all organic soil material. Peat contains a large Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of amount of well preserved fiber that is readily the material below the water table. identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated the lowest bulk density and the highest water except by blasting or by the use of special content at saturation of all organic soil material. equipment that is not commonly used in Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a construction. stream and is subject to flooding unless protected Head slope. A geomorphic component of hills artificially. consisting of a laterally concave area of a hillside, Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river especially at the head of a drainageway. The action, as a fluvial plain. overland waterflow is converging. Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. In material intermediate in degree of decomposition profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A between the less decomposed fibric material and footslope is a transition zone between upslope the more decomposed sapric material. sites of erosion and transport (shoulders and High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and backslopes) and downslope sites of deposition corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue (toeslopes). from these crops can be used to control erosion Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge. until the next crop in the rotation is established. 220 Soil Survey of

These crops return large amounts of organic Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable matter to the soil. part of the organic matter in mineral soils. Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands, according to their runoff potential. The soil commonly of limited summit area and having a properties that influence this potential are those well defined outline; hillsides generally have that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is when the soil is not frozen. These properties are dependent on local usage. depth to a seasonal high water table, the Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged the surface, having distinct characteristics wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable produced by soil-forming processes. In the layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter considered but are separate factors in predicting represents the major horizons. Numbers or runoff. lowercase letters that follow represent Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation increase in amount as the more desirable plants of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey are reduced by close grazing. Increasers Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as commonly are the shorter plants and the less follows: palatable to livestock. O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the decaying plant residue. immediate surface of soil or other material, as A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the contrasted with percolation, which is movement of surface in which an accumulation of humified water through soil layers or material. organic matter is mixed with the mineral material. Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was the surface of the soil at any given instant, originally part of a B horizon. usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or soil or the rate at which water is applied at the some combination of these. surface. B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial transition from the overlying A to the underlying C rate; the rate decreases with application time. horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay, constant but is a variable depending on the net sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these; irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in (2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or inches per hour, is expressed as follows: browner colors than those in the A horizon; or (4) Less than 0.2 ...... very low a combination of these. 0.2 to 0.4 ...... low C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer, 0.4 to 0.75 ...... moderately low excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected 0.75 to 1.25 ...... moderate by soil-forming processes and does not have the 1.25 to 1.75 ...... moderately high properties typical of the overlying soil material. 1.75 to 2.5 ...... high The material of a C horizon may be either like or More than 2.5 ...... very high unlike that in which the solum formed. If the material is known to differ from that in the solum, Interfluve. An elevated area between two an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the drainageways that sheds water to those letter C. drainageways. Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area the soil. and grow after the climax vegetation has been R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil. reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but following disturbance of the surface. it can be directly below an A or a B horizon. Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low Minnehaha County, South Dakota 221

content of iron and manganese oxide because of Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay support loads. content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil type of redoximorphic depletion. matrix that do not have a clearly defined Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in boundary with the surrounding soil material and production of crops. Methods of irrigation are: cannot be removed as a discrete unit. Common Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level compounds making up masses are calcium plains surrounded by levees or dikes. carbonate, gypsum or other soluble salts, iron Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a oxide, and manganese oxide. Masses consisting strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled of iron oxide or manganese oxide generally are by small earth ridges called border dikes, or considered a type of redoximorphic borders. concentration. Controlled flooding.—Water is released at Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and intervals from closely spaced field ditches and low in organic material. Its bulk density is more distributed uniformly over the field. than that of organic soil. Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop spaced furrows or ditches in fields of close- production and prevention of soil damage. growing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no one direction. natural soil and supports little or no vegetation. Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface under low pressure to the surface of the soil or horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation into the soil through such applicators as emitters, and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the porous tubing, or perforated pipe. upper part of the subsoil. Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are tree and row crops. terminal, lateral, medial, and ground. Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil, through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system. including the texture, structure, porosity, Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or consistence, color, and other physical, mineral, tile lines until the water table is raised enough to and biological properties of the various horizons, wet the soil. and the thickness and arrangement of those Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is horizons in the soil profile. allowed to flow onto an area without controlled Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that distribution. vary in number and size. Used to describe color Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water patterns not related to soil wetness. Descriptive and exposed when the water level is lowered or terms are as follows: abundance—few, common, the elevation of the land is raised. and many; size—fine, medium, and coarse; and Landform. Any physical, recognizable form or feature contrast—faint, distinct, and prominent. The size of the earth’s surface, having a characteristic measurements are of the diameter along the shape and produced by natural causes. greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5 Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15 (7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse, adversely affect the specified use of the soil. more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch). Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic other material by percolating water. soil material. (See Sapric soil material.) Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees passes from a plastic to a liquid state. of three simple variables—hue, value, and Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma than 52 percent sand particles. of 4. Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized Native grass. A species of grass native to the region particles, deposited by wind. in which it is growing. 222 Soil Survey of

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3. usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow (See Reaction, soil.) continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms Nose slope. A geomorphic component of hills describing permeability, measured in inches per consisting of the projecting end (laterally convex hour, are as follows: area) of a hillside. The overland waterflow is Extremely slow ...... 0.0 to 0.01 inch predominantly divergent. Very slow ...... 0.01 to 0.06 inch Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant Slow ...... 0.06 to 0.2 inch essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly Moderately slow ...... 0.2 to 0.6 inch nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, Moderate ...... 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, Moderately rapid ...... 2.0 to 6.0 inches molybdenum, chlorine, boron, and zinc obtained Rapid ...... 6.0 to 20 inches from the soil and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Very rapid ...... more than 20 inches obtained from the air and water. Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and various stages of decomposition. The content of alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.) organic matter in the surface layer is described as Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on follows: features that affect its use and management, such Very low ...... less than 0.5 percent as slope, stoniness, and flooding. Low ...... 0.5 to 1.0 percent Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels Moderately low ...... 1.0 to 2.0 percent or pipelike cavities by water moving through the Moderate ...... 2.0 to 4.0 percent soil. High ...... 4.0 to 8.0 percent Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil Very high ...... more than 8.0 percent changes from semisolid to plastic. Plasticity index. The numerical difference between Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An moisture content within which the soil remains outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted, plastic. it generally is low in relief. Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and depressions. Unless the soils are artificially mineral material in which soil forms. drained, the water can be removed only by Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed percolation or evapotranspiration. organic matter, that has accumulated under Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.) permeability, the soil may not adequately filter Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a effluent from a waste disposal system. granule, a prism, or a block. Potential native vegetation. The stabilized plant Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.” community on a particular site. The plant cover A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to reproduces itself and does not change so long as permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from the environment remains the same. about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10 Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for square meters), depending on the variability of the producing a specified plant or sequence of plants soil. under specific management. Percolation. The movement of water through the soil. Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water through all its horizons and into the parent through the soil adversely affects the specified material. use. Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water maintains enough cover to protect the soil and or air to move downward through the profile. The maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is desirable vegetation. This practice increases the accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil necessary to conserve soil and water. Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in Range condition. The present composition of the the engineering profession and with traditional plant community on a range site in relation to the Minnehaha County, South Dakota 223

potential natural plant community for that site. indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of Range condition is expressed as excellent, good, iron and manganese compounds resulting from fair, or poor on the basis of how much the saturation. present plant community has departed from the Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in potential. situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II). Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil, The chemical reduction results from nearly and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a distinct natural plant community. A range site is the change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after product of all the environmental factors exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A responsible for its development. It is typified by an type of redoximorphic feature. association of species that differ from those on Relict redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic other range sites in kind or proportion of species features that formed under a previous condition of or total production. soil wetness. This morphology is not indicative of Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural present-day conditions. vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface, plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or considered collectively. browsing. It includes natural grasslands, Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras, erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and and areas that support certain forb and shrub not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm communities. machinery. Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example, 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction gravel, cobbles, stones, and boulders. because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH by plant roots. Soil features that limit the root zone values, are: include gravel, coarse sand, bedrock, and a Ultra acid ...... less than 3.5 claypan. Extremely acid ...... 3.5 to 4.4 Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The Very strongly acid ...... 4.5 to 5.0 soil is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts Strongly acid ...... 5.1 to 5.5 roots. Moderately acid ...... 5.6 to 6.0 Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream Slightly acid ...... 6.1 to 6.5 channels from an area. The water that flows off the Neutral ...... 6.6 to 7.3 surface of the land without sinking into the soil is Slightly alkaline ...... 7.4 to 7.8 called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil Moderately alkaline ...... 7.9 to 8.4 before reaching surface streams is called ground- Strongly alkaline ...... 8.5 to 9.0 water runoff or seepage flow from ground water. Very strongly alkaline ...... 9.1 and higher Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules, does not contain excess exchangeable sodium. concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral features resulting from the accumulation of iron or fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in manganese oxide. An indication of chemical diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation. soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from sand and not more than 10 percent clay. which iron and manganese oxide or a combination Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been sand-sized particles. removed. These zones are indications of the Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly chemical reduction of iron resulting from decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has saturation. the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic density, and the lowest water content at saturation concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, of all organic soil material. reduced matrices, a positive reaction to Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of 224 Soil Survey of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In into an unlined auger hole. this survey, classes for simple slopes are as follows: Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles Level ...... 0 to 1 percent deposited from suspension in water. The chief Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate, Very gently sloping ...... 1 to 4 percent formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from Gently sloping ...... 2 to 6 percent sand; shale, formed from clay; and limestone, Moderately sloping ...... 6 to 9 percent formed from soft masses of calcium carbonate. Strongly sloping ...... 9 to 15 percent There are many intermediate types. Some Moderately steep ...... 15 to 25 percent wind-deposited sand is consolidated into Steep ...... 25 to 40 percent sandstone. Very steep ...... 40 percent and higher Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified Classes for complex slopes are as follows: use. Level ...... 0 to 1 percent Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are Nearly level ...... 0 to 2 percent almost alike, except for differences in texture of Gently undulating ...... 1 to 4 percent the surface layer. All the soils of a series have Undulating ...... 2 to 6 percent horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, Gently rolling ...... 6 to 9 percent and arrangement. Rolling ...... 9 to 15 percent Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a Hilly ...... 15 to 25 percent clay deposit. Steep ...... 25 to 40 percent Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of Very steep ...... 40 percent and higher soil material from the land surface by the action of rainfall and surface runoff. Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special Shoulder. The position that forms the uppermost practices are required to ensure satisfactory inclined surface near the top of a hillslope. It is a performance of the soil for a specific use. transition from backslope to summit. The surface Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water is dominantly convex in profile and erosional in into the soil. origin. Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3 Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and adversely affect the specified use of the soil. swelling can damage roads, dams, building Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with foundations, and other structures. It can also trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and damage plant roots. other equipment commonly used in construction. Side slope. A geomorphic component of hills Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s consisting of a laterally planar area of a hillside. surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has The overland waterflow is predominantly parallel. properties resulting from the integrated effect of Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles climate and living matter acting on earthy parent that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay material, as conditioned by relief and by the (0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine passage of time. sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2 that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12 millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging percent clay. between specified size limits. The names and Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in silt-sized particles. the United States are as follows: Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic Very coarse sand ...... 2.0 to 1.0 criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner, Coarse sand ...... 1.0 to 0.5 and have similar conservation needs or Medium sand ...... 0.5 to 0.25 management requirements for the major land uses Fine sand ...... 0.25 to 0.10 in the survey area. Very fine sand ...... 0.10 to 0.05 Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the Silt ...... 0.05 to 0.002 horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical Clay ...... less than 0.002 distance divided by horizontal distance, then multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C Minnehaha County, South Dakota 225

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E, of these horizons. and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that the material in these horizons are unlike those of generally marks the termination of important the material below the solum. The living roots and glacial advances. plant and animal activities are largely confined to Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed the solum. across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight Stone line. A concentration of rock fragments in a soil. angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or surface. In a cross section, the line may be one flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a fragment or more thick. It generally overlies field generally is built so that the field can be material that weathered in place and is overlain by farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage recent sediment of variable thickness. has a deep channel that is maintained in Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60 permanent sod. centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24 Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat. flat or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers sea. that interfere with or prevent tillage. Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt, Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic arrangement of strips or bands that provide textural classes, in order of increasing proportion vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy erosion. loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and particles into compound particles or aggregates. clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam The principal forms of soil structure are—platy classes may be further divided by specifying (laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates “coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.” longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular), that is too thin for the specified use. and granular. Structureless soils are either single Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or undulating soils underlain by glacial till. massive (the particles adhering without any Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related regular cleavage, as in many hardpans). to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of emergence, and root penetration. the solum below plow depth. Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth, surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan. profile are commonly gentle and linear and are Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB, constructional surfaces forming the lower part of a or EB) below the surface layer. hillslope continuum that grades to valley or closed- Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during depression floors. the summer to control weeds and allow storage of Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the most moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A favorable material for plant growth. It is ordinarily practice common in semiarid regions, where rich in organic matter and is used to topdress annual precipitation is not enough to produce a roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by mining. crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently Transitional layer. A layer of soil that grades to the practiced before planting winter grain. next layer or includes parts of adjacent layers, Summit. The topographically highest position of a commonly between the surface layer and the hillslope. It has a nearly level (planar or only subsoil or underlying layer. slightly convex) surface. Underlying layer. The C horizon or R layer; that part Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or of the soil below the subsoil, commonly the parent its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth material. from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters). Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the “Ap horizon.” lowlands along streams. Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons, Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of 226

laminae deposited in a body of still water within a Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited, which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or much that it does not recover when placed in a other body of still water in front of a glacier. humid, dark chamber. 227

Tables 228 Soil Survey of

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

(Recorded in the period 1971-2000 at Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

______| | | Temperature | Precipitation |______| | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| | | | | |______10 will have-- | | |______will have-- | | Month |Average|Average|Average| | | Average |Average| | | Average |Average | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum |number of| | Less | More |number of|snowfall |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| growing | |than--|than--|days with| | | | | higher | lower | degree | | | |0.10 inch| ______| | | | than-- | than-- | days* | | | | or more | | oF | oF | oF | oF | oF | Units | In | In | In | | In | | | | | | | | | | | January----| 24.6 | 4.7 | 14.7 | 53 | -25 | 0 | 0.51 | 0.20| 0.75| 1 | 7.4 | | | | | | | | | | | February---| 31.1 | 12.0 | 21.6 | 62 | -24 | 0 | .51 | .19| .77| 1 | 5.9 | | | | | | | | | | | March------| 43.3 | 23.4 | 33.3 | 78 | -8 | 9 | 1.81 | .77| 2.75| 4 | 8.1 | | | | | | | | | | | April------| 58.4 | 34.7 | 46.6 | 87 | 13 | 76 | 2.65 | 1.30| 3.97| 5 | 3.4 | | | | | | | | | | | May------| 70.7 | 46.8 | 58.8 | 90 | 27 | 291 | 3.39 | 1.68| 4.90| 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | June------| 80.2 | 56.6 | 68.4 | 99 | 38 | 553 | 3.49 | 1.83| 4.92| 6 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | July------| 85.2 | 62.1 | 73.7 | 103 | 45 | 733 | 2.93 | 1.45| 4.24| 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | August-----| 82.7 | 59.9 | 71.3 | 100 | 43 | 661 | 3.01 | 1.43| 4.34| 5 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | September--| 73.7 | 49.0 | 61.3 | 95 | 28 | 354 | 2.58 | 1.08| 3.80| 4 | .0 | | | | | | | | | | | October----| 60.7 | 36.3 | 48.5 | 86 | 15 | 93 | 1.93 | .45| 3.37| 3 | 1.0 | | | | | | | | | | | November---| 41.5 | 22.3 | 31.9 | 70 | -5 | 5 | 1.36 | .31| 2.55| 2 | 7.6 | | | | | | | | | | | December---| 28.3 | 9.5 | 18.9 | 55 | -21 | 0 | .52 | .17| .80| 1 | 7.0 | | | | | | | | | | | Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Average---| 56.7 | 34.8 | 45.7 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Extreme---| --- | --- | --- | 104 | -28 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2,776 | 24.68 | 19.08| 30.33| 43 | 40.6 ______| | | | | | | | | | |

* A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (50 degrees F). Minnehaha County, South Dakota 229

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1971-2000 at Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

______| | Temperature |______Probability | | | | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF ______| or lower | or lower | or lower | | | | | | Last freezing | | | temperature | | | in spring: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 24 | May 8 | May 18 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 19 | May 4 | May 13 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | later than-- | Apr. 10 | Apr. 25 | May 2 | | | First freezing | | | temperature | | | in fall: | | | | | | 1 year in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 2 | Sept. 22 | Sept. 15 | | | 2 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 7 | Sept. 27 | Sept. 19 | | | 5 years in 10 | | | earlier than-- | Oct. 17 | Oct. 6 | Sept. 28 ______| | |

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1971-2000 at Sioux Falls, South Dakota)

______| | Daily minimum temperature | during growing season |______Probability | | | | Higher | Higher | Higher | than | than | than ______| 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF | Days | Days | Days | | | 9 years in 10 | 169 | 146 | 126 | | | 8 years in 10 | 176 | 152 | 133 | | | 5 years in 10 | 189 | 163 | 147 | | | 2 years in 10 | 202 | 175 | 161 | | | 1 year in 10 | 209 | 181 | 169 ______| | | 230 Soil Survey of

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | AcA |Alcester silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 2,849 | 0.5 AcB |Alcester silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 2,677 | 0.5 Ar |Arlo loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 978 | 0.2 Ba |Baltic silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 5,993 | 1.2 Bb |Baltic silty clay loam, ponded------| 4,815 | 0.9 BcA |Benclare-Corson complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,835 | 0.4 BeE |Betts-Ethan loams, 15 to 40 percent slopes------| 1,228 | 0.2 BfA |Blendon fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,060 | 0.2 BhB |Blendon-Henkin fine sandy loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 1,118 | 0.2 Bo |Bon loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 4,093 | 0.8 Cb |Chancellor silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 2,072 | 0.4 Cc |Chancellor-Tetonka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 7,280 | 1.4 Cd |Chaska loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 2,009 | 0.4 Ch |Chaska loam, channeled------| 9,516 | 1.8 Cm |Clamo silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 12,890 | 2.5 CoB |Corson silty clay, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 934 | 0.2 CoC |Corson silty clay, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 544 | 0.1 CpC |Corson-Henkin complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 535 | 0.1 CrD |Crofton-Nora complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 10,076 | 1.9 CrE |Crofton-Nora complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes------| 368 | * CsD |Crofton-Shindler complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 3,462 | 0.7 DcA |Davis loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,545 | 0.7 DcB |Davis loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 1,154 | 0.2 DcC |Davis loam, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 31 | * Dd |Davison-Crossplain clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,233 | 0.6 DeA |Delmont-Enet loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 794 | 0.2 DeB |Delmont-Enet loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 1,074 | 0.2 DgC |Delmont-Talmo complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 1,093 | 0.2 DgD |Delmont-Talmo complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 725 | 0.1 DmA |Dempster silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 6,619 | 1.3 DmB |Dempster silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 1,388 | 0.3 DtB |Dempster-Talmo complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 738 | 0.1 Dw |Dimo clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 820 | 0.2 DxB |Dobalt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 3,159 | 0.6 DyA |Dobalt-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 461 | * EaB |Egan-Ethan complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 1,178 | 0.2 EeB |Egan-Ethan-Trent complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes------| 49,400 | 9.5 EfA |Egan-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,108 | 0.6 EgB |Egan-Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes------| 20,550 | 3.9 EnA |Enet loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded------| 336 | * EoA |Enet-Dimo complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 358 | * EpD |Ethan-Betts loams, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 1,387 | 0.3 EsE |Ethan-Clarno loams, 6 to 25 percent slopes, very stony------| 935 | 0.2 EtD |Ethan-Clarno loams, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 4,433 | 0.9 EuC |Ethan-Egan complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 27,880 | 5.4 ExC |Ethan, very stony-Egan complex, 2 to 9 percent slopes------| 462 | * FaA |Flandreau loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,597 | 0.3 FaB |Flandreau loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 5,047 | 1.0 FtB |Flandreau-Thurman complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 4,639 | 0.9 GrA |Graceville silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 5,996 | 1.2 GsB |Grovena loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 6,574 | 1.3 GvA |Grovena-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 2,650 | 0.5 HoB |Houdek clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 1,059 | 0.2 HsC |Houdek-Shindler clay loams, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 2,234 | 0.4 HsD |Houdek-Shindler clay loams, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 827 | 0.2 HtD |Houdek-Talmo complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 944 | 0.2 HuA |Huntimer silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,293 | 0.6 HuB |Huntimer silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 1,817 | 0.3 IhA |Ihlen silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 368 | * IrB |Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 0 to 4 percent slopes------| 1,081 | 0.2 IrE |Ihlen-Rock outcrop complex, 4 to 35 percent slopes------| 1,129 | 0.2 Ja |Janude fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 713 | 0.1 La |Lamo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 6,221 | 1.2 | | |

