DOCSLIB.ORG

Reformed Orthodoxy in Britain Carl R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reformed Orthodoxy in Britain Carl R Reformed Orthodoxy in Britain Carl R. Trueman IntroductIon Dutch church history of the time. Thus, while uritanism,” like so many “isms” British theologians did produce a vast amount of “Pthroughout history, has proved very dif- literature on classical theological themes, such as ficult to define, and I am aware that no definitive the doctrine of scripture, God, Christology, and solution will be found in this essay. Thus, what I predestination, much of the focus of public debate offer here is a brief theological and ecclesiastical was on differences in polity and liturgy between history of the twin poles that are, Erastians, Presbyterians and Independents. His- Carl R. Trueman is Vice with different degrees of emphasis, torians have tended to focus on these matters of President for Academic Affairs and 1 Professor of Historical Theology often seen as constitutive of the being of primary interest. Thus, Puritan studies, a and Church History at Westminster Puritan identity in the sixteenth field where perhaps one might have expected more Theological Seminary in Glenside, and seventeenth centuries: reli- of a theological concern, has been dominated on Pennsylvania. gious experience, which separates the whole by those whose interests are more with He previously served on faculty at the true believer from one with the sociology and psychology of the movement(s) the Universities of Nottingham and only an intellectual faith; and the than with its doctrinal contribution.2 Aberdeen in the UK. Dr. Trueman’s development of Reformed Ortho- The last twenty years have, however, witnessed recent books include John Owen: doxy, particularly as it played out the growth in interest among academics in the Reformed Catholic, Renaissance Man (Ashgate, 2007), Republocrat: in the ecclesiological struggles in theological writings of Britain during this time. Confessions of a Liberal Conservative England during this time. Indeed, In part, this is clearly the result of the impact of the (P&R, 2010), and Histories and the key theological debates in wider growth in this area fuelled by the scholarly Fallacies: Problems Faced in the Writing of History (Crossway, 2010). Britain at the time, at least as they contributions of Richard A. Muller to the broader impacted on the wider history of field of post-Reformation theological studies, con- England Scotland, and Ireland, tended on the tributions which specifically integrate discussions whole to address matters of church and state, of British theologians such as Samuel Rutherford, and the nature of liturgical reform, rather than James Ussher, John Owen, and Edward Leigh the kind of issues which we see, for example, in (among many others) into the wider treatment of 4 SBJT 14.4 (2010): 4-18. continental reformed Orthodoxy.3 ously debated predestination, the former having In the wake of Muller’s work, a number of been exiled in Bullinger’s Zurich, the latter in Cal- writers have either pursued historical theologi- vin’s Geneva, with their respective cities of exile cal studies of English and Scottish figures which shaping their approach to the subject. Bullinger seek to apply his insights to specific English figures was strongly opposed to the double predestinari- or debates, or have sought to integrate sensitiv- anism of Traheron, and indeed appears to have ity to issues of historical theology with the more used synergistic passages from Melanchthon’s Loci traditional social, political, and literary interests Communes as the textual source for some of his of Puritan studies. The picture that has emerged arguments.5 of Reformed Orthodox intellectual life in Britain In addition to the return of domestic theolo- in recent scholarship, even as it acknowledges the gians, England also benefited at this time from differences in social and political contexts, has the presence of foreign intellectuals, fleeing the underlined both the close connection between continent to avoid Charles V’s anti-Protestant British theology and that of the continent at the policies. Thus, in the early 1550s, leading conti- time, and the essential catholicity of the British nental Reformers were also to be resident in Eng- Reformed relative to their patristic and medieval land: for example, among others, Peter Martyr antecedents. 