Chapter VIII. Maintenance of international peace and security “9. And further noting that the restrictions on the methods described in Article 33 of the Charter. The passage of goods through the Suez Canal to Israel main points of the charges concerned India’s action in ports are denying to nations at no time connected the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the unlawful occu- with the conflict in Palestine valuable supplies re- pation of the State of Junagadh and other States by quired for their economic reconstruction, and that Indian forces, the mass destruction of Muslims in a these restrictions together with sanctions applied by prearranged programme of genocide, and failure to Egypt to certain ships which have visited Israel implement agreements between the two countries.“‘” ports represent unjustified interference with the’ The question was included in the agenda at the rights of nations to navigate the seas and to trade 226th meeting on 6 January 1948 under the title “The freely with one another, including the :irab States Jammu and Kashmir question”.““4 and Israel ; The Security Council considered the question at the “10. Calls z~pon Egypt to terminate the restric- 22Gth-232nd, 234th-237th, 23Yth-246tl1, 250th-257th, tions on the passage of international commercial 26-ith-266th, 209th, 283th-287th, 289th, 290th, 304th, shipping and goods through the Suez Canal wherever 305th, 31 lth, 312th, 315th, 382nd, 399th, 457th, 458th, bound and to cease all interference \vith such ship- 463rd-471st, 532nd-540th, 543rd, 564t’- and 566th meet- ping beyond that essential to the safety of shipping ings, betlveen 6 January 1948 and 31 December 1951. in the Canal itself and to the observance of the international conventions in force.” L)ecisim of 17 JarlltarV 1938 (229th weeti?zg): Re- quest ta the two parties nut to take any steps which The Palestine question remained on the list of mat- Ijlight aggraetate t/cc silflation ters of which the Security Council is seized. By cablegram dated 6 January 1948, the President THE INDIA.PAKISTAN QUESTION521 (Belgium) asked the Governments of India and Paki- stand to refrain from any step incompatible with the Charter and liable to result in an aggravation of the On 1 January 1948, the Government of India re- situation, thereby rendering more difficult any action ported to the Security Council details of a situation by the Security Council.sY4 existing between India and Pakistan owing to the aid ,%I the 227th meeting on 15 January 1948, the repre- which invaders, consisting of nationals of Pakistan sentative of India* declared that, having failed to and tribesmen from the territory immediately adjoin- achieve a settlement of the question through negotia- ing Pakistan on the north-west, were drawmg from tions with the Government of Pakistan, the Govern- Pakistan for operations against Jammu and Kashmir, ment of India had to invoke the assistance of the a State lvhich, having acceded to the Dominion of Council to persuade the Government of Pakistan not India, the Government of India declared to he part to give direct or indirect aid to forces fighting in the of India. The Government of India considered the State of Jammu and Kashmir.5’” giving of this assistance by T’akistan to be an act of aggression against India, and likely to endanger the -.1t the 22Sth and 229th meetings on 16 and 17 Janu- maintenance of international peace and security, since ary respectively, the representative of Pakistan*’ de- in self-defence India might be compelled to enter clared that it was impossible to appraise the issues Pakistan territory in order to take military action referred to the Council under Article 3.5 of the Charter against the invaders. The Government of India, being without direct reference to the background of the anxious to proceed according to the principles and matter, which he proceeded to state in some detail. He declared that the Jammu-Kashmir Government had aims of the Charter, brought the situation to the atten- refused or ignored offers of friendly discussions and tion of the Security Council under Article 35 of the had called in Indian troops without informing Pakistan Charter.622 of its intended action. He called for the evacuation of On 15 Januarv 1948 the Government of Pakistan all elements foreign to the State, including tribesmen emphatically denled that they were giving aid and and Indian army troops as the best step to a solution assistance to the so-called invaders, or had committed of the questiorLZZF any act of aggression against India. The Azad (Free) At the 229th meeting on 17 January, the President Kashmir Government was struggling for liberty, and submitted a draft resolutior? which, with one amend- was possibly being helped by a certain number of ment to the preamble, was adopted by 9 votes in independent tribesmen and persons from Pakistan as favour and none against, with 2 