See footnote at end of table. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 231

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued ______| | | Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent ______symbol| | | | | | Lb |Lamo silty clay loam, channeled------| 9,696 | 1.9 M-W |Miscellaneous water------| 248 | * MdB |Moody silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 15,561 | 3.0 MgA |Moody-Gayville complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes------| 101 | * MnB |Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 51,001 | 9.8 MnC |Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 7,110 | 1.4 MtA |Moody-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 12,590 | 2.4 NcC |Nora-Crofton complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 70,270 | 13.5 Ob |Obert silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 10,851 | 2.1 Og |Orthents, gravelly------| 1,007 | 0.2 Or |Orthents, loamy------| 890 | 0.2 Ow |Orthents-Aquents complex, gravelly------| 1,003 | 0.2 Pt |Pits, quarry------| 387 | * Sa |Salmo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 172 | * SdE |Shindler-Houdek clay loams, 15 to 40 percent slopes------| 2,730 | 0.5 SnE |Shindler-Talmo complex, 15 to 40 percent slopes------| 1,253 | 0.2 SpA |Splitrock silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 1,183 | 0.2 SpB |Splitrock silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes------| 5,572 | 1.1 SsF |Steinauer-Shindler clay loams, 25 to 60 percent slopes------| 2,369 | 0.5 TdE |Talmo-Delmont complex, 15 to 40 percent slopes------| 150 | * Te |Tetonka silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 420 | * TfC |Thurman-Flandreau complex, 6 to 9 percent slopes------| 8,172 | 1.6 TgD |Thurman-Grovena complex, 9 to 15 percent slopes------| 561 | 0.1 Tr |Trent silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 6,868 | 1.3 W |Water------| 3,964 | 0.8 Wa |Wakonda-Chancellor silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 8,505 | 1.6 WcA |Wentworth-Chancellor-Wakonda silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 4,868 | 0.9 WhA |Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 3,160 | 0.6 WhB |Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes------| 3,555 | 0.7 Wk |Whitewood silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 17,120 | 3.3 Wo |Worthing silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes------| 3,068 | 0.6 Wr |Worthing-Davison complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes------| 8,839 | 1.7 | |------|------| Total------| 520,627 | 100.0 ______| | |

* Less than 0.05 percent. 232 Soil Survey of

Table 5.--Soil Productivity Ratings

(The abbreviation "NS" means not suited)

______Soil name | Crop | Range |Productivity ______and map symbol | rating | rating | rating | | | AcA------| 94.9 | 61.9 | 94.9 Alcester | | | | | | AcB------| 90.4 | 51.8 | 90.4 Alcester | | | | | | Ar------| 37.0 | 65.9 | 65.9 Arlo | | | | | | Ba------| 14.7 | 37.1 | 37.1 Baltic | | | | | | Bb------| 2.8 | 19.3 | 19.3 Baltic | | | | | | BcA------| 82.6 | 46.7 | 82.6 Benclare-Corson | | | | | | BeE------| 8.2 | 29.9 | 29.9 Betts-Ethan | | | | | | BfA------| 68.6 | 45.4 | 68.6 Blendon | | | | | | BhB------| 63.2 | 44.1 | 63.2 Blendon-Henkin | | | | | | Bo------| 82.5 | 60.4 | 82.5 Bon | | | | | | Cb------| 67.2 | 58.2 | 67.2 Chancellor | | | | | | Cc------| 56.1 | 55.8 | 56.1 Chancellor-Tetonka | | | | | | Cd------| 61.4 | 73.2 | 73.2 Chaska | | | | | | Ch------| 27.8 | 53.2 | 53.2 Chaska | | | | | | Cm------| 45.8 | 48.8 | 48.8 Clamo | | | | | | CoB------| 72.4 | 42.4 | 72.4 Corson | | | | | | CoC------| 61.1 | 40.4 | 61.1 Corson | | | | | | CpC------| 51.7 | 36.9 | 51.7 Corson-Henkin | | | | | | CrD------| 49.8 | 38.2 | 49.8 Crofton-Nora | | | | | | CrE------| 24.1 | 36.5 | 36.5 Crofton-Nora | | | | | | CsD------| 37.5 | 33.4 | 37.5 Crofton-Shindler | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 233

Table 5.--Soil Productivity Ratings--Continued ______Soil name | Crop | Range |Productivity ______and map symbol | rating | rating | rating | | | DcA------| 90.9 | 59.2 | 90.9 Davis | | | | | | DcB------| 86.8 | 55.7 | 86.8 Davis | | | | | | DcC------| 76.9 | 53.7 | 76.9 Davis | | | | | | Dd------| 65.1 | 54.7 | 65.1 Davison-Crossplain | | | | | | DeA------| 45.3 | 33.0 | 45.3 Delmont-Enet | | | | | | DeB------| 42.8 | 32.3 | 42.8 Delmont-Enet | | | | | | DgC------| 22.7 | 24.7 | 24.7 Delmont-Talmo | | | | | | DgD------| 14.0 | 23.4 | 23.4 Delmont-Talmo | | | | | | DmA------| 67.8 | 39.0 | 67.8 Dempster | | | | | | DmB------| 61.7 | 38.5 | 61.7 Dempster | | | | | | DtB------| 50.1 | 34.0 | 50.1 Dempster-Talmo | | | | | | Dw------| 72.5 | 56.0 | 72.5 Dimo | | | | | | DxB------| 81.5 | 44.9 | 81.5 Dobalt | | | | | | DyA------| 88.5 | 49.5 | 88.5 Dobalt-Bonilla | | | | | | EaB------| 71.5 | 41.0 | 71.5 Egan-Ethan | | | | | | EeB------| 77.1 | 46.7 | 77.1 Egan-Ethan-Trent | | | | | | EfA------| 86.8 | 50.8 | 86.8 Egan-Trent | | | | | | EgB------| 82.5 | 48.6 | 82.5 Egan-Wentworth-Trent | | | | | | EnA------| 59.0 | 41.5 | 59.0 Enet | | | | | | EoA------| 65.0 | 47.9 | 65.0 Enet-Dimo | | | | | | EpD------| 34.6 | 32.0 | 34.6 Ethan-Betts | | | | | | EsE------| 0.0 | 29.9 | 29.9 Ethan-Clarno | | | | | | 234 Soil Survey of

Table 5.--Soil Productivity Ratings--Continued ______Soil name | Crop | Range |Productivity ______and map symbol | rating | rating | rating | | | EtD------| 41.2 | 35.5 | 41.2 Ethan-Clarno | | | | | | EuC------| 59.0 | 37.4 | 59.0 Ethan-Egan | | | | | | ExC------| 30.2 | 34.4 | 34.4 Ethan-Egan | | | | | | FaA------| 77.2 | 44.9 | 77.2 Flandreau | | | | | | FaB------| 72.9 | 42.4 | 72.9 Flandreau | | | | | | FtB------| 66.9 | 42.4 | 66.9 Flandreau-Thurman | | | | | | GrA------| 86.0 | 45.9 | 86.0 Graceville | | | | | | GsB------| 84.5 | 46.4 | 84.5 Grovena | | | | | | GvA------| 90.8 | 51.0 | 90.8 Grovena-Bonilla | | | | | | HoB------| 74.3 | 43.4 | 74.3 Houdek | | | | | | HsC------| 62.3 | 40.4 | 62.3 Houdek-Shindler | | | | | | HsD------| 46.9 | 38.9 | 46.9 Houdek-Shindler | | | | | | HtD------| 33.1 | 31.7 | 33.1 Houdek-Talmo | | | | | | HuA------| 80.4 | 44.0 | 80.4 Huntimer | | | | | | HuB------| 74.6 | 43.0 | 74.6 Huntimer | | | | | | IhA------| 71.7 | 42.9 | 71.7 Ihlen | | | | | | IrB------| 47.6 | 30.0 | 47.6 Ihlen-Rock outcrop | | | | | | IrE------| 26.5 | 19.5 | 26.5 Ihlen-Rock outcrop | | | | | | Ja------| 68.6 | 45.4 | 68.6 Janude | | | | | | La------| 61.4 | 73.2 | 73.2 Lamo | | | | | | Lb------| 27.4 | 57.1 | 57.1 Lamo | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 235

Table 5.--Soil Productivity Ratings--Continued ______Soil name | Crop | Range |Productivity ______and map symbol | rating | rating | rating | | | M-W. | | | Miscellaneous water | | | | | | MdB------| 88.0 | 47.3 | 88.0 Moody | | | | | | MgA------| 48.8 | 37.0 | 48.8 Moody-Gayville | | | | | | MnB------| 87.2 | 46.9 | 87.2 Moody-Nora | | | | | | MnC------| 79.3 | 44.9 | 79.3 Moody-Nora | | | | | | MtA------| 96.7 | 54.7 | 96.7 Moody-Trent | | | | | | NcC------| 68.3 | 41.3 | 68.3 Nora-Crofton | | | | | | Ob------| 14.9 | 40.0 | 40.0 Obert | | | | | | Og------| 12.8 | 12.2 | 12.8 Orthents | | | | | | Or------| 51.6 | 34.1 | 51.6 Orthents | | | | | | Ow------| 14.1 | 15.1 | 15.1 Orthents-Aquents | | | | | | Pt------| NS | NS | NS Pits, quarry | | | | | | Sa------| 20.2 | 54.6 | 54.6 Salmo | | | | | | SdE------| 27.6 | 35.9 | 35.9 Shindler-Houdek | | | | | | SnE------| 16.5 | 26.9 | 26.9 Shindler-Talmo | | | | | | SpA------| 90.4 | 47.3 | 90.4 Splitrock | | | | | | SpB------| 83.2 | 45.9 | 83.2 Splitrock | | | | | | SsF------| 8.8 | 30.9 | 30.9 Steinauer-Shindler | | | | | | TdE------| 7.1 | 21.3 | 21.3 Talmo-Delmont | | | | | | Te------| 37.5 | 51.1 | 51.1 Tetonka | | | | | | TfC------| 51.2 | 42.6 | 51.2 Thurman-Flandreau | | | | | | 236 Soil Survey of

Table 5.--Soil Productivity Ratings--Continued ______Soil name | Crop | Range |Productivity ______and map symbol | rating | rating | rating | | | TgD------| 45.0 | 41.6 | 45.0 Thurman-Grovena | | | | | | Tr------| 100.0 | 61.9 | 100.0 Trent | | | | | | W. | | | Water | | | | | | Wa------| 71.9 | 57.2 | 71.9 Wakonda-Chancellor | | | | | | WcA------| 76.7 | 51.4 | 76.7 Wentworth-Chancellor-Wakonda | | | | | | WhA------| 88.3 | 51.1 | 83.3 Wentworth-Trent | | | | | | WhB------| 84.0 | 49.6 | 84.0 Wentworth-Trent | | | | | | Wk------| 74.4 | 61.4 | 74.4 Whitewood | | | | | | Wo------| 15.3 | 39.7 | 39.7 Worthing | | | | | | Wr------| 37.3 | 45.7 | 45.7 Worthing-Davison | | | ______| | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 237

Table 6.--Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

______| | | | | | | Soil name and | | | | | | | map symbol | Corn |Spring wheat | Soybeans | Oats | Alfalfa hay | Bromegrass- | Corn silage ______| | | | | | alfalfa | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* | Tons | | | | | | | AcA------| 109 | 40 | 39 | 71 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 12.6 Alcester | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AcB------| 106 | 40 | 38 | 71 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 12.2 Alcester | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ar------| 52 | 13 | 16 | 21 | 0.5 | 3.4 | 6.0 Arlo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ba------| 30 | 4 | 10 | 6 | --- | 0.6 | 3.2 Baltic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bb------| 5 | 1 | 2 | 1 | --- | 0.1 | 0.6 Baltic | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA------| 96 | 37 | 35 | 64 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 11.0 Benclare-Corson| | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeE------| 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.4 Betts-Ethan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BfA------| 75 | 31 | 27 | 55 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 8.6 Blendon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BhB------| 67 | 29 | 25 | 50 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 7.7 Blendon-Henkin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bo------| 100 | 35 | 36 | 62 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 11.5 Bon | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cb------| 85 | 29 | 32 | 51 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 9.0 Chancellor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc------| 76 | 23 | 28 | 41 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 8.0 Chancellor- | | | | | | | Tetonka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cd------| 80 | 26 | 25 | 45 | 1.6 | 4.4 | 9.2 Chaska | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------| 40 | 6 | 14 | 11 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 4.6 Chaska | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cm------| 68 | 15 | 25 | 27 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 7.9 Clamo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoB------| 82 | 32 | 30 | 56 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 9.4 Corson | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoC------| 66 | 28 | 24 | 49 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 7.6 Corson | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CpC------| 54 | 24 | 18 | 41 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 6.3 Corson-Henkin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrD------| 51 | 22 | 18 | 39 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 5.9 Crofton-Nora | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 238 Soil Survey of

Table 6.--Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | | | | | | | map symbol | Corn |Spring wheat | Soybeans | Oats | Alfalfa hay | Bromegrass- | Corn silage ______| | | | | | alfalfa | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* | Tons | | | | | | | CrE------| 18 | 9 | 6 | 16 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.1 Crofton-Nora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CsD------| 36 | 17 | 11 | 29 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 4.2 Crofton- | | | | | | | Shindler | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DcA------| 106 | 40 | 38 | 71 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 12.2 Davis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DcB------| 99 | 38 | 36 | 67 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 11.4 Davis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DcC------| 86 | 34 | 31 | 60 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 9.8 Davis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dd------| 82 | 28 | 28 | 50 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 8.7 Davison- | | | | | | | Crossplain | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DeA------| 44 | 22 | 16 | 38 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 5.0 Delmont-Enet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DeB------| 40 | 21 | 15 | 36 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 4.6 Delmont-Enet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DgC------| 15 | 11 | 6 | 19 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.7 Delmont-Talmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DgD------| 6 | 7 | 3 | 11 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.7 Delmont-Talmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DmA------| 73 | 32 | 27 | 56 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 8.4 Dempster | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DmB------| 64 | 31 | 23 | 52 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 7.3 Dempster | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DtB------| 49 | 25 | 18 | 43 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 5.7 Dempster-Talmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dw------| 86 | 30 | 31 | 52 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 9.8 Dimo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB------| 93 | 36 | 34 | 64 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 10.7 Dobalt | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DyA------| 103 | 39 | 37 | 69 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 11.8 Dobalt-Bonilla | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EaB------| 80 | 34 | 29 | 59 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 8.5 Egan-Ethan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EeB------| 87 | 36 | 31 | 63 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 9.2 Egan-Ethan- | | | | | | | Trent | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EfA------| 99 | 40 | 37 | 70 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 10.5 Egan-Trent | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 239

Table 6.--Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | | | | | | | map symbol | Corn |Spring wheat | Soybeans | Oats | Alfalfa hay | Bromegrass- | Corn silage ______| | | | | | alfalfa | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* | Tons | | | | | | | EgB------| 93 | 38 | 35 | 67 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 9.9 Egan- | | | | | | | Wentworth- | | | | | | | Trent | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EnA------| 59 | 28 | 22 | 48 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 6.8 Enet | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EoA------| 71 | 29 | 26 | 50 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 8.1 Enet-Dimo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EpD------| 32 | 16 | 11 | 28 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.4 Ethan-Betts | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EsE. | | | | | | | Ethan-Clarno | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EtD------| 40 | 19 | 14 | 34 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 4.2 Ethan-Clarno | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EuC------| 64 | 28 | 23 | 49 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 6.7 Ethan-Egan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ExC------| 34 | 14 | 12 | 25 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 3.5 Ethan-Egan | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FaA------| 87 | 35 | 32 | 61 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 10.3 Flandreau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FaB------| 81 | 33 | 30 | 58 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 9.3 Flandreau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FtB------| 73 | 30 | 27 | 53 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 8.4 Flandreau- | | | | | | | Thurman | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| 99 | 39 | 36 | 68 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 11.4 Graceville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsB------| 97 | 38 | 35 | 67 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 11.1 Grovena | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GvA------| 106 | 40 | 38 | 71 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 12.1 Grovena-Bonilla| | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoB------| 86 | 34 | 31 | 60 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 9.8 Houdek | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsC------| 68 | 28 | 24 | 50 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 7.8 Houdek-Shindler| | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsD------| 47 | 21 | 16 | 37 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 5.4 Houdek-Shindler| | | | | | | | | | | | | | HtD------| 31 | 15 | 11 | 26 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 3.5 Houdek-Talmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuA------| 92 | 38 | 34 | 66 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 9.8 Huntimer | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 240 Soil Survey of

Table 6.--Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | | | | | | | map symbol | Corn |Spring wheat | Soybeans | Oats | Alfalfa hay | Bromegrass- | Corn silage ______| | | | | | alfalfa | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* | Tons | | | | | | | HuB------| 84 | 35 | 31 | 61 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 8.9 Huntimer | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IhA------| 79 | 34 | 29 | 59 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 9.0 Ihlen | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IrB: | | | | | | | Ihlen------| 52 | 22 | 19 | 39 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 6.0 | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IrE: | | | | | | | Ihlen------| 26 | 12 | 10 | 21 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 3.0 | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ja------| 75 | 31 | 27 | 55 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 8.6 Janude | | | | | | | | | | | | | | La------| 80 | 26 | 25 | 45 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 9.2 Lamo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lb------| 40 | 7 | 12 | 11 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 4.6 Lamo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M-W. | | | | | | | Miscellaneous | | | | | | | water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdB------| 103 | 39 | 37 | 69 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 11.8 Moody | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MgA------| 58 | 22 | 21 | 38 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 6.7 Moody-Gayville | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB------| 101 | 39 | 36 | 69 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 11.6 Moody-Nora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnC------| 90 | 36 | 32 | 63 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 10.3 Moody-Nora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MtA------| 112 | 43 | 40 | 75 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 12.9 Moody-Trent | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NcC------| 76 | 31 | 26 | 54 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 8.7 Nora-Crofton | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ob------| 29 | 3 | 9 | 5 | --- | 1.0 | 3.3 Obert | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Og------| 6 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.7 Orthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Or------| 55 | 24 | 18 | 41 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 6.3 Orthents | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ow------| 15 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.7 Orthents- | | | | | | | Aquents | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 241

Table 6.--Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | | | | | | | map symbol | Corn |Spring wheat | Soybeans | Oats | Alfalfa hay | Bromegrass- | Corn silage ______| | | | | | alfalfa | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* | Tons | | | | | | | Pt. | | | | | | | Pits, quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sa------| 36 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 3.8 Salmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdE------| 23 | 12 | 8 | 21 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.6 Shindler-Houdek| | | | | | | | | | | | | | SnE------| 12 | 7 | 4 | 12 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 Shindler-Talmo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SpA------| 106 | 40 | 38 | 71 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 12.2 Splitrock | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SpB------| 96 | 37 | 34 | 65 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 11.0 Splitrock | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SsF------| 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.5 Steinauer- | | | | | | | Shindler | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TdE------| 2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.3 Talmo-Delmont | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Te------| 60 | 13 | 22 | 23 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 6.3 Tetonka | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TfC------| 51 | 23 | 19 | 41 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 5.9 Thurman- | | | | | | | Flandreau | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TgD------| 45 | 20 | 16 | 36 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 5.8 Thurman-Grovena| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tr------| 114 | 43 | 41 | 76 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 13.1 Trent | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa------| 92 | 30 | 30 | 53 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 10.6 Wakonda- | | | | | | | Chancellor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcA------| 93 | 35 | 33 | 61 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 9.8 Wentworth- | | | | | | | Chancellor- | | | | | | | Wakonda | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WhA------| 101 | 41 | 37 | 72 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 10.7 Wentworth-Trent| | | | | | | | | | | | | | WhB------| 95 | 39 | 54 | 68 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 10.1 Wentworth-Trent| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wk------| 96 | 31 | 34 | 55 | 2.5 | 4.4 | 11.0 Whitewood | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wo------| 30 | 4 | 11 | 7 | --- | 0.6 | 3.2 Worthing | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

