Indo-US Science and Technology Forum

Joint R & D Centers Fostering Partnerships The Indo-US Science and Technology Forum (IUSSTF) established under an agreement between the Governments of India and the United States of America in March 2000, is an autonomous, not- for-profit-society that promotes science, technology, engineering and biomedical research through substantive interaction among government, media and industry. Joint R & D Centers Fostering Partnerships

Indo-US Science and Technology Forum

Indo-US Science and Technology Forum Contents Chemical Sciences 7 • Integrated Study of Correlated Electrons in Organic and Inorganic Materials 9 • Development of Metal-Ceramic Composites through Microwave Processing 12 • Theoretical Physics of Ultra-Cold Atoms in Optical Lattices 16 • Thin-Films and Nanostructured Emerging Coating Technologies 22 • Dynamics of Dislocations in Solid Helium and its Role in Supersolid Behavior 25 • Rational Control of Functional Oxides 29 • 3-D Engineered Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage 33 • Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Studies 37 • From Fundamentals to Applications of Nanoparticle Assemblies 40 • Crystallization at Interfaces 43 • Theoretical Studies of the Correlated Electronic Structure of Graphene 45 Engineering Sciences 49 • Highway and Airport Pavement Engineering 51 • Intelligent Transportation Systems Technologies 55 • Intelligent Structural Health Monitoring 59 • Design of Sustainable Products, Services and Manufacturing Systems 65 • Fire Center for Advancing Research and Education in Structural Fire Engineering 67 Environment and Energy 71 • Eco-Informatics Centre 73 • Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Chemo pollutants 77 • Climate Change and its Impact on the Ecosystem of the Arabian Sea 81 • Climate Change and Health Adaptation 86 • Advanced Modeling of Tropical Land-Atmosphere-Ocean System for Simulation of Extreme Weather Events 89 Life Sciences 93 • Silk Protein Matrix for Cell Based Tissue Engineering 95 • Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering 99 • Nanomedical and Cellular Engineering 104 • Cardiovascular Biology 106 • Biological Timing 109 • Research Excellence in Science and Engineering (CRESE) on Nanobiotechnology 111 Mathematical and Computational Sciences 117 • Advanced Research in Machine Learning, Game Theory and Optimization 119 • Protein Interactor Discovery and Structure 124 • Nanostructure Genomics: Designing Functionality of 2-Dimensional Nanostructures and Nano-Bio Interfaces 125 Medical Sciences 127 • Biomaterials for Healthcare 129 • Cerebro-vascular Diseases 134 • Magnetic Resonance Technologies in Brain Cancer Imaging 137 • Cell Targeted Diagnostics and Therapy Using Nanomaterials 140 • Environmental Lung Diseases 146 • Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 149 • Indo-US Exchange Program for Optometry and Ophthalmology 153 • Nanomedicine for Head & Neck Cancer 158 • Tuberculosis 163 Physical Sciences 165 • Astronomical Object and Feature Characterization and Classification 167 • Research Excellence on Fabrionics 170 • Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy 173 • R&D Networked Indo-US iGEON-India 177 • Nanomaterials for Energy 181 • Nanoparticle Aerosol Science and Technology 186 • Novel Magnetic Structures and Excitations in Multilayers, Interfaces, Nanoparticles and Bulk 190 • Physics Beyond Standard Model 195 • Solar Eruptive Phenomena 200 • Accelerators and Detectors for future High Energy Physics Experiments 206 • Analysis of Variable Star 212 • Excellence on Advanced Materials Research 216 From the Executive Director’s Desk

To enable Indian and American scientists, researchers and students from academia, laboratories (both public and non-governmental) and industry to carry out joint research activities by leveraging already existing infrastructure and funding available with the partners at both sides, the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum supports linkages established through virtual networked joint centers. The Indo-US Knowledge R & D Networked Centers and Public-Private Networked Centers aim to encourage joint project implementation on focal areas of thematic and applied research based on synergy of activities and harnessing complementary strengths of performing groups from the two countries. Knowledge R & D Networked Centers also provide opportunities for integrating research with education, through both student and faculty exchanges. Public-Private Networked Centers, on the other hand, enable to foster academia-industry partnerships by promoting pre-commercial R & D activities having potential towards applied research and product development. These Centers are aimed to capitalize on the scientific and technological innovation and entrepreneurship in translating ideas from the bench to the market place. More information on the Networked Centers can be accessed at www.iusstf. org. We at IUSSTF are pleased to provide a flavour of work done by all such Networked Centers supported by IUSSTF over the years in the past across various thematic areas. This compendium has been brought out on the occasion of the IUSSTF completing 15 years, and highlights the collaborative work carried out by such Joint Networked Centers supported by IUSSTF. The success of these Networked Centers have been amply demonstrated by the collaborative research outcomes, the value additions, joint publications, patents, reciprocal student and faculty exchanges, and most significantly in the ability of some of the partnering groups to garner national funding in their respective countries by leveraging the strength and value of such networked partnerships. We hope that the information provided in this compendium would also help interested stakeholders to identify researchers working in their areas of interest and forge new linkages in India and the US.

Rajiv Sharma Executive Director, IUSSTF

Chemical Sciences Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 8 Indo-US Joint Center on Integrated Study of Correlated Electrons in Organic and Inorganic Materials

Principal Investigators

Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences Kolkata, India [email protected]

Sumitendra Mazumdar University of Arizona Tucson, USA [email protected]

The Hamiltonian consists of (i) H that contains the About the Center SSH The central goal of this project has been : kinetic energy and the inter-ion electron-phonon (e- p) coupling, (ii) an orbital-ordering (OO) term HOO • To develop a theory to understand the common and (iii) electron-electron interaction Hee that includes features between correlated electron oxides and short-range e-e interactions within each site. other compounds of transition metals and organic Treating OO and e-p interactions using a standard self- charge-transfer solids (CTS). consistent approach derived from the equations: Superconducting CTS have nominally quarter-filled The self-consistency equations were used iteratively bands and aside from the common band fillings these given an initial starting distortion. In the infinite inorganic systems share two other common features system the OO or the bond distortion would occur for with the organic CTS: infinitesimally small coupling constants g and a. In • strong electron-electron interactions; and finite-size clusters, however, due to the finite-size gaps • lattice frustration. between successive energy levels, non zero coupling constants are required before the symmetry-broken Thus superconducting CTS in all cases have lattice state appears. We, therefore, consider g and a close to structures that are anisotropic triangular. The inorganic the minimum values needed for the broken-symmetry systems that we identified, such as LiTi2O4, MgTi2O4, state to occur. We performed calculations for lattices up CuIr2S4 and CuRh2S4 are spinels and the present to 16 x 16 (256 atoms with 512 orbitals). research activity of this joint center had been focused on spinels. We found a stable, orbitally-induced Peierls bond- dimerized state for carrier concentration of one electron Work Plan/Methodology per atom. The Peierls bond distortion pattern continues to be period 2 bond-dimerization even when the charge In order to incorporate orbital degeneracy, frustration, density in the orbitals forming the one-dimensional and the possibility of Peierls order in multiple band is significantly smaller than 1. In contrast, for directions the following Hamiltonian had been carrier density of half an electron per atom the Peierls considered for a checkerboard lattice with doubly instability is absent within one-electron theory as well degenerate metal orbitals at each lattice site. (see as mean-field theory of electron-electron interactions, Fig. 1). even for nearly complete orbital ordering.

9 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic • University of Arizona, Tucson Sciences, Kolkata • Mississippi State University, Mississippi State • Indian Association for the Cultivation of Sciences, Kolkata

MnV2O4 from First-Principles Calculations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102: 216405 • Soumyajit Sarkar, Molly De Raychaudhury, and T. Saha-Dasgupta (2009) Density-functional study of the electronic and optical properties of the spinel compound CuIr2S4. Phys. Rev. B 79: 113104

Software Generated Software had been generated to solve the model Hamiltonian incorporating orbital degeneracy, frustration, and the possibility of Peierls order in multiple directions. Fig. 1

Publications • R. T. Clay, H. Li, S. Sarkar, S. Mazumdar, and T.Saha-Dasgupta (2010) Cooperative orbital ordering and Peierls instability in the checkerboard lattice with doubly degenerate orbitals Phys. Rev. B 82: 035108 • S. Dayal, R. T. Clay, H. Li, and S. Mazumdar (2011) Paired electron crystal: Order from frustration in the quarter-filled band. Phys. Rev. B 83: 245106 • S. Sarkar, T. Maitra, Roser Valentí, and T. Saha- Dasgupta (2009) Proposed Orbital Ordering in

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 10 Exchange Visits S. No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 Sumit Mazumdar S.N.Bose Centre June 2008, 7 days University of Arizona, Tucson 2 Sumit Mazumdar S.N. Bose Centre, Dec, 2008, 10 days University of Arizona, Tucson Cultivation of Sciences 3 R. Torsten Clay S.N.Bose Centre, Dec, 2008, 10 days Mississippi State University, Cultivation of Sciences Mississippi State 4 Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta University of Arizona April 2009, 7 days S.N.Bose Centre 5 Soumyajit Sarkar University of Arizona April-June, 2009, 1 month S.N.Bose Centre 6 D.D. Sharma University of Arizona June 2009, 4 days Cultivation of Sciences 7 T. Saha-Dasgupta University of Arizona March, 2011, 4 days S.N. Bose Centre

11 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Development of Metal-Ceramic Composites through Microwave Processing

Principal Investigators

Anish Upadhyaya Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India [email protected]

Jiann Yang Michigan Technological University Houghton, USA [email protected]

About the Center affiliated with the participating institutes in the The major research thrust at the center is towards gaining area of microwave processing of materials. a fundamental understanding of the microwave-metal • Render assistance to the interested and relevant interaction and consolidation of a range of ferrous and industry and research institutes in microwave non-ferrous particulate materials using microwaves. In sintering and operational details of equipment specific center focuses to : design and set-up. • Promote exchange of researchers between the Work Plan/Methodology: participating institutes for conducting experiments • Fabrication of fine micro structured various metal- and technological/scientific discussions. ceramic composites through microwave sintering • Establish a proof-of-concept of microwave and powder metallurgy. processing of various materials specifically metal • Investigation and development of unique powders and metal-ceramic composites. microstructural formulations exploiting unique • Understand phenomenology of particulate advantages of microwave heating. consolidation through the microwave heating. • Characterization of the properties (microstructural; • Investigate and develop unique microstructural mechanical; tribological) of microwave sintered formulations exploiting unique advantages of composites vis a vis their conventionally sintered microwave heating. counterparts. • Characterize the properties (microstructural; • Further enhancement of the properties of mechanical; tribological) of microwave sintered microwave sintered composites through alloy composites vis a vis their conventionally sintered design and tailoring the compositions. counterparts. • Education and training of students affiliated with • Further enhance the properties of microwave the participating Institutes. sintered composites through alloy design and • Executing exchange of researchers between the tailoring the compositions. participating institutes for conducting experiments • Provide education and training to students and technological/scientific discussions

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 12 Partnering Institutions

India US • Industrial Microwave Research Center (IMRC), • The Pennsylvania State University, Navi Mumbai University Park, Pennsylvania

Summary Activities at IIT Kanpur: • Metal Ore pretreatment in Microwave • Liquid Phase Sintering of 2712, 6711 and 7775 (MTU+IMRC + IIT/K) Aluminum Alloys and their Properties (IIT/K + PSU) • Upgrade of Microwave Facility at IIT/K and • Microwave Heating of Stainless Steels (IIT/K + PSU) IMRC/Mumbai • Modeling of Microwave Heating of Particulate Achievements Metals and Its Application in Sintering of The research focus has been towards investigating the Tungsten-Based Alloys (IIT/K + PSU) sintering aspects of ferrous and non-ferrous materials • Microwave Sintering of Bronze (IIT/K + PSU) and major findings are summarized as follows: • Microwave Sintering of W-Ni-Fe Alloy (IIT/K+PSU) • Microwave Heating of Stainless Steels Activities at Industrial Microwave Research Center, • Microwave Sintering of Bronze Mumbai : • Microwave Sintering of W-Ni-Fe Alloy • Kick-off meeting of the Center: Held on 18 July, Both ferrous and non-ferrous alloys can be successfully 2008 and the primary objective was to apprise processed through microwave sintering. As compared to and interact with Indian industries and other to conventional heating, microwave sintering results R&D centers about the objectives of the IMRC in significant reduction in the processing time ranging and educate them about the microwave materials from 70-90%. Therefore microwave sintering offers processing. a potentially viable means to consolidate particulate • Sintering of Stainless Steel: Held in collaboration metals, alloys and composites for high performance with IIT Kanpur and MPEC, USA. applications. • Workshop on Microwave Steel making: Held on February 27, 2009. Conclusion • Microwave heating can effectively produce cracks • Microwave Steel making (IMRC + MTU) in the silicate matrix of the high grade metal • Bulk Metal Heating & Heat Treatments (IMRC) sulphide ore. • Visits to MPEC and Michgan Tech. University: • Heating to temperatures of 400 0C in air/argon th th By Dr. Shivanand Borkar from 20 October to 17 reported no mass loss of the sample, important for November 2008. processing conditions, if microwave pretreatment

MW Sintering Furnace IITK Continous MW Furance IMRC

13 Joint R & D Centers SEM image of the silicate flux formed during heating in air to 970 C EDS analysis performed on the mid-portion of the silicate flux.

of the ore was employed to produce cracks, as the Microwave Sintering of W-18Cu and W-7Ni3Cu mass loss results in gas production mainly in the Alloys. Journal of Microwave Power & form of SOx. Electromagnetic Energy, vol 43, No. 1, pp. 43-1- • By heating to temperatures in excess of 800 0C in 11 – 16. air/argon mass loss is reported from the formation • C. Padmavathi, A. Upadhyayaa, and D. Agrawal of voids in the metallic bearing phases of the ore. (2007) Corrosion behavior of microwave-sintered • Localized melting occurs within the silicate matrix austenitic stainless steel composites. Scripta forming a flux containing all elements found in Materialia, 57(7), 651-654. that region of the sample. As metallic phases heat • C. Padmavathi, S.S. Panda, D. Agrawal, A. to high temperatures, the heat is transferred to the Upadhyaya (2006) Effect of Microstructural neighboring silicate causing it to melt engulfing Characteristics on Corrosion Behaviour of the metallic bearing within it. This is not good Microwave Sintered Stainless Steel Composites. from a mineral processing standpoint as the Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, thermal runaway occurring within the ore causes Glasses and Composites: Processing. Proceeding the economically valuable minerals to be further of MS&T 2006, Cincinnati, OH. pp 517-528. trapped by the silicate matrix. • Padmavathi Chandran, Dinesh Agrawal, Anish Publications Upadhyaya (2008) Microwave Sintering of Aluminum Alloys. Proc. Ist Global Cong MW Ener • A. Mondal, D. Agrawal and A. Upadhyaya (2009) Appl August 2008, Japan, pg 153-158. Microwave Heating of Pure Copper Powder with Varying Particle Size and Porosity. Journal of • Avijit Mondal, Anish Upadhyaya, Dinesh Agrawal Microwave Power & Electromagnetic Energy, vol Sintering Advances in Consolidating W Based 43, No. 1, pp. 43-1-5 – 10. Alloys, in Proc. Ist Global Cong MW Ener Appl August 2008, Japan, pg 301-304. • A. Mondal, A. Upadhyaya, D. Agrawal (2009)

Exchange Visits Exchange visits to India Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period Prof. Dinesh Agrawal (PI) IMRC, Mumbai 15-30 July 2008 Prof. Jiann Y. Hwang (Co-PI) IMRC, Mumbai 16-22 Feb. 2009 IIT, Kanpur 23-27 Feb. 2009 Mr. Matthew Andriese (Student) IMRC, Mumbai 8-18 May 2009 IIT, Kanpur 18 May - 8 July 2009 Exchange visits to US Dr. Shivanand A. Borkar (Co-PI) Penn State 15 Oct. - 10 Nov. 2008 Michigan Tech 10-14 Nov. 2008 Mr. Avijit Mondal (Student) Penn State 15 Oct. 2008 - 15 Jan. 2009 Dr. Anish Upadhyaya (PI) Penn State 30 May - 3 July 2009 Michigan Tech 8-12 June 2009

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 14 • Avijit Mondal, Dinesh Agrawal, Anish Upadhyaya Premixed and Prealloyed Tungsten Heavy Alloys. (2008) Microwave Heating of Pure Copper Powder MS&T 2008 Proc. pg 2502-2515. with Different Particle Size and Porosity. Proc. Ist • A. Mondal, D. Agrawal, A. Upadhyaya (2010) Global Cong MW Ener Appl August 2008, Japan, Microwave Sintering of Refractory Metals: W, pg 517-520. Mo, Re, W-Cu, W-Ni-Cu and W-Ni-Fe Alloys” • Avijit Mondal, D. Agrawal and A. Upadhyaya Journal of Microwave Power & Electromagnetic (2008) Effect of Microwave and Conventional Energy. In-press. Heating on Sintering Behavior of Tungsten Under Review Coated-Copper Powder. Proc. 2008 Intl Conf • A. Mondal, A. Shukla, A. Upadhyaya, D. Agrawal, on W, Refract & Hardmetals VII, Publ MPIF, pg Effect of Porosity and Particle Size on Microwave 3-134 – 3-140. Heating of Copper. Science of Sintering. • Avijit Mondal, D. Agrawal and A. Upadhyaya • A. Upadhyaya, A. Mondal and D. Agrawal, Effect (2008) Microwave Sintering of Tunsten Based of Heating Mode and Copper Content on the Alloys. Proc. 2008 Intl Conf on W, Refract & Densification of W-Cu Alloys. International Journal Hardmetals VII, Publ MPIF, pg 3-122 – 3-132. of Refractory and Hard Materials. • C. Padmavathi, G. Joshi, A. Upadhyaya • A. Mondal, A. Upadhyaya, and D. Agrawal and D. Agrawal, (2008) Effect of Sintering Effect of Heating Mode on Sintering of Tungsten. Temperature, Heating Mode and Graphite International Journal of Refractory and Hard Addition on the Corrosion response of Materials. Austenitic and Ferritic Stainless Steels. Trans Indian Inst. Mat, 61(2-3), 239-243. • A. Mondal, A. Upadhyaya, and D. Agrawal. Effect of Heating Mode and Sintering Temperature on the • A. Mondal, Anish Upadhyaya, and D. Agrawal Consolidation of 90W-7Ni-3Fe Alloys. Journal of (2008) Microwave and Conventional Sintering of Alloys and Compounds.