ahstentions.62s The volunteers. The complaint of India under Article 35 resolution52Qread as follows : of the Charter contained a threat of direct attack against Pakistan. Under Article 35 of the Charter the “The Sewity CounciZ, Government of Pakistan further brought to the attcn- “Having heard statements on the situation in tion of the Security Council a situation existing bc- Kashmir from representatives of the Governments tween India and Pakistan which had already given of India and Pakistan, rise to disputes tending to endanger the rnaintcnance “S/646, and Corr.1, O.K., 3rd year, Szrppl. for NOV. 1948, of international peace and security. The Pakistan pp. 67-87. Government had unsuccessfully tried over a period of ‘% S/636, 226th meeting: p. 4. many months to seek a solution of the dispute by the =227th meeting : pp. 11-28. Wd228th and 229th meetings: pp. 90-120. =‘For the claim of the right of self-defence in conformity G21229th meeting: pp. 120-121. with Article 51 in connexion with this question, see chapter ‘“229th meeting : p. 125. For the President’s consultation with XI, Case 20. the parties, see chapter I, Case 26. “‘S/628, O.R., 3rd yrar, Suj$l. for Nov. 1948, pp. 139-144. cm S./651. Part Il. The India-Pakistan question 345 “Recognizing the urgency of the situation, “C. The Commission is invested with a dual function : -. “Taking note of the telegram addressed on 6 January by its President to each of the parties and “( 1) to investigate the facts pursuant to Article of their replies thereto; and in which they affirmed 34 of the Charter; their intention to conform to the Charter, “(2) to exercise, without interrupting the work “Calls upon both the Government of India and of the Security Council, any mediatorv influence the Government ,of Pakistan to take immediately all likely to smooth away difficulties; to ca;ry out the measures within their power (including public ap- directions given to it by the Security Council; and peals to their people) calculated to improve the to report how far the advice and directions, if any, situation, and to refrain from making any statements of the Security Council have been carried out. and from doing or causing to be done or permitting “D. The Commission shall perform the functions any acts which might aggravate the situation; described in clause C : “L4nd fz~tkcr rccllrrs/s each of those Governments “(1) in regard to the situation in the Jammu to iniorm the Council immediately of any material and Kashmir State set out in the letter of the Repre- change in the situation which occurs or appears to sentative of India addressed to the President of the either of them to hc about to occur while the matter Security Council, dated 1 January 1948, and in the is under consideration by the Council, and consult letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Paki- with the Council thereon.” stan addressed to the Secretary-General, dated 15 January 1948 ; and At the same meeting, at the suggestion of the repre- sentative ‘of the United Kingdom, it was further de- “(2) in regard to other situations set out in the cided that discussion of the question be adjourned letter from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan addressed to the Secretary-General, dated 15 until 20 January 1948 and that, during the interim January 1948, when the Security Council so directs. period, the President should hold joint discussions with the representatives of India and Pakistan.530 “E. The Commission shall take its decision by majority vote. It shall determine its own procedure. Decision of 20 January 1938 (230th vneetiug): Estab- It may allocate among its members, alternate mem- lishmel7t of the UGtrd Nations Comlnissiort bers, their assistants, and its personnel such duties At the 230th meeting on 20 January, the President, as may have to be fulfilled for the realization of its as the representative of Belgium, submitted a draft mission and the reaching of its conclusions. rC resolution53i which was adopted at the same meeting “F. The Commission, its members, alternate by 9 votes in favour and none against, with 2 absten- members, their assistants and its personnel, shall tions.532 The resolution read as follows: be entitled to journey, separately or together, where- “The Security Council, ever the necessities of their ta’sks may require, and, in particular, within those territories which are the “Considering that it may investigate any dispute theatre of the events ‘of which the Security Council or any situation which might, by its continuance. is seized. endanger the maintenance of international peace and security: that, in the existing state of affairs be- “G. The Secretary-General of the United Na- tween India and Pakistan, such an investigation is tions shall furnish the Commission with such per- a mat,ter of urgency, sonnel and assistance as it may consider necessary.” “Adopts the following resolution: “A.