4 Vermigli took the chair of divinity at Oxford, Mar- tin Bucer the chair at Cambridge, and John Laski the early englIsh reformatIon, pastored a church of exiles in London. These men 1509-58 were significant in the domestic debates among The reign of Henry VIII was marked by a break Reformed theologicans. Bucer was particularly with the Roman church but rather equivocal com- influential in shaping Cranmer’s views of polity mitment to Protestantism. Indeed, it was not until and John Bradford’s views on predestination; and the reign of Edward VI (1547-53) that Protestant- Laski’s presence encouraged the more radically ism found confessional status in England with Reformed, such as John Hooper (ca. 1500-1555), the First and Second Books of Common Prayer to press for more thorough Reformation of the (1549; 1552) and the formulation of the Forty- Anglican Church.6 Two Articles of 1552, produced by Thomas Cran- One final note regarding Edward’s reign was mer, Archbishop of Canterbury. The Articles were the emergence of debates surrounding church essentially Reformed, particularly in their view of practices, specifically the use of clerical vestments, the Lord’s Supper but their composition at the end the practice of kneeling at communion, and the of Edward’s reign meant that they never achieved nature and status of the Book of Common Prayer normative status. as defining the English Reformation. Both John Nevertheless, the lack of formal confessional Hooper and the exiled Scotsman, John Knox (ca. status did not mean that English theologians 1510-72), protested the use of vestments, and the were not already debating Reformed theology. latter was also notorious for his last-minute inter- The ebb and flow of Protestant fortunes both in vention on the Second Book of Common Prayer’s England under Henry VIII had guaranteed that, prescription of kneeling as the appropriate pos- by the time of Edward’s reign, England had not ture for reception of the sacramental elements.7 only seen many of its own most progressive theo- For both men, these things were not prescribed logical minds go into exile on the continent but by scripture and were thus to be regarded as idola- then return, replete with continental Reformed trous. In making such a case, they were effectively thought. Thus, during the reign of Edward VI, adumbrating the later Regulative Principle of wor- John Hooper and Bartholomew Traheron vigor- ship, as well as implicitly raising questions about 5 the extent of state power with regard to church While the Articles embodied a broad Reformed affairs. These were to be the most important framework for theology, they were not the major issues in British church life for the next century source of tension in the 1560s and 1570s in Eng- and marked one element of what we might call land. Rather, the major controversial foci were, Puritanism: the desire to see further reformation again, the use of vestments and the related issue within the Church of England. of state power vis-à-vis church liturgical practice The death of Edward in 1553 brought his Cath- and discipline. Thus, in the 1560s and 1570s, there olic sister, Mary, to the throne and, in the years were significant struggles between those who that followed, persecution of Protestants meant wished to see an aesthetically simplified form of exile for some and death for others. Very little in worship and practice, including increased free- the way of theological significance was produced dom for the church to determine these matters by the Reformed during her reign, though it is without giving the state final authority, and those worth noting the debate that took place in the who wished to maintain both the stipulations of Tower of London between John Bradford and a the Prayer Book and the prerogative of the state to shadowy group known as “the Free Will Men” enforce such.10 who, as the name suggests, were radical Pelagians In addition, the disputes on these points were upset that the Reformed prisoners enjoyed gam- intensified by the Geneva Bible, an English trans- bling to pass the time. Bradford’s defences of prov- lation first produced in 1557 (New Testament) idence and predestination in this context show the and 1560 (complete Bible). Many of the men influence of Bucer and probably Calvin.8 associated with the work were English exiles in It is also significant that John Knox, by then Geneva who went on to become prominent figures pastor of the English exile church in Frankfurt am in the struggles over vestments in the Elizabethan Main, clashed with a group of Prayer Book loyal- church. In