15 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Theoretical Physics of Ultra-Cold Atoms in Optical Lattices

Principal Investigators

Hulikal Krishnamurthy Indian Institute of Sciences Bangalore, India [email protected]

James K. Freericks Georgetown University NW Washington DC, USA [email protected]

About the Center (HRK) and James K Freericks (JKF) to extend the The Joint Center “Theoretical Physics of Ultra-Cold strong coupling expansion developed by them in an Atoms in Optical Lattices” was set up in April 2010. earlier collaboration to systems of ultra-cold bosonic H R Krishnamurthy and Vijay B Shenoy from the atoms in a deep optical lattice as described by the Bose- Indian Institute of Science (IISc.), Bangalore, and Hubbard model with a trap potential, for parameter Krishnendu Sengupta from the Indian Association for regimes when superfluid regions are present. Many the Cultivation of Science in Kolkata were involved equilibrium quantities that are directly experimentally from the Indian side. The U. S. side included James measured such as the inhomogeneous density profile, K Freericks and Marcos Rigol from Georgetown the entropy, etc. are being calculated. Some sample University (Washington DC), and Nandini Trivedi results are shown in Fig. 1. The expansion works well in from the Ohio State University. The objectives of the much of the experimentally relevant regimes, provided Joint Center were to promote collaborative theoretical the temperatures are chosen to be slightly smaller than research in the emerging area of ultra-cold atoms in the experimentally assigned temperatures. (Fig. 2). optical lattices. A paper describing this work has been published in Physical Review. Additionally, research is currently Achievements underway to extend this work to mixtures of bosons, A total of thirteen exchange visits took place as part and calculate the efficiency for dipolar molecule of the activities of this centre, involving students, formation in Rb-Cs mixtures on an optical lattice for post docs and faculty. Six of these were visits from use in an experiment from the Innsbruck team, as well India to the US, by H R Krishnamurthy, Krishnendu as to bosons in rotating in an annular trap superposed Sengupta, Vijay Shenoy and Manjari Gupta, a doctoral on an optical lattice. student at IISc. The other seven were visits from US to Another technique for handling strongly correlated India, by J K Freericks, Marcos Rigol and four post- inhomogeneous systems such as ultra-cold atoms doctoral fellows from Georgetown University, Karlis in a trap is that of inhomogeneous dynamical mean- Mikelsons, Juan Carrasquilla, Christopher Varney and field theory (DMFT). This is computationally very Herbert Fotso. Some of the collaborative research that challenging. A tremendous simplification results by was facilitated by these visits is described briefly below. using the local density approximation (LDA) where Manjari Gupta is working with H R Krishnamurthy the inhomogeneous system is mapped to a set of

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 16 Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Association for the Cultivation of • Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Science, Kolkata

homogeneous systems at the local chemical potentials, measurements. While the preparation of the system is whence the results from a homogeneous DMFT can often approximately adiabatic, the measurements often be used. But this approximation does not work very destroy thermal equilibrium. Some of the experiments well for deep trap potentials. Karlis Mikelsons (KM) that involve non-equilibrium dynamics of the cold worked in collaboration with HRK and JKF to develop atoms and molecules in an essential way are: a generalized gradient approximation to improve upon • Free expansion of an originally trapped gas of the LDA while retaining the advantage of being able to atoms, use homogeneous DMFT results. This work has been • Dipole oscillations, published in the (refereed) proceedings of a HPCMC • Modulation spectroscopy, user group conference. [Ref. 1 in the list of publications] • Preformed molecule formation via a mixing of atomic species, A key aspect of cold atom systems is that they provide • Bloch oscillations. a unique test bed for the study of non-equilibrium dynamics of its constituent atoms in the strongly James K Freericks (JKF), Karlis Mikelsons (KM) and correlated regime. For, experimentalists routinely H R Krishnamurthy (HRK) initiated the development manipulate the cold atoms and molecules either to of an entirely new line of theoretical techniques to prepare the system in a given state, or to perform study such non-equilibrium dynamics of cold atoms

Fig. 1. Density (blue) and Superfluid order-parameter (red) profiles at two different temperatures calculated using the strong coupling expansion (to second order) for the Bose Hubbard model on a 201 x 201 lattice with parameters typical of experimental systems. Note the reduction in the superfluidity of the outer ring at the higher temperature

17 Joint R & D Centers Fig. 2. (Color online) Comparison of the theoretical strong-coupling results with experimentally obl1l.ined scaled density profiles from Ref. [22]. Solid black lines show the experimental data, gray (red) dotted lines show the theoretical calculations with the same temperatures as ill the experimental analysis, and gray (red) solid lines show the theoretical calculations at a different temperature that matches with the experimental data. The insects show the zeroth-order contributions [dark-gray (blue) solid lines] and the second-order contributions [light-gray(green) solid

lines] to the scaled density separately. The overall harmonic trap (as given in Ref. [22] is rd/a = 22.4. in optical lattices. These are obtained by extending to that an interesting new quasi-universal transient state the non-equilibrium case the strong coupling expansion exists in nonequilibrium governed by a thermalized techniques developed by JKF and HRK in an earlier kinetic energy but not a thermalized potential energy. In collaboration for bosons in an optical lattice in thermal addition, when the field strength is equal in magnitude equilibrium. They also make use of methods developed to the interaction between atoms, the system was found by JKF for treating non-equilibrium problems to undergo a rapid thermalization, characterized by a numerically by discretizing paths in a complex time different quasi-universal behavior of the current and plane, where the portions of the paths on the real time spectral function for different values of the hopping axis describe non equilibrium time evolution of the (figure 3). This work has been published in Physical quantum system, whereas the portion of the path on the Review Letters. imaginary time axis describes the initial equilibrium Following this work, Andreas Dirks, working in state of the system. collaboration with KM, JKF and HRK, extended the As a first application of these new methods, they above work to come up with a comprehensive theory explored a system of 40K atoms trapped in an for modulation spectroscopy of ultra-cold Fermionic optical lattice and subjected to a “synthetic electric atoms in a trap. The theoretical predictions compare field”. (Cold atoms are electrically neutral. However, well to the experimental time traces of doublon experimentalists have devised ingenious ways of production. For experimentally feasible conditions, creating “synthetic fields” that act on the neutral atoms this work provides a quantitative prediction for the in the same way that real electric field act on charged presence of nonlinear “two-photon” excitations at particles such as electrons.) At the simplest level, they strong modulation amplitudes. The work has been modelled the system as a Fermi Hubbard model on a published in Phys. Rev. B (Rapid Communications). simple cubic lattice of (128) 3 sites, with an inter-site Both of the above constitute substantive contributions nearest neighbor hopping of J, and on onsite Hubbard to the field, largely fulfilling the aims of the joint centre, repulsion energy of U. The electric field is abruptly and what we had proposed to do. turned on at time t = 0 along a specified direction, eg., (111). The damping of the ensuing Bloch oscillations There was also progress on a few other problems was found to depend on the direction of the field and for that were not directly connected to actual cold-atom a broad range of field strengths a long-lived transient systems, but address closely related non-equilibrium prethermalized state was found to emerge. This long- pump-probe studies of correlated condensed matter lived transient regime implies that thermal equilibrium systems. The last one is especially significant in that may be out of reach of the time scales accessible in it points to the possibility of a novel non-equilibrium present cold atom experiments. However it was found closing of the gap in the photoemission spectra of

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 18 Scientific Value Addition We completed the following projects, which we believe are significant contributions. • We developed a strong coupling expansion for quantities that are directly experimentally measured in systems of ultra-cold bosonic atoms in a deep optical lattice as described by the Bose-Hubbard model with a trap potential, for parameter regimes when superfluid regions are present. The Fig. 3 (color online). Scaled current for different values of hopping for E = U(l, 0, 0) expansion works well in much of the and T = J, showing quasiuniversal behavior. The data change very little with a further experimentally relevant regimes. decrease of the initial temperature. The exponential decay of the current has a time -1 scale of J The inset shows scaled spectra (upper Hubbard band) at an average time ta • We developed a generalized gradient = 1/J, which also show a quasiuniversal behavior. approximation to go beyond the local density approximation in handling pumped charge density wave systems such as TaS2 and strongly correlated inhomogeneous TbTe3 while the charge density remains modulated, systems such as ultra-cold atoms in a trap. with the gap reforming after the pump pulse has passed. • We succeeded in achieving a key goal we had This non-equilibrium scenario qualitatively describes set forth in our proposal, namely that of the the common short-time experimental features in such development of an extension of our strong- systems. coupling approach to non-equilibrium ultracold A system of ultra-cold bosons in an optical lattice atomic problems in an optical lattice with a trap, provides opportunities for the study of the superfluid- and in particular to modulation spectroscopy. insulator (SI) quantum phase transition of the bosons, • We also made progress a few other problems and in particular, the non-equilibrium dynamics of that were not directly connected to actual cold- the bosons near the SI transition by quenching the atom systems, but address closely related non- parameters of the system from one regime to another. equilibrium pump-probe studies of correlated Krishnendu Sengupta (KS), a co-PI in the project has condensed matter systems. developed a technique of addressing quench dynamics We have a number of other projects we started working in cold atoms beyond the standard mean-field theory. on in the context of the IUSSTF proposal, where we Also, Marcos Rigol (MR) has been looking into the have made progress, but these are not yet completed physics of thermalization leading to the formation enough to be publishable yet. When they do eventually of steady states in isolated quantum systems during get published, as we are sure they will, the IUSSTF their evolution subsequent to a quench. Thanks to support will still be acknowledged, although the tenure the IUSSTF Joint Centre, KS and MR initiated a of the project is now completed. collaboration to understand the steady state formation • Calculating the efficiency for dipolar molecule and thermalization of the Bose-Hubbard model formation in Rb-Cs mixtures on an optical lattice near its quantum critical point using the technique for use in an experiment from the Innsbruck team. developed earlier by KS. Such a study, which has never been carried out for the Bose-Hubbard model, • Studies of strongly correlated Bose-Hubbard has the promise of being directly relevant to realistic systems in annular traps, under conditions of experimental systems such as 87Rb atoms in an optical super-flow. lattice. • Further elaboration and implementation of the generalized gradient approximation as a way to Collaborative and collaborative work of the sort go beyond the local density approximation in a described above would have been impossible to variety of contexts. generate and sustain had it not been for the generous support for exchange visits provided by the IUSSTF Publications Joint Centre. The visits also provide a wonderful • J. K. Freericks, K. Mikelsons, and H. R. cultural experience, especially for the young students Krishnamurthy,(2011) The generalized gradient and post-docs from both sides. approximation applied to the three dimensional

19 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 Jim Freericks (PI) IISc 1 week (Feb. 2011) Georgetown 2 Karlis Mikelsons (post-doc) IISc 1 month (Feb.-Mar. 2011) Georgetown 3 Christopher Varney (post-doc) IISc 3 Weeks (April 2011) Georgetown 4 Manjari Gupta (student) Georgetown 1 Month (April-May 2011) IISc 5 Hulikal Krishnamurthy (PI) Georgetown 2 weeks (May 2011) IISc 6 Krishnendu Sengupta (co-PI) Georgetown 2 weeks (May 2011) IACS 7 Marcos Rigol (co-PI) IACS 1 week (Dec. 2011) Georgetown 8 Juan Carrasquilla (post-doc) IACS 1 week (Dec. 2011) Georgetown 9 Vijay Shenoy (co-PI) Georgetown 1 week (Mar. 2012) IISc 10 Hulikal Krishnamurthy (PI) Georgetown 2 weeks (April 2012) IISc 11 Manjari Gupta (student) Georgetown 1 month (July - Aug. 2012) IISc 12 Jim Freericks (PI) IISc 1 week (Nov. 2012) Georgetown 13 Herbert Fotso (post-doc) IISc 1 month (Jan. - Feb. 2013) Georgetown

Hubbard model in a trap: a CAP and Challenge results [Phys. Rev. A 79, 053631 (2009)], Phys. project, Proceedings of the HPCMP Users Group Rev. A 85, 019913 [2] Conference 2011, Portland OR, June 20--23, 2011, • K. Mikelsons, J. K. Freericks and H. R. edited by D. E. Post, (High Performance Computer Krishnamurthy (2012) Quasiuniversal Transient Modernization program Office, Lorton, VA, 2011, Behavior of a Nonequilibrium Mott Insulator pp. 329--337.[1] Driven by an Electric Field, Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, • J. K. Freericks, H. R. Krishnamurthy, Yasuyuki 260402. [3] Kato, Naoki Kawashima, and Nandini Trivedi • K. Mikelsons, J. K. Freericks, and H. R. (2012) Erratum: Strong-coupling expansion for Krishnamurthy, Strong coupling expansion for the momentum distribution of the Bose-Hubbard the nonequilibrium properties of ultracold atoms model with benchmarking against exact numerical on an optical lattice, 2012 High Performance

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 20 Computing Modernization Program Contributions arXiv: 1403.7585, To be published in Physica Scripta to DOD Mission Success (proceedings for the (conference proceedings for FQMT2013). [7] cancelled HPCMP Users Group Conference 2012, • A Dirks, K. Mikelsons, H. R. Krishnamurthy and available on CD-ROM). [4] J K Freericks (2014), Theoretical Description of • J. K. Freericks, V. Turkowski, H. R. Krishnamurthy Coherent Doublon Creation via Lattice Modulation and M. Knap (2013) Spectral moment sum rules Spectroscopy, arXiv:1304.7802, Phys. Rev. A 89 for the retarded Green’s function and self-energy (RC), 021602. [8] of the inhomogeneous Bose-Hubbard model in • A Dirks, K Mikelsons, H R Krishnamurthy and J equilibrium and nonequilibrium, Phys. Rev. A 87, K Freericks (2014) Simulation of inhomogeneous 013628. [5] distributions of ultracold atoms in an optical • M Gupta, H R Krishnamurthy, J K Freericks, lattice via a massively parallel implementation of (2013) Strong-coupling expansion for ultracold nonequilibrium strong-coupling perturbation theory, bosons in an optical lattice at finite temperatures arXiv:1309.5994, Phys. Rev. E 89, 023306 [9] in the presence of superfluidity, Physical Review A • W. Shen, Yizhi Ge, A. Y. Liu, H. R. Krishnamurthy, 88, 05363.[6] T. P. Devereaux, J. K. Freericks Nonequilibrium • J. K. Freericks, H. R. Krishnamurthy, M.A. Sentef, “melting” of a charge density wave insulator via and T.P. Devereaux, Gauge invariance in the an ultrafast laser pulse, arXiv:1308.6066 Phys. theoretical description of time-resolved angle- Rev. Lett. 112, 176404. [10] resolved pump/probe photoemission spectroscopy,

21 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Thin-Films and Nanostructured Emerging Coating Technologies

Principal Investigators

G. D. Yadav Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai, India [email protected]

Sarbajit Banerjee Texas A&M University Texas, USA [email protected]

About the Center • Dispersion of nanostructured ZrO2 and MgO The main objectives of the Joint Center are : within water-soluble acrylic matrices. • Develop non-metallic alternatives to metal • Development of atom-efficient coating methodologies coatings for steel with particular emphasis on that emphasize reduction of volatile organic content, emerging nanomaterial and nanocomposite based CO2 emissions, and toxic curing agents. multifunctional coatings. • Functional coatings incorporating 8-hydroxy • Develop thin-film nanostructure coatings quinololine for UV protection. with tailored functionalities such as corrosion The Indo-US Joint Networked Center (henceforth resistance, exceptional formability, weldability, denoted by its acronym PROTECT) has sought to conformability, electrical conductivity and develop sustainable coating alternatives based on the mechanical resilience. development of polymer nanocomposites. Considerable • Replace metallic coating like (Zn,Cr) with thin progress has been achieved between 2012 and 2014 by film nanostructured coatings. combining the complementary expertise of the academic and industrial participants. Specific achievements of the • Develop multifunctional thin film nan-structured project team include a novel method for incorporating coatings for value addition to steel substrate. graphene oxide and oxidized multiwalled carbon • Develop a comprehensive understanding of nanotubes within epoxy and isocyanate resins wherein structure-function correlations for nanostructured the carbon nanomaterial fillers are used as the curing coatings. agents. The prepared coatings allow for incorporation • Develop sustainable coatings with minimal of unprecedented weight fractions of the carbon environmental impact. nanomaterials within the polymeric matrices without phase segregation. The epoxy nanocomposites have Achievements been found to endow remarkable corrosion inhibition • Development of sustainable and “green” to low alloy steel substrates when applied as coatings. nanocomposite coatings for replacement of In a similar vein, a novel nanostructured magnesium/ carcinogenic hexavalent chromium and expensive polyetherimide nanocomposite system has been zinc metallurgical coatings for corrosion protection developed that combines the barrier properties of the of low alloy steels. host polyetherimide matrix with sacrificial cathodic

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 22 Partnering Institutions

India US • Tata Steel Group R&D, Jamshedpur • TAM Ceramics, Niagara Falls, New York

protection afforded by incorporated magnesium nanoparticle fillers is versatile, sustainable, and nanoparticles. These coatings serve as excellent amenable to large-scale production. This strategy lightweight alternatives to galvanized zinc and has attracted significant attention from industrial far outperform state-of-the-art metallurgical and partners such as Tata Steel. The project team has composite coatings. Finally, the incorporation of also had fruitful discussions with private industry 8-hydroxyquinoline within multilayered architectures including in Thane (India) and in Ohio and New constituted from alternate layers of poly(ethyleneimine) York State in the United States. and poly(methyl styrene) has been pursued to obtain • We have developed and introduced nanostructured, self-healing and UV protective functionalities. eco-friendly and sustainable solutions to replace PROTECT has emphasized sustainable coating the chromate based environmentally unfriendly technologies that minimize the use of toxic curing surface treatments. Nanostructured graphene agents, organic solvents, and heavy metals. oxide and functionalized multiwalled carbon Milestones nanotubes have been used as curing agents to induce cross-linking of an epoxy resin. This • To replace metallic coatings like “Zn” and “Cr” by approach allows for incorporation of to 50 wt.% thin film nano-structured coatings. of carbon nanomaterials and represent an attractive • To develop sustainable coatings to minimize alternative to the hazardous high-temperature environmental impact. fluorination and amine curing reactions that are Both milestones have been accomplished in their usually required to formulate epoxy composite entirety. An article published in the ACS journal systems. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry (dx.doi. • The composites developed here provide an org/10.1021/ie500897n) reports the development of attractive sustainable alternative to carcinogenic novel nanocomposites based on the incorporation coating materials such as hexavalent chromates of Mg nanoparticles within polyetherimide matrices and to toxic resin curing processes requiring for replacement of hexavalent chromium and zinc fluorination and diamines. coatings for the corrosion protection of steel. Another coating formulation based on dispersion of graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes within epoxy resins has been submitted for publication to RSC Advances (Manuscript ID: RA-ART-09-2014-009693). Scientific Value Addition • Corrosion is recognized as one of the most serious problems in modern society and the resulting losses each year are in the billions and trillions of dollars. PROTECT has developed multiple versatile coating platforms wherein carbon nanomaterials, inorganic nanostructures, and molecules are dispersed within polymeric matrices. • An active-passive strategy for designing corrosion- resistant coatings has been developed. Our approach wherein the barrier properties of a polymeric matrix are combined with the electroactive properties of

23 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited 1. Sarbajit Banerjee Tata Steel, Jamshedpur and the Institute of Chemical University at Buffalo Technology, Mumbai, India 2. Vikas Patil University at Buffalo, NY, USA Postdoctoral researcher, ICT, Mumbai 3. G. D. Yadav University at Buffalo, NY, USA Vice Chancellor, ICT, Mumbai 4. Debashish Bhattacharya University at Buffalo, NY, USA Director, R, D & T at Tata steel

• The functionalization of graphene oxide and the Institute for International Education in collaboration MWCNTs and the additional driving force for with Bangor University. mixing provided by π—π interactions allows for enhanced compatibility between the two disparate Publications types of materials (carbon nanomaterials and • Vikas Patil, Robert V. Dennis, Tapan K. Rout, polymeric matrix). The composite formulations Sarbajit Banerjee, Ganapati D. Yadav* (2014) allow for incorporation of up to 50 wt.% nano- Graphene Oxide and Functionalized Multi Walled fillers into the polymer matrix without phase Carbon Nanotubes as Epoxy Curing Agents: A segregation. Novel Synthetic Approach to Nanocomposites Furthermore, we emphasized the inclusion of additives Containing Active Nanostructured Fillers. RSC to impart UV-resistant properties. Specifically, we have Advances 4: 49264-49272. utilized the organic material, 8-hydroxyquinoline, to • Robert V. Dennis, Lasantha T. Viyannalage, obtain self-curing and UV protection properties. Green Jeffrey P. Aldinger, Tapan K. Rout, and Sarbajit and sustainable coating methods have been developed Banerjee,* (2014) Nanostructured Magnesium by emphasizing water-soluble acrylic based polymers Composite Coatings for Corrosion Protection with incorporated nanostructured materials within the of Low-Alloy Steels, Industrial and Engineering coating formulations (in order to completely eliminate Chemistry Research DOI 10.1021/ie500897n volatile organic components and CO2 emission). Publications planned : Way Forward • Robert V. Dennis, Vikas Patil, Jeffrey P. Aldinger, G. D. Yadav,* and Sarbajit Banerjee* (joint The accomplishments of PROTECT in developing first authors; * joint corresponding authors), versatile coating platforms that endow corrosion Hybrid Nanostructured Coatings for Corrosion protection and can further be tuned to incorporate Protection: A Sustainability Perspective, 2014, additional functionality leaves us interestingly manuscript under preparation for submission to poised for targeting different coating applications. Materials Research Express (invited review article) The interfacial chemistries developed as part of this initiative further hold promise for development of bulk • Vikas Patil, Robert V. Dennis, Tapan K. Rout, polymer composites. The University at Buffalo/ICT Sarbajit Banerjee, Ganapati D. Yadav*, Graphene teams are in discussions with the industrial partners to Oxide and Functionalized Multi Walled Carbon seek additional funding to sustain the collaboration. The Nanotubes: An interesting facet for classical UB/ICT teams are further seeking to apply for funding isocyanate curing (manuscript under preparation) under a joint US-UK-India program administered by

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 24 Indo-US Joint Center on Dynamics of Dislocations in Solid Helium and its Role in Supersolid Behavior

Principal Investigators

Chandan Dasgupta Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India [email protected]

Oriol T Valls University of Minnesota Minneapolis, USA [email protected]