See footnote at end of table. 242 Soil Survey of

Table 6.--Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued ______| | | | | | | Soil name and | | | | | | | map symbol | Corn |Spring wheat | Soybeans | Oats | Alfalfa hay | Bromegrass- | Corn silage ______| | | | | | alfalfa | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | AUM* | Tons | | | | | | | Wr------| 53 | 15 | 18 | 25 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 5.6 Worthing- | | | | | | | Davison | | | | | | | ______| | | | | | |

* Animal unit month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days. Minnehaha County, South Dakota 243

Table 7.--Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not considered prime farmland. If a soil is prime farmland only under certain conditions, the conditions are specified in parentheses after the soil name)

______| Map | Soil name ______symbol | | AcA |Alcester silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes AcB |Alcester silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Ar |Arlo loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where drained) BcA |Benclare-Corson complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes BfA |Blendon fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes BhB |Blendon-Henkin fine sandy loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes Bo |Bon loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Cb |Chancellor silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where drained) Cc |Chancellor-Tetonka complex, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where drained) Cd |Chaska loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained) Cm |Clamo silty clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where drained) CoB |Corson silty clay, 2 to 6 percent slopes DcA |Davis loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes DcB |Davis loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Dd |Davison-Crossplain clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained) DeA |Delmont-Enet loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where irrigated) DeB |Delmont-Enet loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes (where irrigated) DmA |Dempster silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes DmB |Dempster silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Dw |Dimo clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes DxB |Dobalt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes DyA |Dobalt-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes EaB |Egan-Ethan complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes EeB |Egan-Ethan-Trent complex, 1 to 6 percent slopes EfA |Egan-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes EgB |Egan-Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes EnA |Enet loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, rarely flooded EoA |Enet-Dimo complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes FaA |Flandreau loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes FaB |Flandreau loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes FtB |Flandreau-Thurman complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes GrA |Graceville silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes GsB |Grovena loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes GvA |Grovena-Bonilla loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes HoB |Houdek clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes HuA |Huntimer silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes HuB |Huntimer silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes IhA |Ihlen silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Ja |Janude fine sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes La |Lamo silty clay loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where drained) MdB |Moody silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes MnB |Moody-Nora silty clay loams, 2 to 6 percent slopes MtA |Moody-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes SpA |Splitrock silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes SpB |Splitrock silty clay loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes Te |Tetonka silt loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes (where drained) Tr |Trent silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes Wa |Wakonda-Chancellor silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained) WcA |Wentworth-Chancellor-Wakonda silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes WhA |Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 0 to 2 percent slopes WhB |Wentworth-Trent silty clay loams, 1 to 6 percent slopes Wk |Whitewood silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes (where drained) ______| 244 Soil Survey of

Table 8.--Rangeland Characteristic Vegetation and Productivity

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table)

______| | Potential annual production Range site, soil name, |______Potential natural plant community | for kind of growing season and map symbols | | | | | ______| Common plant name |Composition| Favorable | Average | Unfavorable | | Pct | Lb/acre | Lb/acre | Lb/acre | | | | | Clayey------|Little bluestem------| 30 | 4,000 | 3,300 | 2,300 Corson: BcA, CoB, CoC, |Big bluestem------| 20 | | | CpC |Needlegrasses------| 20 | | | |Western wheatgrass------| 5 | | | |Sideoats grama------| 5 | | | |Blue grama------| 5 | | | |Bluegrasses------| 5 | | | |Sedges------| 5 | | | |Climax forbs------| 5 | | | | | | | | Limy Subirrigated------|Little bluestem------| 40 | 5,300 | 4,400 | 3,100 Davison: Dd, Wr |Big bluestem------| 20 | | | Wakonda: Wa, WcA |Porcupinegrass------| 10 | | | |Switchgrass------| 10 | | | |Indiangrass------| 5 | | | |Sideoats grama------| 5 | | | |Sedges------| 5 | | | |Forbs------| 5 | | | | | | | | Loamy Overflow------|Big bluestem------| 55 | 5,600 | 4,800 | 3,300 Alcester: AcA |Switchgrass------| 10 | | | Benclare: BcA |Forbs------| 10 | | | Bon: Bo |Little bluestem------| 10 | | | Bonilla: DyA, GvA |Indiangrass------| 5 | | | Chancellor: Cb, Cc, Wa, |Sideoats grama------| 5 | | | WcA |Shrubs------| 5 | | | Crossplain: Dd | | | | | Davis: DcA | | | | | Dimo: Dw, EoA | | | | | Enet: EnA, EoA | | | | | Trent: EeB, EfA, EgB, | | | | | MtA, Tr, WhA, WhB | | | | | Whitewood: Wk | | | | | | | | | | Saline Lowland------|Cordgrasses------| 60 | 4,200 | 3,800 | 3,000 Gayville: MgA |Nuttall alkaligrass------| 15 | | | |Inland saltgrass------| 10 | | | |Western wheatgrass------| 5 | | | |Sedges------| 5 | | | |Forbs------| 5 | | | | | | | | Saline Subirrigated------|Little bluestem------| 45 | 5,300 | 4,600 | 3,100 Salmo: Sa |Big bluestem------| 20 | | | |Indiangrass------| 10 | | | |Switchgrass------| 10 | | | |Bluegrass------| 5 | | | |Sedges------| 5 | | | |Forbs------| 5 | | | | | | | | Sandy------|Big bluestem or sand bluestem| 30 | 4,100 | 3,400 | 2,300 Blendon: BfA, BhB |Little bluestem------| 20 | | | Henkin: BhB, CpC |Prairie sandreed------| 10 | | | Janude: Ja |Porcupinegrass------| 10 | | | Thurman: FtB, TfC, TgD |Needleandthread------| 10 | | | |Sideoats grama------| 5 | | | |Switchgrass------| 5 | | | |Sedges------| 5 | | | |Forbs------| 5 | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 245

Table 8.--Rangeland Characteristic Vegetation and Productivity--Continued ______| | Potential annual production Range site, soil name, |______Potential natural plant community | for kind of growing season and map symbols | | | | | ______| Common plant name |Composition| Favorable | Average | Unfavorable | | Pct | Lb/acre | Lb/acre | Lb/acre | | | | | Shallow Marsh------|Reedgrasses------| 35 | 7,500 | 6,800 | 5,400 Baltic: Ba |Slough sedge------| 35 | | | Worthing: Wo, Wr |Prairie cordgrass------| 10 | | | |Forbs------| 10 | | | |Common spikesedge------| 5 | | | |Cattail and bulrushes------| 5 | | | | | | | | Shallow to Gravel------|Needleandthread------| 30 | 3,100 | 2,600 | 1,500 Delmont: DeA, DeB, DgC, |Little bluestem------| 15 | | | DgD, TdE |Sideoats grama------| 10 | | | |Plains muhly------| 10 | | | |Sedges------| 10 | | | |Blue grama and hairy grama---| 10 | | | |Prairie dropseed------| 5 | | | |Forbs------| 5 | | | |Shrubs------| 5 | | | | | | | | Silty------|Little bluestem------| 30 | 4,800 | 4,000 | 2,800 Alcester: AcB |Needlegrasses------| 20 | | | Clarno: EsE, EtD |Big bluestem------| 15 | | | Davis: DcB, DcC |Forbs------| 10 | | | Dempster: DmA, DmB, DtB |Shrubs------| 10 | | | Dobalt: DxB, DyA |Prairie dropseed------| 5 | | | Egan: EaB, EeB, EfA, |Switchgrass------| 5 | | | EgB, EuC, ExC |Indiangrass------| 5 | | | Enet: DeA, DeB | | | | | Flandreau: FaA, FaB, | | | | | FtB, TfC | | | | | Graceville: GrA | | | | | Grovena: GsB, GvA, TgD | | | | | Houdek: HoB, HsC, HsD, | | | | | HtD, SdE | | | | | Huntimer: HuA, HuB | | | | | Ihlen: IhA, IrB, IrE | | | | | Moody: MdB, MgA, MnB, | | | | | MnC, MtA | | | | | Nora: CrD, CrE, MnB, | | | | | MnC, NcC | | | | | Shindler: CsD, HsC, HsD,| | | | | SdE, SnE, SsF | | | | | Splitrock: SpA, SpB | | | | | Wentworth: EgB, WcA, | | | | | WhA, WhB | | | | | | | | | | Subirrigated------|Big bluestem------| 60 | 5,900 | 5,100 | 3,600 Arlo: Ar |Forbs------| 15 | | | Chaska: Cd, Ch |Indiangrass------| 5 | | | Lamo: La, Lb |Switchgrass------| 5 | | | |Little bluestem------| 5 | | | |Prairie cordgrass------| 5 | | | |Sedges------| 5 | | | | | | | | Thin Upland------|Little bluestem------| 30 | 3,800 | 3,100 | 2,100 Betts: BeE, EpD |Big bluestem------| 10 | | | Crofton: CrD, CrE, CsD, |Prairie dropseed------| 10 | | | NcC |Sideoats grama------| 10 | | | Ethan: BeE, EaB, EeB, |Forbs------| 10 | | | EpD, EsE, EtD, EuC, ExC|Shrubs------| 10 | | | Orthents: Or |Plains muhly------| 5 | | | Steinauer: SsF |Needleandthread------| 5 | | | |Green needlegrass------| 5 | | | |Porcupinegrass------| 5 | | | | | | | | 246 Soil Survey of

Table 8.--Rangeland Characteristic Vegetation and Productivity--Continued ______| | Potential annual production Range site, soil name, |______Potential natural plant community | for kind of growing season and map symbols | | | | | ______| Common plant name |Composition| Favorable | Average | Unfavorable | | Pct | Lb/acre | Lb/acre | Lb/acre | | | | | Very Shallow------|Needleandthread------| 30 | 2,600 | 2,200 | 1,300 Orthents: Og, Ow |Sedges------| 15 | | | Talmo: DgC, DgD, DtB, |Blue grama and hairy grama---| 15 | | | HtD, SnE, TdE |Plains muhly------| 10 | | | |Sideoats grama------| 10 | | | |Forbs------| 10 | | | |Shrubs------| 10 | | | | | | | | Wet Meadow------|Sedges------| 40 | 5,700 | 5,200 | 3,400 Tetonka: Cc, Te |Reedgrasses------| 20 | | | |Prairie cordgrass------| 15 | | | |Reed canarygrass------| 5 | | | |Western wheatgrass------| 5 | | | |Rushes------| 5 | | | |Bluegrasses------| 5 | | | |Forbs------| 5 | | | | | | | | Wetland------|Prairie cordgrass------| 70 | 6,700 | 6,100 | 4,900 Aquents: Ow |Reed canarygrass------| 5 | | | Clamo: Cm |Reedgrasses------| 5 | | | Obert: Ob |Canada wildrye------| 5 | | | |Switchgrass------| 5 | | | |Bluegrasses------| 5 | | | |Sedges------| 5 | | | ______| | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 247

Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings

(In Minnehaha County, none of the soils are assigned to windbreak suitability group 7. Dashes indicate that trees generally do not grow to the given height on the soils in that group)

______Windbreak |______Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- suitability group,| | | | | soil name, and map| <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ______symbols | | | | | | | | | | Group 1------|American |American plum, |Arnold hawthorn, |Golden willow, |Carolina poplar, Alcester: AcA | cranberrybush, | Amur honeysuckle,| Austrian pine, | green ash, | cottonwood, Bon: Bo | golden currant, | Amur maple, | Black Hills | hackberry, | northwest poplar, Bonilla: DyA, GvA| Hansen hedgerose,| caragana, | spruce, black | honeylocust, | robusta poplar, Davis: DcA | juneberry, false | chokecherry, | walnut, blue | Siberian larch, | Siberian elm, Dimo: Dw, EoA | indigo, Mongolian| common lilac, | spruce, boxelder,| silver maple, | Siouxland Janude: Ja | cherry, Nanking | European | bur oak, eastern | white poplar, | cottonwood. Trent: EeB, EfA, | cherry, Peking | cotoneaster, late| redcedar, | white willow. | EgB, MtA, Tr, | cotoneaster, | lilac, Manchurian| European | | WhA, WhB | redosier dogwood,| apricot, | birdcherry, | | | Russian almond, | nannyberry, | laurel willow, | | | skunkbush sumac, | sandbar willow, | littleleaf | | | western | sea-buckthorn, | linden, | | | sandcherry. | Siberian apricot,| Manchurian | | | | silver | crabapple, | | | | buffaloberry. | ponderosa pine, | | | | | Rocky Mountain | | | | | juniper, Russian-| | | | | olive, Scotch | | | | | pine, Siberian | | | | | crabapple, | | | | | Ussurian pear. | | | | | | | Group 1K------|Golden currant, |Amur honeysuckle, |Arnold hawthorn, |Golden willow, |Cottonwood, Chaska: Cd, Ch | Hansen hedgerose,| caragana, | bur oak, eastern | green ash, | Siberian elm. Davison: Dd, Wr | false indigo, | chokecherry, | redcedar, laurel | hackberry, | Wakonda: Wa, WcA | Russian almond. | common lilac, | willow, | honeylocust, | | | late lilac, | Manchurian | white poplar, | | | sandbar willow, | crabapple, | white willow. | | | sea-buckthorn, | ponderosa pine, | | | | silver | Rocky Mountain | | | | buffaloberry. | juniper, Russian-| | | | | olive. | | | | | | | Group 2------|American |Nannyberry, |Laurel willow, |Golden willow, |Carolina poplar, Chancellor: Cb, | cranberrybush, | Russian-olive. | white willow. | green ash. | cottonwood, Cc, Wa, WcA | false indigo, | | | | northwest poplar, Crossplain: Dd | redosier dogwood,| | | | robusta poplar, Whitewood: Wk | sandbar willow. | | | | Siouxland | | | | | cottonwood. | | | | | Group 2K------|Sandbar willow----|Russian-olive-----|Laurel willow, |Golden willow, |Cottonwood. Lamo: La, Lb | | | white willow. | green ash. | | | | | | 248 Soil Survey of

Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued ______Windbreak |______Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- suitability group,| | | | | soil name, and map| <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ______symbols | | | | | | | | | | Group 3------|False indigo, |American plum, |Austrian pine, |Honeylocust, | --- Alcester: AcB | golden currant, | Amur honeysuckle,| Black Hills | Siberian elm, | Clarno: EtD | Hansen hedgerose,| Amur maple, | spruce, black | silver maple. | Davis: DcB, DcC | juneberry, late | Arnold hawthorn, | walnut, blue | | Dobalt: DxB, DyA | lilac, Mongolian | caragana, | spruce, boxelder,| | Egan: EaB, EeB, | cherry, Nanking | chokecherry, | bur oak, European| | EfA, EgB, EuC, | cherry, Peking | common lilac, | birdcherry, green| | ExC | cotoneaster, | eastern redcedar,| ash, hackberry, | | Flandreau: FaA, | redosier dogwood,| European | littleleaf | | FaB, FtB, TfC | Russian almond, | cotoneaster, | linden, | | Graceville: GrA | sandbar willow, | Manchurian | Manchurian | | Grovena: GsB, | skunkbush sumac, | apricot, | crabapple, | | GvA, TgD | western | nannyberry, Rocky| ponderosa pine, | | Houdek: HoB, HsC,| sandcherry. | Mountain juniper,| Russian-olive, | | HsD, HtD | | sea-buckthorn, | Scotch pine, | | Huntimer: HuA, | | Siberian apricot,| Siberian | | HuB | | silver | crabapple, | | Moody: MdB, MgA, | | buffaloberry. | Siberian larch, | | MnB, MnC, MtA | | | Ussurian pear, | | Nora: CrD, MnB, | | | white poplar. | | MnC, NcC | | | | | Splitrock: SpA, | | | | | SpB | | | | | Wentworth: EgB, | | | | | WcA, WhA, WhB | | | | | | | | | | Groups 4 and 4C---|American plum, |Arnold hawthorn, |Black Hills |Siberian elm------| --- Benclare: BcA | Amur honeysuckle,| chokecherry, | spruce, blue | | Corson: BcA, CoB,| caragana, common | eastern redcedar,| spruce, bur oak, | | CoC, CpC | lilac, European | Manchurian | green ash, | | | cotoneaster, | apricot, | hackberry, | | | golden currant, | Manchurian | ponderosa pine, | | | Hansen hedgerose,| crabapple, | Russian-olive, | | | juneberry, late | nannyberry, Rocky| Scotch pine. | | | lilac, Mongolian | Mountain juniper,| | | | cherry, Nanking | sea-buckthorn, | | | | cherry, Peking | Siberian apricot,| | | | cotoneaster, | Siberian | | | | Russian almond, | crabapple. | | | | silver | | | | | buffaloberry, | | | | | skunkbush sumac. | | | | | | | | | Group 5------|American plum, |Amur maple, Arnold|Black Hills |Siberian elm------| --- Blendon: BfA, BhB| Amur honeysuckle,| hawthorn, | spruce, blue | | Henkin: BhB, CpC | European | caragana, | spruce, bur oak, | | Thurman: FtB, | cotoneaster, | chokecherry, | green ash, | | TfC, TgD | golden currant, | common lilac, | hackberry, | | | Hansen hedgerose,| eastern redcedar,| honeylocust, | | | Mongolian cherry,| Manchurian | Manchurian | | | Nanking cherry, | apricot, | crabapple, | | | Peking | nannyberry, Rocky| ponderosa pine, | | | cotoneaster, | Mountain juniper,| Russian-olive, | | | Russian almond, | Siberian apricot,| Scotch pine, | | | sea-buckthorn, | Ussurian pear. | Siberian | | | silver | | crabapple, | | | buffaloberry, | | Siberian larch. | | | skunkbush sumac, | | | | | western | | | | | sandcherry. | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 249

Table 9.--Windbreaks and Environmental Plantings--Continued ______Windbreak |______Trees having predicted 20-year average height, in feet, of-- suitability group,| | | | | soil name, and map| <8 | 8-15 | 16-25 | 26-35 | >35 ______symbols | | | | | | | | | | Groups 6D and 6G--|Caragana, |Arnold hawthorn, |Green ash, |Siberian elm------| --- Delmont: DeA, | chokecherry, | eastern redcedar,| honeylocust, | | DeB, DgC | common lilac, | hackberry, | ponderosa pine, | | Dempster: DmA, | Hansen hedgerose,| Manchurian | Scotch pine. | | DmB, DtB | Peking | crabapple, Rocky | | | Enet: DeA, DeB, | cotoneaster, | Mountain juniper,| | | EnA, EoA | silver | Russian-olive, | | | Ihlen: IhA, IrB, | buffaloberry, | Siberian | | | IrE | skunkbush sumac, | crabapple. | | | | western | | | | | sandcherry. | | | | | | | | | Group 8------|Amur honeysuckle, |Eastern redcedar, |Green ash, | --- | --- Betts: EpD | caragana, common | hackberry, Rocky | honeylocust, | | Crofton: CrD, | lilac, golden | Mountain juniper,| ponderosa pine, | | CsD, NcC | currant, Peking | Russian-olive. | Siberian elm. | | Ethan: EaB, EeB, | cotoneaster, sea-| | | | EpD, EtD, EuC | buckthorn, silver| | | | Orthents: Or | buffaloberry, | | | | Shindler: CsD, | skunkbush sumac. | | | | HsC, HsD | | | | | | | | | | Group 9W------|Caragana, common |Eastern redcedar, | --- | --- | --- Gayville: MgA | lilac, golden | green ash, | | | | currant, silver | ponderosa pine, | | | | buffaloberry, | Rocky Mountain | | | | skunkbush sumac. | juniper, Russian-| | | | | olive, Siberian | | | | | elm. | | | | | | | | Group 10------| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- Aquents: Ow | | | | | Arlo: Ar | | | | | Baltic: Ba, Bb | | | | | Betts: BeE | | | | | Clarno: EsE | | | | | Clamo: Cm | | | | | Crofton: CrE | | | | | Delmont: DgD, TdE| | | | | Ethan: BeE, EsE, | | | | | ExC | | | | | Houdek: SdE | | | | | Nora: CrE | | | | | Obert: Ob | | | | | Orthents: Og, Ow | | | | | Pits: Pt | | | | | Rock outcrop: | | | | | IrB, IrE | | | | | Salmo: Sa | | | | | Shindler: SdE, | | | | | SnE, SsF | | | | | Steinauer: SsF | | | | | Talmo: DgC, DgD, | | | | | DtB, HtD, SnE, | | | | | TdE | | | | | Tetonka: Cc, Te | | | | | Worthing: Wo, Wr | | | | | ______| | | | | 250 Soil Survey of