fact, it was not so much the translation ists over his liturgical reforms within the congre- that was to prove so controversial as the marginal gation, and consequently lost his pastorate. Again, notes which advocated politically and ecclesiasti- this was an ominous foreshadowing of problems cally radical interpretations of key passages, most to come.9 famously perhaps on the Hebrew midwives decep- tion in Exod 1:19. This test was interpreted as legit- the elIzabethan era imating the telling of lies to tyrannical rulers, a During the reign of Elizabeth, numerous sig- piece of commentary which was to be particularly nificant developments took place relative to distressing to Elizabeth’s successor, James I, and Reformed orthodoxy. First, in 1559 Parliament which plays directly to those within the church passed both the Act of Supremacy which re-estab- who wished to resist royal incursions on what they lished the independence of the Anglican Church understood to be the sphere of the church’s sover- from Rome and established the monarch as its eign power.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • JAMES USSHER Copyright Material: Irish Manuscripts Commission
    U3-030215 qxd.qxd:NEW USH3 3/2/15 11:20 Page i The Correspondence of JAMES USSHER Copyright material: Irish Manuscripts Commission Commission Manuscripts Irish material: Copyright U3-030215 qxd.qxd:NEW USH3 3/2/15 11:20 Page iii The Correspondence of JAMES USSHER 1600–1656 V O L U M E I I I 1640–1656 Commission Letters no. 475–680 editedManuscripts by Elizabethanne Boran Irish with Latin and Greek translations by David Money material: Copyright IRISH MANUSCRIPTS COMMISSION 2015 U3-030215 qxd.qxd:NEW USH3 3/2/15 11:20 Page iv For Gertie, Orla and Rosemary — one each. Published by Irish Manuscripts Commission 45 Merrion Square Dublin 2 Ireland www.irishmanuscripts.ie Commission Copyright © Irish Manuscripts Commission 2015 Elizabethanne Boran has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, Section 107. Manuscripts ISBN 978-1-874280-89-7 (3 volume set) Irish No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. The index was completed with the support of the Arts andmaterial: Social Sciences Benefaction Fund, Trinity College, Dublin. Copyright Typeset by December Publications in Adobe Garamond and Times New Roman Printed by Brunswick Press Index prepared by Steve Flanders U3-030215 qxd.qxd:NEW USH3 3/2/15 11:20 Page v S E R I E S C O N T E N T S V O L U M E I Abbreviations xxv Acknowledgements xxix Introduction xxxi Correspondence of James Ussher: Letters no.
    [Show full text]
  • JR Daniel Kirk, "The Sufficiency of the Cross (I): the Crucifixion As Jesus
    THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE CROSS (I): THE CRUCIFIXION AS }ESUS' ACT OF OBEDIENCE J. R. DANIEL KIRK, BIBLICAL SEMINARY, HATFIELD, PENNSYLVANIA INTRODUCTION: AN INTRAMURAL DEBATE By all accounts, a lively discussion arose at the Westminster Assembly in September of 1643 when the commissioners set themselves to revise Article Eleven of the Thirty-Nine Articles, the article on justification.1 In particular, a day-long debate unfolded over the question of the active obedience of Christ. 2 The committee working on Article Eleven proposed that the original 'we are accompted [sic] righteous before God, only for the merits of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ' be changed to 'we are accounted righteous before God ... onely [sic] for our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ [sic] sake, his whole obedience and satisfaction being by The summary of the debate that follows is derived from Chad B. Van Dixhoorn, 'Reforming the Reformation: Theological Debate at the Westminster Assembly 1643-1652' (Ph.D. Dissertation: Cambridge University, 2004), 270-344. Previous summaries of the justification debate are dependent on Alexander F. Mitchell, M~nutes of the Sessions of the Westminster Assembly of Divines (Edinburgh: .William Blackwood and Sons, 1874), lxv-Ixvii; and idem, The Westminster Assembly: Its History and Standards (Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publications, 1884), 149- 56. Thus, recent works that comment on this discussion in the Assembly will all have to be re-evaluated to the extent that Van Dixhoorn's thesis (and the minutes appended to it) qualify and correct Mitchell's interpretation of the Assembly's minutes. These recent works include William S.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Page R.J. Pederson