About the Center are worked out in detail and the flows calculated. An IUSSTF Joint Center entitled “Dynamics of Some results are illustrated in Fig.1 that shows a plot Dislocations in Solid Helium and its Role in Supersolid of the radial component of the velocity field for an Behavior” was set up in July 2011. Chandan Dasgupta obstructed cylinder at several angular values. from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and Another important part of the proposal that has Surajit Sengupta from the Indian Association for the been completed pertains to analytic and numerical Cultivation of Science in Kolkata (currently at the TIFR calculations of the equilibrium properties of a spin Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences in Hyderabad) model on a random network with quenched or were the scientists involved from the Indian side; the annealed disorder. The main objective here is to US counterparts were Oriol T Valls from the University understand the effects of the motion of the segments of Minnesota in Minneapolis, and John Toner from the of a network (representing the network of dislocation University of Oregon in Eugene. The objective of the lines in the supersolid problem) on the ordering of Joint Center was to promote and enhance collaborative spins along the network. In the model we consider, theoretical research in the area of “supersolid” the network is represented as a collection of four- phenomena in solid 4He. The tenure of the Joint Center fold coordinated Ising spins, coupled via Ising chains ended in December, 2013. containing a variable number of spins. This number is determined from a Gaussian probability distribution. Achievements If the disorder is treated as being annealed, then this Several studies on various aspects of the theme is the analog of allowing the dislocation lines to of the Joint Center have been completed. One of move (dynamic dislocations), while if the disorder these is a calculation of the hydrodynamics of is assumed to be quenched, one is dealing with compressible superfluids in confined geometries. fixed dislocation lines. So one can then gauge the The calculation begins with the development of a importance of dislocation dynamics by comparing perturbation procedure to study the hydrodynamics the results for the annealed and quenched systems. of compressible superfluids (previous work included We have studied the specific heat in this system, only the incompressible case). It is then shown concentrating on the difference between quenched that the relevant systems under consideration can and annealed results. This is illustrated in Fig.2 that be treated within the perturbation approach. To shows the contribution of two-dimensional critical illustrate the workings of the method, two examples fluctuations to the specific heat for both quenched

25 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore • University of Minnesota, Minneapolis • Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, • University of Oregon, Eugene Kolkata

and annealed disorder. The temperature at which walls evolve into symmetric grain boundaries, this the specific heat peaks represents the transition superfluidity vanishes. This behaviour is illustrated temperature. These results show that the phase in Fig.3 that shows the time evolution of both the transition occurs at a higher temperature if the stress field and the superfluid order parameter. If disorder is quenched. In the context of superfluidity climb is arrested, the plastic current is volume along dislocation lines, these results imply that the preserving and the superfluid field, if initially absent, motion of dislocation lines reduces the temperature cannot form. Similarly, annealing of an initially of the superfluid transition. non-zero superfluid field is severely constrained without dislocation climb. This suggests the We have also carried out one of the proposed studies in following scenario for the occurrence of supersolid which the dynamics of a large number of dislocations behaviour. At high temperatures, dislocation climb, is described using a formulation of continuum ensured through mass transport through dislocation plasticity theory and the effects of the stress field cores, results in the formation of symmetric grain of the dislocations on the occurrence of supersolid boundaries and vanishing of the supersolid fraction behaviour are determined from a coupling of the at long times. As the temperature is reduced and/ stress field to a complex scalar field that describes or pinning of dislocations by impurities becomes superfluid order, as in the Dorsey-Goldbart-Toner effective, climb is suppressed and the resulting long- (DGT) model. It is known that an initial smooth lived residual superfluidity at cell walls contributes distribution of dislocations spontaneously coarsens to supersolid behaviour. into defect-free regions interspersed with shock-like structures of high dislocation density or “cell walls”. Scientific Value Addition Internal stresses at such cell walls, which may be Eight exchange visits have taken place as part of the large initially, eventually anneal out producing stress activities of this Center, involving both students and free-grain at late times. If the superfluid field couples faculty. Four of these have been visits by graduate only to volumetric stress, as in the DGT model, students: one visit each by Soumya Kanti Ganguly, transient superfluidity may exist at cell walls with a student working with Professor Dasgupta and large stress if dislocation climb is allowed. Once cell Debabrata Sinha, a student working with Prof.

Fig. 1. Radial component of the velocity field for a superfluid confined Fig. 2. Contribution to the heat capacity from two-dimensional in an obstructed cylinder at several angular values. fluctuations, plotted versus temperature for both quenched and annealed disorder.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 26 Fig. 3. Space (z)– time(t) plots for the stress (a) and the superfluid fraction (b).The superfluid fraction becomes large at one of the cell walls where the initial stress is also large. It subsequently decays to zero as the stress relaxes.

Sengupta, and two visits by A.N. Malmi-Kakkada, are currently in progress. One of these involves a student working with Professor Valls. These visits the evaluation of the dislocation mobility in a have contributed significantly to the training of supersolid. This calculation, being performed by Mr. these students and their development as theoretical Malmi-Kakkada with inputs from Professors Valls physicists. and Dasgupta is nearly completed. It uses previously developed hydrodynamic equations and a procedure, Some of the results obtained from work carried out originally employed in the study of quasicrystals, to under the Joint Center have been reported in invited extract the dislocation mobility from these equations. talks given by Professor Dasgupta at the following The results suggest that the experimentally observed Conferences. increase in the shear modulus of solid 4He at • Abdus Salam ICTP Conference on “Complex low temperatures may be caused by the onset of quantum systems: Nonergodicity, glassiness and superfluidity. localization”, Trieste, Italy, 2012. An important component of the research proposed • Conference on “Diversity and Complexity: under the Joint Center is the development of a Monte Realm of Today’s Statistical Physics”, Saha Carlo code for simulating the equilibrium properties Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, 2013. of a collection of interacting dislocation lines in solid Way Forward 4He. Soumya Kanti Ganguly, a PhD student working with Prof. Dasgupta, has made considerable progress Several studies started under the Joint Center

Prof. Sengupta and his student Debabrata at work. Professors Dasgupta and Sengupta having lunch at IISc during a visit of Prof. Sengupta and Prof. Valls who took the picture.

27 Joint R & D Centers Professor Valls explaining a point to Debabrata during Professor Valls at work with his student Abdul the latter’s visit to Minnesota. in this problem. He has developed a Monte Carlo Two papers on these results are in preparation. code for a simpler network model that describes We expect that these studies will lead to at least interacting vortex lines in a superfluid and used two more publications. These calculations, when this code to obtain interesting results for the phase completed, will lead to a significant improvement transition in this system. He is now working on the in the present understanding of the properties of the modification of the code for treating dislocation putative supersolid phase of 4He. lines. Publications Considerable progress has been made in a • Debabrata Sinha, Surajit Sengupta, Chandan calculation of the elastic properties of a solid in Dasgupta, Oriol T. Valls (2013) Out-of- which a large number of dislocations, described equilibrium plasticity dynamics and the using a formulation of continuum plasticity theory, annealing of super-solidity in solid 4He, J. Phys. are coupled to a complex scalar field that describes Condens. Matter 25, 295601. superfluid order. This calculation shows that when both climb and glide of dislocations are allowed, • N. Malmi-Kakkada, Oriol T Valls, Chandan there is an enhancement of strain rate sensitivity Dasgupta (2014) Hydrodynamics of (effective elastic constant) due to coupling with the compressible superfluids in confined geometries, superfluid field. This enhancement increases when J. Phys. B 47, 055301. temperature decreases and vanishes above a particular • A. N. Malmi-Kakkada, Oriol T. Valls, Chandan temperature at which superfluidity disappears. The Dasgupta (2014) Ising Model on a random effective elastic constant increases with decreasing network with annealed or quenched disorder. strain rate. These results exhibit many similarities Phys. Rev. B 90, 024202. with experimental results for elastic properties of solid 4He at very low temperatures.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 28 Indo-US Joint Center on Rational Control of Functional Oxides

Principal Investigators

D. D. Sarma Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India [email protected]

A. J. Millis Columbia University New York, USA [email protected]

About the Center in to two groups, namely those which need an access The broad aim of the Centre is to put together a strong to synchrotron centre and those which can be carried team that is capable of tackling this challenging out in a laboratory with suitable facilities. Most of the problem of obtaining a microscopic understanding of synchrotron-based work will be carried out at Advanced properties of transition metal oxide systems close to Photon Source by the group of John Freeland. This will various instabilities through a combination of state cover techniques such as x-ray absorption spectroscopy, of the art experimental and theoretical. Our specific x-ray magnetic circular and linear dichroism, x-and ray objectives are the innovative synthesis of designer scattering. High-energy spectroscopic characterizations materials, detailed investigation of their physical using x-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger properties as well as spectroscopic investigations to electron spectroscopy, Bremsstrahlung Isochromat obtain microscopic information on their electronic spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy and magnetic properties, and theoretical modeling will be carried out in the group of D. D. Sarma at Indian at several levels. The teams on both sides have been Institute of Science. A US student will join the group of hand-picked keeping in mind the requirements of this D. D. Sarma to participate in part of this work. demanding program. The other part of the project concerns the negative charge transfer cuprate materials, which will be studied Work Plan/Methodology in parallel with the nickelates. Whereas the nickelate Ultra-thin films of the nickelate materials will be materials can already be grown in ultra-thin-film form, synthesized in the laboratory of Jak Tchakhalian the negative charge transfer materials have not yet been at University of Arkansas. Electrical and magnetic successfully grown in this way. The work here will characterizations of these samples will also be involve both bulk synthesis carried out in the group of completed there. Synthesis work will begin immediately D. D. Sarma (first 6 months) and thin film synthesis in upon funding of the Center, and as part of the synthesis the lab of Chakhalian (this is exploratory—it is not yet effort students from India will come to Arkansas known how to grow these as films) (second 6 months). to be involved in the growth and characterization. The Sarma group has synthesized these materials in the Characterized samples will be available within 6 past and they will make the bulk samples attain and months, at which time they will be subjected to detailed carry out detailed local structure measurements using spectroscopic investigations employing a wide array of EXAFS. A visitor from the Sarma group to the US will techniques. These techniques can be roughly divided provide needed expertise in the materials chemistry of

29 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore • Columbia University • S. N. Bose National Centre for • University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Basic Sciences, Kolkata • Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne

these systems and will assist with the film synthesis. as various dichroism measurements will be carried out The growth will be followed by experimental study by the group of John Freeland. This will be done in the at Bangalore and at Argonne (second 6 months and second year of the project. year 2). Within the purview of this project we would In parallel with the experimental efforts, theoretical like to investigate two aspects. The first is to examine studies will be carried out in the groups of Priya the evolution of the character of the doped holes in Mahadevan and Andrew Millis. Ab-initio calculations Na doped Ca2CuO3 and Sr2CuO3. Earlier work has (first year, Mahadevan) will provide insight into the established that Na doping still leaves the system local structure, nature and character of the doped holes. insulating. The origin of the insulating state despite The theoretical results will also be used to help plan doping with a monovalent atom for the divalent Ca/ the X-ray linear dichroism experiments at Argonne Sr atom has been associated with the formation of (Freeland, second year) to probe the orbital character of polarons. Detailed structural analysis will be carried the doped holes. As the detailed spectroscopic results out to understand the changes in the crystal structure as become available they will be fed into the many body a function of hole doping. calculations which will provide theoretical modeling Once thin films are grown, photoemission studies will for the photoemission experiments (second year, Millis be carried out by the group of D.D. Sarma (second group) year, first 6 months) X-ray absorption studies as well Theoretical analysis of spectroscopic data both on Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Srimanta Middey S. N. Bose Centre 18 days University of Arkansas Jan 2013 2 Priya Mahadevan University of Arkansas, 15 days S. N. Bose Centre Argonne National Laboratory March 2013 and Columbia University 3 I. Cheng Indian Institute of Science and 12 days Argonne National Laboratory S. N. Bose Centre May 2013 4 Jak Tchakhalian S. N. Bose Centre 14 days University of Arkansas May 2013 5 John Freeland S. N. Bose Centre 9 days Argonne National Laboratory May 2013 6 G. Sharda University of Ark and Argonne 15 days Indian Institute of Science National Laboratory Oct 2013 7 John Freeland Indian Institute of Science 10 days Argonne National Laboratory Jan 2014 8 Derek Meyers Indian Institute of Science 10 days University of Arkansas Jan 2014 9 Andrew J. Millis Indian Institute of Science - Columbia University

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 30 the nickelate and the cuprate materials using various structure for both NdNiO3 and NdCoO3 onto a tight model Hamiltonian approaches will be carried out binding model which includes TM d states as well as by P. Mahadevan at S. N. Bose National Centre for O p states in the basis. The parameters entering the Basic Sciences and D. D. Sarma of Indian Institute of tight-binding model have been determined by a least- Science. P. Mahadevan will also investigate electronic square error minimization process and provide us with and magnetic structures of these materials with an some clues of the microscopic interactions responsible effective single-particle approach based on various for charge ordering in the nickelates. In order to probe density functional theories which is also expected to this aspect further, we are carrying out state of the art give rise to an understanding of the microscopic origin ab-initio electronic structure calculations which allow of magnetism in each of these samples. Using these us to vary the responsible microscopic interaction as inputs, the group of Andrew Millis at Columbia strengths in a controlled manner. The primary aim of University will set up the most appropriate model many-body Hamiltonian and probe its properties using modern techniques of cluster dynamical mean field theory. During the second 6 month period of the grant a student of Millis will visit the Mahadevan group to gain experience in the first principles calculations and during the beginning of the second year a theoretical student from India will spend a lengthy period at Columbia, bringing first-principles expertise to the Millis group and becoming familiar with the many-body methods. Achievements A microscopic understanding of the charge ordering in NdNiO3 Charge ordering in the nickelates has been seen across the series of rare-earth(RE) nickelates with the exception of metallic LaNiO3. Various features about the charge ordering pattern have emerged which indicate a checkerboard pattern of notionally Ni2+ and this approach is to analyse various contributions to the Ni4+ sites forming. The charge ordering is accompanied energetics while relaxing the structure simultaneously by a breathing mode lattice distortion, with the NiO6 to estimate the extent of charge ordering. octahedra being uniformly expanded about the Ni Additional microscopic analysis is being carried out atom which is associated with a 2+ valency and that within the framework of a multiband Hubbard model about the Ni atom which is associated with 4+ valency in which the tight binding part of the Hamiltonian has being uniformly contracted. There is however no real been determined by fitting the ab-initio band structure. charge difference between the two sites. Starting from a microscopic Hamiltonian which considers the lattice Magnetic structure of NdNiO3 distortions and the magnetic structure, one is able to The perovskite oxides with the formula ABO3, where arrive at an insulating state. However, the charge ordering is built into such an approach and so comes a consequence of the lattice distortions that are imposed. While these aspects have been discussed in the literature, it is not clear what is the microscopic considerations that drive the charge ordering in the nickelates. In order to probe this aspect, we considered the transition metal atom which adjoins the Ni atom, i.e Co. Examining NdCoO3 one finds that we do find a charge ordered solution. However, this has a higher energy compared to ground state solution for NdCoO3. This has given us a clue that an analysis of the microscopic interactions for NdNiO3 and NdCoO3 should provide us with the clues for the interaction strength which determines the presence/absence of charge ordering. In order to analyse this aspect we have mapped the ab-initio band

31 Joint R & D Centers A is a rare-earth atom and B is a transition metal atom in experiments cannot be explained by DM interactions are usually found to favour an antiferromagnetic alone. In view of these considerations we have explored ground state with either A,C or G-type magnetic various candidate magnetic structures for NdNiO3 and ordering. Some members of this series are also have arrived at a new model for the magnetic structure. nonmagnetic or ferromagnetic. The antiferromagnetic In order to examine which interactions contribute to structures favoured are simple with each transition stabilize the magnetic structure, we have calculated the metal atom having 2,4 or 6 nearest neighbour atoms spin wave spectra along various symmetry directions. coupled antiferromagnetically. In contrast the magnetic These have then been analysed in terms of an extended structures that have been proposed for the nickelates are Heisenberg model and the exchange interaction very complex. One of the candidate structures proposed strengths have been extracted. Now we are trying to is the E-type structure with the spins arranged to the understand the microscopic considerations that lead to pattern up-up-down-down along all three crystal axes. the values of the exchange interaction strengths. This seems a surprising structure for the system to adopt Ultrathin films of NdNiO3 as its ground state structure as the nearest neighbour Experiments from the group of Prof. Chakhalian on interactions are largest among the perovskite oxides. thin films of NdNiO3 find an insulating state in the Such a structure would have no contributions to the total absence of charge ordering. We have been trying to energy coming from nearest neighbour interactions. An understand the origin of the insulating state using ab- alternate structure that has been proposed has nearest initio electronic structure calculations. Ni in NdNiO3 neighbour spins rotated by 90 degrees with respect to has a formal d7 configuration. We first considered the each other. The usual model that seems appropriate for bulk unit cell of NdNiO3 with the substrate merely describing the magnetic structures of transition metal introducing a strain and examine if Jahn Teller effects oxides has been the Heisenberg model. However, with can drive the system insulating. Jahn-Teller effects are nearest neighbour spins oriented at 90 degrees with found to be small in NdNiO3, resulting in bondlength respect to each other, there is no contribution to the variations of 0.01 A. Hence they cannot drive the total energy from nearest neighbour spins assuming a system insulating. We have then gone on to simulate Heisenberg model. Such a magnetic structure could be the thin film by considering 12 monolayers of the favoured by Dzyaloshinskii Moriya (DM) interactions, substrate NdGaO3 as well as the NdNiO3 overlayers resulting from spin-orbit effects. However the large and the results are being analysed. magnetic ordering temperatures (150-200 K) observed

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 32 Indo-US Joint Center on 3-D Engineered Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Principal Investigators

Vijayamohanan K. Pillai Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi, India [email protected]

Pulickel M. Ajayan Rice University Houston, USA [email protected]

About the Center Achievements The objective of the center is to carry out cutting Fluorinated graphene based high performance edge collaborative research on innovative ideas to electrodes for primary lithium battery: Although design and build 3-D architectures using various rechargeable Li ion batteries have become the dominant nanostructures (including graphene, carbon nanotubes, power source for portable electronics applications, polymers, metal oxide nanowires/clusters etc.) in order primary batteries are still used in applications like to incorporate them as active electrode components military and defense tools, and medical implants. We in electrochemical energy storage devices. Specific have demonstrated a single-step strategy capable of research goals to be met by the center are: improving specific capacity, power density and faradic yield of a Li/CFx battery system using fluorinated • Development of conformal and space filling methods graphene. The excellent electrochemical performance for fabricating 3-D engineered architectures for thin achieved using fluorinated graphene with a very low film batteries and supercapacitors. fluorine content (x = 0.22) could lead to the development • Characterization of resulting devices in terms of of highly efficient primary battery systems perhaps their microstructures with particular reference to with low cost and minimum environmental impact. their electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Synthesis of vertical arrays of TiO2/CoFe2O4 hybrid • Investigation of electrochemical performance nanowire electrodes for 3-D microbatteries: We have of these devices, analysis and understanding the synthesized vertical arrays of TiO2/CoFe2O4 hybrid underlying physical phenomena of the hybrid nanowires using a combination of electrochemical configuration of the devices. anodization and hydrothermal techniques. These hybrid • Model/simulate optimized hybrid nanostructures nanowires are being tested for their electrochemical for improved electrochemical energy storage. performance as efficient anodes for 3-dimensional • Explore new configurations/designs for these microbattery applications. devices to obtain vastly improved performances. Electrical transport studies on disordered reduced • Obtain easily integrated designs to build hybrid graphene oxide: A collaborative research between devices between storage formats based on battery Central Electro Chemical ResearchInstitute (CECRI) and supercapacitors.