Table 10.--Recreational Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | AcA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Alcester | flooding. | | | | | | | AcB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Alcester | | | slope. | | | | | Ar------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Arlo | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Ba, Bb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Baltic | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | BcA: | | | | Benclare------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Corson------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | too clayey. | | | | BeE: | | | | Betts------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | BfA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Blendon | | | | | | | | BhB: | | | | Blendon------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Henkin------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | | Bo------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Bon | flooding. | | flooding. | | | | | Cb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chancellor | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | Cc: | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | Tetonka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | Cd------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chaska | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Ch------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Chaska | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 251

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | Cm------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Clamo | flooding, | wetness, | too clayey, | wetness, | too clayey. | too clayey. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | CoB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Corson | too clayey. | too clayey. | slope, | too clayey. | | | too clayey. | | | | | CoC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Corson | too clayey. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey. | | | | CpC: | | | | Corson------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | too clayey. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey. | | | | Henkin------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | CrD: | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | CrE: | | | | Crofton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | | | | Nora------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | CsD: | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | | | | Shindler------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | DcA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Davis | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | DcB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Davis | | | slope. | | | | | DcC------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. Davis | | | slope. | | | | | Dd: | | | | Davison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | Crossplain------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | DeA: | | | | Delmont------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Enet------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | 252 Soil Survey of

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | DeB: | | | | Delmont------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Enet------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | DgC: | | | | Delmont------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Talmo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | | | small stones. | | | | | DgD: | | | | Delmont------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Talmo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | DmA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Dempster | | | | | | | | DmB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Dempster | | | slope. | | | | | DtB: | | | | Dempster------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Talmo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | Dw------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Dimo | flooding. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | DxB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Dobalt | | | slope. | | | | | DyA: | | | | Dobalt------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Bonilla------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | EaB: | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Ethan------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | EeB: | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Ethan------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 253

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | EfA: | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | EgB: | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Wentworth------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | EnA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Enet | flooding. | | | | | | | EoA: | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | flooding. | | | | | | | Dimo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | flooding. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | | | flooding. | | | | | EpD: | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Betts------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | EsE: | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | large stones, | large stones, | | | slope. | slope. | | | | Clarno------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | | | | | EtD: | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Clarno------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | EuC: | | | | Ethan------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | ExC: | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | large stones. | | | slope. | | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | 254 Soil Survey of

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | FaA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Flandreau | | | | | | | | FaB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Flandreau | | | slope. | | | | | FtB: | | | | Flandreau------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Thurman------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | GrA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Graceville | wetness. | | | | | | | GsB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Grovena | | | slope. | | | | | GvA: | | | | Grovena------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Bonilla------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | HoB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Houdek | | | slope. | | | | | HsC: | | | | Houdek------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Shindler------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | HsD: | | | | Houdek------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Shindler------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | HtD: | | | | Houdek------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Talmo------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | | | | HuA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Huntimer | | | | | | | | HuB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Huntimer | | | slope. | | | | | IhA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Ihlen | | | | | | | | IrB: | | | | Ihlen------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope, | | | | depth to rock.| | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 255

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | IrB: | | | | Rock outcrop------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | | | IrE: | | | | Ihlen------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones. | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | | | Ja------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Janude | flooding. | | | | | | | La------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Lamo | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Lb------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: Lamo | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | flooding. | flooding. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | M-W. | | | | Miscellaneous water | | | | | | | | MdB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Moody | | | slope. | | | | | MgA: | | | | Moody------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Gayville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight. | flooding, | excess sodium.| excess sodium.| | excess sodium.| | | | | | | MnB: | | | | Moody------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Nora------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | MnC: | | | | Moody------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Nora------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | MtA: | | | | Moody------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | NcC: | | | | Nora------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Crofton------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Severe: | | | slope. | erodes easily. | | | | 256 Soil Survey of

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | Ob------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Obert | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding. | | flooding. | | | | | Og------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Orthents | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | Or------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. Orthents | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | Ow: | | | | Orthents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | Aquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding. | ponding. | small stones, | ponding. | | | ponding. | | | | | Pt------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pits, quarry | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| | | | | Sa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Salmo | flooding, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | excess salt. | flooding, | | excess salt. | | excess salt. | | | | | SdE: | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | SnE: | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | SpA------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. Splitrock | | | | | | | | SpB------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Splitrock | | | slope. | | | | | SsF: | | | | Steinauer------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | TdE: | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | | | small stones. | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 257

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | Te------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tetonka | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | TfC: | | | | Thurman------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Flandreau------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | TgD: | | | | Thurman------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Grovena------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Tr------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. Trent | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | Wakonda------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | WcA: | | | | Wentworth------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | Wakonda------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | WhA: | | | | Wentworth------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | WhB: | | | | Wentworth------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | | | slope. | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | wetness. | | wetness. | | | | | Wk------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Whitewood | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | | flooding. | | | | | Wo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Worthing | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | 258 Soil Survey of

Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds | Paths and ______and map symbol | | | | trails | | | | Wr: | | | | Worthing------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | Davison------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. ______| | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 259

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | AcA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor. Alcester | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | AcB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Alcester | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Ar------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair. Arlo | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ba------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Good |Good. Baltic | poor.| | | poor. | | poor.| poor.| | | | | | | | | | | Bb------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Good |Good. Baltic | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| | | | | | | | | | | BcA: | | | | | | | | | Benclare------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Corson------|Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | BeE: | | | | | | | | | Betts------|Very |Very |Fair |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Very |Very |Fair |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | BfA------|Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Blendon | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | BhB: | | | | | | | | | Blendon------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Henkin------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Bo------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor. Bon | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Cb------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair. Chancellor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc: | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair. | | | | | | | | | Tetonka------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Fair. | | | | poor. | | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | Cd------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair. Chaska | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------|Very |Very |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair. Chaska | poor.| poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cm------|Poor |Poor |Good |Very |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair. Clamo | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 260 Soil Survey of

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | CoB, CoC------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Corson | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | CpC: | | | | | | | | | Corson------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Henkin------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | CrD: | | | | | | | | | Crofton------|Very |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Nora------|Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | CrE: | | | | | | | | | Crofton------|Very |Very |Fair |Very |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Nora------|Very |Very |Good |Very |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | CsD: | | | | | | | | | Crofton------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Very |Poor |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DcA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Poor. Davis | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | DcB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very Davis | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DcC------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very Davis | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Dd: | | | | | | | | | Davison------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor. | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Crossplain------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair. | | | | | | | | | DeA: | | | | | | | | | Delmont------|Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Enet------|Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DeB: | | | | | | | | | Delmont------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Enet------|Fair |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 261

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | DgC: | | | | | | | | | Delmont------|Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DgD: | | | | | | | | | Delmont------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DmA------|Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Dempster | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DmB------|Fair |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Dempster | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DtB: | | | | | | | | | Dempster------|Fair |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Dw------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor. Dimo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Dobalt | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | DyA: | | | | | | | | | Dobalt------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EaB: | | | | | | | | | Egan------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EeB: | | | | | | | | | Egan------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EfA: | | | | | | | | | Egan------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | 262 Soil Survey of

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | EgB: | | | | | | | | | Egan------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EnA------|Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Enet | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EoA: | | | | | | | | | Enet------|Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Dimo------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor. | | | | | | | | | EpD: | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Betts------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EsE: | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Very |Very |Fair |Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor.| | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Clarno------|Very |Very |Good |Very |Poor |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor.| | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EtD: | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor.| | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Clarno------|Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | EuC: | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Egan------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | ExC: | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Very |Very |Fair |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Egan------|Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | FaA, FaB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Flandreau | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | FtB: | | | | | | | | | Flandreau------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Thurman------|Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 263

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | GrA------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Graceville | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | GsB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Grovena | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | GvA: | | | | | | | | | Grovena------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | HoB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Houdek | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | HsC: | | | | | | | | | Houdek------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Poor |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | HsD: | | | | | | | | | Houdek------|Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Very |Fair |Good |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | HtD: | | | | | | | | | Houdek------|Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | HuA, HuB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Good. Huntimer | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | IhA------|Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Ihlen | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | IrB: | | | | | | | | | Ihlen------|Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very | | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IrE: | | | | | | | | | Ihlen------|Poor |Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Good |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ja------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Poor. Janude | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | La------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Fair |Poor |Fair. Lamo | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lb------|Very |Very |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair. Lamo | poor.| poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 264 Soil Survey of

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | M-W. | | | | | | | | | Miscellaneous | | | | | | | | | water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Moody | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | MgA: | | | | | | | | | Moody------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Gayville------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor. | poor.| | | | | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | | | | | Moody------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Nora------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | MnC: | | | | | | | | | Moody------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Nora------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | MtA: | | | | | | | | | Moody------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | NcC: | | | | | | | | | Nora------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Crofton------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Ob------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair. Obert | poor.| | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Og------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Orthents | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Or------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Orthents | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Ow: | | | | | | | | | Orthents------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Aquents------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good. | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very Pits, quarry | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Sa------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Fair. Salmo | | | | poor. | | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 265

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | SdE: | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Very |Very |Good |Very |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Houdek------|Very |Very |Good |Very |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | SnE: | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Very |Very |Good |Very |Fair |Poor |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | SpA, SpB------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Splitrock | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | SsF: | | | | | | | | | Steinauer------|Very |Very |Fair |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Very |Very |Good |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | poor.| poor.| poor.| poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Delmont------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | poor.| poor. | | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Te------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair. Tetonka | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TfC: | | | | | | | | | Thurman------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Flandreau------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | TgD: | | | | | | | | | Thurman------|Poor |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Grovena------|Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Tr------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very Trent | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | | | | | Wakonda------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor. | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor. | | | | | | | | | 266 Soil Survey of

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued ______|______Potential for habitat elements Soil name and |Grain | |Native| |Native|Native| | | map symbol | and |Grasses|herba-|Planted|decid-|conif-|Native|Wetland|Shallow |seed | and | ceous| woody | uous | erous|shrubs|plants | water ______|crops |legumes|plants|plants |trees |plants| | | areas | | | | | | | | | WcA: | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor. | | | | | | | | | Wakonda------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor. | | | | | | | | poor. | | | | | | | | | | WhA, WhB: | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very | | | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | | | | | | | Wk------|Good |Good |Poor |Good |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Fair. Whitewood | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wo------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Good. Worthing | poor.| | | poor. | | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | Wr: | | | | | | | | | Worthing------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor |Very |Poor |Good |Good. | poor.| | | poor. | | poor.| | | | | | | | | | | | Davison------|Good |Good |Fair |Good |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Poor. | | | | | | | | poor. | ______| | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 267

Table 12.--Building Site Development

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | AcA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Alcester | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | AcB------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Alcester | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Ar------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Arlo | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | Ba, Bb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Baltic | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | shrink-swell, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | BcA: | | | | | Benclare------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | wetness. | | | | low strength. | | | | | Corson------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | | | | | low strength. | | | | | BeE: | | | | | Betts------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | BfA------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: Blendon | cutbanks cave.| | | | frost action. | | | | | BhB: | | | | | Blendon------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Henkin------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Bo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Bon | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | Cb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chancellor | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | | | | | Cc: | | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | | | | | 268 Soil Survey of

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | Cc: | | | | | Tetonka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | shrink-swell, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | Cd------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chaska | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | Ch------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Chaska | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | wetness. | | wetness. | | frost action. | | | | | Cm------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Clamo | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | | | | | CoB, CoC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Corson | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | | | | | low strength. | | | | | CpC: | | | | | Corson------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | | | | | low strength. | | | | | Henkin------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | CrD: | | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength. | | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength, | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | frost action. | | | | | CrE: | | | | | Crofton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Nora------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | CsD: | | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength. | | | | | Shindler------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | DcA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Davis | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 269

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | DcB, DcC------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Davis | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | Dd: | | | | | Davison------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | frost action. | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | | | | | | Crossplain------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | DeA: | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | DeB: | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | | | | | DgC: | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | | | | | DgD: | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | DmA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: Dempster | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | DmB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: Dempster | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | DtB: | | | | | Dempster------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | | | | | Dw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Dimo | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | wetness. | | wetness. | | flooding, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | 270 Soil Survey of

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | DxB------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Dobalt | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | DyA: | | | | | Dobalt------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | Bonilla------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | EaB: | | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Ethan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | EeB: | | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Ethan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | EfA: | | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | EgB: | | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Wentworth------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | EnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Enet | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 271

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | EoA: | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | | | | | Dimo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | wetness. | | wetness. | | flooding, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | EpD: | | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Betts------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | EsE: | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Clarno------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | EtD: | | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Clarno------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | EuC, ExC: | | | | | Ethan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | Egan------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | FaA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Flandreau | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. | | | | | FaB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Flandreau | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | FtB: | | | | | Flandreau------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | | | | | GrA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Graceville | cutbanks cave.| wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | 272 Soil Survey of

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | GsB------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: Grovena | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | GvA: | | | | | Grovena------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Severe: | | | | | frost action. | | | | | Bonilla------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | HoB------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Houdek | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | HsC: | | | | | Houdek------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | Shindler------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | HsD: | | | | | Houdek------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Shindler------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | HtD: | | | | | Houdek------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | HuA, HuB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Huntimer | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | | | | | low strength. | | | | | IhA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: Ihlen | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | low strength, | | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| frost action. | | | | | IrB: | | | | | Ihlen------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | low strength, | | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| frost action. | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | IrE: | | | | | Ihlen------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength, | | slope, | | | frost action. | | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 273

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | IrE: | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | | | | | Ja------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: Janude | wetness. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | La, Lb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Lamo | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | M-W. | | | | | Miscellaneous water | | | | | | | | | | MdB------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Moody | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | MgA: | | | | | Moody------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | Gayville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | low strength, | | | wetness. | | wetness, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | MnB, MnC: | | | | | Moody------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Nora------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | MtA: | | | | | Moody------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | NcC: | | | | | Nora------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Crofton------|Slight------|Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Severe: | | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | Ob------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Obert | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | ponding. | | | | | 274 Soil Survey of

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | Og------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Orthents | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Or------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: Orthents | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | | | | slope. | low strength. | | | | | Ow: | | | | | Orthents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Aquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | | | | | | | | | Pt------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Pits, quarry | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock.| slope. | | | | | Sa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Salmo | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | SdE: | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | SnE: | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | SpA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Splitrock | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | SpB------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: Splitrock | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | SsF: | | | | | Steinauer------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | | | | | slope. | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 275

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | cutbanks cave,| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Te------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Tetonka | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | shrink-swell, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | TfC: | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Moderate: |Slight. | cutbanks cave.| | | slope. | | | | | | Flandreau------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | cutbanks cave.| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | | | | slope. | | | | | | TgD: | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: | cutbanks cave.| slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Grovena------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Tr------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Trent | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | Wakonda------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | frost action. | | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | | | | | WcA: | | | | | Wentworth------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | wetness. | shrink-swell. | wetness, | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | shrink-swell. | | frost action. | | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | shrink-swell, | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | wetness. | | | | | Wakonda------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | low strength, | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | frost action. | | | | | 276 Soil Survey of

Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads and map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets ______| | basements | basements | buildings | | | | | | WhA: | | | | | Wentworth------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | frost action. | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | WhB: | | | | | Wentworth------|Slight------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | | | | slope. | frost action. | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | | frost action, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | Wk------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Whitewood | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | | | | | flooding. | | | | | Wo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: Worthing | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | shrink-swell, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | Wr: | | | | | Worthing------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: | ponding. | ponding, | ponding, | ponding, | shrink-swell, | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | Davison------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | frost action. | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. | ______| | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 277

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | AcA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Alcester | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | AcB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Alcester | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Ar------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Arlo | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | | | | | Ba, Bb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Baltic | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | BcA: | | | | | Benclare------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Corson------|Severe: |Slight------|Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | BeE: | | | | | Betts------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | BfA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Blendon | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | BhB: | | | | | Blendon------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | Henkin------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | thin layer. | | | | | Bo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Bon | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Cb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Chancellor | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | 278 Soil Survey of

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | Cc: | | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Tetonka------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | Cd------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Chaska | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | thin layer. | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Ch------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Chaska | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | thin layer. | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | Cm------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Clamo | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey, | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | CoB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Corson | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | CoC------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: Corson | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | CpC: | | | | | Corson------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey, | | | | | hard to pack. | | | | | Henkin------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | thin layer. | | slope. | | | | | | | | CrD: | | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | CrE: | | | | | Crofton------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | Nora------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | CsD: | | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 279

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | CsD: | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | DcA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Davis | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | | | | | wetness. | | | | | DcB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Davis | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | DcC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Davis | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | Dd: | | | | | Davison------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. | | | | | Crossplain------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | DeA, DeB: | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | DgC, DgD: | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | DmA, DmB------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dempster | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | DtB: | | | | | Dempster------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | 280 Soil Survey of

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | Dw------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Dimo | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | | | | | DxB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Dobalt | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | DyA: | | | | | Dobalt------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Bonilla------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | | EaB: | | | | | Egan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | EeB: | | | | | Egan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | | EfA: | | | | | Egan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | | EgB: | | | | | Egan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Wentworth------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | | EnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Enet | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | poor filter. | | wetness, | | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 281

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | EoA: | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | poor filter. | | wetness, | | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | Dimo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage, | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, | too sandy, | poor filter. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones. | | | | | EpD: | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Betts------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | EsE: | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Clarno------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | EtD: | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Clarno------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | EuC: | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | Egan------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | ExC: | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | Egan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | FaA, FaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Poor: Flandreau | poor filter. | seepage. | too clayey. | seepage. | thin layer. | | | | | FtB: | | | | | Flandreau------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | too clayey. | seepage. | thin layer. | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | 282 Soil Survey of

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | GrA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: Graceville | wetness. | seepage. | seepage. | wetness. | too clayey, | | | | | thin layer. | | | | | GsB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. Grovena | percs slowly. | seepage, | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | GvA: | | | | | Grovena------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. | percs slowly. | seepage. | | | | | | | | Bonilla------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | percs slowly. | wetness. | | | | | | | | HoB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Houdek | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | HsC: | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | HsD: | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | HtD: | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy, | | | | | small stones. | | | | | HuA------|Severe: |Slight------|Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Huntimer | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | HuB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Huntimer | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | IhA------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Ihlen | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | IrB: | | | | | Ihlen------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 283

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | IrE: | | | | | Ihlen------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock.| depth to rock,| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | Ja------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Good. Janude | flooding, | seepage. | seepage, | flooding, | | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | La, Lb------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Lamo | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | M-W. | | | | | Miscellaneous water | | | | | | | | | | MdB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Moody | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | MgA: | | | | | Moody------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Gayville------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | excess sodium. | percs slowly. | | excess sodium.| | | | | | | MnB: | | | | | Moody------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | MnC: | | | | | Moody------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | MtA: | | | | | Moody------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | | NcC: | | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight------|Slight------|Good. | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | | 284 Soil Survey of

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | Ob------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Obert | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | ponding, | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Og------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Orthents | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | Or------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: Orthents | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | Ow: | | | | | Orthents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | Aquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | ponding, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | poor filter. | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | Pt------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Pits, quarry | depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones. | | | | | Sa------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Salmo | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | SdE: | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | SnE: | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | SpA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Splitrock | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | | | | SpB------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Poor: Splitrock | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | hard to pack. | | slope. | | | | | | | | SsF: | | | | | Steinauer------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | | | | slope. | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 285

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | SsF: | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | too sandy, | | | too sandy. | | small stones. | | | | | Te------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Tetonka | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | TfC: | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | Flandreau------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage, | too clayey. | seepage. | thin layer. | | slope. | | | | | | | | TgD: | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | poor filter. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage, | | slope. | too sandy. | | too sandy. | | | | | Grovena------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | | | Tr------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: Trent | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | | W. | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | Wakonda------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | WcA: | | | | | Wentworth------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | 286 Soil Survey of

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued ______| | | | | Soil name | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon |Trench sanitary| Area sanitary | Daily cover and map symbol | absorption | areas | landfill | landfill | for landfill ______| fields | | | | | | | | | WcA: | | | | | Chancellor------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness, | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Wakonda------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair: | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey, | | | too clayey. | | wetness. | | | | | WhA: | | | | | Wentworth------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | | WhB: | | | | | Wentworth------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight------|Fair: | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey. | | slope. | | | | | | | | Trent------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair: | wetness. | seepage. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey. | | | | | Wk------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Whitewood | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | hard to pack, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | | Wo------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: Worthing | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | Wr: | | | | | Worthing------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor: | ponding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack, | | | | | ponding. | | | | | Davison------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair: | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey, | percs slowly. | | | | wetness. ______| | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 287