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/22159 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Pederson, Randall James Title: Unity in diversity : English puritans and the puritan reformation, 1603-1689 Issue Date: 2013-11-07 Chapter 3 John Downame (1571-1652) 3.1 Introduction John Downame (or Downham) was one of the greatest exponents of the precisianist strain within Puritanism during the pre-revolutionary years of the seventeenth century, a prominent member of London Puritanism, and renowned casuist.1 His fame rests chiefly in his nineteen published works, most of which were works of practical divinity, such as his four-part magnum opus, The Christian Warfare (1604-18), and his A Guide to Godlynesse (1622), a shorter, though still copious, manual for Christian living. Downame was also known for his role in publishing two of the most popular theological manuals: Sir Henry Finch’s The Summe of Sacred Divinitie (1620), which consisted of a much more expanded version of Finch’s earlier Sacred Doctrine (1613), and Archbishop James Ussher’s A Body of Divinitie (1645), which was published from rough manuscripts and without Ussher’s consent, having been intended for private use.2 Downame also had a role in codifying the Westminster annotations on the Bible, being one of a few city ministers to work on the project, though he never sat at the Westminster Assembly.3 Downame’s older brother, 1 Various historians from the seventeenth century to the present have spelled Downame’s name differently (either Downame or Downham). The majority of seventeenth century printed works, however, use “Downame.” I here follow that practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Title Page
    “Singing by Course” and the Politics of Worship in the Church of England, c1560–1640 By James Campbell Nelson Apgar A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Music in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Davitt Moroney, Chair Professor James Davies Professor Diego Pirillo Spring 2018 Abstract “Singing by Course” and the Politics of Worship in the Church of England, c1560–1640 by James Campbell Nelson Apgar Doctor of Philosophy in Music University of California, Berkeley Professor Davitt Moroney, Chair “Singing by course” was both a product of and a rhetorical tool within the religious discourses of post-Reformation England. Attached to a variety of ostensibly distinct practices, from choirs singing alternatim to congregations praying responsively, it was used to advance a variety of partisan agendas regarding performance and sound within the services of the English Church. This dissertation examines discourses of public worship that were conducted around and through “singing by course,” treating it as a linguistic and conceptual node within broader networks of contemporary religious debate. I thus attend less to the history of the vocal practices to which “by course” and similar descriptions were applied than to the polemical dynamics of these applications. Discussions of these terms and practices slipped both horizontally, to other matters of ritual practice, and vertically, to larger topics or frameworks such as the nature of the Christian Church, the production of piety, and the roles of sound and performance in corporate prayer. Through consideration of these issues, “singing by course” emerges as a rhetorical, political, and theological construction, one that circulated according to changing historical conditions and to the interests of various ecclesiastical constituencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Slater V. Baker and Stapleton (C.B. 1767): Unpublished Monographs by Robert D. Miller
    SLATER V. BAKER AND STAPLETON (C.B. 1767): UNPUBLISHED MONOGRAPHS BY ROBERT D. MILLER ROBERT D. MILLER, J.D., M.S. HYG. HONORARY FELLOW MEDICAL HISTORY AND BIOETHICS DEPARTMENT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MADISON PRINTED BY AUTHOR MADISON, WISCONSIN 2019 © ROBERT DESLE MILLER 2019 BOUND BY GRIMM BOOK BINDERY, MONONA, WI AUTHOR’S INTRODUCTION These unpublished monographs are being deposited in several libraries. They have their roots in my experience as a law student. I have been interested in the case of Slater v. Baker and Stapleton since I first learned of it in law school. I was privileged to be a member of the Yale School Class of 1974. I took an elective course with Dr. Jay Katz on the protection of human subjects and then served as a research assistant to Dr. Katz in the summers