33 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi • University of Houston, Houston • Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, • Southern Illinois University Carbondale Thiruvananthapuram • Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

A schematic representation of lithiation of fluorinated graphite polymer and fluorinated graphene; comparison of specific capacities of (CF0.25)n and Fluorinated graphene (FG) at different current rates [Dijo Damien et al., RSC Advances, 3 (2013) 25702] and Southern Illinois University Carbondale (SIUC) electrochemical supercapacitors and rechargeable has been conducted on the development of stable batteries. Some of the on-going and future works are conductive inks of reduced graphene oxide and their summarized below: electrical transport properties. This was primarily a • Development of 3-D scaffolds of graphene based fundamental study with an aim for the use of these inks nanostructures for supercapacitor applications. in electrochemical devices after patterning them over substrates. This work has been reported in the journal • Various morphologies of 2-dimensional layered 2D Materials. nanocrystals (MoS2, WS2 and their hybrids) are being synthesized using different approaches Way Forward (Chemical vapor deposition, liquid phase Research activities in the area of 3D nanoarchitectures exfoliation) and it will be interesting to study the are being carried out for their application as efficient lithium diffusion in these nanostructured materials. electrodes in energy storage devices such as • 3-dimensional nanoarchitectures using different

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 34 Low and High resolution SEM images of TiO2/CoFe2O4 hybrid nanowires.

metal oxide/polymer will be fabricated using on the electrode/electrolyte interface. template approach and their electrochemical • Planned to organize an international workshop on performance will be studied using cyclic ‘Advanced Electrode Materials for Electrochemical voltammetry, Galvanostatic charge-discharge and Energy Storage’ under the auspices of our joint electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. R&D virtual center, in 2015. • In addition to the electrochemical measurements, Under the auspices of Indo-US joint R&D temperature dependent electrical transport studies Network Center on ‘3D Engineered Electrodes for will be carried out in detail for these materials. Electrochemical Energy Storage’, an Indo-US workshop • Theoretical modeling of different materials and on “Engineered Electrodes for Electrochemical Energy electrode designs are being performed with a focus Storage” has been organized during April 3-4, 2014,

Exchange Visits The Indo-US center has undertaken exchange visits of graduate students and PIs across the Partnering Institutions in the last one year, as detailed below. The short stay undertaken by the students in different institutes has been very fruitful in terms of newer ideas and exposure. Sl. No Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. P. M. Ajayan (US-PI) - CECRI, Karaikudi 1 week Rice University, Houston, USA - IISER Thiruvananthapuram 2. Saikat Talapatra (US-PI) - IISER Thiruvananthapuram 1 week SIUC, USA 3. M. M. Shaijumon (Indian-PI) - Rice University, USA 2 weeks IISER Thiruvananthapuram 4. Abhishek K. Singh (Indian-PI) - Rice University, USA 2 weeks IISc Bangalore 5. Sujoy Ghosh (US-student) - CECRI, Karaikudi 1 month SIUC, USA - IISER Thiruvananthapuram 6. Mohamed Kabbani (US-student) - IISER Thiruvananthapuram 1 month Rice University, Houston, USA 7. Soumya Vinod (US-student) - IISER Thiruvananthapuram 1.5 months Rice University, Houston, USA 8. Dijo Damien (Indian-student) - Rice University, USA 1.5 months IISER Thiruvananthapuram - SIUC, USA 9. Deya Das (Indian-student) - Rice University, USA 1.5 months IISc Bangalore 10. Sumana Kundu (Indian-student) - Rice University, USA 1.5 months CECRI, Karaikudi - SIUC, USA

35 Joint R & D Centers at Chennai. The workshop was aimed at bringing the Publications experts in electrochemical energy storage devices, • Damien D., Sudeep P. M., Narayanan T. N., from both the countries, particularly those who work in Anantharaman M. R., Ajayan P. M. and Shaijumon the novel aspects of electrode materials, to a common M. M. (2013) Fluorinated graphene-based platform and to discuss their views in novel designs electrodes for high performance primary batteries. and materials for electrochemical energy storage RSC Advances 3: 25702. applications. • Muchharla B., Narayanan T. N., Balakrishnan K., In addition to the invited talks from experts, there were Ajayan P. M. and Talapatra S. (2014) Temperature oral and poster presentations by young scientists as dependent electrical transport of reduced graphene well as Ph.D. students related to a variety of energy oxide. 2D Mater 1: 011008 related issues. There were 15 invited talks by experts from India and USA, 6 short talks by Ph.D students • Vinod S., Tiwary C. S., Autreto P. A., Tijerina J. and about 30 poster presentations. The workshop was T., Ozden S., Chipara A. C., Vajtai R., Galvao D. well balanced with discussions on both experimental S., Narayanan T. N. and Ajayan P. M. (2014) Low- and theoretical aspects of the topic. Three best poster desnity 3-dimensional foam using self-reinforced prizes and one best oral presentation prize have been hybrid 2-dimensional atomic layers Nat. Commun awarded to the students during the concluding session. 10: 1038/ncomms5541 From various feedbacks expressed by the participants, • Jaison M.J., Vikram K., Narayanan T. N., and the workshop is believed to be well received and very Vijaymohanan K. Pillai (2014) Electric Field successful. All the participants, especially the students Induced Transformation of Carbon nanotube to and young researchers have been benefitted and were Graphene Nanoribbons Using Solid Polymer well exposed to several new directions in the materials Electrolyte. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104: 153111. science and electrochemistry of 3D engineered electrodes for energy storage.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 36 Indo-US Joint Center on Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Studies

Principal Investigators

Satish Chandra Sharma Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India [email protected]

Q. Jane Wang Northwestern University Evanston, USA [email protected]

About the Center Galerkin techniques. The generalized EHL line Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) is a common contact model represents the contact geometry in phenomena occurring within the non-conformal roller bearings, gears, cam-followers etc. contacts of bearings, gears, cam-follower, valves etc. • The initial smooth surface EHL line contact model These tribological components are very critical and was upgraded to the rough surface EHL line are of significant importance in the functioning of contact lubricated with non-Newtonian lubricants. the elite mechanical systems. However, even after The surface roughness in the model has been appropriate maintenance practices, these components incorporated using stochastic and deterministic fail unwarrantedly leading to severe loses. Hence, the approaches (Figure 1). The non-Newtonian IUSSTF funded Joint Centre on Elastohydrodynamic rheology of the lubricants is represented by Power- Lubrication envisages understanding the untouched law lubricants. domains of EHL and developing perspective • The model provides the film thickness distribution methodology to understand the failure phenomenon in and the contact pressures within the contact under the elastohydrodynamic lubricated contacts. different operating conditions. The generalized The Joint centre established in 2013 in collaboration/ operating parameters viz. Load, Speed and Material participation between IIT – Roorkee, CSIR – IIP property forms the input to the model. Figure 2 shows Dehradun, Northwestern University and University the film thickness and pressure distribution within the of Akron has grown one year old. During the one year contact for a shear thinning fluid. span significant achievements has been attained by the • The study undertaken has revealed that the speed, centre in terms of gaining new knowledge pertaining material parameter and the power law index have to EHL and also strengthening and augmenting the significant influence on the performance of the EHL strengths of the partnering institutions. contact as these parameters significantly influences the fluid film thickness (Figure 3). Achievements • A CFX based model has been developed for a bump • A generalized mathematical model for one- shaped asperity in an EHL contact. The contact dimensional EHL line contacts has been developed pressure and the deformations have been investigated. using the Finite Difference and Discontinuous The non-Newtonian rheology of lubricant has been

37 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • CSIR - Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun • University of Akron, Akron

Figure 1: Rough surface EHL line contact geometry under study. Figure 2: The film thickness and pressure distribution for (W=50x10-6, U=50x10-12, G=3000, SRR=0.8)

employed using the Power Law concept. Figure 4 the help of theoretical models and experimental shows the results on the pressure distribution and validation. As a way forward the activities velocity profile of the contact under investigation. pertaining to the development of failure models and the incorporation of real surface roughness into Scientific Value Addition the investigation are planned for the second year. The outcome of the Joint centre in the first year has Further a joint collaborative workshop in order to resulted into development of theoretical model of EHL disseminate the findings of the centre is planned in which has been upgraded to investigate more realistic the second year. contact conditions. The CFX approach followed is for the first time in the EHL studies. These studies will Publications be of immense help in design and development of • Thakre G. D, Sharma Satish C, Harsha S.P, tribo-components and also to understand the failure Tyagi M.R. (2014) A parametric investigation phenomena associated with these components. on the microelastohydrodynamic lubrication of power law fluid lubricated line-contact. Way Forward Proc. of IMech E Part J. (Communicated, The Joint centre is determined to bring into more Under Review). realistic approaches of mechanical systems with

Figure 3: Influence of dimensionless load on the central and minimum film thickness at different (a) Speed parameter and (b) Material parameter.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 38 Figure 4: Pressure & Velocity distribution for Power law index n=0.8 Exchange Visits Sl. No Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Satish C. Sharma Northwestern University and 15 days Prof., IIT- Roorkee University of Akron 2. S. P. Harsha Northwestern University and 15 days Associate Prof., IIT- Roorkee University of Akron 3. G. D. Thakre Northwestern University and 45 days Research Scholar, IIT- Roorkee University of Akron

Prof. Satish C. Sharma, Sh. G. D. Thakre & Dr. S. P. Harsha at the Indian team with Prof. Q. Jane Wang at the Northwestern University. School of Engineering, Northwestern University.

Prof. Satish C. Sharma, Prof. M. J. Braun & Sh. G. D. Thakre Prof. Braun and his team with Prof. Sharma & Sh. G. D. Thakre at the at the test facility developed from the financial support of NASA Tribology laboratory, Univ. of Akron. at University of Akron.

39 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on From Fundamentals to Applications of Nanoparticle Assemblies

Principal Investigators

B.L.V. Prasad National Chemical Laboratory Pune, India [email protected]

Sanat Kumar Columbia University New York, USA [email protected]

About the Center deliverables also include a theoretical rationalization The Center is focusing on specific activities which linking the mechanical response of nanoparticle/small are integrated to go from particle synthesis to organic molecule hybrids to the assembly technique. applications. The center would complement Synthesis of Nanoparticles where experiments with molecular Achievements theory and population balance models will address The Center has established several connections between the open questions. Deliverables here include an US and Indian Partners. Specifically, (i) between IITB, experimentally validated, predictive theory for CSIR-NCL and Columbia University in the area of digestive ripening, and therefore NPs with any desired size-controlled synthesis of nanoparticles; (ii) between size and surface passivation. CSIR-NCL and Columbia University in the area of elastic macroporous scaffolds from particle assemblies; In another aspect of the proposal the center seeks to (iii) between IIT-Delhi and Columbia University in learn from the small molecule surfactant literature theory and modeling of nanoparticle interactions; (iv) and assemble the polymer grafted NPs into novel between IIT-Patna/ IIT-Kharagpur and University of structures such as spheres, micelles and rods (relevant Houston in the area of polymer nanocomposites. to drug delivery, self-healing materials), and periodic in both the NPs and the polymers (relevant to batteries, Several Joint publications between US and India solar cells), and even more complicated structures. partners have been generated. The studies will use advanced characterization tools, NOTE: Center’s publication on elastic macroporous such as optical, confocal and electron microscopies, assemblies was highlighted in Chemical and Engineering combined with X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray News, a prestigious American Chemical Society news and neutron scattering, and spectroscopy to elucidate magazine. structure and properties of the individual nanoparticles and their assemblies Scientific Value Addition Between IIT-Patna/IIT-Kharagpur and University Deliverables here are a much bigger tool kit from of Houston which we can select a desired NP superstructure, and understanding how these structures can be formed Chemical modification of graphene to introduce either under quiescent or driven conditions. The functional groups in a site specific manner was carried

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 40 Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay • University of Houston, Texas • Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur • Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

out (IIT-Kharagpur/IIT Patna). These were then coupled with silane monomers and novel nanocomposites were prepared (Univ. Houston). Such polymer nanocomposite exhibited instant conducting adhesive behavior (Fig. 1). Furthermore, by introducing bulky pendant groups at the edge sites that exert stress on the basal plane of graphene, its band gap of the could be engineered (Fig. 2). The modified material demonstrated a semi-conducting behavior over the semi- metallic behavior of the pristine material IIT-Patnta/IIT-Kharagpur & University of Houston). An acrylamide based monomer using 2-aminotriptycene was prepared (IIT- Patnta). A polymerization of this Figure 1: Instant conducting adhesive from graphene. monomer using the wellknown ATRP polymerization protocol is being experiments have been planned and being executed at planned (University of Houston). The objective is to CSIR-NCL/IIT-Bombay. The results are being shared derive novel triptycene based polymers and study their with Prof. Sanat Kumar’s group at Columbia University properties. who are trying to model the digestive ripening process. Between NCL-Pune/IIT-Bombay and Columbia Other plans of this partnership include understanding University the effect of polydispersity in grafting density of polymer chains on nanoparticle surface that influences The NCL-Pune/IIT-Bombay and Columbia University the shape of nanoparticle-aggregates (IIT-Bombay) and partnership is focusing on (i) of size-controlled preparation of macroporous monoliths (CSIR-NCL), synthesis of nanoparticles and (ii) preparation of elastic comprised primarily of colloidal particles, that are elastic macroporous scaffolds from particle assemblies. In the (Fig. 3). The latter work benefited extensively from area of nanoparticle synthesis, the partners are trying to the discussions the CSIR-NCL partners had with Prof. evolve a mechanistic understanding of the wellknown Sanat Kumar (Columbia University). The discussions digestive ripening process. A series of model with other scientists at Columbia, during the visit of Dr. Kumaraswamy (facilitated by the Joint Center) with Dr. Jacques Jestin and Prof. Jeffrey Kysar, resulted in further collaborations and different Figure 2: Bandgap engineering by chemical modification of graphene. experiments on

41 Joint R & D Centers the elastic particle assemblies are currently underway in Prof. Kysar’s group of Columbia University. Between IIT-Delhi and Columbia University The IIT-Delhi/Columbia University partnership is focused on probing the fluctuation driven anisotropy in effective pair interactions between gold nanocrystals that are densely passivated with short ligands. The results clearly suggest that for dense grafting regime, inclusion of anisotropic effects as well as many- body interactions is necessary to adequately describe the thermodynamics and assembly behavior of nanoparticles.

Way Forward Figure 3: Ultralight elastic porous 3-dimensional scaffolds from • The Indian and US partners successfully bid for a colloidal self-assemblies. Faraday Discussions on the topic of Nanoparticle Assemblies that will be held in Mumbai (at the • Mondal, T., Bhowmick, A.K., Krishnamoorti, R. IITB) in January 2016 (towards the end of the Joint (2014) Conducting Instant Adhesives by Grafting Center tenure). of Silane Polymer onto Expanded Graphite. ACS • The team has planned a unique workshop at the Appl. Mater. Interfaces, DOI:10.1021/am5040472 culmination of the Joint Center to bring together • Mondal, T., Bhowmick, A.K.; Krishnamoorti, academics and industry, to understand the R. (2014) Stress Generation and Tailoring of opportunities offered by nanoparticle assemblies Electronic Properties of Expanded Graphite by (January 4-6, 2016). Several prominent researchers Click Chemistry. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (including Prof. Daan Frenkel from Cambridge 6:7244-7253. University, Prof. Vinothan Moharan from Harvard • Sahu, P. and Prasad, B. L. V. (2014) Time and University and Prof. Oleg Gang from Brookhaven temperature effect on the digestive ripening of gold National Laboratory, Prof. Laximnarayanan nanoparticles: Is there a cross over from digestive from the Raman Research Institute), in addition ripening to Ostwald ripening?. Langmuir 30: to members of the Joint Center have agreed to 10143−10150. conduct this workshop. • Rajamanickam R., Kumari S., Kumar D., Exchange Visits Ghosh S., Kim J. C., Tae G., Gupta S. S., As part of the visitations associated with the Joint Kumaraswamy G., Chem. Materials, 2014, 26, Center, one scientist from the US visited their Indian 5161−5168 (Highlighted in C&EN, http://cen. counterparts and three Indian scientists and one student acs.org/articles/92/web/2014/09/Strong-Springy- visited their US partnering Institutions. Materials-Made-Freezer.html) Publications Four publications (listed below) have already appeared in print. Several other are in pipe line.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 42 Indo-US Joint Center on Crystallization at Interfaces

Principal Investigators

Milan K. Sanyal Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Kolkata, India [email protected] / [email protected]

Michael J. Bedzyk Northwestern University Evanston, USA [email protected]

About the Center understand self-organized mechanism in formation of The broad aim of the Centre is to put together a strong Crystals at solid and liquid Interfaces. Under this broad team that is capable of tackling this challenging theme our specific interests will be to understand the a) problem of obtaining a microscopic understanding of growth of crystals of atoms/molecules with symmetries properties of transition metal oxide systems close to that are generally absent in bulk, and b) growth of various instabilities through a combination of state crystals of mono-dispersed nano-particles. It shall of the art experimental and theoretical. Our specific primarily use synchrotron scattering, high resolution objectives are the innovative synthesis of designer microscopy and spectroscopy techniques in this materials, detailed investigation of their physical collaborative project. A general interest in the above properties as well as spectroscopic investigations to studies lays in development of materials for highly obtain microscopic information on their electronic efficient energy conversion/storage and for ultra-low- and magnetic properties, and theoretical modeling power dissipation nano-devices. at several levels. The teams on both sides have been Under the aegis of the Joint Center, special attention hand-picked keeping in mind the requirements of this will be given to: demanding program. • Interfacial growth of crystals of atoms and The Center aims to carry out fundamental research to molecules which cannot either be grown at all

Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, • Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont Jadavpur • Northwestern University, Evanston • Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata

43 Joint R & D Centers or grow with a different symmetry in the bulk • Ex-situ studies of organized nanostructures on crystals. silicon/quartz substrates, using x-ray scattering, • Growth of lattices, of three or lower dimensions, microscopy and spectroscopy. While ex-situ of nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes but studies will be carried out in the respective with high size and shape monodispersity. Some laboratories in India and US, in-situ studies of the areas under focus of the proposed Indo- will be performed at Advanced Photon Source, US Joint Centre will be in-situ studies of MBE Argonne National Laboratory, USA and at the growth of oxide materials, ex-situ studies of India-Japan Beamline (developed by Saha MBE growth of Si-Ge quantum structures. Institute of Nuclear Physics) in Photon Factory, KEK, Tsukuba, Japan. • In-situ studies of crystallization of nanomaterials at the liquid-liquid and air-liquid interfaces.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 44 Indo-US Joint Center on Theoretical Studies of the Correlated Electronic Structure of Graphene

Principal Investigators

S. Ramasesha Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India [email protected]

Sumitendra Mazumdar University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA [email protected]

About the Center group of Professor Arvinder Sandhu, who will perform The broad aim of the Joint Centre is to put together a one-and two-photon absorption measurements on the team capable of obtaining a microscopic understanding molecules supplied by the Muellen group. of properties of transition metal oxide systems close to various instabilities through a combination of state of Achievements the art experimental and theoretical. The Joint Center has performed theoretical research on the PAH molecules coronene, hexa-peri- The principal research objective is to arrive at accurate hexabenzocoronene (HBC), circumcoronene and correlated-electron description of graphene and wide ovalene (Fig. 1) below. In all cases we performed quasi-2D graphene nanoribbons. In the context of sophisticated multiple reference singles and double graphene nanoribbons our motivation is to determine configuration interaction (MRSDCI) calculations, how true two-dimensionality is reached as the width whose precision was as good as quadruple-CI (QCI). of the nanoribbons is increased in a controlled manner. Besides, we have also employed a DMRG approach The Joint Center’s educational mission is to expose to calculate electronic structure of nanoribbons and graduate students and postdoctoral fellows to modern of nanodiscs. These are the largest CI calculations techniques of computational and theoretical materials performed on 2D PAH molecules to date. chemistry and physics. Within one-electron and Hartree-Fock theories, the lowest The US and Indian researchers bring complementary two-photon state in all cases is predicted to be significantly techniques such as quantum chemistry with high above the lowest one-photon optically allowed state. In order configuration interaction, the Density Matrix contrast the calculated two-photon states are below the Renormalization Group and the Path Integral lowest one-photon state or nearly degenerate. This is Renormalization Group into the effort. In all cases strictly a correlation effect. Experiments on coronene and the motivation is to work in a highly collaborative HBC confirmed the theoretical prediction (Fig. 2). environment in order to achieve the objectives. In addition, the researchers have established collaboration The team has discovered a peculiar role of geometry. The first three molecules in Figure 1 all have D symmetry. with the synthetic chemistry group of Professor Klaus 6h Muellen of MPI, Mainz, who will provide samples of Although correlation effects are significant, it is found large PAH molecules and the attosecond spectroscopy that these effects were weaker than that in linear

45 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore • University of Arizona, Tucson • Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay • Mississippi State University

Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Sumit Mazumdar Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 14 days University of Arizona 2. R. Torsten Clay Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 12 days Mississippi State University 3. S. Ramasesha University of Arizona 14 days Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 4. Alok Shukla University of Arizona 16 days Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 5. Suryoday Prodhan University of Arizona 45 days Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore polyenes. In the polyenes, the lowest two-photon and three Indian scientists visited their US partnering state is at or nearly at the same energy as twice the institutions. energy of the lowest spin-triplet state, indicating that both the lowest triplet and the lowest two-photon Publications state are covalent in the valence bond language. In • Aryanpour K., Roberts A., Sandhu A., Rathore R., the D6h PAH molecules, the lowest two-photon states Shukla A. and Mazumdar S. (2014) Subgap two- are significantly below twice the lowest triplet energy, photon states in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: indicating the significant ionic contributions to both Evidence for strong electron correlations. J. Phys. the triplet and the two-photon state. This is not entirely Chem. C 118: 3331-3339. unexpected, as with three nearest neighbors per carbon • Aryanpour K., Shukla A. and Mazumdar S. (2014) atom (except the peripheral ones) the one-electron Electron correlations and two-photon states in bandwidth in the 2D PAH molecules is much larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules: A than that in the polyenes. What is surprising is that the peculiar role of geometry. J. Chem. Phys.140: lowest two-photon state is at twice the energy of the 104301. lowest triplet in D ovalene (Figure 1(d)), which has 2h Publication Planned the same bandwidth as the D molecules. (Table I) 6h • Theory of singlet fission in carotenoids, acenes As part of visitations associated with the Joint Center, and covalently linked acenes,’’ K. Aryanpour, A. two scientists from US visited their Indian counterparts Shukla and S. Mazumdar.