Table 14.--Construction Materials

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | AcA, AcB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Alcester | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Ar------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Arlo | wetness. | | | area reclaim, | | | | wetness. | | | | Ba, Bb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Baltic | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | BcA: | | | | Benclare------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | Corson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | BeE: | | | | Betts------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | Ethan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | BfA------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: Blendon | | | too sandy. | small stones. | | | | BhB: | | | | Blendon------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | | | too sandy. | small stones. | | | | Henkin------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | | | too sandy. | small stones. | | | | Bo------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Bon | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Cb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Chancellor | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Cc: | | | | Chancellor------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Tetonka------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | 288 Soil Survey of

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | Cd------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Chaska | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | | | | Ch------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Chaska | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too sandy, | | | | thin layer. | | | | Cm------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Clamo | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | CoB, CoC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Corson | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | CpC: | | | | Corson------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | Henkin------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | | | too sandy. | small stones. | | | | CrD: | | | | Crofton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Nora------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | slope. CrE: | | | | Crofton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Nora------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | CsD: | | | | Crofton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Shindler------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones, | | | | slope. | | | | DcA, DcB, DcC------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Davis | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Dd: | | | | Davison------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. | | | | Crossplain------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 289

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | DeA, DeB: | | | | Delmont------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Enet------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | DgC, DgD: | | | | Delmont------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Talmo------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | DmA, DmB------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Dempster | | | | area reclaim. | | | | DtB: | | | | Dempster------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Talmo------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Dw------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Dimo | wetness. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | DxB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Dobalt | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | DyA: | | | | Dobalt------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Bonilla------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | EaB: | | | | Egan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Ethan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. | | | | EeB: | | | | Egan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Ethan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. | | | | 290 Soil Survey of

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | EeB: | | | | Trent------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | EfA: | | | | Egan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Trent------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | EgB: | | | | Egan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | Wentworth------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Trent------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | EnA------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Enet | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | EoA: | | | | Enet------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Dimo------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | wetness. | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | EpD: | | | | Ethan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Betts------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | EsE: | | | | Ethan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Clarno------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones, | | | | slope. | | | | EtD: | | | | Ethan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 291

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | EtD: | | | | Clarno------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones, | | | | slope. | | | | EuC, ExC: | | | | Ethan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. | | | | Egan------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | FaA, FaB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Flandreau | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | FtB: | | | | Flandreau------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | Thurman------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair; | | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | thin layer. | | | | GrA------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Good. Graceville | | | | | | | | GsB------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Grovena | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | GvA: | | | | Grovena------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Bonilla------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | HoB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Houdek | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones. | | | | HsC: | | | | Houdek------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones. | | | | Shindler------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones. | | | | HsD: | | | | Houdek------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Shindler------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones, | | | | slope. | | | | 292 Soil Survey of

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | HtD: | | | | Houdek------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | large stones, | | | | slope. | | | | Talmo------|Good------|Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | HuA, HuB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Huntimer | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | low strength. | | | | | | | IhA------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Ihlen | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength. | | | too clayey. | | | | IrB: | | | | Ihlen------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength. | | | too clayey. | | | | Rock outcrop------|Poor: |Improbable: |Probable------|Poor: | depth to rock. | small stones. | | depth to rock, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | IrE: | | | | Ihlen------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock, | low strength. | | | too clayey, | | | | slope. | | | | Rock outcrop------|Poor: |Improbable: |Probable------|Poor: | depth to rock. | small stones. | | depth to rock, | | | | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Ja------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Janude | | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | La, Lb------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Lamo | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | M-W. | | | | Miscellaneous water | | | | | | | | MdB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Moody | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | MgA: | | | | Moody------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Gayville------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | excess salt, | | | | excess sodium. | | | | MnB, MnC: | | | | Moody------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 293

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | MnB, MnC: | | | | Nora------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | MtA: | | | | Moody------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Trent------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | NcC: | | | | Nora------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey. | | | | Crofton------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Ob------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Obert | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Og------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: Orthents | slope. | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Or------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Orthents | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength. | | | small stones. | | | | Ow: | | | | Orthents------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | slope. | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Aquents------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | wetness. | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Pt------|Poor: |Improbable: |Probable------|Poor: Pits, quarry | depth to rock, | small stones. | | depth to rock, | slope. | | | area reclaim, | | | | small stones. | | | | Sa------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Salmo | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | excess salt, | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | SdE: | | | | Shindler------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | Houdek------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | SnE: | | | | Shindler------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | 294 Soil Survey of

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | SnE: | | | | Talmo------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | slope. | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | SpA, SpB------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: Splitrock | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones. | | | | SsF: | | | | Steinauer------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | Shindler------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | slope. | | | | | | | TdE: | | | | Talmo------|Poor: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | slope. | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Delmont------|Fair: |Probable------|Probable------|Poor: | slope. | | | too sandy, | | | | small stones, | | | | area reclaim. | | | | Te------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Tetonka | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | TfC: | | | | Thurman------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | thin layer. | | | | Flandreau------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | thin layer. | | | | TgD: | | | | Thurman------|Good------|Probable------|Improbable: |Fair: | | | too sandy. | too sandy, | | | | thin layer, | | | | slope. | | | | Grovena------|Good------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope. | | | | Tr------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. Trent | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | W. | | | | Water | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | Wakonda------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Chancellor------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 295

Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued ______| | | | Soil name | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil ______and map symbol | | | | | | | | WcA: | | | | Wentworth------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Chancellor------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | low strength, | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | Wakonda------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | WhA, WhB: | | | | Wentworth------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Trent------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good. | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | | | | | Wk------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Whitewood | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Wo------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: Worthing | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Wr: | | | | Worthing------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor: | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | low strength, | | | wetness. | wetness. | | | | | | | Davison------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair: | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey, | | | | small stones. ______| | | | 296 Soil Survey of

Table 15.--Water Management

(The information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite investigation. See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence of an entry indicates that no rating is applicable)

______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | AcA------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Alcester | seepage. | piping, | | | | | | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | AcB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Alcester | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Ar------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Wetness, Arlo | seepage. | seepage, | frost action, | rooting depth,| too sandy. | rooting depth. | | piping, | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Ba, Bb------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Baltic | | hard to pack, | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | ponding, | erodes easily, | | ponding. | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | BcA: | | | | | | Benclare------|Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | Corson------|Slight------|Severe: |Deep to water |Slow intake, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. | | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | BeE: | | | | | | Betts------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | excess salt. | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | BfA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Too sandy, |Favorable. Blendon | seepage. | seepage, | | | soil blowing. | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | BhB: | | | | | | Blendon------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Favorable. | seepage. | seepage, | | soil blowing. | soil blowing. | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Henkin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty. | seepage. | piping. | | droughty. | | | | | | | | Bo------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Flooding------|Favorable------|Favorable. Bon | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Cb------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Chancellor | | hard to pack, | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Cc: | | | | | | Chancellor------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | hard to pack, | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Tetonka------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | hard to pack, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | ponding | erodes easily, | | ponding. | frost action. | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 297

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | Cd------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness. Chaska | seepage. | piping, | frost action, | flooding. | | | | wetness. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | Ch------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness------|Favorable. Chaska | seepage. | piping, | frost action, | flooding. | | | | wetness. | cutbanks cave.| | | | | | | | | Cm------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Clamo | | hard to pack, | flooding, | slow intake, | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | frost action. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | CoB, CoC------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. Corson | slope. | hard to pack. | | slow intake, | | | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | CpC: | | | | | | Corson------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Percs slowly---|Percs slowly. | seepage, | hard to pack. | | slow intake, | | | slope. | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | | | Henkin------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Soil blowing---|Droughty. | seepage. | piping. | | droughty. | | | | | | | | CrD, CrE: | | | | | | Crofton------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Nora------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | CsD: | | | | | | Crofton------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | erodes easily.| erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Slight------|Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | DcA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Davis | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | DcB, DcC------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Davis | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Dd: | | | | | | Davison------|Moderate: |Severe: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | excess salt. | wetness. | | | | | | | Crossplain------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | wetness. | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | DeA: | | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Droughty, |Too sandy------|Droughty, | seepage. | seepage. | | rooting depth.| | rooting depth. | | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Too sandy------|Favorable. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | 298 Soil Survey of

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | DeB: | | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy------|Droughty, | seepage. | seepage. | | droughty, | | rooting depth. | | | | rooting depth.| | | | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Too sandy------|Favorable. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | DgC: | | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy------|Droughty, | seepage. | seepage. | | droughty, | | rooting depth. | | | | rooting depth.| | | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy------|Droughty. | seepage. | seepage. | | droughty. | | | | | | | | DgD: | | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty, | too sandy. | droughty, | slope. | | | rooting depth.| | rooting depth. | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty. | too sandy. | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | DmA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Too sandy------|Favorable. Dempster | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | DmB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Too sandy------|Favorable. Dempster | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | DtB: | | | | | | Dempster------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Too sandy------|Favorable. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy------|Droughty. | seepage. | seepage. | | droughty. | | | | | | | | Dw------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Rooting depth. Dimo | seepage. | seepage, | frost action, | rooting depth,| too sandy. | | | wetness. | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | | | | | | | | DxB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Dobalt | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | DyA: | | | | | | Dobalt------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | EaB: | | | | | | Egan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 299

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | EeB: | | | | | | Egan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | EfA: | | | | | | Egan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | EgB: | | | | | | Egan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | EnA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Too sandy------|Favorable. Enet | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | EoA: | | | | | | Enet------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Too sandy------|Favorable. | seepage. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | Dimo------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness, |Rooting depth. | seepage. | seepage, | frost action, | rooting depth,| too sandy. | | | wetness. | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | | | | | | | | EpD: | | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Betts------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | excess salt. | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | EsE, EtD: | | | | | | Ethan------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Clarno------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | EuC, ExC: | | | | | | Ethan------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | hard to pack. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | 300 Soil Survey of

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | FaA------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Flandreau | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | FaB------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Flandreau | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | FtB: | | | | | | Flandreau------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty. | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty. | soil blowing. | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | GrA------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Favorable------|Favorable. Graceville | seepage. | thin layer, | | | | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | GsB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Grovena | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | GvA: | | | | | | Grovena------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | HoB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. Houdek | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | HsC: | | | | | | Houdek------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Moderate: |Slight------|Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | HsD: | | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Slight------|Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | HtD: | | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty. | too sandy. | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | HuA------|Slight------|Moderate: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily, Huntimer | | hard to pack. | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | HuB------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. Huntimer | slope. | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 301

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | IhA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Depth to rock |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, Ihlen | seepage, | thin layer. | | | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | depth to rock.| | | | | | | | | | | IrB: | | | | | | Ihlen------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Depth to rock, |Erodes easily, | seepage, | thin layer. | | depth to rock.| erodes easily.| depth to rock. | depth to rock,| | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | IrE: | | | | | | Ihlen------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | slope. | thin layer. | | depth to rock.| depth to rock,| erodes easily. | | | | | erodes easily.| depth to rock. | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | Ja------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Soil blowing---|Soil blowing---|Favorable. Janude | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | La, Lb------|Slight------|Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Lamo | | wetness. | frost action. | flooding. | wetness. | erodes easily. | | | | | | M-W. | | | | | | Miscellaneous water | | | | | | | | | | | | MdB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Moody | seepage, | thin layer. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | MgA: | | | | | | Moody------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | thin layer. | | | | | | | | | | Gayville------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Excess sodium, | seepage. | piping, | excess salt. | percs slowly, | wetness. | erodes easily, | | excess sodium.| | erodes easily.| | percs slowly. | | | | | | MnB, MnC: | | | | | | Moody------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | thin layer. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | MtA: | | | | | | Moody------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | thin layer. | | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | NcC: | | | | | | Nora------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Crofton------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | erodes easily.| | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | 302 Soil Survey of

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | Ob------|Moderate: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding------|Wetness. Obert | seepage. | ponding. | flooding, | flooding. | | | | | frost action. | | | | | | | | | Og------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Orthents | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty. | too sandy. | droughty, | slope. | | | | | rooting depth. | | | | | | Or------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Orthents | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Ow: | | | | | | Orthents------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty. | too sandy. | droughty, | slope. | | | | | rooting depth. | | | | | | Aquents------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Ponding, |Wetness, | seepage. | seepage, | cutbanks cave.| droughty. | too sandy. | droughty, | | ponding. | | | | rooting depth. | | | | | | Pt------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, Pits, quarry | depth to rock,| seepage. | | droughty, | depth to rock.| droughty, | slope, | | | depth to rock.| | depth to rock. | seepage. | | | | | | | | | | | Sa------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness------|Wetness, Salmo | seepage. | wetness. | frost action, | percs slowly, | | excess salt. | | | excess salt. | flooding. | | | | | | | | SdE: | | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Slight------|Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Houdek------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope------|Slope. | slope. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | SnE: | | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Slight------|Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty. | too sandy. | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | SpA------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Percs slowly---|Erodes easily |Erodes easily, Splitrock | seepage. | hard to pack. | | | | percs slowly. | | | | | | SpB------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Erodes easily |Erodes easily, Splitrock | seepage, | hard to pack. | | percs slowly. | | percs slowly. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | SsF: | | | | | | Steinauer------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping, | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | hard to pack. | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------|Severe: |Slight------|Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | | Talmo------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty. | too sandy. | droughty. | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 303

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | | Delmont------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage. | | droughty, | too sandy. | droughty, | slope. | | | rooting depth.| | rooting depth. | | | | | | Te------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Tetonka | | hard to pack, | percs slowly, | percs slowly, | ponding, | erodes easily, | | ponding. | frost action. | erodes easily.| percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | TfC: | | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Too sandy, |Droughty. | seepage. | seepage, | | droughty. | soil blowing. | | | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Flandreau------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Favorable------|Favorable. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | TgD: | | | | | | Thurman------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope, |Slope, |Slope, | seepage, | seepage, | | droughty. | too sandy, | droughty. | slope. | piping. | | | soil blowing. | | | | | | | Grovena------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Slope, |Slope, | slope. | piping. | | | erodes easily.| erodes easily. | | | | | | Tr------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. Trent | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | | Wakonda------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping, | | excess salt. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | hard to pack, | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | WcA: | | | | | | Wentworth------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------|Slight------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | hard to pack, | flooding, | percs slowly. | wetness, | erodes easily, | | wetness. | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Wakonda------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping, | | excess salt. | wetness. | | | wetness. | | | | | | | | | | WhA: | | | | | | Wentworth------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Favorable------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | 304 Soil Survey of

Table 15.--Water Management--Continued ______|______Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- Soil name |Pond reservoir | Embankments, | | | Terraces and | Grassed and map symbol | areas | dikes, and | Drainage | Irrigation | diversions | waterways ______| | levees | | | | | | | | | | WhB: | | | | | | Wentworth------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water |Slope------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage, | piping. | | | | | slope. | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water |Wetness------|Erodes easily |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | | | | | | | | | Wk------|Slight------|Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Whitewood | | wetness. | frost action. | flooding. | wetness. | erodes easily. | | | | | | Wo------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, Worthing | | hard to pack, | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | ponding, | erodes easily, | | ponding. | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Wr: | | | | | | Worthing------|Slight------|Severe: |Ponding, |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness, | | hard to pack, | percs slowly, | percs slowly. | ponding, | erodes easily, | | ponding. | frost action. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | | | | Davison------|Moderate: |Severe: |Frost action---|Wetness, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily. | seepage. | piping. | | excess salt. | wetness. | ______| | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 305

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties

(NP means nonplastic. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | AcA------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 10-25 Alcester | 8-50|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 10-25 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |50-80|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|75-100| 30-50 | 10-20 | | silt loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AcB------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 10-25 Alcester | 8-50|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 10-25 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |50-80|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ar------| 0-10|Loam------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|60-85 | 35-50 | 10-25 Arlo |10-30|Loam, sandy clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|90-100|60-95 |40-75 | 30-45 | 5-20 | | loam, clay loam.| SC, SM | A-7 | | | | | | | |30-80|Stratified loamy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-5 |60-100|40-95 |35-65 | 5-35 | 15-35 | NP-10 | | sand to very | GP-GM, | A-3 | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | SP-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ba------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 35-50 | 15-25 Baltic | 7-55|Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 50-70 | 20-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |55-80|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|65-95 | 35-70 | 15-35 | | clay loam, clay | MH, ML | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bb------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 35-50 | 15-25 Baltic | 7-38|Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 50-70 | 20-40 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |38-80|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|65-95 | 35-70 | 15-35 | | clay loam, clay | MH, ML | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA: | | | | | | | | | | | Benclare------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 45-60 | 20-35 | 8-31|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL, |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 45-65 | 15-35 | | silty clay. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |31-42|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL, |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 45-65 | 15-35 | | silty clay. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |42-80|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|80-100| 40-60 | 20-35 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Corson------| 0-6 |Silty clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-75 | 20-41 | 6-16|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |16-49|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |49-80|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 | | | | | | | | | | | BeE: | | | | | | | | | | | Betts------| 0-5 |Loam------|CL |A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|60-75 | 30-40 | 10-20 | 5-26|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-85 | 30-45 | 10-25 |26-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-85 | 30-45 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 | 28-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 306 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | BfA------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 | 0 | 100 |90-100|60-100|35-50 | 20-30 | NP-5 Blendon |12-28|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 100 |85-100|60-100|20-60 | 20-33 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-80|Fine sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|50-100|10-45 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | fine sand, loamy| SC-SM, SC| | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BhB: | | | | | | | | | | | Blendon------| 0-12|Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 | 0 | 100 |90-100|60-100|35-50 | 20-30 | NP-5 |12-28|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-2 | 0 | 100 |85-100|60-100|20-60 | 20-33 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-80|Fine sand, loamy |SP-SM, SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|50-100|10-45 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | fine sand, loamy| SC-SM, SC| | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Henkin------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-100|35-55 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | 9-25|Loam, sandy loam,|SM, SC, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-100|35-60 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | fine sandy loam.| ML, CL | | | | | | | | |25-46|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-4, A-2 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-90 |30-60 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |46-80|Stratified fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-5 |90-100|80-100|35-95 | 5-50 | 15-35 | NP-10 | | sand to clay | SP-SM, | A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bo------| 0-39|Loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |55-85 | 25-40 | 5-15 Bon |39-80|Stratified silty |ML, SM, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|75-95 |45-95 | 25-45 | 3-22 | | clay loam to | SC, CL | A-7 | | | | | | | | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cb------| 0-12|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-55 | 15-25 Chancellor | | | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |12-31|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 40-60 | 15-30 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|70-100| 35-55 | 15-25 | | clay loam, loam.| ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc: | | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------| 0-12|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-55 | 15-25 | | | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |12-31|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 40-60 | 15-30 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|70-100| 35-55 | 15-25 | | clay loam, loam.| ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tetonka------| 0-16|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-100| 27-50 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | |16-20|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 10-25 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |20-45|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-100| 40-70 | 15-35 | | clay loam. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |45-80|Clay loam, silty |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|80-100|55-95 | 30-60 | 11-30 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 307