of 1973 and 1974. Dr. Katz’s course used his new book EXPERIMENTATION WITH HUMAN BEINGS (New York: Russell Sage Foundation 1972). On pages 526-527, there are excerpts from Slater v. Baker. I sought out and read Slater v. Baker. It seemed that there must be an interesting backstory to the case, but it was not accessible at that time. I then practiced health law for nearly forty years, representing hospitals and doctors, and writing six editions of a textbook on hospital law. I applied my interest in experimentation with human beings by serving on various Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) during that period. IRBs are federally required committees that review and approve experiments with humans at hospitals, universities and other institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • How English Baptists Changed the Early Modern Toleration Debate
    RADICALLY [IN]TOLERANT: HOW ENGLISH BAPTISTS CHANGED THE EARLY MODERN TOLERATION DEBATE Caleb Morell Dr. Amy Leonard Dr. Jo Ann Moran Cruz This research was undertaken under the auspices of Georgetown University and was submitted in partial fulfillment for Honors in History at Georgetown University. MAY 2016 I give permission to Lauinger Library to make this thesis available to the public. ABSTRACT The argument of this thesis is that the contrasting visions of church, state, and religious toleration among the Presbyterians, Independents, and Baptists in seventeenth-century England, can best be explained only in terms of their differences over Covenant Theology. That is, their disagreements on the ecclesiological and political levels were rooted in more fundamental disagreements over the nature of and relationship between the biblical covenants. The Baptists developed a Covenant Theology that diverged from the dominant Reformed model of the time in order to justify their practice of believer’s baptism. This precluded the possibility of a national church by making baptism, upon profession of faith, the chief pre- requisite for inclusion in the covenant community of the church. Church membership would be conferred not upon birth but re-birth, thereby severing the links between infant baptism, church membership, and the nation. Furthermore, Baptist Covenant Theology undermined the dominating arguments for state-sponsored religious persecution, which relied upon Old Testament precedents and the laws given to kings of Israel. These practices, the Baptists argued, solely applied to Israel in the Old Testament in a unique way that was not applicable to any other nation. Rather in the New Testament age, Christ has willed for his kingdom to go forth not by the power of the sword but through the preaching of the Word.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage Certificates
    GROOM LAST NAME GROOM FIRST NAME BRIDE LAST NAME BRIDE FIRST NAME DATE PLACE Abbott Calvin Smerdon Dalkey Irene Mae Davies 8/22/1926 Batavia Abbott George William Winslow Genevieve M. 4/6/1920Alabama Abbotte Consalato Debale Angeline 10/01/192 Batavia Abell John P. Gilfillaus(?) Eleanor Rose 6/4/1928South Byron Abrahamson Henry Paul Fullerton Juanita Blanche 10/1/1931 Batavia Abrams Albert Skye Berusha 4/17/1916Akron, Erie Co. Acheson Harry Queal Margaret Laura 7/21/1933Batavia Acheson Herbert Robert Mcarthy Lydia Elizabeth 8/22/1934 Batavia Acker Clarence Merton Lathrop Fannie Irene 3/23/1929East Bethany Acker George Joseph Fulbrook Dorothy Elizabeth 5/4/1935 Batavia Ackerman Charles Marshall Brumsted Isabel Sara 9/7/1917 Batavia Ackerson Elmer Schwartz Elizabeth M. 2/26/1908Le Roy Ackerson Glen D. Mills Marjorie E. 02/06/1913 Oakfield Ackerson Raymond George Sherman Eleanora E. Amelia 10/25/1927 Batavia Ackert Daniel H. Fisher Catherine M. 08/08/1916 Oakfield Ackley Irving Amos Reid Elizabeth Helen 03/17/1926 Le Roy Acquisto Paul V. Happ Elsie L. 8/27/1925Niagara Falls, Niagara Co. Acton Robert Edward Derr Faith Emma 6/14/1913Brockport, Monroe Co. Adamowicz Ian Kizewicz Joseta 5/14/1917Batavia Adams Charles F. Morton Blanche C. 4/30/1908Le Roy Adams Edward Vice Jane 4/20/1908Batavia Adams Edward Albert Considine Mary 4/6/1920Batavia Adams Elmer Burrows Elsie M. 6/6/1911East Pembroke Adams Frank Leslie Miller Myrtle M. 02/22/1922 Brockport, Monroe Co. Adams George Lester Rebman Florence Evelyn 10/21/1926 Corfu Adams John Benjamin Ford Ada Edith 5/19/1920Batavia Adams Joseph Lawrence Fulton Mary Isabel 5/21/1927Batavia Adams Lawrence Leonard Boyd Amy Lillian 03/02/1918 Le Roy Adams Newton B.