Figure 1: (a) Coronene (C24H12), (b) HBC (C42H18), (c) circumcoronene (C54H18), and (d) ovalene. The PPP-MRSDCI calculations were done for the full MO-space of coronene, and ovalene; for HBC and circumcoronene the outermost 5 and 8 pairs of MOs, respectively, were ignored in our calculation.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 46 Figure 2: (a) Experimental (red) and calculated (black) optical absorption spectra of coronene; calculations are within the PPP model. The weak absorption at ~ 3.5 eV, missed in the calculation, is to a state that is optically dark within the purely electronic PPP Hamiltonian with nearest- neighbor electron hopping. (b) Same as in (a) for HBC. The lowest energy weak absorption is again to a dark state. (c) Experimental linear (red) and two-photon absorption (TPA) (blue) spectra of coronene. The gray curve gives the TPA due to the solvent. Notice the significant TPA of coronene below the linear absorption edge. (d) Same as (c) for HBC. (e) Calculated linear absorption (red) and average TPA (blue) for coronene. 1 1 Two-photon resonances are to both Ag and B1g states (arrows) which are nondegenerate within the PPP model. (f) Same as in (e), for HBC

Table I: PPP-MRSDCI excited state energies for decapentaene and the PAH molecules of Figures 1(a)-(d)(in eV). The 1A−gstates in the last two

columns have energies that are nearly twice those of the lowest triplets T1 and T2.

• DMRG studies of electronic states of • DMRG studies of electronic states in polycyclic polyphenanthrene”, Durga Prasad Goli, Sumit graphene fragments”, Durga Prasad Goli, Suryoday Mazumdar and S. Ramasesha. Prodhan, Sumit Mazumdar and S. Ramasesha.

47 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 48 Engineering Sciences Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 50 Indo-US Joint Center on Highway and Airport Pavement Engineering

Principal Investigators

M. Amaranatha Reddy IIT-Kharagpur, India [email protected]

Rajib Mallick Worcester Polytechnic Institute Massachusetts, USA [email protected]

About the Center • Recommend appropriate amount and type of modified High way and Airport Pavement Engineering is a critical asphalt (IIT-KGP, IIT-M WPI, UTEP) area for any country seeking to upgrade its infrastructure Steps for research on mechanistic empirical to meet emerging and existing needs of its economy. The pavement design (MEPDG) are : Joint Center seeks to develop practical guidelines for road • Prepare samples using aggregates and asphalts and airport pavement construction. (UTEP, WPI) • Conduct state of the art testing (such as dynamic Work Plan modulus, creep compliance and indirect tensile The Joint Center has two main research themes, strength of three commonly used dense graded namely modified binders and mechanistic empirical mixes and accelerated testing on mixes to relate test design. parameters with performance) (WPI, UTEP). The specific steps of research on modified binders • Generate master curves for mixes (UTEP, WPI). are : • Analysis of data and usage in flexible pavement • Identify two typical modified asphalts (IIT-KGP, design procedures to simulate appropriate conditions IIT-M) based on their availability and demonstrated (IIT-M, IIT-KGP) potential including one crumb rubber modified binder. • Evaluation of the effect of mix properties on thickness • Conduct tests for characterization of these asphalts (IIT-M, IIT-KGP). (IIT-KGP, IIT-M). • Recommend appropriate thickness and design • Prepare samples and test samples with different amounts procedures (Develop models relating rutting, and types of asphalts, including one with unmodified fatigue and thermal cracking test parameters to (control) asphalt (IIT-KGP, IIT-M) needed for mix the corresponding performances) (IIT-M, IIT- designs to determine the optimum asphalt content. KGP, UTEP, WPI). • Conduct additional testing (IIT-KGP, IIT-M WPI, UTEP) needed to validate the performance of the Achievements On Binders designed mixes. • Enhanced pavement service life (resistance to rutting) • Using test data to simulate pavements with pavement twice when compared to unmodified asphalt binder design software to predict cracking and rutting (WPI, by use of polymer modified asphalt binder. UTEP). • Higher viscosity values of unaged (Styrene butadiene

51 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur • Worcestor Polytechnic Institute, • Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Massachusetts • The University of Texas, El Paso

styrene-Polymer Modified Bitumen) PMB-40, PMB- in frequency and vice-versa. 70 and (crumb rubber modified bitumen) CRMB-55. • Higher bitumen content is needed in case modified Research Outcomes binders compared to unmodified binder. IIT Kharagpur : M.Tech Thesis: 06 | Ph D Thesis: 01(partly) | B.Tech Thesis- 01 IIT Madras : M.Tech • Varied Rheological characteristics of bitumen binders Thesis: 02 | Ph D Thesis: 02 (Ongoing) , UTEP: Number collected from different sources. of M.S. Thesis 1 State of the art report on modified binder. • Alternative method to simulate short term and long term aging by RTFO and PAV of some modified Book: A 500-page book writing proposal by the binders was developed with normal oven participants of the IUSSTF project has been accepted for • Evaluation of the impact of polymer modified binder consideration for publication by Springer. on the structural performance of asphalt pavements. Title: Road Design, Construction and Management: • The MEPDG has been utilized to determine the effect Challenges and Solution of polymer modified binders on the life of asphalt pavements. This book presents the most critical problems that are faced by the pavement engineers, especially in • Evaluation of life cycle cost of mixes with and developing countries, and suggests optimal solutions to without modified binders. those problems. Even though the principles of pavement On Bituminous Mixes engineering are well established, quite often the adoption • Significantly higher Rutting resistance of asphalt of even the best principles result in roads that are concrete mixes with unmodified asphalt binder. prematurely in poor condition because of widely differing • Approx. 4.8 times resistance of Styrene butadiene soil and environmental conditions and unpredictable styrene polymer modified asphalt binder mix of traffic conditions. This can be due to many reasons, with that offered by an unmodified binder mix during the most important ones being a disconnect between laboratory rutting studies. design and construction, lack of indigenous data on • Utilization of waste plastic and other modified important parameters, and the unavailability of proper asphalt reduced the life cycle cost of pavement when equipment. The problems can be more complicated compared to unmodified asphalt binder. However especially when sustainability and green engineering have pavement with SBS polymer modified asphalt to be taken into account. On the other hand, developing binder resulted in lowest life cycle cost among the countries can significantly take advantage of factors such alternatives considered in this study. as the availability of cheap labor. How can one use the • Reduction in air voids below (3%) resulted in higher existing conditions to the best of their potential and design, rutting compared to higher air voids (more than 7%) construct and manage pavements? This book looks at irrespective of type pf binder used in the bituminous answering this question with state of the art, innovative mix. However modified binders have shown higher and practical solutions. Practicing engineers and resistance to rutting compared to normal binders. advanced degree students will find this book very useful • Comparable performance characteristics of VG-40 in understanding the challenges in pavement engineering binder mix. and meeting those challenges. It presents in-depth analysis of design, construction and management practices, with a • Higher fatigue life of the dense bituminous mixes focus on practicality. with small increment in binder content above optimum binder content. Publications • Evaluation of Dynamic Modulus (E*) for BC • Sasidhar Rao and Amaranatha Reddy M. (Bituminous Concrete) which increases with increase Rheological Parameters of Crumb Rubber

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 52 Exchange Visits Duration/ S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Time Period 1 M. Amaranatha Reddy Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 15 days IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 15 days 2 Prof. B.B.Pandey Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 15 days IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 15 days 3 Mr. Ajit Krishna Singh Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 04 dyas M.Tech Student, IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 15 days 4 Prof. A. Veeraragavan Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 15 days IIT Madras The University of Texas ElPaso 15 days 5 S. Anjan Kumar Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 15 days Ph D Student, IIT Madras The University of Texas ElPaso 15 days 6 Dr Rajib Mallick IIT Madras,Chennai Worcester Poly Institute (WPI) IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 04 days 7 Carelli Jonathan James IIT Madras,Chennai MS Student (WPI) IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 04 days 8 O’ Sullivan Karen Anne IIT Madras,Chennai MS Student (WPI) IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 04 days 9 Dr Vivek Tandon IIT Madras,Chennai 08 days University of Texas ElPaso IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 04 days 10 Prof. S. Nazarian IIT Madras, Chennai 09 days University of Texas ElPaso 11 Vamsi Krishna IIT Madras, Chennai 10 days MS Student, University of Texas ElPaso 12 Dr M. Amaranatha Reddy Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 20 days IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 10 days 13 Prof. B.B.Pandey Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 20 days IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 10 days 14 Mr. K. Kranthi Kumar Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 20 days M.Tech Student, IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 10 days 15 Prof. K.Sudhakar Reddy Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 20 days IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 10 days 16 Bharath Kumar* Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 20 days IIT Kharagpur The University of Texas ElPaso 10 days 17 Prof. A. Veeraragavan Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 20 days IIT Madras The University of Texas ElPaso 10 days 18 Neethu Roy Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA 20 days Ph D Student, IITMadras The University of Texas ElPaso 10 days 19 Dr Rajib Mallick IIT Madras,Chennai 10 days Worcester Poly Institute (WPI) IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 10 days 20 Dr Vivek Tandon IIT Madras, Chennai 10 days University of Texas ElPaso IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 10 days 21 Prof. S. Nazarian IIT Kharagpur 10 days University of Texas ElPaso 22 Prof. Ferregut Carlos, M IIT Kharagpur 10 days University of Texas ElPaso 23 Vamsi K. Pinnamaneni IIT Madras,Chennai 10 days MS Student, University of Texas ElPaso IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 20 days *- Additional student – for consideration

53 Joint R & D Centers Modified Binders collected from Different Sources, Pavements with Modified Asphalt Mixes – Indian International Conference on Materials, Mechanics Experience., 11th International Conference on and Management – IMMM 2010, College of Asphalt Pavements, organized by the International Engineering Trivandrum, 13-16 January, 2010. Society of Asphalt Pavements in Nagoya, Japan, • Siddagangaiah, Anjan Kumar (PhD August 2010: student), Veeraragavan, A (IIT-Madras), • Anjan Kumar, S., (PhD student, IIT-Madras) Laboratory Investigations on Rutting Resistance and A. Veeraragavan. Needed Characterisation of Bituminous Concrete Mixes with Modified of Modified Binders in India. Proceedings, New Binders, World Conference on Recent Trends in Building Materials and Construction World, India, Flexible Pavements, New Delhi, 05 February 2010. Volume 14, Issue-3, pp 242-255, 2008 • Siddagangaiah, Anjan Kumar (PhD • Anjan Kumar, S., (PhD student, IIT-Madras) student), Veeraragavan, A (IIT-Madras), J. Murali Krishnan., (IIT-Madras) and A. Saravanan, U and Murali Krishnan, J, Rheological Veeraragavan (IIT-Madras). Steady Shear Characterisation of Modified Binders at Mixing Properties of a Class of Aged Bitumens, 4th and Compaction Temperatures, World Conference International Gulf Conference on Roads (IGCR), on Recent Trends in Flexible Pavements, New Doha, Qatar, 2008 Delhi, 05 February 2010. • Vijay Kakade, Amaranatha Reddy M. Effect • Siddagangaiah, Anjan Kumar (PhD student), of Binder quality and quantity on Rutting Veeraragavan, A (IIT-Madras), and Mallick, Rajib Characteristics of Bituminous Mixes, B (WPI). Permanent Deformation Behaviour Communicated to Journal of IRC of Modified Asphalt Mixes - Use Of Polymer • Ajit Krishna Singh, Amaranatha Reddy M. th And Recycled Waste Materials In India., 11 Sudhakar Reddy K. An Alternate to Superpave International Conference on Asphalt Pavements, Aging Methodology for Bitumen Binders organized by the International Society of Asphalt Communicated to Journal on IRC. Pavements in Nagoya, Japan, August 2010: • Vamsi K. Pinnamaneni, and Vivek Tandon. • Anjan Kumar S., (PhD student, IIT-Madras), Evaluation of Mechanistic –Empirical Pavement Hazera Tahseen (M-tech student IIT-Madras), Design Guide for the state of Texas. Abstract Mallick, Rajib B (WPI) and Veeraragavan, A (IIT- submitted to TDI congress 2011 meeting. Madras). Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Flexible

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 54 Indo-US Joint Center on Intelligent Transportation Systems Technologies

Principal Investigators

Lelitha Devi Vanajakshi Indian Institute of Technology Chennai, India [email protected]

Laurence R. Rilett University of Nebraska Lincoln, USA [email protected]

About the Center professional programs of the IUJC-ITST The overarching theme of the Joint Center is related consortium members. to ITS data, including monitoring, collection and • Increase the quality and quantity of the archiving, and the ways in which this data can be transportation workforce by providing international used to solve transportation problems. The JC will educational opportunities. leverage the existing ITS test sites (concentrating on • Disseminate JC research results to Indian/ US urban arterials) and ITS modeling capabilities at the transportation agencies. participating universities. The research areas the Joint Center focus on are: Achievements • Evaluation of automated traffic data collection IITM–UNL: A test bed has been set up in the Rajiv Gandhi Salai in Chennai, India, with various traffic techniques (sensors, loops, video, cell phones, etc.) detectors that are sending data in real time to the • Data monitoring and archiving techniques; and ITS laboratory. Real time data monitoring has been • Modeling of transportation system with ITS data established using wireless and GPRS communication and data archiving is under development. The following The main objectives of the Joint Center are : off the shelf products are being evaluated and calibrated • Public and private partnership to develop for Indian conditions: Radar Detector – Smartsensor, sustainable programs in research and education Infrared Detector - TIRTL, Video Sensor – Collect-R, • Evaluation of automated traffic data collection and Image processing –Trazer. The following new techniques (sensors, loops, video, cell phones, sensors are being developed: (a) an inductive loop etc.) that will work for traffic conditions with detector (ILD) specifically suited for the less lane heterogeneity and lack of lane discipline, data disciplined and heterogeneous traffic conditions, (b) monitoring and archiving and traffic modeling a Bluetooth sensor unit and video image processing using these data for various ITS applications. solutions. • Development of state-of-the-art ITS based traffic Using these data, traffic models are being developed. The monitoring centers at each of these institutions. models will be used in the development of methods and • Increase the number of students and faculty technologies to regulate the movement of road vehicles. involved in the undergraduate, graduate, and IITB–Purdue: An area of common interest was

55 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai • University of Nebraska-Lincoln • Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay • Purdue University

explored and finalized with Prof. Srinivas Peeta at Way Forward Purdue University. Mr. Caleb Ronald. Munigety, Outcomes are mainly the learning and support in Research Scholar at IIT Bombay has shown interest test bed and laboratory development, manpower in the above study. The broad objective of the study development, and research publications. The follow up would be to bring out a robust simulation model plans are as follows : catering to the needs of mixed traffic conditions which can be thought to be vehicle type dependant. • A joint course on ITS to be offered by the Specifically, the focus would be on the critical participating institutions. analysis of the lateral movements by vehicle type and • Development, and field implementation of more to bring out the influential variables. Later, the lateral Bluetooth sensors and further data analysis. movement decision and execution models would be • Data archive generation using data collected at developed which will form a critical component in the collaborating institutions for R&D purposes development of the simulation model. • Continue collaboration on theoretical work IITM–Purdue: Dynamic origin-destination estimation • Research publications aims at estimating the time-dependent O-D trips such • A repository of data, findings and lessons learned that the deviations between observed and estimated from these projects to be generated for sharing traffic flow parameters such as link flows orlink • A common discussion forum to be generated for densities are minimized. In the case of a general urban posting issues to get support from the pool of expertise network, the challenge is to identify the route choices • Find avenues to support student exchange funding and departure time based on the time at which the vehicles have been observed at the counting stations. In • Write next level proposal for collaborative research the case of such large and complicated urban networks, funding the trip-based information for at least a sample of the Publications vehicle population obtained from license plate studies • Data Fusion Based Hybrid Approach for the or Bluetooth surveys could aid in increasing the Estimation of Urban Arterial Travel Time - Journal observability of O-D pair flows. A proper methodology of Applied Mathematics, Volume 2012 (2012), 17 to integrate the different data sources to be developed pages, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/587913 to increase the reliability of estimation.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 56 Exchange Visits Duration/ S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Time Period 1 Lelitha Devi Vanajakshi University of Nebraska Lincoln 10 days Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Madras 2 Gitakrishnan Ramadurai Purdue University 10 days Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Madras 3 Ranju Mohan Purdue University 3 months Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg. IIT Madras 4 Tom Mathew Purdue University 1 week Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Bombay, Mumbai 5 Caleb Ronald Munigutty Purdue University 12 weeks Doctoral Student, Dept. of Civil Engg., IIT Bombay, Mumbai 6 Anuj Sharma IIT Madras and 1 week Assistant Professor, Dept of Civil Engg., IIT Mumbai University of Nebraska Lincoln 7 Boby George University of Nebraska Lincoln 1 week Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engg., IIT Madras 8 Shankar Ram C S University of Nebraska Lincoln 2 weeks Associate Professor, Dept. of Engg. Design, IIT Madras 9 Anusha Nair University of Nebraska Lincoln 2 months Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg. IIT Madras 10 Vincy Varghese University of Nebraska Lincoln 2 months Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg. IIT Madras 11 Helen Thomas University of Nebraska Lincoln 2 months Masters Student, Dept. of Civil Engg. IIT Madras 12 Jijo Mathew University of Nebraska Lincoln 2 months Masters Student, Dept. of Civil Engg. IIT Madras 13 Alex Hainen IIT Madras 10 days Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg., Purdue University 14 Steve Remias IIT Madras 10 days Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg., Purdue University 15 Sheik Mohammed Ali University of Nebraska, Lincoln 14 days Research Scholar, Dept. of Electrical Engg., IIT Madras 16 Laurence Rilett IIT Madras 5 days Professor, Dept of Civil Engg., University of Nebraska Lincoln 17 Elizabeth John IIT Madras 5 days Associate Professor, Dept of Civil Engg., University of Nebraska Lincoln 18 Darcy Bullock IIT Madras 5 days Professor, Department of Civil Engg., Purdue University 19 Sreenivas Peeta IIT Madras 4 days Professor, Department of Civil Engg., Purdue University 20 Anuj Sharma IIT Madras 4 days Assistant Professor, Dept of Civil Engg., University of Nebraska Lincoln

57 Joint R & D Centers • Performance Comparison of a Radar Based Traffic • Driver Behavioral Modeling in Mixed traffic Sensor - Smart Sensor HD for Indian and American Conditions: A Spring-mass Dynamical System Traffic Condition,5th Urban Mobility Conference, Analogy”, Under preparation December 2012, Delhi, India. • Development of a model based traffic control, • Queue length and delay estimation at signalized Under Review, Journal of the Transportation intersections using detector data, Urban Research Record. Mobility Conference, 2013, December 4-5, • Model Based Analysis of Signalized Intersections, Delhi, India. Under Review, Journal of the Transportation • A simple methodology for queue length Research Record. estimation, International Conference on Energy and Environment, ICEE 2013, December 12-14, Other Activities RIT Kottayam, Kerala, India • A workshop on Systems and Control Theory • Studying Platoon Dispersion Characteristics under towards Traffic Analysis was offered at UNL by Heterogeneous Traffic in India, 2nd Conference of Dr. Shankar Ram in July, 2013. 20 hours of lecture Transportation Research Group of India, 2013, Agra on areas related to control systems and state space analysis was given. • Travel Time Observations Using Bluetooth MAC Address Matching: A Case Study on the Rajiv • A symposium for disseminating the findings from Gandhi Roadway, Under Review, Journal of the the collaborative projects carried out as part of the Transportation Research Record. centre was organised at IIT Madras on December 9 and 10, 2013.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 58 Indo-US Joint Center on Intelligent Structural Health Monitoring

Principal Investigators

Krishnan Balasubramaniam Indian Institute of Technology-Madras Chennai, India [email protected]

Sridhar Krishnaswamy Northwestern University Evanston, USA [email protected]