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Cd------| 0-6 |Loam------|CL, ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|60-75 | 25-40 | 5-15 Chaska | 6-17|Stratified silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |60-75 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | loam to loamy | | | | | | | | | | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |17-80|Stratified silty |SM, ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |35-75 | 15-35 | NP-7 | | clay loam to | | | | | | | | | | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------| 0-6 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |60-75 | 30-36 | 11-15 Chaska | 6-17|Stratified silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |60-75 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | loam to loamy | | | | | | | | | | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | |17-80|Stratified silty |SM, ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |35-75 | 15-35 | NP-7 | | clay loam to | | | | | | | | | | | fine sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cm------| 0-8 |Silty clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|95-100|85-100| 50-75 | 25-40 Clamo | 8-25|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 45-75 | 20-40 | | silty clay, | MH, ML | | | | | | | | | | clay. | | | | | | | | | |25-60|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 45-75 | 20-40 | | silty clay. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |60-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 45-75 | 20-40 | | silty clay. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoB, CoC------| 0-6 |Silty clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-75 | 20-41 Corson | 6-16|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |16-49|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |49-80|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 | | | | | | | | | | | CpC: | | | | | | | | | | | Corson------| 0-8 |Silty clay------|CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-75 | 20-41 | 8-14|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |14-51|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 50-80 | 20-45 |51-80|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 35-80 | 12-45 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Henkin------| 0-9 |Fine sandy loam |SM, SC, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-100|35-55 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | 9-25|Loam, sandy loam,|SM, SC, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-100|35-60 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | fine sandy loam.| ML, CL | | | | | | | | |25-46|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-4, A-2 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|65-90 |30-60 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |46-80|Stratified fine |SM, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-5 |90-100|80-100|35-95 | 5-50 | 15-35 | NP-10 | | sand to clay | SP-SM, | A-1, A-3| | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrD, CrE: | | | | | | | | | | | Crofton------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 35-50 | 10-25 | 6-80|Silt loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|95-100|95-100| 30-50 | 5-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Nora------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 35-50 | 12-25 | 9-22|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 11-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |22-80|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|85-100| 27-50 | 6-20 | | clay loam. | ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CsD: | | | | | | | | | | | Crofton------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 35-50 | 10-25 | 6-80|Silt loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|95-100|95-100| 35-50 | 5-25 | | | | | | | | | | | 308 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | CsD: | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-45 | 10-20 | 8-14|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 |14-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 | | | | | | | | | | | DcA------| 0-8 |Loam------|CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |90-100|80-100|60-85 | 30-45 | 5-20 Davis | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | 8-47|Loam, silt loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |90-100|80-100|60-85 | 30-45 | 5-20 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |47-80|Loam, clay loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|55-90 | 30-45 | 5-20 | | silt loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DcB, DcC------| 0-8 |Loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|80-100|60-85 | 30-45 | 5-20 Davis | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | | 8-47|Loam, silt loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |90-100|80-100|60-85 | 35-45 | 10-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |47-80|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|55-90 | 30-45 | 10-20 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dd: | | | | | | | | | | | Davison------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-80 | 30-45 | 10-20 | 8-41|Loam, clay loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|45-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | sandy loam. | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |41-80|Loam, clay loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | | | | | | | | | | Crossplain------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-80 | 35-45 | 10-20 | 8-24|Clay loam, clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-90 | 40-55 | 15-30 |24-42|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 30-45 | 10-25 |42-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 30-45 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | DeA, DeB: | | | | | | | | | | | Delmont------| 0-8 |Loam------|CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-95 |60-75 | 28-40 | 8-20 | 8-15|Loam, fine sandy |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |80-100|70-100|50-100|35-70 | 20-40 | 5-18 | | loam, sandy | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |15-80|Sand, gravelly |SM, SW-SM,|A-1, A-2 | 0-5 |60-100|40-80 |15-50 | 3-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | loamy sand, | SC-SM, SW| | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Enet------| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |55-80 | 30-40 | 5-15 | 7-23|Loam, clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |45-75 | 30-40 | 5-15 | | sandy clay loam.| SC, SM | | | | | | | | |23-28|Loam, fine sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-95 |60-95 |40-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-80|Gravelly loamy |SW, SW-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 |60-95 |45-90 |10-60 | 0-15 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | sand, gravelly | SM, SC-SM| A-3 | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DgC, DgD: | | | | | | | | | | | Delmont------| 0-8 |Loam------|CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-95 |60-75 | 28-40 | 8-20 | 8-15|Loam, fine sandy |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |80-100|70-100|50-100|35-70 | 20-40 | 5-18 | | loam, sandy | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |15-80|Sand, gravelly |SM, SW-SM,|A-1, A-2 | 0-5 |60-100|40-80 |15-50 | 3-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | loamy sand, | SC-SM, SW| | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 309

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | DgC, DgD: | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|65-90 |35-90 |25-80 | 28-34 | 9-14 | 7-80|Extremely |GW, GM, |A-2, A-1 | 0-10 |40-95 |20-65 |15-35 | 0-35 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly sand, | SW, SM | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DmA, DmB------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 25-40 | 6-15 Dempster | 9-37|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 30-45 | 7-20 | | silt loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |37-80|Gravelly sand, |SM, SW, |A-2, A-1,| 0-5 |55-90 |30-75 |20-60 | 3-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly loamy | SW-SM, | A-3 | | | | | | | | | sand, very | GP-GM | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DtB: | | | | | | | | | | | Dempster------| 0-9 |Silt loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 25-40 | 6-15 | 9-37|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|75-95 | 30-45 | 7-20 | | silt loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |37-80|Gravelly sand, |SM, SW, |A-2, A-1,| 0-5 |55-90 |30-75 |20-60 | 3-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly loamy | SW-SM, | A-3 | | | | | | | | | sand, very | GP-GM | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|65-90 |35-90 |25-80 | 28-34 | 9-14 | 7-80|Extremely |GW, GM, |A-2, A-1 | 0-10 |40-95 |20-65 |15-35 | 0-35 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly sand, | SW, SM | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dw------| 0-7 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |70-85 | 35-45 | 12-20 Dimo | 7-39|Clay loam, loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|85-100|85-95 |50-80 | 35-45 | 12-20 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |39-80|Gravelly sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0-5 |60-90 |40-70 |20-60 | 5-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly loamy | SW-SM, | A-3 | | | | | | | | | sand, very | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB------| 0-8 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 30-40 | 7-15 Dobalt | 8-19|Loam, sandy clay |ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 25-40 | 3-15 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | | |19-29|Loam, sandy clay |ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 25-40 | 3-15 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | | |29-80|Loam, clay loam |CL, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |90-100|85-95 |80-90 |55-80 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | CH, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DyA: | | | | | | | | | | | Dobalt------| 0-8 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 30-40 | 7-15 | 8-19|Loam, sandy clay |ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 25-40 | 3-15 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | | |19-29|Loam, sandy clay |ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 25-40 | 3-15 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | | |29-80|Loam, clay loam |CL, ML, |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |90-100|85-95 |80-90 |55-80 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | CH, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 310 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | DyA: | | | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------| 0-11|Loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|75-100|50-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 |11-32|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|60-90 | 30-50 | 10-25 |32-45|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|40-90 | 30-45 | 10-22 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |45-80|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | 30-45 | 10-22 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EaB: | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 |10-28|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |28-43|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |43-80|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 | 28-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EeB: | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 |10-28|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |28-43|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |43-80|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 | 28-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |15-39|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 15-30 |39-46|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 8-25 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |46-52|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-50 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |52-80|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-45 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EfA: | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 |10-28|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |28-43|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |43-80|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |15-39|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 15-30 |39-46|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 8-25 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |46-52|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-50 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |52-80|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-45 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 311

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | EgB: | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 |10-28|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |28-43|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |43-80|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 11-25 |10-26|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |26-55|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|60-100| 30-50 | 5-25 | | silt loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |55-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |15-39|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 15-30 |39-46|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 8-25 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |46-52|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-50 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |52-80|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-45 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EnA------| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |55-80 | 30-40 | 5-15 Enet | 7-23|Loam, clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |45-75 | 30-40 | 5-15 | | sandy clay loam.| SC, SM | | | | | | | | |23-28|Loam, fine sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-95 |60-95 |40-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-80|Gravelly loamy |SW, SW-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 |60-95 |45-90 |10-60 | 0-15 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | sand, gravelly | SM, SC-SM| A-3 | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EoA: | | | | | | | | | | | Enet------| 0-7 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |55-80 | 30-40 | 5-15 | 7-23|Loam, clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |45-75 | 30-40 | 5-15 | | sandy clay loam.| SC, SM | | | | | | | | |23-28|Loam, fine sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-95 |60-95 |40-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | loam, sandy | SM, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |28-80|Gravelly loamy |SW, SW-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0 |60-95 |45-90 |10-60 | 0-15 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | sand, gravelly | SM, SC-SM| A-3 | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dimo------| 0-7 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |70-85 | 35-45 | 12-20 | 7-39|Clay loam, loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|85-100|85-95 |50-80 | 35-45 | 12-20 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | | |39-80|Gravelly sand, |SM, SP-SM,|A-1, A-2,| 0-5 |60-90 |40-70 |20-60 | 5-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly loamy | SW-SM, | A-3 | | | | | | | | | sand, very | SC-SM | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EpD: | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 | 28-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 312 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | EpD: | | | | | | | | | | | Betts------| 0-5 |Loam------|CL |A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|60-75 | 30-40 | 10-20 | 5-26|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-85 | 30-45 | 10-25 |26-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-85 | 30-45 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | EsE: | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |20-50 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |55-80 | 25-40 | 5-15 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|55-80 | 30-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-85 | 30-50 | 8-25 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Clarno------| 0-10|Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |20-50 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |55-85 | 25-40 | 5-15 |10-22|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-85 | 30-45 | 10-20 |22-44|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-85 | 30-45 | 10-20 |44-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-85 | 30-45 | 10-20 | | | | | | | | | | | EtD: | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 | 28-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Clarno------| 0-10|Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|55-85 | 25-40 | 5-20 |10-22|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-85 | 30-45 | 10-20 |22-44|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-85 | 30-45 | 10-20 |44-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-85 | 30-45 | 10-20 | | | | | | | | | | | EuC: | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-95 | 28-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 |10-28|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |28-43|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |43-80|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ExC: | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 |20-50 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |55-80 | 25-40 | 5-15 | 9-39|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|55-80 | 30-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | |39-80|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|50-85 | 30-50 | 8-25 | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 |10-28|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |28-43|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |43-80|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 313

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | FaA, FaB------| 0-7 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|65-95 | 25-40 | 5-20 Flandreau | 7-33|Silt loam, loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|65-95 | 30-45 | 5-20 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |33-39|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-70 |35-45 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |39-78|Loamy sand, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-75 |10-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | fine sand, fine | SW-SM | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |78-80|Loam, clay loam |CL-ML, CL |A-6, A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | | | | | | | | | | FtB: | | | | | | | | | | | Flandreau------| 0-7 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|65-95 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 7-33|Silt loam, loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|65-95 | 30-45 | 5-20 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |33-39|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-70 |35-45 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |39-78|Loamy sand, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-75 |10-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | fine sand, fine | SW-SM | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |78-80|Loam, clay loam |CL-ML, CL |A-6, A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | | | | | | | | | | Thurman------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |70-100|35-50 | 15-20 | NP-5 |10-31|Loamy fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 5-40 | 15-20 | NP-5 | | loamy sand, fine| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-80|Fine sand, sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-95 | 5-35 | 15-20 | NP-5 | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| 0-18|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 35-45 | 11-20 Graceville |18-52|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|70-90 | 30-45 | 8-20 | | silt loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |52-80|Gravelly sand, |SM, GW-GM,|A-1, A-2 | 0 |40-80 |30-70 |20-50 | 5-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly loamy | SW-SM, GM| | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsB------| 0-9 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-85 | 30-40 | 7-15 Grovena | 9-13|Loam, silt loam, |ML, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-85 | 30-45 | 8-17 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | |13-30|Loam, silt loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|45-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |30-36|Silt loam, loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|45-80 | 30-40 | 5-15 | | sandy loam. | SC, SM | | | | | | | | |36-80|Stratified sandy |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|50-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | loam to clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GvA: | | | | | | | | | | | Grovena------| 0-9 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-85 | 30-40 | 7-15 | 9-13|Loam, silt loam, |ML, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-85 | 30-45 | 8-17 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | |13-30|Loam, silt loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|45-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |30-36|Silt loam, loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|45-80 | 30-40 | 5-15 | | sandy loam. | SC, SM | | | | | | | | |36-80|Stratified sandy |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|50-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | loam to clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 314 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | GvA: | | | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------| 0-11|Loam------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|75-100|50-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 |11-32|Loam, clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|60-90 | 30-50 | 10-25 |32-45|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | 30-45 | 10-22 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |45-80|Loam, clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | 30-45 | 10-22 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoB------| 0-6 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 30-45 | 10-20 Houdek | 6-17|Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |17-33|Clay loam, loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |33-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | HsC, HsD: | | | | | | | | | | | Houdek------| 0-6 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 30-45 | 10-20 | 6-17|Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |17-33|Clay loam, loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |33-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-45 | 10-20 | 8-14|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 |14-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 | | | | | | | | | | | HtD: | | | | | | | | | | | Houdek------| 0-6 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 30-45 | 10-20 | 6-17|Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |17-33|Clay loam, loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |33-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|65-90 |35-90 |25-80 | 28-34 | 9-14 | 7-80|Extremely |GW, GM, |A-2, A-1 | 0-10 |40-95 |20-65 |15-35 | 0-35 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly sand, | SW, SM | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HuA, HuB------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 45-60 | 15-30 Huntimer | | | MH, ML | | | | | | | | | 7-18|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 45-70 | 20-35 | | silty clay. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |18-38|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 40-65 | 15-30 | | silty clay. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |38-80|Stratified very |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|95-100|85-100| 35-60 | 15-30 | | fine sandy loam | | | | | | | | | | | to silty clay | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IhA------| 0-11|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 34-50 | 10-25 Ihlen |11-25|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 15-25 |25-35|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 30-40 | 8-15 | 35 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IrB, IrE: | | | | | | | | | | | Ihlen------| 0-11|Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 34-50 | 10-25 |11-25|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 15-25 |25-35|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 30-40 | 8-15 | 35 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 315

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Ja------| 0-19|Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |75-90 |36-50 | 15-25 | NP-8 Janude |19-43|Loam, fine sandy |ML |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-95 |60-75 | 20-34 | NP-7 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |43-80|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |70-100|40-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | loam, silty clay| CL, SC | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | La, Lb------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-7, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 25-55 | 8-25 Lamo | | | | A-4 | | | | | | | | 7-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 30-55 | 11-25 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M-W. | | | | | | | | | | | Miscellaneous | | | | | | | | | | | water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdB------| 0-11|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 13-25 Moody |11-35|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 32-55 | 11-33 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |35-50|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | |50-80|Silt loam------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MgA: | | | | | | | | | | | Moody------| 0-11|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 13-25 |11-35|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 32-55 | 11-33 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |35-50|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | |50-80|Silt loam------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gayville------| 0-2 |Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 25-40 | 3-15 | 2-13|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 22-30 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | | |13-26|Silty clay loam |CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 30-45 | 8-20 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | |26-80|Loamy very fine |ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|70-95 | 15-40 | NP-20 | | sand, loam, clay| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB, MnC: | | | | | | | | | | | Moody------| 0-11|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 13-25 |11-35|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 32-55 | 11-33 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |35-50|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | |50-80|Silt loam------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nora------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 35-50 | 12-25 | 9-22|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 11-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |22-80|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|85-100| 27-50 | 6-20 | | clay loam. | ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 316 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | MtA: | | | | | | | | | | | Moody------| 0-11|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-50 | 13-25 |11-35|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 32-55 | 11-33 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |35-50|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | |50-80|Silt loam------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-45 | 3-20 | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |15-39|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 15-30 |39-46|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 8-25 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |46-52|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-50 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |52-80|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-45 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NcC: | | | | | | | | | | | Nora------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 35-50 | 12-25 | 9-22|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 11-20 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |22-80|Silt loam, silty |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|95-100|95-100|85-100| 27-50 | 6-20 | | clay loam. | ML | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Crofton------| 0-6 |Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|95-100| 35-50 | 10-25 | 6-80|Silt loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|95-100|95-100| 30-50 | 5-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Ob------| 0-13|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-55 | 15-35 Obert |13-52|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 20-55 | 7-35 | | silt loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |52-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |80-100|75-95 | 25-45 | 7-25 | | silt loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Og------| 0-18|Gravelly sandy |SM, GM |A-4, A-2 | 0-5 |60-90 |50-80 |45-70 |25-50 | 20-35 | NP-7 Orthents | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |18-80|Gravelly loamy |SW, SW-SM,|A-1 | 0-10 |60-85 |45-70 |15-45 | 0-15 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | sand, gravelly | SM | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Or------| 0-6 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|80-95 |75-95 | 30-45 | 10-25 Orthents | 6-80|Loam, silt loam, |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|55-90 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ow: | | | | | | | | | | | Orthents------| 0-18|Gravelly sandy |SM, GM |A-4, A-2 | 0-5 |60-90 |50-80 |45-70 |25-50 | 20-35 | NP-7 | | loam. | | | | | | | | | |18-80|Gravelly loamy |SW, SW-SM,|A-1 | 0-10 |60-85 |45-70 |15-45 | 0-15 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | sand, gravelly | SM | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aquents------| 0-8 |Gravelly loam----|SM, GM |A-4, A-2 | 0-5 |60-90 |50-80 |45-70 |25-50 | 20-35 | NP-7 | 8-80|Gravelly loamy |SW, SW-SM,|A-1 | 0-10 |60-85 |45-70 |15-45 | 0-15 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | sand, gravelly | SM | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt------| 0-80|Unweathered |GP, GP-GM |A-1-a | 0-5 | 0-5 | 0-5 | 0-5 | 0-5 | --- | NP Pits, quarry | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 317

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Sa------| 0-17|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 30-50 | 10-25 Salmo |17-49|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-95 | 30-45 | 10-20 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |49-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, SM |A-6, A-4 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|50-80 | 20-40 | 5-15 | | clay loam, sandy| | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdE: | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-45 | 10-20 | 8-14|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 |14-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 | | | | | | | | | | | Houdek------| 0-6 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 30-45 | 10-20 | 6-17|Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |17-33|Clay loam, loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 35-50 | 10-25 |33-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|90-100|80-100|55-80 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | SnE: | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-45 | 10-20 | 8-14|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 |14-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|65-90 |35-90 |25-80 | 28-34 | 9-14 | 7-80|Extremely |GW, GM, |A-2, A-1 | 0-10 |40-95 |20-65 |15-35 | 0-35 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly sand, | SW, SM | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SpA, SpB------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 10-25 Splitrock | 9-34|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |34-51|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |51-80|Clay loam, loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|70-100|60-85 | 30-55 | 10-25 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SsF: | | | | | | | | | | | Steinauer------| 0-4 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|55-90 | 30-50 | 15-25 | 4-13|Clay loam------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|70-90 | 30-55 | 12-30 |13-80|Loam, clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|90-100|60-75 | 25-55 | 10-30 | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL, ML |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-45 | 10-20 | 8-14|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 |14-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-80 | 35-50 | 15-30 | | | | | | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|CL, SC |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|65-90 |35-90 |25-80 | 28-34 | 9-14 | 7-80|Extremely |GW, GM, |A-2, A-1 | 0-10 |40-95 |20-65 |15-35 | 0-35 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | gravelly sand, | SW, SM | | | | | | | | | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | sand, very | | | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 318 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | | | | | | | Delmont------| 0-8 |Loam------|CL |A-6, A-4 | 0 |90-100|90-100|80-95 |60-75 | 28-40 | 8-20 | 8-15|Loam, fine sandy |SC, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |80-100|70-100|50-100|35-70 | 20-40 | 5-18 | | loam, sandy | CL-ML, | | | | | | | | | | loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |15-80|Very gravelly |SM, SW-SM,|A-1, A-2 | 0-5 |60-100|40-80 |15-50 | 3-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | sand, very | SC-SM, SW| | | | | | | | | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | | | | sand, gravelly | | | | | | | | | | | sand. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Te------| 0-16|Silt loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-100| 27-50 | 8-20 Tetonka | | | | A-7 | | | | | | | |16-20|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 10-25 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |20-45|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-100| 40-70 | 15-35 | | clay loam. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |45-80|Clay loam, silty |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|80-100|55-95 | 30-60 | 11-30 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TfC: | | | | | | | | | | | Thurman------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |70-100|35-50 | 15-20 | NP-5 |10-31|Loamy fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 5-40 | 15-20 | NP-5 | | loamy sand, fine| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-80|Fine sand, sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-95 | 5-35 | 15-20 | NP-5 | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Flandreau------| 0-7 |Loam------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|65-95 | 25-40 | 5-20 | 7-33|Silt loam, loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|65-95 | 30-45 | 5-20 | | clay loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | |33-39|Sandy loam, fine |SM, SC, |A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|60-70 |35-45 | 15-30 | NP-10 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |39-78|Loamy sand, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-75 |10-30 | 15-25 | NP-5 | | fine sand, fine | SW-SM | | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |78-80|Loam, clay loam |CL-ML, CL |A-6, A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | | | | | | | | | | TgD: | | | | | | | | | | | Thurman------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM |A-4 | 0 | 100 | 100 |70-100|35-50 | 15-20 | NP-5 |10-31|Loamy fine sand, |SM, SP-SM |A-2, A-3,| 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100| 5-40 | 15-20 | NP-5 | | loamy sand, fine| | A-4 | | | | | | | | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-80|Fine sand, sand, |SP-SM, SM |A-3, A-2 | 0 | 100 | 100 |50-95 | 5-35 | 15-20 | NP-5 | | loamy fine sand.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grovena------| 0-9 |Loam------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-85 | 30-40 | 7-15 | 9-13|Loam, silt loam, |ML, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|60-85 | 30-45 | 8-17 | | silty clay loam.| | A-7 | | | | | | | |13-30|Loam, silt loam, |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|45-75 | 20-40 | 3-15 | | sandy loam. | SC-SM | | | | | | | | |30-36|Silt loam, loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|45-80 | 30-40 | 5-15 | | sandy loam. | SC, SM | | | | | | | | |36-80|Stratified sandy |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|50-80 | 25-40 | 5-15 | | loam to silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 319