    [Show full text]
  • The Documentary History of the Westminster Assembly
    THE P KESBYTERIAN REVIEW. MANAGING EDITORS : ARCHIBALD A. HODGE, CHARLES A. BRIGGS. ASSOCIATE EDITORS : SAMUEL J. WILSON, JAMES EELLS, FRANCIS L. PATTON, RANSOM B. WELCH, TALBOT W. CHAMBERS. VOLUME I. 1880. NEW YORK: Published for the Presbyterian Review Association, by ANSON D. F. RANDOLPH & COMPANY, 900 BROADWAY, COR. 20th STREET. COPYRIGHT, iSSo, BY A. D. F. RANDOLPH * CO. Edward 0. Jenkins, Printer and Stereotyper, jo North William St., New York. TABLE OF CONTENTS. JANUARY. I.— IDEA AND AIMS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN REVIEW, . 3 The Editors. II.— HUME, HUXLEY, AND MIRACLES 8 Prof. W. G. T. Shedd, D.D., LL.D. III.— JUVENAL'S HISTORICAL JUDGMENTS 34 Prof. W. A. Packard, Ph.D. IV.— THE APOLOGETICAL VALUE OF THE TESTAMENTS OF THE XII PATRIARCHS 57 Prof. B. B. Warfield, D.D. V.— NOTES ON THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN THE REFORMED CHURCHES OF FRANCE AND FRENCH SWITZER LAND 85 Prof. H. M. Baird, D.D. VI.— RAVENNA 104 Rev. M. R. Vincent, D.D. VII.— DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE WESTMINSTER ASSEM BLY 127 Prof. C. A. Briggs, D.D. VIII.— NOTES AND NOTICES 164 IX.— REVIEWS OF RECENT THEOLOGICAL LITERATURE, . 172 APRIL. I.— THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE KINGS OF ISRAEL AND JUDAH, 211 Prof. W. J. Beecher, D.D. II.— THE CHINESE IN AMERICA 247 Prof. James Eells, D.D. III.— DEACONESSES 268 Prof. A. T. McGill, D.D., LL.D. IV.— HENRY VAUGHAN, THE POET OF LIGHT 291 Rev. S. W. Duffield. V.— THE THEORY OF PROFESSOR KUENEN 304 Rev. T. W. Chambers, D.D. VI.— A PLEA FOR EVANGELICAL APOLOGETICS, . , . 321 Rev.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1641 Lords' Subcommittee on Religious Innovation
    A “Theological Junto”: the 1641 Lords’ subcommittee on religious innovation Introduction During the spring of 1641, a series of meetings took place at Westminster, between a handful of prominent Puritan ministers and several of their Conformist counterparts. Officially, these men were merely acting as theological advisers to a House of Lords committee: but both the significance, and the missed potential, of their meetings was recognised by contemporary commentators and has been underlined in recent scholarship. Writing in 1655, Thomas Fuller suggested that “the moderation and mutual compliance of these divines might have produced much good if not interrupted.” Their suggestions for reform “might, under God, have been a means, not only to have checked, but choked our civil war in the infancy thereof.”1 A Conformist member of the sub-committee agreed with him. In his biography of John Williams, completed in 1658, but only published in 1693, John Hacket claimed that, during these meetings, “peace came... near to the birth.”2 Peter Heylyn was more critical of the sub-committee, in his biography of William Laud, published in 1671; but even he was quite clear about it importance. He wrote: Some hoped for a great Reformation to be prepared by them, and settled by the grand committee both in doctrine and discipline, and others as much feared (the affections of the men considered) that doctrinal Calvinism being once settled, more alterations would be made in the public liturgy... till it was brought more near the form of Gallic churches, after the platform of Geneva.3 A number of Non-conformists also looked back on the sub-committee as a missed opportunity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Principles of Theology an Introduction to the Thirty
    THE PRINCIPLES OF THEOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES BY W. H. GRIFFITH THOMAS 1 CONTENTS Article Introduction I. Of Faith in the Holy Trinity II. Of Christ the Son of God III. Of His Going Down into Hell IV. Of His Resurrection Articles 4-10 V. Of The Holy Spirit VI. Of the Sufficiency of the Scriptures VII. Of the Old Testament VIII. Of the Three Creeds IX. Of Original or Birth-Sin X. Of Free-Will XI. Of Justification Articles 11-21 XII. Of Good Works XIII. Of Works before Justification XIV. Of Works of Supererogation XV. Of Christ Alone without Sin XVI. Of Sin after Baptism XVII. Of Predestination and Election XVIII. Of Obtaining Salvation by Christ XIX. Of the Church XX. Of the Authority of the Church XXI. Of the Authority of General Councils XXII. Of Purgatory Articles 22-25 XXIII. Of Ministering in the Congregation XXIV. Of Speaking in the Congregation XXV. Of the Sacraments XXVI. Of the Unworthiness of Ministers Articles 26-35 XXVII. Of Baptism XXVIII. Of the Lord’s Supper XXIX. Of the Wicked Which Eat Not the Body of Christ XXX. Of Both Kinds XXXI. Of Christ’s One Oblation XXXII. Of the Marriage of Priests XXXIII. Of Excommunicate Persons XXXIV. Of the Traditions of the Church XXXV. Of the Homilies XXXVI. Of Consecrating of Ministers Articles 36-Appendix XXXVII. Of Civil Magistrates XXXVIII. Of Christian Men’s Goods XXXIX. Of a Christian Man’s Oath 2 INTRODUCTION Revelation [This section is summarised from the writer’s article “Revelation,” in Hastings’ One Volume Bible Dictionary.