About the Center a computer or a microprocessor based computing The thrust of the Joint Networked Center for Intelligent chip; and Structural Health Monitoring is on developing • Development of data fusion and data processing Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE) algorithms to improve the quality of signals and tools and ISHM systems and methodologies with provide an interpretable signal to the end user on pragmatic adaptation. The Joint Center has adopted the status of the structure/component. a multi-pronged approach towards developing and implementing state of the art QNDE tools such as Achievements laser-induced ultrasonics, fiber optics sensing, and The project led to the development of a virtual center piezeo-electric wafer active sensor-based guided wave of excellence in the field of “Intelligent Structural ultrasonics. Health Monitoring” (ISHM) that has the potential to change the way industry manages it critical assets such The technical goals of the Joint Centre are: as aircrafts, bridges, industrial pipes, etc. Intelligent • Development of fiber optic sensors and piezo wafer Structural Health Management is an emerging concept active sensors that can be attached/ embedded on a that provides an efficient methodology to minimize structure and used as sensors; the possibility of catastrophic failure of safety-critical • Generation and propagation of guided waves in structures. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) composite structures using ultrasonics; is born from the awareness that damage prognosis systems in civil, mechanical and aerospace structures • Understanding the behaviour of guided waves are necessary for apprising the user of the structure’s in structures such as ones used in aerospace and health, informing the user of the incipient damage in development of models that permit the simulation real time and assessing the remaining useful life of the of the experiment and creation of optimal structure. As a technology, ISHM has an enormous experimental protocols; potential for cutting cost and time as the maintenance • Development of high bandwidth demodulation procedure with such systems could change from being apparatus that can convert the changes in the schedule-driven to condition-based. The ISHM concept light traveling inside fiber optics into conditioned includes initial assessment of a structure, followed by electrical signals that can be digitized and stored in continual non-intrusive assessment as the structure

59 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Central Glass and Ceramic Research • Michigan State University, East Lansing Institute, Kolkata

is in service, and intrusive inspections and repairs as The project resulted in several key activities that have necessary when structures are close to failure. ISHM resulted in the following technologies: comprises diagnostic and prognostic modules (Fig. 1). • Wireless trans-receiver for SHM sensors that were jointly developed between IITM and MSU. This was accomplished using research efforts towards bringing the knowledge and the sensing techniques • Crack propagation models and experiments to established in the field of Quantitative Nondestructive understand the failure behavior of aerospace evaluation (QNDE) of the four participating groups. metallic structures. The groups complemented each other and through this • Improved Non-linear ultrasound methods for early collaboration, 2 new proposals were submitted and detection of damage in metals. funded by NSF (a) the PIRE project which allows for • Several Conference papers and journal papers have the collaboration between IITM and NWU and (b) the been submitted or are currently under submission IRES project which supported the collaboration between process between the four groups. IITM and MSU. These additional funds allowed for • IITM received additional grants from Aeronautical increased leverage for increased exchange of personnel Development Agency for work in the area of between the collaborating organisations, well beyond guided ultrasonic waves under the NPMASS the initially proposed numbers in the IUSSTF proposal. project as a followup to this collaboration. The total number of exchanges during this period, between IITM, MSU, NWU and CGCRI, was THIRTY Scientific Value Addition comprising of undergraduate, post-graduate, post- Quantitative Nondestructive evaluation (QNDE) of doctoral fellows, scientists and faculty. Additionally, integrity and quality of materials and structures is a due to these interactions collaborative MoUs have been widely accepted and efficient tool for engineering signed between IITM and NWU and IITM and MSU critical assessment, structural health monitoring and through this IUSSTF project. These further promote process monitoring in process, automotive, civil, long term collaboration in the area of ISHM and other manufacturing and aerospace industries. From large fields of common interest. In addition, the visits also structural members of bridges and buildings to medium encourage cultural experiences that included visits sized automotive components down to micrometric to Indian Weddings, visit to archeological and other and nanosized advanced materials and structures, such venues of heritage, shopping, etc. as, thin films, coatings, functionally gradient materials (FGM), micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) etc., QNDE covers a wide gamut of applications across various industrial and laboratory scale operations. In recent years, QNDE has assumed a great deal of importance due to a paradigm shift towards intelligent structural health management (ISHM) – a methodology that aims to minimize the possibility of catastrophic failure of safety critical structures which is of great concern to the international community due to unacceptable loss of life and disruption of economic and societal activities. ISHM comprises both off-line and on-line monitoring of materials, components and structures and provides diagnostic and prognostic Figure 1 : Diagnostic and Prognostic Modules of ISHM tools for fail-safe management of structures. ISHM

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 60 encompasses a broad horizon of emerging and mature fields of science and engineering, namely, smart materials, structural health monitoring, damage and failure mechanics, structural and reliability analysis and nondestructive evaluation.In the US there are several agencies, such as the National Science Foundation, AFOSR, Army Research Office, ONR, DARPA, DOE, and the Department of Homeland Security that are interested in sensors and sensing systems, QNDE and SHM and their applications to engineering critical structures. Similar interests exist among different Indian agencies, such as DST, Indian Railways, Department of Defense, Aeronautical Labs, Department of Atomic Energy, etc.. However, currently there is no formal MSU student’s at IITM mechanism set up for conducting active collaborative traveling inside the fiber optics into conditioned research between the two countries. The underlying electrical signals that can be digitized and stored into premise of the proposed program is that the types of a computer or a microprocesser based computing chip, issues and problems related to structural integrity of (e) The development of data fusion and data processing civil, mechanical and aerospace materials and systems algorithms that will improve the quality of the signals both in the US and India are similar enough that a and provide an interpretable signal to the end user on cross-disciplinary, multi-institutional approach will the status of the structure/component. The following be most productive. The research and education thrust 4 topics below were the focus of the work conducted of this international partnership is therefore focused jointly as described later: on developing QNDE tools and ISHM systems and methodologies for safety-critical civil, aerospace, and ISHM through Wireless Sensor Network for Lamb mechanical structures using the common paradigm Wave based technologies: One of the relatively new indicated above, but with pragmatic adaptation to areas is Wireless Sensor Networks for structural health suit the specifics of the structural types and material monitoring and damage detection. In summer of 2010 systems used in these structures. and 2011, graduate students visited in IIT-M which included Professors Lalitha Udpa and Nizar Lajnef from This ISHM approach would involve the following the civil engineering department at MSU. They worked research objectives to be satisfied: (a) Development on on wireless NDE sensors for SHM applications. of Fiber Optic Sensors and Piezo Wafer Active Significant progress was made on the wireless sensor Sensors (PWAS) that can be attached/embedded on project – resulting in two conference publications. For a structure, and used as sensors, (b) Generation and continuous monitoring of power-plant components, the propagation of guided waves in structures using use of in-situ sensors (i.e., sensors that are permanently ultrasonics, (c) Understanding the behaviour of guided mounted on the structure) is necessary. In-situ wired waves in structures such as ones used in aerospace sensors require an unrealistic amount of cabling for and develop models that permit the simulation of the power and data transfer, which can drive up costs of experiment and obtain optimal experimental protocol, installation and maintenance. In addition, the use of (d) The development of high bandwidth demodulation cabling in hostile environments (high temperature/ apparatus that can convert the changes in the light pressure environments) is not a viable option. The

The MSU students and faculty interacting with scientific staff at IIT Madras CNDE Laboratory

61 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits Duration/Time S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Period 1 Lalitha UDPA IIT Madras 2009 Prof., Michigan State University (MSU) 2 Aurora Zinck PhD IIT Madras 2009 Student, Northwestern University (NWU) 3 Nizer Lajnef IIT Madras 2010 Assistant Prof., MSU 4 Charles Erik BArdel IIT Madras 2010 PhD Student, MSU 5 Lassaad Mhamdi IIT Madras 2010 PhD Student, MSU 6 Gerges Hanna Dib IIT Madras 2010 PhD Student, MSU 7 K. Balasubramaniam Northwestern University 2010 Prof., IIT Madras 8 Brad Regez IIT Madras 2010 Post Doc. Fellow, NWU 9 Jesse Lee IIT Madras 2010 B. Tech Student, NWU 10 Emma Dutton IIT Madras 2010 B. Tech Student, NWU 11 Andrew Rosencranz IIT Madras 2010 B. Tech Student, NWU 12 S. Krishnaswamy IIT Madras 2010 Prof., NWU 13 Abilasha Ramdas Northwestern University 2010 PhD Student, IIT Madras 14 Ketan Nayak Northwestern University 2010 MTech Student, IIT Madras 15 Janardhan Padiyar Northwestern University and Michigan 2010 PhD Student, IIT Madras State University 16 Eric Trakleson IIT Madras 2011 B.Tech Student, MSU 17 Nicholas Wilson IIT Madras 2011 B. Tech Student, MSU 18 Cori Lynn Roth IIT Madras 2011 B. Tech Student, MSU 19 Jake Formanczyk IIT Madras 2011 MS Student, MSU 20 Samer Farouq Naser IIT Madras 2011 MS Student, MSU 21 Brad Regez IIT Madras 2011 Post Doc. Fellow, NWU 22 Nigli Yang IIT Madras 2011 PhD Student, NWU 23 S. Krishnaswamy CGCRI and IIT Madras 2011 Prof., NWU

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 62 24 Christopher James Yarka IIT Madras 2011 MS Student, NWU 25 Pavel Roy IIT Madras 2011 PhD Student, MSU 26 Dipayan Sanyal Northwestern University and Michigan 2011 Scientist, CGCRI State University 27 K. Balasubramaniam Northwestern University 2011 Prof., IIT Madras 28 Prabhu Rajagopal Northwestern University 2011 Assistant Prof., IIT Madras 29 S. Krishnaswamy IIT Madras 2011 Prof., NWU 30 Abishek Venkatraman Northwestern University 2011 M. Tech Student, IIT Madras

NWU students with the IITM Students working at IIT Madras

group from MSU worked with the group at IITM ISHM through Materials Characterisation (Prof. Krishnan Balasubramaniam and research scholar understanding using Acoustic Non-linearity Janardhan Padiyar) towards the integration of the low phenomena. Here, the NWU team and the IITM profile ultrasonic pulser-receiver with the wireless mote team worked very closely towards developing new developed at MSU. This resulted in a new product that understanding of the nonlinear behaviour in materials. could provide integrated wireless ISHM for composite Preliminary results were used to develop Nonlinear aircraft structures. Ultrasonic techniques and initial observations of a connection between acoustic nonlinearity and ISHM through porous media models for ultrasonic wave dislocation structures. Current experiments focus on based technologies: The objective was to experimentally in-situ testing of polycrystalline copper samples under correlate acoustic nonlinearity to dislocation structures in tension, observing the nonlinearity while a specimen mechanically deformed metal samples; for development undergoes a loading and unloading cycle. The results of acoustic nonlinearity as a nondestructive evaluation of in-situ experimentation have been compared to tool. The Nonlinear Ultrasonic measurements are taken static experiments, showing that acoustic nonlinearity using a contact transducer method, with a Ritec SNAP is sensitive to the structural changes throughout loading system. Tests are run on samples in a static setup as well cycles, as would be observed in fatigued metals. as in an MTS for in-situ testing. Transmission Electron Microscopy is used for observing dislocation structures. ISHM through ultrasonic Scattering models and Samples for TEM are prepared as self-supporting disks Experiments from defects for Lamb mode based and observed under bright field, dark field, and weak technologies: The objective was to study the ultrasonic beam conditions. Vickers micro-hardness and optical Lamb wave scattering from a defect in a plate and microscopy are used to collect additional microstructural provide the time domain data for developing the information. Here, the NWU team and the IITM team algorithm of Lamb wave imaging, a Finite Element worked very closely towards new insight into the physics Analysis (FEA) model was constructed to simulate of ultrasonic wave propagation in porous media. ultrasonic Lamb wave scattering of a defect in a 2 mm thick Aluminum plate.

63 Joint R & D Centers Way Forward • Janardhan Padiyar M., Surya Prakash Kannajosyula, The Indo-US Knowledge R&D Networked Joint Center and Krishnan Balasubramaniam Development of aims to further develop this umbrella organization in a stamp size pulser-receiver for structural health the area of quantitative non-destructive evaluation monitoring applications. Review of Progress in and intelligent health monitoring of smart materials Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 18 –23 and engineering critical structures consolidating and July, 2010 San Diego, CA, QNDE-2010. complementing the domain expertise of established • G. Dib, L. Mhamdi, L. Udpa, N. Lajnef, T. Indian and US institutes. The group is working on Khan, J.-W. Hong, S. Udpa, P. Ramuhalli, K. several project proposals that can expand the group to Balasubramaniam, Wireless Sensor Networks for other institutions in both countries and also exploring Continuous Monitoring. Review of Progress in funding opportunities for continued support for bilateral Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 18 –23 collaborative scientific activities. July, 2010 San Diego, CA, QNDE-2010. • G. Dib, J. Padiyar, J. Xin, L. Udpa, and K. Publications Balasubramaniam, High Performance Wireless • G. Dib, L. Mhamdi, L. Udpa, N. Lajnef, T. Sensors System for Structural Health Monitoring. Khan, J.-W. Hong, S. Udpa, J. Padiyar, K. Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Balasubramaniam, Wireless Sensor Networks for Evaluation, 19 –24 July, 2011 Burlington, VT, AIP Industrial monitoring. 5th International Conference Proceedings-2011. on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics ICAMEM2010 18-20 December, 2010, Hammamet, Tunisia

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 64 Indo-US Joint Center on Design of Sustainable Products, Services and Manufacturing Systems

Principal Investigators

Amaresh Chakrabarti Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India [email protected]

Gaurav Ameta Washington State University Washington, USA [email protected]

About the Center The center will coordinate and carry out cutting In the current networked and complex manufacturing edge research to benchmark and develop suitable environment, an integrated systems approach for measures for sustainability, develop a repository of sustainability requires the development of robust suitable methods for use to improve sustainability, and and cost-effective life cycle analysis and synthesis develop a curriculum and training material using the methodologies, standards, and tools so that designers above results for educating students to be ‘sustainable and engineers can track and aggregate the overall designers’. sustainability of a product throughout its life and across the networked and distributed production system. Achievements Such data generation and aggregation is beyond the The project started in June 2014. So far, the following capability and missions of many of the manufacturing has been achieved: companies today, as it involves their entire global • A preliminary document has been created on supply chain and significant gains can be achieved existing definitions, measures. Indicators, design through India-US research and industry collaborations. methods and tools, curricular methods and tools, To support development of sustainable manufacturing and case studies related to education and practice systems, the following are needed: of develoment of sustainable products, services and manufacturing systems. This document will • Measures with which to assess sustainability of be used as the starting point for the research to be these systems. carried out by the Center during the next two years. • Suitable guidelines, methods and tools with which • A meeting took place among the principal to generate such systems. investigators and some of the co-investigators to • Suitable standards, guidelines, methods and tools finalise the specific details of the visits to take place for evaluating/selecting such systems. and the specific means of carrying out collaborative • Suitable training materials for training people in work. A shared Google calendar has been created designing sustainable systems. for dunamic and collaborative finalisation of the The main objective of the Joint Center is to leverage the various visit plans. Indo-US research efforts in creating synergy between • A website of the Center, and is expected to develop the needs of the emerging and advanced economies. a running website in the next few months.

65 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Centre for Study of Science,Technology and • Syracuse University, Syracuse Policy, Bangalore • University of California, Berkeley • Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad • National Innovation Foundation, New Delhi

Scientific Value Addition • What is the detailed experience in using some of While it is too early to comment on scientific value these methods and tools, and how good have they addition, the Center intends to carry out a comprehensive been in these cases? study of appropriate definitions, measures, indicators, Way Forward design methods, educational approaches, and case • The partners are expected to meet once in each studies for supporting education and practice of design country every year during the project for carrying of sustainable products, services and manufacturing out joint research, organise joint workshops, and systems. Some of the methods will be tested on Indian solving problems in each country jointly using and US problems, so that the experiece of their use can some of the methods and tools for supporting be shared through case studies and lessons learnt. development of sustainable systems. The centre will add scientific value in answering the • An website is being developed where information following questions: about all the knowledge created, assimilated, or • What is meant by sustainability in the context collated, as well as a list of educators, researchers, of development of products, services and practitioners, and administrators in this area will manufacturing systems? be made available online. • How can a product, service or manufacturing • A workshop with both academia and industry system be assessed for how sustainable it is, and is also planned towards the end of the project to what extent it is more or less sustainable than to disseminate the knowledge among major another product, service or manufacturing system? stakeholders, i.e. students, teachers, researchers, administrators and practitioners in the areas of • What methods and tools are currently available design, engineering and manufacturing. for generating or evaluating a product, service or manufacturing system for sustainability, and in Publications what context are these to be used? It is expected that during the course of the project, • What methods and tools are currently available several peer-reviewed publications that reports new for education of developing a product, service or knowledge in this area will be published. It is also manufacturing system for sustainability, and in expected that a book will be published to share the what context are these to be used? outcomes of the project. • What case studies are avaliable to demonstrate the use of these methods and tools?

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 66 Indo-US Joint Center on Fire Center for Advancing Research and Education in Structural Fire Engineering

Principal Investigators

S. K. Bhattacharyya Central Building Research Institute Roorkee, India [email protected] / [email protected]

Venkatesh Kodur Michigan State University East Lansing, USA [email protected]

About the Center In order to exchange and disseminate the information in Michigan State University in collaboration with the field of fire safety and the experience gathered during University of Texas at Austin, CSIR-Central Building last one year of this project, a short term workshop has Research Institute, Roorkee and Indian Institute been planned during 09 – 10 March 2015 at CSIR-CBRI of Technology – Delhi, established an “US-India Roorkee, India. The tentative topic of the workshop Virtual Fire Center” for enhancing fire safety in built decided is “Fire Safety in Buildings: Structural and infrastructure. The research teams at these institutions Passive Fire Protection Issues & Challenges”. It has are developing methodologies, design tools and also been planned that about four to five faculty experts guidelines for performance based structural fire safety from either side (both India and USA) will take part design. Under the virtual fire research center, the actively as speakers. The researchers from different team will focus on exchanging and sharing research Institutes of India who are working in the area of expertise, experimental facilities and test data for Fire Engineering will be invited to participate in the improving fire safety in two countries. Specifically, workshop. Also arrangements will be made to invite the team will develop engineering guidelines and the experts from Industries who are involved in the solutions for overcoming fire problems in reinforced fire safety issues for effective interactions amongst the concrete beams. In addition the proposed center researchers and the professionals. will help in knowledge dissemination among the “PROTECT 2015- Fifth International Workshop academia, design professionals and construction on Performance, Protection and Strengthening of industry through seminars and workshops. Structures under Extreme Loading” is planned for The main aim of the “Indo-US Virtual Fire Center” June - July, 2015 at Michigan State University, USA. is to establish collaboration among the Partnering Researchers from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Institutions in US and India for exchange and Delhi and Central Building Research Institute (CBRI) dissemination of information in fire safety field Roorkee will attend this workshop and will deliver with respect to fire research, education, training and presentations. It is expected that researchers from technology transfer activities in India to improve across the world will take part in this workshop through overall fire safety in built environment. The center will contributory research participation. facilitate exchange of students, scientists as faculty Work is in progress for the development of a dedicated amongst partner Institutions. fire resource website. The basic purpose of the website

67 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi • University of Texas, Austin • Central Building Research Institute, • Michigan State University, East Lansing Roorkee

is to provide information to the users working for generated. Experimental studies have been carried the promotion of fire safety in built environment. out and the test data has been generated on the fire Accordingly a site-map of the website has been performance of beams under loading conditions. finalised and it will include: To study the fire performance of reinforced concrete • Details of codes/ standards/ perspectives (adhering (RC) beams under loading conditions, experiments to copyright laws and regulations); were carried out through a well-designed experimental • Technical awareness on: analysis/ design set-up. The experimental set-up consists of a floor procedures and software simulations; furnace to produce temperature and a reaction frame for applying loads, to which a structural member might • Test data sharing for possible benchmarking; be exposed during a fire in practice. • Publications (details, direct links of textbooks, journals, SIF proceedings etc.); The tests include a series of eight experiments on normal and high strength concrete beams. To study the flexural • Up-coming events in the area of structural fire behaviour of RC beams, two reference specimens of engineering; and two different grades namely M30 and M60 were tested • Suggestions and comments by the visitors. under two point loadings. The observations were made For the fire performance assessment of structural for the first cracking load, ultimate load and load at elements modeling studies will be carried out. For permissible deflection. the validation of models required test data is to be

Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam specimen, enclosure fire and test set-up for testing the beam at Fire Research Laboratory of CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee, India

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 68 Tested Bean Specimens

M 30 beam after failure

Close view of M 30 beam after failure

M 60 beam after failure

Close view of M 60 beam after failure

69 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Pratik Bhatt Michigan State University 25 Feb.-25 April 2014 Research Student, IIT-Delhi 2. Vasant Matsagar Michigan State University 1-15 July, 2014 IIT Delhi 3. S. K. Bhattacharya Michigan State University 29 Sept.-12 Oct. 2014 Director, CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee 4. Suvir Singh Michigan State University 29 Sept.- 19 Oct., 2014 Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee 5. Venkatesh Kodur Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Aug. 2013 and July 2014 Michigan State University