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Tr------| 0-15|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-55 | 10-30 Trent | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |15-39|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 15-30 |39-46|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 8-25 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |46-52|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-50 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |52-80|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-45 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | | | | | | | Wakonda------| 0-13|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 30-50 | 10-25 |13-38|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 30-50 | 10-25 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |38-73|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-95 |60-90 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | clay loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | |73-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------| 0-12|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-55 | 15-25 | | | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |12-31|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 40-60 | 15-30 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|70-100| 35-55 | 15-25 | | clay loam, loam.| ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcA: | | | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 11-25 |10-26|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |26-55|Stratified silty |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|60-100| 30-50 | 5-25 | | clay loam to | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |55-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------| 0-12|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-55 | 15-25 | | | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |12-31|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 40-60 | 15-30 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |31-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |85-100|70-100| 35-55 | 15-25 | | clay loam, loam.| ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wakonda------| 0-13|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |90-100|85-100| 30-50 | 10-25 |13-38|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|90-100|85-100| 30-50 | 10-25 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | | |38-73|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-95 |60-90 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | clay loam, loam.| | | | | | | | | |73-80|Clay loam, loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-100|55-85 | 30-50 | 10-25 | | | | | | | | | | | WhA, WhB: | | | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 35-50 | 11-25 |10-30|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | silt loam. | MH, ML | | | | | | | | |30-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 | 100 |95-100|85-100|60-100| 30-50 | 5-25 | | silt loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 320 Soil Survey of

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued ______| | |______Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments |______sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity ______| | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | WhA, WhB: | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|Silty clay loam |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|90-100| 35-55 | 10-30 | | | ML, MH | | | | | | | | |15-39|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 35-55 | 15-30 |39-46|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|80-100| 30-50 | 8-25 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |46-52|Silt loam, silty |CL, ML |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-50 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | |52-80|Silt loam, silty |CL |A-6, A-7,| 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|70-100| 30-45 | 8-20 | | clay loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wk------| 0-10|Silty clay loam |ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 30-50 | 10-20 Whitewood |10-36|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-100| 35-55 | 15-30 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |36-50|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|80-95 | 35-55 | 15-30 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | | |50-80|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|75-95 | 35-55 | 15-30 | | clay loam, silt | | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wo------| 0-16|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 40-60 | 15-30 Worthing |16-46|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 50-70 | 22-35 |46-80|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-100| 40-65 | 15-30 | | clay loam, clay | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wr: | | | | | | | | | | | Worthing------| 0-16|Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 40-60 | 15-30 |16-46|Silty clay, clay |CH, MH |A-7 | 0 | 100 | 100 |95-100|85-100| 50-70 | 22-35 |46-80|Silty clay, silty|CL, CH, |A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-100| 40-65 | 15-30 | | clay loam, clay | ML, MH | | | | | | | | | | loam. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Davison------| 0-8 |Clay loam------|CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-80 | 30-45 | 10-20 | 8-41|Loam, clay loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|45-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 | | sandy loam. | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | | |41-80|Loam, clay loam |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-80 | 25-40 | 5-20 ______| | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 321

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire profile. Entries under "Wind erodibility group" and "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not available or were not estimated)

______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | AcA, AcB------| 0-8 |27-32|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-8 Alcester | 8-50|20-32|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |50-80|20-32|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ar------| 0-10|20-26|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 4L | 2-4 Arlo |10-30|20-30|1.35-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.17|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Low------|0.28| | | |30-80| 3-10|1.60-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ba------| 0-7 |27-40|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| 5 | 4L | 4-8 Baltic | 7-55|35-60|1.20-1.40|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.18|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.28| | | |55-80|30-50|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.17|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bb------| 0-7 |27-40|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| 5 | 4L | 4-8 Baltic | 7-38|35-60|1.20-1.40|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.18|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.28| | | |38-80|30-50|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.17|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BcA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Benclare------| 0-8 |30-40|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.15-0.19|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 | 8-31|35-50|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.19|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |31-42|35-50|1.25-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.17|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | |42-80|30-50|1.25-1.40|0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.17|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Corson------| 0-6 |40-60|1.15-1.30|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| 5 | 4 | 3-6 | 6-16|45-60|1.25-1.40|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |16-49|45-60|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.16|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | |49-80|45-60|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.16|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BeE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Betts------| 0-5 |18-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.18|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 5-26|20-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |26-80|20-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 9-39|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|18-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BfA------| 0-12|10-18|1.25-1.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 2-4 Blendon |12-28|10-20|1.20-1.30| 0.6-6.0 |0.11-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| | | |28-80| 5-18|1.30-1.45| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.15|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BhB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Blendon------| 0-12|10-18|1.25-1.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 2-4 |12-28|10-20|1.20-1.30| 0.6-6.0 |0.11-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| | | |28-80| 5-18|1.30-1.45| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.15|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Henkin------| 0-9 |10-20|1.25-1.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-3 | 9-25| 7-18|1.20-1.45| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.18|5.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| | | |25-46| 7-18|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.15|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | |46-80| 3-27|1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.16|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bo------| 0-39|20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 4-6 Bon |39-80|10-30|1.25-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.11-0.16|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cb------| 0-12|30-40|1.15-1.25|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.19|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| 5 | 7 | 4-6 Chancellor |12-31|35-55|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |31-80|25-40|1.35-1.50|0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 322 Soil Survey of

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Cc: | | | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------| 0-12|30-40|1.15-1.25|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.19|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |12-31|35-55|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |31-80|25-40|1.35-1.50|0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tetonka------| 0-16|20-27|1.10-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| 5 | 6 | 4-8 |16-20|25-35|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| | | |20-45|35-60|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |45-80|30-50|1.35-1.50|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.17|6.6-8.4 | 2-8 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cd------| 0-6 |18-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.22-0.24|6.6-7.8 | --- |Low------|0.24| 5 | 4L | 2-5 Chaska | 6-17|18-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.19|7.4-7.8 | --- |Low------|0.28| | | |17-80| 2-27|1.40-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.16|7.4-8.4 | --- |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ch------| 0-6 |20-27|1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 4L | 2-5 Chaska | 6-17|18-27|1.40-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.19|7.4-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |17-80| 2-27|1.40-1.65| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.16|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cm------| 0-8 |40-50|1.15-1.25|0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.18|5.6-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| 5 | 4 | 4-6 Clamo | 8-25|35-50|1.15-1.25|0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 2-4 |High------|0.37| | | |25-60|35-50|1.15-1.25|0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.19|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.37| | | |60-80|35-50|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.18|6.6-8.4 | 2-8 |High------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CoB, CoC------| 0-6 |40-60|1.15-1.30|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| 5 | 4 | 3-6 Corson | 6-16|45-60|1.25-1.40|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |16-49|45-60|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.16|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | |49-80|45-60|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.16|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CpC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Corson------| 0-8 |40-60|1.15-1.30|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| 5 | 4 | 3-6 | 8-14|45-60|1.25-1.40|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.18|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |14-51|45-60|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.16|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | |51-80|27-60|1.20-1.45|0.06-2.0 |0.11-0.22|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Henkin------| 0-9 |10-20|1.25-1.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.17|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-3 | 9-25| 7-18|1.20-1.45| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.18|5.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| | | |25-46| 7-18|1.25-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.15|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | |46-80| 3-27|1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.16|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CrD, CrE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Crofton------| 0-6 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.21-0.24|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 4L | .5-2 | 6-80|15-27|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nora------| 0-9 |27-35|1.20-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| 5 | 7 | 2-4 | 9-22|20-35|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |22-80|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CsD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Crofton------| 0-6 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.21-0.24|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 4L | .5-2 | 6-80|15-27|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |27-34|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 6 | 1-3 | 8-14|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |14-80|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DcA, DcB, DcC----| 0-8 |18-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 4-6 Davis | 8-47|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.24| | | |47-80|18-27|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 323

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Dd: | | | | | | | | | | | | Davison------| 0-8 |27-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 2-6 | 8-41|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.17|7.4-9.0 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| | | |41-80|18-30|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Crossplain------| 0-8 |27-35|1.25-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| 5 | 6 | 3-6 | 8-24|35-45|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.17|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | |24-42|25-35|1.50-1.70|0.06-0.6 |0.16-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |42-80|25-35|1.50-1.70|0.06-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DeA, DeB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Delmont------| 0-8 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 6 | 2-4 | 8-15|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |15-80| 0-5 |1.60-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Enet------| 0-7 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 4 | 6 | 2-4 | 7-23|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |23-28|15-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.11-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |28-80| 0-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DgC, DgD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Delmont------| 0-8 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 6 | 2-4 | 8-15|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |15-80| 0-5 |1.60-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |18-25|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 5 | 1-3 | 7-80| 0-10|1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.05| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DmA, DmB------| 0-9 |20-26|1.10-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 4 | 6 | 3-6 Dempster | 9-37|24-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |37-80| 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DtB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dempster------| 0-9 |20-26|1.10-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 4 | 6 | 3-6 | 9-37|24-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |37-80| 1-5 |1.55-1.70| 2.0-20 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |18-25|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 5 | 1-3 | 7-80| 0-10|1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.05| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dw------| 0-7 |27-30|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.24| 4 | 6 | 4-6 Dimo | 7-39|20-34|1.30-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |39-80| 5-10|1.60-1.75| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DxB------| 0-8 |12-26|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 3-6 Dobalt | 8-19|18-27|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |19-29|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.32| | | |29-80|24-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | DyA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Dobalt------| 0-8 |12-26|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 3-6 | 8-19|18-27|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |19-29|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.32| | | |29-80|24-35|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------| 0-11|20-27|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.19|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 4-6 |11-32|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |32-45|18-30|1.25-1.35| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.32| | | |45-80|18-30|1.25-1.35| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 324 Soil Survey of

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | EaB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-28|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |28-43|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |43-80|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 9-39|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|18-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EeB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-28|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |28-43|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |43-80|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 9-39|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|18-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |15-39|27-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-46|25-33|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |46-52|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |52-80|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EfA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-28|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |28-43|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |43-80|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |15-39|27-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-46|25-33|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |46-52|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |52-80|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EgB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-28|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |28-43|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |43-80|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-26|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.21|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |26-55|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |55-80|25-34|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |15-39|27-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-46|25-33|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |46-52|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |52-80|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EnA------| 0-7 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 6 | 3-6 Enet | 7-23|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |23-28|15-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.11-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |28-80| 0-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 325

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | EoA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Enet------| 0-7 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 6 | 3-6 | 7-23|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |23-28|15-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.11-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |28-80| 0-5 |1.50-1.70| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dimo------| 0-7 |27-30|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.24| 4 | 6 | 4-6 | 7-39|20-34|1.30-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |39-80| 5-10|1.60-1.75| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EpD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 9-39|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|18-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Betts------| 0-5 |18-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.18|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 5-26|20-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |26-80|20-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EsE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |18-25|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 8 | 1-3 | 9-39|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|20-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Clarno------| 0-10|18-25|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.19|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.17| 5 | 8 | 2-4 |10-22|20-30|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |22-44|20-30|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |44-80|20-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EtD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 9-39|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|18-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Clarno------| 0-10|20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.19|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 |10-22|20-30|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |22-44|20-30|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |44-80|20-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | EuC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 | 9-39|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|18-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-28|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |28-43|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |43-80|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ExC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Ethan------| 0-9 |18-25|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.15|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 5 | 8 | 1-3 | 9-39|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-80|20-30|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Egan------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-28|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |28-43|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |43-80|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 326 Soil Survey of

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | FaA, FaB------| 0-7 |20-26|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 6 | 3-6 Flandreau | 7-33|20-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |33-39|10-18|1.35-1.45| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.13|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | |39-78| 3-10|1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.10|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.17| | | |78-80|20-30|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | FtB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Flandreau------| 0-7 |20-26|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 6 | 3-6 | 7-33|20-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |33-39|10-18|1.35-1.45| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.13|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | |39-78| 3-10|1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.10|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.17| | | |78-80|20-30|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thurman------| 0-10| 8-18|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.16-0.18|5.6-7.3 | --- |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-2 |10-31| 5-12|1.60-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.10|5.6-7.3 | --- |Low------|0.17| | | |31-80| 2-7 |1.60-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.07|5.6-8.4 | --- |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GrA------| 0-18|27-34|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 4 | 7 | 4-8 Graceville |18-52|25-34|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |52-80| 2-10|1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.06|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GsB------| 0-9 |18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.6-6.5 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 Grovena | 9-13|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |13-30|18-25|1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.32| | | |30-36|18-27|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | |36-80|15-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | GvA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Grovena------| 0-9 |18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.6-6.5 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 | 9-13|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |13-30|18-25|1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.32| | | |30-36|18-27|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | |36-80|15-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Bonilla------| 0-11|20-27|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.19|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 4-6 |11-32|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |32-45|18-30|1.25-1.35| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.32| | | |45-80|18-30|1.25-1.35| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HoB------| 0-6 |27-30|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 Houdek | 6-17|27-35|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |17-33|25-35|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |33-80|20-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HsC, HsD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Houdek------| 0-6 |27-30|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 | 6-17|27-35|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |17-33|25-35|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |33-80|20-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |27-34|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 6 | 1-3 | 8-14|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |14-80|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HtD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Houdek------| 0-6 |27-30|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 | 6-17|27-35|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |17-33|25-35|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |33-80|20-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |18-25|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 5 | 1-3 | 7-80| 0-10|1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.05| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 327

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | HuA, HuB------| 0-7 |35-40|1.20-1.30|0.06-0.2 |0.16-0.19|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| 5 | 4 | 3-6 Huntimer | 7-18|35-50|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |18-38|35-50|1.30-1.40|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| | | |38-80|25-40|1.25-1.45|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |High------|0.28| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IhA------| 0-11|27-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.3 | --- |Moderate |0.32| 2 | 7 | 2-4 Ihlen |11-25|27-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 | --- |Moderate |0.32| | | |25-35|18-27|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|6.6-8.4 | --- |Low------|0.43| | | |35-80| --- | --- |0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IrB, IrE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Ihlen------| 0-11|27-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.3 | --- |Moderate |0.32| 2 | 7 | 2-4 |11-25|27-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 | --- |Moderate |0.32| | | |25-35|18-27|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.22|6.6-8.4 | --- |Low------|0.43| | | |35-80| --- | --- |0.01-20 | --- | --- | --- |------|----| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ja------| 0-19| 5-15|1.50-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.16-0.18|6.6-7.8 | --- |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 2-4 Janude |19-43| 7-20|1.50-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.19|6.6-8.4 | --- |Low------|0.20| | | |43-80| 7-30|1.40-1.70| 0.6-6.0 |0.14-0.20|6.6-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | La------| 0-7 |18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.19-0.23|7.4-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 Lamo | 7-80|25-35|1.30-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.22|7.4-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lb------| 0-7 |18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.19-0.23|7.4-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 2-5 Lamo | 7-80|25-35|1.30-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.22|7.4-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | M-W. | | | | | | | | | | | | Miscellaneous | | | | | | | | | | | | water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MdB------| 0-11|27-35|1.25-1.30| 0.2-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 2-4 Moody |11-35|24-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |35-50|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |50-80|18-25|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MgA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Moody------| 0-11|27-35|1.25-1.30| 0.2-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 2-4 |11-35|24-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |35-50|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |50-80|18-25|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gayville------| 0-2 |20-27|1.15-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-9.0 | 0-2 |Low------|0.37| 2 | 6 | 2-5 | 2-13|35-45|1.35-1.45|0.00-0.06|0.10-0.16|7.4-9.0 | 4-16 |High------|0.28| | | |13-26|27-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.16|7.9-9.6 | 4-16 |Moderate |0.43| | | |26-80| 5-30|1.35-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.15-0.17|7.9-9.6 | 4-16 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MnB, MnC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Moody------| 0-11|27-35|1.25-1.30| 0.2-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 2-4 |11-35|24-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |35-50|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |50-80|18-25|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nora------| 0-9 |27-35|1.20-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| 5 | 7 | 2-4 | 9-22|20-35|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |22-80|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 328 Soil Survey of

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | MtA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Moody------| 0-11|27-35|1.25-1.30| 0.2-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 2-4 |11-35|24-35|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |35-50|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |50-80|18-25|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |15-39|27-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-46|25-33|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |46-52|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |52-80|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | NcC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Nora------| 0-9 |27-35|1.20-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| 5 | 7 | 2-4 | 9-22|20-35|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |22-80|18-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Crofton------| 0-6 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.21-0.24|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.37| 5 | 4L | .5-2 | 6-80|15-27|1.10-1.20| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ob------| 0-13|27-35|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.21-0.23|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| 5 | 8 | 2-4 Obert |13-52|18-35|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |High------|0.32| | | |52-80|18-35|1.30-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Og------| 0-18|10-20|1.25-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 5 | .5-3 Orthents |18-80| 0-5 |1.60-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Or------| 0-6 |27-35|1.20-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.23|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 1-3 Orthents | 6-80|18-35|1.30-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.14-0.19|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ow: | | | | | | | | | | | | Orthents------| 0-18|10-20|1.25-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 3 | 5 | .5-3 |18-80| 0-5 |1.60-1.80| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Aquents------| 0-8 |10-20|1.25-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 8 | 1-3 | 8-80| 0-5 |1.60-1.80| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pt------| 0-80| 0-1 |2.00-2.35|0.01-0.06| 0.0-0.06|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.02| 1 | 8 | 0-1 Pits, quarry | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sa------| 0-17|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.24|6.6-8.4 | 4-16 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 3-6 Salmo |17-49|25-35|1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 4-16 |Moderate |0.28| | | |49-80|15-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.11-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 4-16 |Low------|0.24| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SdE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |27-34|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 6 | 1-3 | 8-14|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |14-80|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Houdek------| 0-6 |27-30|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 | 6-17|27-35|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |17-33|25-35|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| | | |33-80|20-30|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-8 |Moderate |8.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SnE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |27-34|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 6 | 1-3 | 8-14|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |14-80|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |18-25|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 5 | 1-3 | 7-80| 0-10|1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.05| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 329

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | SpA, SpB------| 0-9 |27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 Splitrock | 9-34|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |34-51|25-35|1.50-1.70|0.06-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |51-80|25-38|1.50-1.70|0.06-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-9.0 | 2-8 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SsF: | | | | | | | | | | | | Steinauer------| 0-4 |27-32|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|7.4-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.32| 5 | 4L | .5-2 | 4-13|27-32|1.30-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.19|7.9-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.37| | | |13-80|24-35|1.30-1.65| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.19|7.9-8.4 | --- |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Shindler------| 0-8 |27-34|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|6.1-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 6 | 1-3 | 8-14|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | |14-80|25-34|1.45-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TdE: | | | | | | | | | | | | Talmo------| 0-7 |18-25|1.20-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.20| 2 | 5 | 1-3 | 7-80| 0-10|1.45-1.65| 6.0-60 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.05| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Delmont------| 0-8 |20-27|1.20-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| 3 | 6 | 2-4 | 8-15|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |15-80| 0-5 |1.60-1.75| 6.0-20 |0.03-0.06|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Te------| 0-16|20-27|1.10-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| 5 | 6 | 4-8 Tetonka |16-20|25-35|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| | | |20-45|35-60|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |45-80|30-50|1.35-1.50|0.06-0.6 |0.11-0.17|6.6-8.4 | 2-8 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TfC: | | | | | | | | | | | | Thurman------| 0-10| 8-18|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.16-0.18|5.6-7.3 | --- |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-2 |10-31| 5-12|1.60-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.10|5.6-7.3 | --- |Low------|0.17| | | |31-80| 2-7 |1.60-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.07|5.6-8.4 | --- |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Flandreau------| 0-7 |20-26|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.20|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 4 | 6 | 3-6 | 7-33|20-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |33-39|10-18|1.35-1.45| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.13|6.6-7.8 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| | | |39-78| 3-10|1.50-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.10|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.17| | | |78-80|20-30|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | TgD: | | | | | | | | | | | | Thurman------| 0-10| 8-18|1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.16-0.18|5.6-7.3 | --- |Low------|0.20| 5 | 3 | 1-2 |10-31| 5-12|1.60-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.10|5.6-7.3 | --- |Low------|0.17| | | |31-80| 2-7 |1.60-1.70| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.07|5.6-8.4 | --- |Low------|0.15| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grovena------| 0-9 |18-27|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.6-6.5 | 0-2 |Low------|0.24| 5 | 6 | 2-4 | 9-13|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.28| | | |13-30|18-25|1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Low------|0.32| | | |30-36|18-27|1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Low------|0.43| | | |36-80|15-27|1.40-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.19|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Low------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tr------| 0-15|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 Trent |15-39|27-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-46|25-33|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |46-52|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |52-80|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | W. | | | | | | | | | | | | Water | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 330 Soil Survey of