    [Show full text]
  • Foxe's Constantine-FINAL3.Pages
    Constantine in Scriptural Mode: John Foxe’s “Magisterial” Revisions to Acts and Monuments’ Second Edition (1570) by Wesley Miles Goudy A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Wycliffe College and Graduate Centre for Theological Studies of the Toronto School of Theology. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology awarded by Wycliffe College and the University of Toronto. © Copyright by Wesley Miles Goudy 2018 Constantine in Scriptural Mode: John Foxe’s “Godly” Magisterial Revisions to Acts and Monuments Second Edition (1570) Wesley Miles Goudy Doctor of Theology Wycliffe College and the University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This project explores a new vision of the Protestant magistrate as represented in the alterations which John Foxe made to his Ecclesiastical History, in Acts and Monuments’ second edition (1570), a highly influential and controversial work which has been credited with shaping the course of English historiography from the Reformation to the Victorian era. The work has also been read in abridged form under the title Foxe’s Book of Martyrs. Foxe made incremental revisions to the work, which began as a 1554 Latin martyrology and ended in a fourth 1583 revision to this English-language ecclesiastical history, still known by the title Acts and Monuments. Yet relatively little scholarship has been devoted to explicating the nature and motivation for Foxe’s revisions, beyond his effort to provide literary and historical support for the English Reformation in the face of Roman Catholic opposition. The most significant revisions appear between the first and second editions of Acts and ii Monuments (1563, 1570), resulting in a textual expansion of some 500 pages.
    [Show full text]
  • In Our Glorious Christ PRACTICAL RELIGION by Rev
    The MessengerVOLUME 59 NO.2 FEBRUARY 2012 EDITION >> 2 Church News 3 The Secret Strength of the Church 5 Natural Disasters 8 Free Reformed Pastors’ Retreat 2011 12 Christ’s Glory As Our Lord 14 How To Live By Faith 16 Changes at the House of Mourning 18 News Notes & Comments 20 A Reformed Book Store 22 Teaching the Doctrine of Predestination Pastorally 24 Announcements THE OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FREE REFORMED CHURCHES OF NORTH AMERICA>> FEBRUARY 2012 I THE MESSENGER 1 CHURCH NEWS >> NEW ADDRESS: NIPISSING PREACHING STATION - 2012 SYNODICAL COMMITTEE MEETINGS New email address for Rev. Jerrold Lewis is: Powassan (south of North Bay, Ontario, off The 2012 Spring meetings are scheduled to [email protected] Hwy. 11) Services are held every Sunday take place March 21 - 23 with the Brantford at 11:00 AM and 2:00 PM (for the winter FRC as host church. The 2012 Ministerial LACOMBE, Alberta season) with a potluck fellowship lunch in Retreat is scheduled for Oct 17-19 at Crieff The Free Reformed Church of Lacombe meets between. When no ministers are scheduled to (Puslinch). The 2012 Fall meetings are in the Trinity Lutheran Church, 5227 C & E Trail, preach, the worship services of the Brantford scheduled to take place October 22 - 25 with Lacombe, AB. Worship services are held at 9.00 Free Reformed Church are broadcast. For St. George FRC as host church. a.m. and 3.00 p.m. information and location, email info@ Hans VanDoodewaard, Coordinator nipissingfrc.com, call Albert Wassink (705- Email: [email protected] Volume 5 CALGARY, Alberta 724-3519) or John Janssen (705 493-0259).
    [Show full text]