Reinforced Concrete (RC) beam specimen, enclosure locations in high strength concrete beam was higher as fire and test set-up for testing the beam at Fire Research compared to normal strength concrete beam during the Laboratory of CSIR-CBRI, Roorkee, India entire period of fire exposure. Further to determine the fire resistance rating, the Similarly for the same loading of 15kN during fire experiments were carried out by exposing the reinforced exposure, the fire resistance rating of normal strength concrete beam specimens to standard ISO 834 fire. The concrete beam was higher as compared to high strength beams were preloaded with two point loads to a fixed concrete beam. percentage of ultimate strength at room temperature. To develop high temperature properties of concrete After applying the loads on the beams, the beams the material property tests are planned. The material were exposed to standard heating conditions. During properties that may have significant influence on the entire period of fire exposure the predefined load fire resistance and spalling are high temperature was maintained. The temperature of the furnace as well thermal and mechanical properties. The specimen as that in concrete and rebars and deflection of beams of cubes and cylinders are under preparation at were recorded during fire exposure. CBRI and will be shipped to IIT-D for undertaking On comparison of the results of normal and high strength property tests. concrete beams it was found that the temperature at all

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 70 Environment and Energy Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 72 Indo-US Joint Center on Eco-Informatics Centre

Principal Investigators

Kamal Bawa Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & the Environment Bangalore, India [email protected]

Robert Stevenson University of Massachusetts Boston, USA

About the Center • Promote applied research through the organization The Indo-US Joint Center on Eco-Informatics Centre and dissemination of databases by involving is envisioned as a web-enabled, publicly accessible modelling and development of tools and software. resource for integrated and value-added information • Train environmental professionals in handling on ecology and the environment that actively promotes large databases, modelling and spatial analysis of collaboration in applied research and capacity building information. in the area of ecoinformatics. The idea behind starting the Eco-informatics Centre was to create a place of Achievements international excellence in eco-informatics that would Within a short period of over 2 years, the Centre has serve as a guiding post to lead, drive and sustain moved from being an idea in mind to becoming a place ecological informatics and biodiversity conservation of international recognition in the Eco-informatics initiatives in the Indian subcontinent. It is conceived domain. The Center focused on research, training and as a facility for enhancing cooperation and exchange collaboration and has made steady progress in all three of information within the scientific community towards directions. the creation and sharing of scientific information for • Many of the Center’s projects have the distinction biodiversity conservation and planning. The Centre of being the first and only projects of their kind in also imparts training on various aspects relating to the India. An example of such a project is the creation application of ecological informatics at the national of a comprehensive Eco-informatics Repository and international levels. The specific objectives of the that successfully integrates biophysical features Centre are to: with socio-economic data. This is important • Assemble, organise and disseminate biodiversity because no biodiversity conservation initiative data in the public domain for use by researchers, can succeed without a clear understanding and students, teachers, policy makers and wide range participation from the community involved. of other professionals interested in biological • A plant biodiversity map of Western Ghats has been research, conservation and management of natural created that profiles over 1300 genera. Currently, resources. the team at the center is working to include a plant biodiversity map for the whole of India. Other

73 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology & • University of Massachusetts Environment, Bangalore Boston

projects that are in different stages of completion group of professionals, students, concerned include databases on ants, grasshoppers and honey citizens and children. bees of India. Hopefully, by taking the idea to the • It is hoped that in future, the portal will also next level, the Center will be able to successfully evolve to offer a number of community based map the entire plant, animal and insect biodiversity GIS initiatives that can provide a forum for eco- of the Indian subcontinent. The team has also friendly product manufacturers and suppliers, archived 169 raster layers of datasets covering a eco-friendly architects, builders, farmers and high range of climatic, terrain and land cover parameters school teachers too. at spatial resolution varying between 1km to 10km grids, for the whole country. Scientific Value Addition • The Center has developed efficient modeling tools The Center have successfully collaborated with and more than 30 multi-utility software applications several both Indian and international institutions of in eco-informatics, customized to match the needs eminence. Center has signed an MOU with NCBI-NCL of researchers working in the Indian subcontinent. and is collaborating with the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group to launch the Invasive Species • Creation of the state of art Niche Modeling Information System. Algorithms using the Open Modeler Interface on the Indian Datasets. This species distribution The Centre is working on 18 different projects in modeling tool is of great significance to users as it collaboration with institutes like the Indian Institute of can help them to explore and test their hypotheses Remote Sensing, the Forest Department of Maharashtra, more effectively. Bombay Natural History Society, Bandipur Tiger • Eco-Informatics Center’s website is becoming Reserve, Bannerghatta National Park, National Remote India’s only eco-informatics knowledge portal Sensing Agency, Hyderabad, The French Institute, that serves many different user groups. Currently, Pondicherry, Madras Crocodile Bank, Periyar Tiger a user manual is provided to help navigating on Reserve and ATREE’s own Centre for Conservation the web GIS portal. Besides researchers, planners Governance and Policy. and policy advocates, Center is also attempting to The capacity building initiatives of the Center include create specific applications and content tailored conducting training programmes, developing training to match the requirements of a much more varied modules, providing facilities for post-graduate research,

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 74 Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Mohammed Irfan-Ullah University of Kansas, Kansas; June – Sep. 2005 Fellow (Scientist) and Convener Grand Valley State University, Ecoinformatics Centre, Ashoka Trust Michigan and The Clark Univer- for Research in Ecology and the sity, Massachusetts, USA Environment (ATREE), India 2. Kamal S. Bawa ATREE, India December 2004 – Jan. 2005 University of Massachusetts, USA 3. Robert Gilmore Pontius ATREE, India December 2004 – Jan. 2005 Professor, The Clark University, USA 4. Shaily Menon ATREE, India December 2004 – Jan. 2005 Professor, The Grand Valley University, USA

training in eco-informatics and creating dissemination & planning to generate this data on a finer scale and with outreach materials. The Centre is a preferred destination added information for use of the wider community. for research and training in landscape ecology and the The portal will shortly incorporate interfaces for a wide use of GIS and RS based applications. Center regularly domain of spatial modelling methodologies and raw and conduct a joint training programme on applications processed data on various biophysical and ecological of GIS & RS in Landscape Ecology in collaboration parameters will be available for free download. with the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and Centre for Wildlife Studies (CWS) at the National Publications Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) Bangalore. • Irfan-Ullah M., Giriraj A., Murthy M.S.R., and The Center organized a workshop on Modeling Land- Peterson A. T. (2006). Mapping the Geographic Use / Land-Cover Change and Species Distribution Distribution of Aglaia bourdillonii Gamble (Jan. 2005), International Certificate Course in GIS/ (Meliaceae), an Endemic and Threatened Plant, RS Applications for Landscape Ecology (Aug. 2004), using Ecological Niche Modelling. Biodiversity the 3rd GBIF Ecological Niche modeling workshop, and Conservation. (Nov. 2006). The team at center has published articles in peer reviewed journals, presented research findings • Irfan-Ullah, M., Singh A., Davande S., Islam, Z., in international conferences, and participated in study Jeganathan P., and Rahmani A. R. (Submitted). tours and faculty exchange programmes. Mapping Conservation Priority Areas for Critically Endangered Jerdon’s Courser (Rhinoptilus Way Forward bitorquatus) using Ecological Niche Modelling. Efforts are on to implement truly distributed building of Endangered Species Research (Online: www.int- a taxonomic database using internationally recognized res.com/journals/esr/esr-home). data exchange and quality protocols. The research • Vanak A. T., Irfan-Ullah M. and Peterson A. T. publication database is under continuous updation and (Submitted). Gap Analysis for the Indian Fox extension of the capabilities of the WebGIS application (Vulpes bengalensis) Conservation based on is underway even as a large body of ecological, social Ecological Niche Modelling. Oryx. and biophysical data is already available. Center is • Giriraj A, Irfan-Ullah M., Roy A., Murthy M. S. R.,

75 Joint R & D Centers Ramesh B. R., Dutt C. B. S. (Submitted) Mapping Suitability Zonation Mapping for Grassland the Potential Distribution of Rhododendron Restoration, using GIS and Remote Sensing. arboreum ssp. nilagiricum (Zenker) Tagg Workshop on Sustainable Development, (Ericaceae), an Endemic plant using Ecological National Afforestation and Ecodevelopment Niche Modelling. Diversity and Distribution. Board (NAEB-MoEF) • Irfan-Ullah, M. and Gupta, P. (2006). Landslides: • Irfan-Ullah M., Raikar P. and Pontius R. G. (Under Geologic and Geomorphic Controls. Symposium- Prep). Landcover change modelling to evaluate Workshop on Landslide Ecology – A Perspective future conservation strategies for the Bannerghatta from Tropical Mountainscapes. Association for National Park, India. Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC), July • Irfan-Ullah M., Amarnath G., Davande S. 18 – 21, 2006. Xinhua Tropical botanical Gardens, and Murthy M.S.R. (Under Prep). Landcover Kunming, China. change modelling to assess sites of future forest • Irfan-Ullah, M. (2006). Participatory Natural degradation in Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Resource Management Planning – A GIS & RS Reserve, India. based approach. Water Summit, June 16 – 18, • Irfan-Ullah M., Chaitra M. S. and Shankar K. 2006. India Development Coalition of America, (Under Prep). Modelling the distribution of 2021, Midwest Road, Suite 200, Oak Brook, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis – to enhance Illinois, 60523, USA. conservation prioritisation in the Western Ghats, • Irfan-Ullah, M., and Davande, S. (2006). South India. Effectiveness of ‘Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set • Irfan-Ullah M., Charles B. and Dharmarajan P. Prediction (GARP)’ based modelling in predicting (Under Prep). Conservation prioritisation for the the Prosopis juliflora invasion - A Case Study. elephant dung beetle (Heliocopris dominus) within Invasive alien species and biodiversity in India Western Ghats. 125-153. • Irfan-Ullah M., Krishnaswamy J. Das A., Davande • Irfan-Ullah M., Davande S. and Sharma, (2005). S., Kiran M.C., Charles B., Singh A. and Bawa Predicting the spread of Prosopis juliflora using K.S. (under preparation). Gap analysis of the Ecological Niche Modelling. Workshop on Exotic Protected Area Network of the Western Ghats. Woody Species, Punjab Agricultural University, • Irfan-Ullah M., Davande S., Krishnaswamy J. Ludhiyana. Das A., and Bawa K.S. (under preparation) Eco- • Vanak A. T. & Irfan-Ullah M. (2004). Predicting geographic delineation of the boundary of Western Indian Fox Distribution Using Ecological Niche Ghats. Modelling, World Carnivore Conference, US. • Irfan-Ullah M., Dharmarajan P., Praksh T., Joshi • Irfan-Ullah M., Kumar V. V., and Patel I. P.K. (Under Prep). Modelled Distribution of the L. (1999). An Approach Paper – On Land Ficus beddoumii, in the Western Ghats.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 76 Indo-US Joint Center on Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Chemo pollutants

Principal Investigators

P.P. Kanekar Agharkar Research Institute Pune, India [email protected] [email protected]

K. F. Reardon Colorado State University Colorado, USA [email protected] [email protected]

About the Center • To screen plant species for phytoremediation A large number of nitro compounds are manufactured of untreated and microbially-treated HMX- for application in diverse fields like agriculture, wastewater defense, automobile, textile, etc. Their residues are • Development of a wetland-microcosm for testing subsequently released into the environment, however effectiveness of the selected aquatic species(s) in only a few of these are studied for their environmental remediating the contaminants in a flow-through toxicity. The health hazards of some of these nitro- setup compounds are now well identified with evidences of • Development of a strategy using an integrated cancer and paralysis. To remediate sites contaminated process involving electrochemical treatment, with such toxic chemo pollutants, use of biological bioremediation and phytoremediation strategy for entities is assuming importance. Bioremediation future field applications technology makes use of versatile microorganisms that degrade the toxic compounds to non-toxic products. Achievements Phytoremediation is a biotechnological approach, which The research was carried out on the following research uses green plants and their associated microorganisms work elements – to remove or degrade hazardous, persistent organic • Electrochemical reduction of nitrate containing compounds from contaminated sites. wastewater The goal of the Joint Center is to develop a combined • Bioremediation of HMX wastewater bioremediation-phytoremediation strategy for treating • Phytoremediation of HMX wastewater HMX-wastewater, and to obtain insights into the • Development of an integrated process for biological mechanisms involved. The major objectives remediation of HMX wastewater of the project were: Two soil isolates of yeast (Williopsis sp. and Pichia • To perform bench-scale studies on bioremediation sp.) were able to tolerate high concentration of nitrate and combined electrochemical-reduction of nitrate & acetate, and were used for bioremediation of HMX from HMX-wastewater waste water using Horizontal Packed Bed Bioreactor • Development of horizontal packed-bed biofilm reactor (HPBBR) and Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR). (HPBBR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR) Williopsis sp. reduced nitrate and acetate to the extent

77 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune • Colorado State University, Colorado • High Energy Materials Research Laboratory, Pune • Praj Industries, Pune

of 73 and 82 % respectively within 8 days at ambient The results showed good nitrate removal and uptake temperature in batch type HPBBR. Pichia sp. showed of nitrate from both the microbially treated as well as 49% and 72% reduction in nitrate and acetate content untreated waste water at 7000 mg/L concentration of of the waste water in HPBBR run in both batch and nitrate. The plants showed ~ 95 % removal of nitrate continuous mode. Pichia sp. was able to remove 68% from waste water with ~75% uptake of nitrate by acetate and 76% nitrate from the HMX wastewater leaves. within 96 hr of incubation in SBR having alternate The studies carried out at Colorado State University aerobic and anaerobic cycles of 24 hr duration at 27°C. (CSU), US by an Indian researcher include The phytoremediation studies in Hydroponics electrochemical reduction of simulated waste water experiments showed Hydrilla sp. to be more efficient containing 2 g % sodium acetate (20000 mg/L) and 4 in removing nitrate from the suitably diluted HMX g % ammonium nitrate (40000 mg/L) using coupled waste water having concentration of nitrate as 8000 cell and divided cell assemblies. The results indicated mg/L, followed by Ceratophyllum demersum, Salvinea the feasibility of an electrochemical reduction process molesta, and Vallisneria sp. All the four plants showed around 50% removal and uptake of nitrate from the HMX waste water. All the plants exhibited nitrate reductase activity (maximum is found in Hydrilla verticillata). Hydrilla plants used in constructed wetland system, showed around 61% removal of nitrate content from the waste water with 63% uptake of nitrate by the leaves. Attempts have been made to develop an integrated process using bioremediation and phytoremediation techniques for removal of nitrate from HMX waste water using Silver oak plants and untreated / microbially treated HMX waste water in hydroponics experiments. Experimental setup for coupled electric cell

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 78 Exchange Visits S. No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Ninad Gujarathi Colorado State University 6-12 November 2006 Co-PI (ARI, Pune) 2. Prafulla Shede Colorado State University 6 November 2006 to 6 January 2007 Research Associate (ARI, Pune) 3. P.P.Kanekar Colorado State University 22-29 August 2007 Indian Project Coordinator (ARI, Pune) 4. T Soman Colorado State University 22-29 August 2007 Co-Investigator (HEMRL, Pune) 5. Prafulla Shede Colorado State University 21 July to 21 September 2007 Research Associate (ARI, Pune) 6. S.S.Sarnaik Colorado State University 12-19 May 2008 Co-Investigator (ARI, Pune) 7. M.R. Kedargol Colorado State University 12-19 May 2008 Research Associate (ARI, Pune) 8. Kenneth Reardon Agharkar Research Institute 18-22 Nov. 2007 | 19 - 20 Feb. 2008 Prof. and Head, Dept. of Chemical Pune and Biological Engineering, Colorado State Univ.

and divided cell assembly with Nefion semi permeable with fulfillment of the objectives of the Joint Centre. membrane as more suitable than coupled cell assembly While one paper is published, other data are being with graphite felt as cathode material for the purpose. communicated for publication. The phytoremediation studies using Brassica juncea showed ability to accumulate nitrate ions in the leaf Publications tissue and thus removed nitrate from the simulated • Kanekar SP, Kanekar PP, Sarnaik SS, Gujrathi waste water to which the plants were exposed. NP, Shede PN, Kedargol MR, Reardon KF (2009) Bioremediation of Nitroexplosive Wastewater by HEMRL, Pune provided HMX waste water samples an Yeast Isolate Pichia sydowiorum MCM Y-3 in and all the necessary related information. Fixed Film Bioreactor (FFBR). J Ind. Microbiol. Scientific Value Addition Biotechnol., 36: 253 – 260 The collaborative work of the Joint Centre resulted • Kanekar PP, Sarnaik SS, Roy S, Shede PN, in development of a remediation process involving Kedargol MR. (2008) Phytoremediation of high bioremediation, phytoremediation and electrochemical nitrate containing wastewater using aquatic reduction for high nitrate containing waste water plants. Proceedings of Indo-Italian Conference on like the waste water generated during production “Green and Clean Environment Vol. 3, pp. 1-9 of High Melting Explosive. The work is concluded Presentations at Conferences / Symposia / Seminars • P.P. Kanekar, S.S. Sarnaik, N.P. Gujrathi, S.P. Kanekar, V.V. Phalke, P.N. Shede, M.R.Kedargol, K.F.Reardon, E.Pilon-Smits, T.Soman and V.D.Raut “Horizontal packed bed biofilm reactor (HPBBR) for bioremediation of nitro explosive waste water” The 4th BRSI Convention and the International Conference on ‘New Horizons of Biotechnology’ Trivandrum, November 26-29, 2007 • P.P. Kanekar, S.S. Sarnaik, P.N. Shede, N.P. Gujrathi, A.R.Nikam, N.S.Pawar, M.R.Kedargol, E. Pilon-Smits, K.F.Reardon, T.Soman and V.D.Raut “Phytoremediation of high nitrate Divided cell experimental setup

79 Joint R & D Centers Experimental set up of Packed Bed Bioreactor

containing waste water” The 4th BRSI Convention and the International Conference on ‘New Horizons of Biotechnology’ Trivandrum, November 26- 29, 2007 Percent removal of nitrate by the yeast cultures • P.P.Kanekar, S.S.Sarnaik, S.Roy, P.N.Shede and M.R.Kedargol “Phytoremediation of high nitrate N.P.Gujrathi and K.F.Reardon “Bioremediation of containing waste water using aquatic plants”. high nitrate containing nitroexplosive wastewater Indo-Italian Conference Indo-Italian International by Pichia sp. in Sequencing Batch Reactor”. 49th Conference on ‘Green and Clean Environment’ Annual Conference of AMI entitled ‘International Pune, March 20-21, 2008 Symposium on Microbial Biotechnology: • P.P.Kanekar, M.R.Kedargol, P.N.Shede, Diversity, Genomics and Metagenomics’ New S.S.Sarnaik, R.Choudhary, S.P.Kanekar, Delhi, November 18–20, 2008

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 80 Indo-US Joint Center on Climate Change and its Impact on the Ecosystem of the Arabian Sea

Principal Investigators

S. G. Prabhu Matondkar National Institute of Oceanography Goa, India [email protected]

J. I. Goes Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences Maine, USA [email protected]

About the Center Pre-Cruise Meetings: The main objectives of the Joint Center are : Year I • Strengthen and enhance INDO-US collaboration • Two US scientists taken part in pre-cruise meeting and cooperation in oceanographic research and of planning of the Noctiluca studies in the field. long-term monitoring. Year II • Encourage and promote interdisciplinary research • Two Indian scientists took part in the pre-cruise and excellence in oceanographic and climate planning and processing of the data in USA. change sciences of the Arabian Sea through • Three US Scientists took part in the pre-cruise optimal use of expertise, resources and technology. meetings in India. • Create an environment that encourages scientific Science plan during cruise: The plan included study curiosity about the oceans and foster cross-cultural of reference area and bloom area. Bloom area is exchange of ideas especially among students and marked by ocean color images and reference studies young scientists. are occupied in the bloom free area. The main transects • Inspire and nurture a new generation of researchers were fixed in the bloom area covering this entire bloom to investigate climate change issues of relevance area. Data on wind speed, wind direction, air pressure to the Indian Ocean and human populations that and air temperature for all stations were recorded on interface with it. board Sagar Sampada and Sagar Kanya. Temperature and salinity was recorded by CTD Work Plan/Methodology (Seabird Electronics Inc., USA) system. Training of students/exchanges Chemical parameters • One student has gone under training in USA on Nutrients: Water samples from depths based on water isolation of harmful algae and its bio-optical column characteristics were collected from different characteristics. stations using CTD for the estimation of dissolved oxygen, • Two students were trained in grazing and ocean pH and nutrients (Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and Silicate). color remote sensing to apply Noctiluca detection from space. The other parameters used were Yellow substance (C-DOM), Bio-optical Studies, Bio-optical