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued ______| | | | | | | | | Erosion|Wind | Soil name and |Depth|Clay | Moist | Permea- |Available| Soil |Salinity| Shrink- |______factors|erodi-|Organic map symbol | | | bulk | bility | water |reaction| | swell | | |bility| matter ______| | | density | |capacity | | |potential | K | T |group | | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH |mmhos/cm| | | | | Pct | | | | | | | | | | | | Wa: | | | | | | | | | | | | Wakonda------| 0-13|27-30|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 3-6 |13-38|20-33|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | |38-73|20-30|1.30-1.50| 0.5-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 4-8 |Moderate |0.43| | | |73-80|25-34|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------| 0-12|30-40|1.15-1.25|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.19|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |12-31|35-55|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |31-80|25-40|1.35-1.50|0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WcA: | | | | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-26|25-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.21|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |26-55|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |55-80|25-35|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chancellor------| 0-12|30-40|1.15-1.25|0.06-0.6 |0.13-0.19|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |12-31|35-55|1.20-1.35|0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.19|6.1-7.8 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |31-80|25-40|1.35-1.50|0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |High------|0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wakonda------| 0-13|27-30|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 3-6 |13-38|20-33|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | |38-73|20-30|1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 4-8 |Moderate |0.43| | | |73-80|25-34|1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | WhA, WhB: | | | | | | | | | | | | Wentworth------| 0-10|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | --- |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 3-6 |10-30|25-35|1.15-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.21|6.1-7.3 | --- |Moderate |0.43| | | |30-80|20-30|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Trent------| 0-15|27-35|1.15-1.25| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 |15-39|27-35|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.32| | | |39-46|25-33|1.25-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |46-52|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |52-80|20-30|1.30-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wk------| 0-10|27-34|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.3 | --- |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 7 | 4-6 Whitewood |10-36|25-34|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|6.1-7.8 | --- |Moderate |0.28| | | |36-50|25-34|1.20-1.35| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.43| | | |50-80|25-40|1.35-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 0-4 |Moderate |0.43| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wo------| 0-16|35-40|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| 5 | 4 | 3-5 Worthing |16-46|40-60|1.25-1.40|0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |46-80|30-50|1.35-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.11-0.17|6.6-8.4 | 2-8 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Wr: | | | | | | | | | | | | Worthing------| 0-16|35-40|1.15-1.25| 0.2-0.6 |0.19-0.22|5.6-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.37| 5 | 4 | 3-5 |16-46|40-60|1.25-1.40|0.06-0.2 |0.13-0.18|6.1-7.3 | 0-2 |High------|0.28| | | |46-80|30-50|1.35-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.11-0.17|6.6-8.4 | 2-8 |High------|0.32| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Davison------| 0-8 |27-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.22|6.6-8.4 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.28| 5 | 4L | 2-6 | 8-41|18-30|1.20-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.17|7.4-9.0 | 0-2 |Moderate |0.37| | | |41-80|18-30|1.25-1.35| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|7.4-8.4 | 2-4 |Moderate |0.37| | | ______| | | | | | | | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 331 ___ on ___ te ___ te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. Table 18.--Soil and Water Features (See text for definitions of terms used in this table. Absence an entry indicates that the feature is not a concern or data were not estimated) ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | AcA------| B |Rare------| --- | |3.0-6.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. Alcester | | AcB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. Alcester | | Ar------| B |Occasional--|Brief-----|Mar-Oct| 0-1.5|Apparent|Oct-Jul| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Modera Arlo | | Ba, Bb------| D |None------| --- | +2-1.5|Apparent|Jan-Dec| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera Baltic | | BcA: | Benclare------| C |None------| --- | |3.0-5.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Corson------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Low. | BeE: | Betts------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Modera | BfA------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. Blendon | | BhB: | Blendon------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. | Henkin------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. | Bo------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Apr-Oct|3.0-5.0|Apparent|Oct-Jul| >60 | --- |Moderate |Low. Bon | | Cb------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Mar-Oct| 0-2.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Modera Chancellor | | Cc: | Chancellor------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Mar-Oct| 0-2.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Modera | Tetonka------| C/D |None------| --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Jan-Dec| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | 332 Soil Survey of ___ on ___ te ___ te. te. te. Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | Cd------| B/D |Occasional |Brief-----|Mar-Jun|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. Chaska | | Ch------| B/D |Frequent----|Long------|Mar-Jun|1.5-2.5|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. Chaska | | Cm------| C/D |Occasional |Long------|Mar-Jun|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|High. Clamo | | CoB, CoC------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Low. Corson | | CpC: | Corson------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Low. | Henkin------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. | CrD, CrE: | Crofton------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |Moderate |Low------|Low. | Nora------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | CsD: | Crofton------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |Moderate |Low------|Low. | Shindler------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | DcA------| B |Rare------| --- | |3.0-5.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 |Moderate |Low. Davis | | DcB, DcC------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. Davis | | Dd: | Davison------| B |None------| --- | |1.5-4.0|Perched |Apr-Jun| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Crossplain------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Mar-Oct| 0-2.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Modera | DeA, DeB: | Delmont------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Enet------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 333 ___ on ___ te ___ te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | DgC, DgD: | Delmont------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Talmo------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | DmA, DmB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. Dempster | | DtB: | Dempster------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | Talmo------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Dw------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Mar-Oct|1.5.3.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. Dimo | | DxB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera Dobalt | | DyA: | Dobalt------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Bonilla------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | EaB: | Egan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Modera | EeB: | Egan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Modera | Trent------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | EfA: | Egan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Trent------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | EgB: | Egan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Wentworth------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Low. | 334 Soil Survey of ___ on ___ te ___ te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | EgB: | Trent------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | EnA------| B |Rare------| --- | |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. Enet | | EoA: | Enet------| B |Rare------| --- | |3.5-6.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Dimo------| B |Occasional |Brief-----|Mar-Oct|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. | EpD: | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Modera | Betts------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | EsE: | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Clarno------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | EtD: | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Modera | Clarno------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | EuC: | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Modera | Egan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | ExC: | Ethan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Egan------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | FaA, FaB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. Flandreau | | FtB: | Flandreau------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. | Thurman------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |Low------|Low------|Low. | GrA------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. Graceville | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 335 ___ on ___ te ___ te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | GsB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera Grovena | | GvA: | Grovena------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Bonilla------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | HoB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera Houdek | | HsC, HsD: | Houdek------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Shindler------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | HtD: | Houdek------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Talmo------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | HuA, HuB------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera Huntimer | | IhA------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 20-40 |Hard----|High-----|High-----|Low. Ihlen | | IrB, IrE: | Ihlen------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 20-40 |Hard----|High-----|High-----|Low. | Rock outcrop-----| D |None------| --- | >6.0 0-1 |Hard----|Low------|Moderate |Low. | Ja------| B |Rare------| --- | |4.0-6.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >80 |Moderate |Low. Janude | | La------| C |Occasional |Brief-----|Mar-Aug|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >80 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. Lamo | | Lb------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Mar-Aug|1.0-3.0|Apparent|Nov-May| >80 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. Lamo | | M-W. | Miscellaneous | water | | 336 Soil Survey of ___ on ___ te ___ te. Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | MdB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. Moody | | MgA: | Moody------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | Gayville------| D |Rare------| --- | |2.0-4.0|Apparent|Oct-Jun| >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | MnB, MnC: | Moody------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | Nora------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | MtA: | Moody------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | Trent------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | NcC: | Nora------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | Crofton------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |Moderate |Low------|Low. | Ob------| D |Frequent----|Very brief|Mar-Oct|+.5-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >80 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. Obert | or brief.| | Og------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. Orthents | | Or------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. Orthents | | Ow: | Orthents------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Aquents------| A |None------| --- | +2-2.0|Apparent|Jan-Dec| >60 |Moderate |High-----|Low. | Pt------| D |None------| --- | >6.0 0-1 |Hard----|Low------|Moderate |Low. Pits, quarry | | Sa------| C/D |Frequent----|Brief-----|Mar-Jun| 0-1.5|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|High. Salmo | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 337 ___ on ___ te ___ te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. te. Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | SdE: | Shindler------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Houdek------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | SnE: | Shindler------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | Talmo------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | SpA, SpB------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |High-----|High-----|Modera Splitrock | | SsF: | Steinauer------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |Moderate |High-----|Low. | Shindler------| C |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |High-----|Modera | TdE: | Talmo------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Delmont------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Low------|Moderate |Low. | Te------| C/D |None------| --- | +1-1.0|Perched |Jan-Dec| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera Tetonka | | TfC: | Thurman------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |Low------|Low------|Low. | Flandreau------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |Moderate |Low. | TgD: | Thurman------| A |None------| --- | >6.0 >80 |Low------|Low------|Low. | Grovena------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Tr------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. Trent | | W. | Water | | Wa: | Wakonda------| B |None------| --- | |2.0-4.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Chancellor------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Mar-Oct| 0-2.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Modera | 338 Soil Survey of ___ on ___ te ___ te. te. te. te. te. te. ___ Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ______| Flooding High water table Bedrock Risk of corrosi ______Soil name and |Hydro-| | |Potential| map symbol | logic| Frequency Duration |Months Depth Kind |Hardness| frost |Uncoated |Concre |group | action steel ______| Ft In | WcA: | Wentworth------| B |None------| --- | |3.0-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jul| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Chancellor------| C |Frequent----|Brief-----|Mar-Oct| 0-2.0|Apparent|Mar-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Modera | Wakonda------| B |None------| --- | |2.0-4.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | WhA, WhB: | Wentworth------| B |None------| --- | >6.0 >60 |High-----|High-----|Low. | Trent------| B |None------| --- | |3.5-5.0|Perched |Mar-Jun| >60 |High-----|Moderate |Low. | Wk------| C/D |Frequent----|Very brief|Mar-Oct| 0-2.0|Apparent|Sep-Jun| >60 | --- |High-----|High-----|Low. Whitewood | | Wo------| D |None------| --- | +2-1.0|Perched |Jan-Dec| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera Worthing | | Wr: | Worthing------| D |None------| --- | +2-1.0|Perched |Jan-Dec| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | Davison------| B |None------| --- | |1.5-4.0|Perched |Apr-Jun| >60 |High-----|High-----|Modera | ______Minnehaha County, South Dakota 339

Table 19.--Classification of the Soils ______| Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class ______| | Alcester------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Haplustolls Aquents------|Aquents Arlo------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, superactive, mesic Typic Calciaquolls Baltic------|Fine, smectitic, calcareous, mesic Cumulic Vertic Endoaquolls Benclare------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Udertic Haplustolls Betts------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Calciustepts Blendon------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls Bon------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Haplustolls Bonilla------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls Chancellor------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Argiaquolls Chaska------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Aeric Fluvaquents Clamo------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Cumulic Vertic Endoaquolls Clarno------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Haplustolls Corson------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Udertic Haplustolls Crofton------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Ustorthents Crossplain------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiaquolls Davis------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls Davison------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Calciustolls Delmont------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Haplustolls Dempster------|Fine-silty over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Dimo------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic | Haplustolls Dobalt------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Egan------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Enet------|Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic | Haplustolls Ethan------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Calciustolls Flandreau------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Gayville------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Leptic Natrustolls Graceville------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls Grovena------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Henkin------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Houdek------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiustolls Huntimer------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Udertic Haplustolls Ihlen------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Janude------|Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Haplustolls Lamo------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Cumulic Endoaquolls Moody------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Nora------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Obert------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Cumulic Endoaquolls Orthents------|Mesic Orthents Salmo------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Cumulic Endoaquolls Shindler------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Udorthentic Haplustolls Splitrock------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Haplustolls Steinauer------|Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Udorthents Talmo------|Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Udorthentic Haplustolls Tetonka------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Argiaquic Argialbolls Thurman------|Sandy, mixed, mesic Udorthentic Haplustolls Trent------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls Wakonda------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aeric Calciaquolls Wentworth------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls Whitewood------|Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Endoaquolls Worthing------|Fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Argiaquolls ______|

341

Interpretive Groups 342 Soil Survey of

Interpretive Groups

(Absence of an entry indicates that the soil is not assigned to the interpretive group)

______| | Land | | Windbreak | Pasture Map | | capability | |suitability|suitability ______symbol| Soil name |classification| Range site | group | group | | | | | AcA |Alcester------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | AcB |Alcester------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | Ar |Arlo------| 4w |Subirrigated------| 10 | A | | | | | Ba |Baltic------| 5w |Shallow Marsh------| 10 | B2 | | | | | Bb |Baltic------| 8w | --- | 10 | NS | | | | | BcA |Benclare------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 4 | K | | | | | |Corson------| 2s |Clayey------| 4C | E | | | | | BeE |Betts------| 7e |Thin Upland------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Ethan------| 7e |Thin Upland------| 10 | NS | | | | | BfA |Blendon------| 2s |Sandy------| 5 | H | | | | | BhB |Blendon------| 3e |Sandy------| 5 | H | | | | | |Henkin------| 3e |Sandy------| 5 | H | | | | | Bo |Bon------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | Cb |Chancellor------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 2 | A | | | | | Cc |Chancellor------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 2 | A | | | | | |Tetonka------| 4w |Wet Meadow------| 10 | B2 | | | | | Cd |Chaska------| 2w |Subirrigated------| 1K | A | | | | | Ch |Chaska------| 6w |Subirrigated------| 1K | NS | | | | | Cm |Clamo------| 4w |Wetland------| 10 | B1 | | | | | CoB |Corson------| 3e |Clayey------| 4C | E | | | | | CoC |Corson------| 3e |Clayey------| 4C | E | | | | | CpC |Corson------| 3e |Clayey------| 4C | E | | | | | |Henkin------| 4e |Sandy------| 5 | H | | | | | CrD |Crofton------| 6e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | |Nora------| 4e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | CrE |Crofton------| 6e |Thin Upland------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Nora------| 6e |Silty------| 10 | NS | | | | | CsD |Crofton------| 6e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | |Shindler------| 6e |Silty------| 8 | G | | | | | DcA |Davis------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | DcB |Davis------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 343

Interpretive Groups--Continued ______| | Land | | Windbreak | Pasture Map | | capability | |suitability|suitability ______symbol| Soil name |classification| Range site | group | group | | | | | DcC |Davis------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | Dd |Davison------| 2s |Limy Subirrigated--| 1K | F | | | | | |Crossplain------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 2 | A | | | | | DeA |Delmont------| 3s |Shallow to Gravel--| 6G | D2 | | | | | |Enet------| 2s |Silty------| 6G | D1 | | | | | DeB |Delmont------| 4e |Shallow to Gravel--| 6G | D2 | | | | | |Enet------| 3e |Silty------| 6G | D1 | | | | | DgC |Delmont------| 4e |Shallow to Gravel--| 6G | D2 | | | | | |Talmo------| 6s |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | DgD |Delmont------| 6e |Shallow to Gravel--| 10 | NS | | | | | |Talmo------| 6e |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | DmA |Dempster------| 2s |Silty------| 6G | D1 | | | | | DmB |Dempster------| 3e |Silty------| 6G | D1 | | | | | DtB |Dempster------| 3e |Silty------| 6G | D1 | | | | | |Talmo------| 6s |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | Dw |Dimo------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | DxB |Dobalt------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | DyA |Dobalt------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Bonilla------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | EaB |Egan------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Ethan------| 3e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | EeB |Egan------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Ethan------| 3e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | |Trent------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | EfA |Egan------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Trent------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | EgB |Egan------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Wentworth------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Trent------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | EnA |Enet------| 2s |Silty------| 6G | D1 | | | | | EoA |Enet------| 2e |Silty------| 6G | D1 | | | | | |Dimo------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | 344 Soil Survey of

Interpretive Groups--Continued ______| | Land | | Windbreak | Pasture Map | | capability | |suitability|suitability ______symbol| Soil name |classification| Range site | group | group | | | | | EpD |Ethan------| 6e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | |Betts------| 6e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | EsE |Ethan------| 7s |Thin Upland------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Clarno------| 7s |Silty------| 10 | NS | | | | | EtD |Ethan------| 6e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | |Clarno------| 4e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | EuC |Ethan------| 4e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | |Egan------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | ExC |Ethan------| 7s |Thin Upland------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Egan------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | FaA |Flandreau------| 2s |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | FaB |Flandreau------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | FtB |Flandreau------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Thurman------| 4e |Sandy------| 5 | H | | | | | GrA |Graceville------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | GsB |Grovena------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | GvA |Grovena------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Bonilla------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | HoB |Houdek------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | HsC |Houdek------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Shindler------| 4e |Silty------| 8 | G | | | | | HsD |Houdek------| 4e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Shindler------| 6e |Silty------| 8 | G | | | | | HtD |Houdek------| 4e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Talmo------| 6e |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | HuA |Huntimer------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | HuB |Huntimer------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | IhA |Ihlen------| 2s |Silty------| 6D | F | | | | | IrB |Ihlen------| 2e |Silty------| 6D | F | | | | | |Rock outcrop------| 8s | --- | 10 | NS | | | | | IrE |Ihlen------| 4e |Silty------| 6D | F | | | | | |Rock outcrop------| 8s | --- | 10 | NS | | | | | Minnehaha County, South Dakota 345

Interpretive Groups--Continued ______| | Land | | Windbreak | Pasture Map | | capability | |suitability|suitability ______symbol| Soil name |classification| Range site | group | group | | | | | Ja |Janude------| 2s |Sandy------| 1 | H | | | | | La |Lamo------| 2w |Subirrigated------| 2K | A | | | | | Lb |Lamo------| 6w |Subirrigated------| 2K | NS | | | | | MdB |Moody------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | MgA |Moody------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Gayville------| 6s |Saline Lowland-----| 9W | J | | | | | MnB |Moody------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Nora------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | MnC |Moody------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Nora------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | MtA |Moody------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Trent------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | NcC |Nora------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Crofton------| 4e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | Ob |Obert------| 5w |Wetland------| 10 | B1 | | | | | Og |Orthents------| 8s |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | Or |Orthents------| 4e |Thin Upland------| 8 | G | | | | | Ow |Orthents------| 8s |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Aquents------| 5w |Wetland------| 10 | NS | | | | | Pt |Pits, quarry------| 8s | --- | 10 | NS | | | | | Sa |Salmo------| 4w |Saline Subirrigated| 10 | J | | | | | SdE |Shindler------| 7e |Silty------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Houdek------| 6e |Silty------| 10 | NS | | | | | SnE |Shindler------| 7e |Silty------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Talmo------| 7e |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | SpA |Splitrock------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | SpB |Splitrock------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | SsF |Steinauer------| 7e |Thin Upland------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Shindler------| 7e |Silty------| 10 | NS | | | | | TdE |Talmo------| 7e |Very Shallow------| 10 | NS | | | | | |Delmont------| 6e |Shallow to Gravel--| 10 | NS | | | | | Te |Tetonka------| 4w |Wet Meadow------| 10 | B2 | | | | | 346

Interpretive Groups--Continued ______| | Land | | Windbreak | Pasture Map | | capability | |suitability|suitability ______symbol| Soil name |classification| Range site | group | group | | | | | TfC |Thurman------| 4e |Sandy------| 5 | H | | | | | |Flandreau------| 3e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | TgD |Thurman------| 6e |Sandy------| 5 | H | | | | | |Grovena------| 4e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | Tr |Trent------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | Wa |Wakonda------| 2s |Limy Subirrigated--| 1K | F | | | | | |Chancellor------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 2 | A | | | | | WcA |Wentworth------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Chancellor------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 2 | A | | | | | |Wakonda------| 2s |Limy Subirrigated--| 1K | F | | | | | WhA |Wentworth------| 1 |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Trent------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | WhB |Wentworth------| 2e |Silty------| 3 | F | | | | | |Trent------| 1 |Loamy Overflow-----| 1 | K | | | | | Wk |Whitewood------| 2w |Loamy Overflow-----| 2 | A | | | | | Wo |Worthing------| 5w |Shallow Marsh------| 10 | B2 | | | | | Wr |Worthing------| 5w |Shallow Marsh------| 10 | B2 | | | | | |Davison------| 2s |Limy Subirrigated--| 1K | F ______| | | | |