81 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • National Institute of Oceanography • Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences Goa Maine, USA

Profiling (IOP Characterization), Biological studies open- bacteria (Paper accepted to Chinese Journal (Phytoplankton Taxonomy, Pigments by HPLC of Oceanology and Limnology, 2010). method, Primary Productivity, Microbial studies; • Primary production is only C source in any open Nutrient cycling, new and regenerated production, ocean and production rates vary from BLOOM Photosynthesis versus light measurements, Remote to NON BLOOM areas indicates seasonal fast Sensing (Satellite data processing, Chl a Retrieval from changing conditions in the NE Arabian Sea as the IRS P4 OCM) and Sediment trap and new production. bloom ages and declines. Achievements • Noctiluca miliaris, a conspicuously large heterotrophic dinoflagellate containing green • Shipboard and satellite data shows that Noctiluca symbionts of the prasinophyte Pedimonas miliaris blooms are becoming an increasingly noctilucae, has only been observed in the northern important component of phytoplankton Arabian Sea. Since that time expansive blooms communities of the Arabian Sea. have been observed during the winter monsoons. • Phytoplankton cell density, chlorophyll a (chl a) Community composition predicted by the model concentration and pigment data collected during a compares well with coincident microscopic series of five cruises in the northern Arabian Sea in observations (Paper communicated to Geophysical the Northeast Monsoon (NEM, Nov–Jan) and the Research Letter, 2010). Spring Intermonsoon (SIM, Mar–May) since 2003 contradicted the established notion that winter Other Activities blooms mainly consist of diatom communities. Dr. S. G. Prabhu Matondkar and Dr. J. I. Goes attended • Recent data show that following the NEM and workshop at IIT Kanpur during 7 to 9 December 2008 well into the SIM, phytoplankton populations are and made a presentation on Joint Centre activities and dominated by the dinoflagellate Noctiluca miliaris its scientific programme. Suriray (synonym Noctiluca scintillans Macartney). Arranged workshop for training on bio-optics in In the SIM they were often in association with NIO, Goa during 15-19 December 2008 inaugurated the well-known blooms of the diazotroph by Dr. A. Mitra, Executive Director, INDO-US Trichodesmium sp. Large blooms of N. miliaris Science and Technology Forum, New Delhi which have also begun making their appearance annually was attended by other participating institutions. in the Gulf of Oman and off the coast of Oman. Planned and executed cruise on Sagar Kanya (SK- • The study uses NASA’s recently developed product 256) as the first phase of the active bloom (26 Feb. of merged SeaWiFS and Aqua-MODIS chl a data - 13 Feb. 2009). to investigate the temporal evolution and spatial extent of these taxonomically validated blooms. Planned and arranged Sagar Sampada cruise (SS- • N.miliaris blooms are becoming an annual and 263) as the second phase of the bloom study which widespread feature in the Arabian Sea proceeded was attended by participating organizations (26 Feb. by diatoms-dinoflagellates communities and - 13 Mar., 2009). followed by extensive blooms of Trichodesmium Arranged post cruise meeting at Space Application (Paper accepted by Chinese Journal of Oceanology Centre, Ahmedabad for discussions of results in and Limnology, 2010). between US and Indian collaborators. • High Bacterial abundance and production in N. Planned and arranged third bloom phase cruise SK-258 miliaris Bloom areas compared to non-bloom (18-30 April 2009) where all the Indian collaborators areas. The wide variations in Total Bacterial has participated. Counts (> 10 fold) are highly unusual from any

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 82 Planned/ arranged cruise on Sagar Sampada (SS-273) • Gomes, H. do R., J. I. Goes, S. G. P. Matondkar, during 5-13 March 2010 for study of fourth phase of Parab, S. G., A. Al-Azri, P. G. Thoppil, 2009. bloom. Unusual Blooms of the Green Noctiluca Miliaris (Dinophyceae) in the Arabian Sea during the Winter One day workshop at Ahmedabad on 20th January Monsoon. In: Indian Ocean: Biogeochemical 2010 for discussions and presentations by participating Processes and Ecological Variability. (Eds), organizations. D.Wiggert, R.R. Hood, S.W.A. Naqvi, S.L. Smith, Publications and K.H. Brink (ed.), AGU Book Series. • Gomes, H.do.R., Goes, J. I., Matondkar S. G. P., • Prabhu Matondkar, S. G., Parab, S. G., Pednekar, Parab, S. G., Al-Azri, A. R. N., Thoppil, P. G., S. M., Dwivedi, R. M., Gomes, H., Goes, I., 2010. 2008. Blooms of Noctiluca miliaris in the Arabian Composition of phytoplankton assemblages in NE Sea-An in-situ and satellite study. Deep- Sea Arabian Sea during bloom of Noctiluca miliaris Research I, doi:10.1016/j.dsr. 2008.03.003. during 2003-2009 periods – chemotaxonomic • Dwivedi, R. M., Raman, M., Babu, K. N., Singh, and microscopic studies. Chinese Journal of S. K., Vyas, N. K., Prabhu Matondkar, S. G., Oceanology and Limnology. 2008. Formation of algal bloom in the northern • Basu, S., Prabhu Matondkar, S. G., Furtado, I., Arabian Sea deep waters during January-March: 2010. Microbial aspects of the Noctiluca miliaris a study using pooled in situ and satellite data. bloom in the North eastern Arabian Sea. Chinese International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29, Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 4537-4551.

Cruise track during study period

83 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits S. No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 J. I. Goes National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; December 2008 - January Senior Scientist, PI US Side, Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, India 2009 (2 months) Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Science, USA 2 H. R. do Rosario Gomes National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; December 2008 - January Scientist, Bigelow Laboratory for Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, 2009 (2 months) Ocean Science, USA India 3 Collin Roesler National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; December 2008 Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, India Sciences and University of Maine 4 Suraksha Pednekar Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, June-July 2009 Ph.D. Student, NIO, Goa, India Marine Institute n Port Aransas Texas, (1 month) University of Maine 5 Sushma G. Parab Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Horn September - October 2009 Post-Doc Fellow, NIO, Goa, India Point Laboratory, Bowdoin University, USA (1 month) 6 S. G. Prabhu Matondkar Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, December 2009 Scientist F, PI Joint Centre, NIO, University of Southern California, USA Goa, India 7 R. M. Dwivedi Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, December 2009 Scientist , Co-PI, SAC, Ahmedabad University of Southern California, USA 8 Collin Roesler** National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; January - March 2009 Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, India Sciences and University of Maine 9 J. I. Goes* National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; January - March 2009 Senior Scientist, PI US Side, Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, India Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Science, USA 10 H. R. do Rosario Gomes* National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; January - March 2009 Scientist, Bigelow Laboratory for Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, Ocean Science, USA India 11 Jeremy Werdell National Institute of Oceanography, Goa; 16-20 January 2010 Ph.D. Student, NASA, USA Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, India 12 Jena Campbell* National Institute of Oceanography, Goa. 10 Feb. - 10 March 2010 Ph.D. Student, Texas University 13 Pat Glibert* National Institute of Oceanography, Goa. 10-12 February 2010 Scientist, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, USA * Traveled on other projects

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 84 Noctiluca miliaris bloom and non-bloom seen during February and March 2009 in the NE Arabian Sea • Goes, I., Gomes, H., Prabhu Matondkar, S. G., • Al-Azri, A., Goes, J. I., Gomes, H., Hashmi, K., Thoppil, P., Fasullo, J. T., Al-Azri, A., Dwivedi, 2010. Expansion of harmful algal blooms in the R., M., 2010. The response of the Arabian Sea coastal water of Oman, Possible cause. Chinese ecosystem to recent climatic trends. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. • Suresh, T., Prabhu Matondkar, S. G., (2010) • Al-Azri, A. R., Piontkovski, S., Al-Hashmi, Comparison of Measured and Satellite Derived A., Goes I., Gomes, H., 2010. Chlorophyll a Spectral Diffuse Attenuation Coefficients For the as a measure of seasonal coupling between Arabian Sea. International Journal of Remote phytoplankton and the monsoon periods in the Sensing (In Press). Gulf of Oman. Aquatic Ecology.

85 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Climate Change and Health Adaptation

Principal Investigators

Dileep Mavalankar Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, India [email protected]

Perry Sheffield Mount Sinai Hospital New York, USA [email protected]

About the Center Achievements In response to excess mortality due to heat wave in May In Ahmedabad, Gujarat, strong local government 2010, the Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), leadership, which partnered with Indian Institute of Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG) Public Health-Gandhingar lead consortium of Indian and the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC) and US institutions, enabled the development and have been working to develop a network of scientists, effective implementation of a pilot Heat Action Plan researchers and policymakers to plan, develop and – the first of its kind in South Asia! Launched in implement an actionable heat health early warning March 2013 and continuing into 2014, the Plan was system for the municipal corporation of Ahmedabad. based on robust scientific research and understanding of similar plans in the west. It built prediction of The objective of the Joint Center is to reconvene heat waves, creates public awareness of the risks of scientific experts working on health adaptation research extreme heat, trains medical and community workers in India and the U.S. This scientific advisory group to prevent & respond to heat-related illnesses, and will continue to guide the assessment and strategizing coordinates an interagency emergency response to process. Because scientific research on climate heat waves. Sharing international experiences and adaption is still nascent, this bilateral exchange will best practices helped change the perception among advance climate science by getting health researchers, project stakeholders in Ahmedabad that heat was not a modelling experts, academics and policymakers in significant health threat. However, further awareness- this field to discuss the state of existing scientific raising is still necessary to convince the general public research and identify next steps required to be taken as well as administrators and medical practitioners. for development of a heat health early warning system in India. The Center will also serve as a mechanism to The Ahmedabad Heat and Climate Study Group is a articulate principles for health adaptation in India and team of academicians and researchers from India and generate a list of climate health issues for consideration USA that consist of (in alphabetical order): Dileep and prioritization. The activities of the Joint Center Andhare (IIPH-G), Gulrez Shah Azhar (IIPH-G), include vulnerability assessment surveys, focus group Meredith Connolly (NRDC), Bhaskar Deol (NRDC), discussions, factsheets, posters and training and Priya Shekhar Dutta (IIPH-G), Partha Sarthi Ganguly sensitization workshops. (IIPH-G), Jeremy Hess (Emory University), Anjali

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 86 Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Public Health, New Delhi • Natural Resources Defense Council • Public Health Foundation of India New York New Delhi

Jaiswal (NRDC), Nehmat Kaur (NRDC), Kim through television, radio and print outlets: Knowlton (NRDC and Mailman SPH, Columbia pamphlets distributed to school children and University), Dileep Mavalankar (IIPH-G), Ajit Rajiva other vulnerable populations; large hoardings at (IIPH-G), Perry Sheffield (Icahn SOM at Mount Sinai) a dozen locations around Ahmedabad; banners and Abhiyant Tiwari (IIPH-G). This group emerged attached to rickshaws; digital visual displays from an international workshop supported by the (containing the temperature, information of heat; Indo-US Science and Technology Forum in 2011. This illness symptoms and precautions). initial support catalysed a small grant from NRDC • Dissemination of regular heat alerts and that allowed the project team to leverage support from information to local agencies and stakeholders. the Climate Development and Knowledge Network • Continuous monitoring of daily incidence of heat for international scientific collaboration which finally related illness cases and deaths by Ahmedabad led to the development of Heat Action Plan for the Municipal Corporation during peak summer. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Key activities of • Continuous monitoring of emergency calls for the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan are: heat illnesses by GVK-EMRI. • Research activities on effects of heat on slum • Analysis of completed activities and data collected communities and outdoor workers. during inaugural phases. • Development of 7 days temperature forecasting • Reorientation of all medical and paramedical for summer in Ahmedabad with help of CFAN staff of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and Centre at Georgia Tech. project team. • Development of an early warning system for extreme heat for Meteorological Department and Scientific Value Addition international forecasting models working with As a research-focused initiative, the Ahmedabad heat Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. health project delivered new cutting-edge scientific • Sensitisation and training of hospital research on climate adaptation, with particular focus superintendents, physicians and ‘108 Emergency on public health for the most vulnerable populations Response Services’ to heat-health risks. in India. This includes : • Enhancing health facility preparedness for dealing • Increasing knowledge of the events of 2010 with heat stroke to reduce mortality: supplying Ahmedabad heatwave. ice packs at Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation • Analysis of the effects of extreme heat on hospitals and health centres and building capacity vulnerable groups in Gujarat. for heat-illness surveillance. • Translating knowledge to policy on heat waves • Media engagement including workshops and and its effects. meetings to raise awareness on extreme heat

(Left). Our posters on the streets of Ahmedabad. (Right). Community sensitization workshop in action

87 Joint R & D Centers (Left) Ahmedabad heat action plan workshop in action (Right) Our team with the Ahmedabad Commissioner, the Honourable Guruprasad Mohapatra. • Developing a heat wave early warning system for Gujarat: Development and Implementation of Ahmedabad. South Asia’s First Heat-Health Action Plan. Int. J. The rigorous scientific research effort created a Environ. Res. Public Health 11:3473-3492. strong platform for international support and local • Gulrez Shah Azhar, Dileep Mavalankar, Amruta action leading to credibility. This research focused on Nori-Sarma, Ajit Rajiva, Priya Dutta et al. (2014) identifying vulnerable populations and formulating Heat-related mortality in India: Excess all-cause strategies to protect them. Such research is certainly mortality associated with the 2010 Ahmedabad heat not happening anywhere else in South Asia (and wave. PLOS ONE 9(3): 1-8. probably anywhere else in the developing world), • Khyati Kakkad, Michelle L. Barzaga, Sylvan and hence is of great interest to the international Wallenstein, Gulrez Shah Azhar, and Perry E. scientific community. Access to data and the quality Sheffield (2014) Neonates in Ahmedabad, India, of existing data has been a challenge. The team has during the 2010 Heat Wave: A Climate Change observed strong association of heat wave and all- Adaptation Study. Journal of Environmental and cause mortality, but have not yet been able to show Public Health, Article ID 946875, 1:8. association with heat wave related causes of mortality. • Tran, Kathy V., Gulrez S. Azhar, Rajesh Nair, This points to the need for further research on heat Kim Knowlton, Anjali Jaiswal, Perry Sheffield, health impacts. Dileep Mavalankar, and Jeremy Hess (2013) A The team plans to expand scientific collaboration by cross-sectional, randomized cluster sample survey way of. Also research exchange visits of municipal of household vulnerability to extreme heat among officers, scientist and physicians from India and USA. slum dwellers in Ahmedabad, India. International Plans are also afoot to broaden this Center’s engagement journal of environmental research and public health with scientists in other Indian states and cities. 10, no. 6: 2515-2543. • Report Series: Rising Temperatures, Deadly Threat Way Forward (March 2013): Slum Community; Outdoor Worker; The Ahmedabad Heat Health Project has been Medical Professionals; Local Government http:// recognized nationally and internationally for its www.nrdc.org/international/india/extreme-heat- scientific and policy success in bringing heat preparedness/ health issues to the fore. There is new interest in • Report: Climate Change and Health Preparedness scientific research and climate-induced extreme heat in India http://www.nrdc.org/international/india/ preparedness and also demands to scale up this project. india-health-report.asp Based on learnings from the project’s first phase, and interest expressed by other state and municipal • Fact Sheet: Fighting Climate Effects: Protecting governments in India, the next phase shall build upon People from Extreme Heat in One of India’s this momentum and expand scientific research and Fastest Growing Cities http://www.nrdc.org/ action on extreme heat. international/12012701.asp • CDKN Inside Story: Addressing heat-related Publications health risks in urban India: Ahmedabad’s • Kim Knowlton, Anjali Jaiswal, Gulrez Shah Heat Action Plan http://cdkn.org/wp-content/ Azhar, Dileep Mavalankar, Amruta Nori-Sarma, uploads/2014/05/Ahmedebad_Inside_Story_ Ajit Rajiva, Priya Dutta et al. (2014) Ahmedabad, final_web-res1.pdf

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 88 Indo-US Joint Center on Advanced Modeling of Tropical Land-Atmosphere- Ocean System for Simulation of Extreme Weather Events

Principal Investigators

U.C. Mohanty Indian Institute of Technology Bhuwaneshwar, India [email protected]

Frank Marks Hurricane Research Division/AOML/NOAA/DOC Miami, USA [email protected]

About the Center The HWRF model is now paving the way for removing The Joint Center addresses the problem of improved the roadblocks to improvements in the operational TC forecasts of severe weather events over tropical regions intensity forecasts, which have had virtually stagnant within the Framework for India-U.S. Cooperation on skill for the last two decades (http://www.emc.ncep. Weather and Climate Forecasting and Agriculture. The noaa.gov / HWRF / IWTC_VIII / IWTC.html). This aim of the center is to advance the Hurricane Weather modeling system was implemented in operations Research and Forecasting System to a Regional at the India Meteorological Department under the Tropical Prediction System over India for improved implementation agreement (IA) between MOES forecasts of high impact weather events. and NOAA. In order to share NOAA’s advanced understanding and forecasting techniques acquired in During the past few years, significant progress has the last few years, an Indo-US workshop on Advanced been accomplished in the tropical cyclone (TC) track, modeling and data assimilation for tropical cyclone intensity and structure forecasts under the auspices predictions with special reference to the hurricane of and support from the United States (US) National weather research and forecasting (HWRF) system Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)’s was organized by U.C. Mohanty (IIT, Bhubaneswar) Hurricane Forecast Improvement Project (HFIP, and Sundararaman Gopalakrishnan (NOAA). The Gall et al. 2013). In particular, for the first time, a Indo-US forum for science and technology provided very high-resolution (3 km) deterministic numerical support to hold a joint workshop in Bhubaneswar, weather prediction (NWP) model, known as the July 09-14, 2014. This workshop seeded the research Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) effort for advancing HWRF developments in India. In modeling system, developed as a joint project by the meanwhile the scientists at HRD have developed the Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) and the a more advanced version of the HWRF. This version, Hurricane Research Division (HRD) of NOAA’s dubbed as the basin scale HWRF, has the potential to be Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory used for forecast applications beyond tropical cyclones. (AOML) and implemented at the National Centers In Indian context, this system will be extended to for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), has shown severe weather forecast applications with a very high comparable and at times superior TC intensity forecast potential for research to operations (R2O). Since the skills compared to the best performing statistical IMD is using one version of the HWRF system, it is models. envisioned the R2O process may be a seamless one.

89 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian National Centre for Ocean • Purdue University, West Lafayette Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Maryland

Achievements has state-of-the-art vortex initialization and Based on the 2013 version of operational HWRF relocation technique to correct initial intensity, system, the Hurricane Research Division (HRD) of the position and structure based on observations. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory • Assimilation of environmental and storm scale (AOML) with its partners at Environmental Modeling observations can be done within this system using Center (EMC), National Centers for Environmental advanced Hybrid EnKF data assimilation system predictions (NCEP) have developed a basin scale which provides background error flow. HWRF system that can operate with multiple moving • Provides guidance much in advance whether the nests spanning at resolution down to 3 km over the West Pacific/China Sea typhoons are emerging Atlantic Ocean. We have configured the same system into Bay of Bengal and its movement and intensity. for North Indian Ocean [outer domain covers Westpac, • Provides sufficient large scale environment at high north Indian Ocean) with the help of US counter resolution. partners. Initial testing and experimental runs have been Way Forward conducted with the recent very severe cyclonic storms Initial testing is underway to study the sensitivity of (VSCS), Phailin (Oct’ 2013),Lehar (Nov’ 2013) updating SST (6hrly) during model integration on and Madi (Dec’ 2013) over Bay of Bengal. This model performance. model clearly showed overall superiority at longer Hybrid data assimilation range forecast (4-5 days) in terms of track, intensity, • Development of customized land surface data size and structure. In all the cases, HWRF showed assimilation system for Indian region to represent significant improvements in the evolution of intensity and characteristics (soil moisture and temperature (Figure 1). Figure 2a provides wind swath of Phailin profiles with depth) when a cyclone start interacting demonstrating that the system made landfall with with the land for better structure of wind and very severe cyclonic storm intensity in advance of 3 rainfall during landfall. days.The rainfall amount and structure is improved • Coupling of ocean model with atmospheric HWRF significantly, in case of Phailin showing peak rainfalls model for North Indian region activity over Northern parts of Odisha as observed (Figure 2b). In case of Lehar, model indicated the dry Exchange Visits air incursion into TC environment when the TC started Thanks to travel support from Indian Institute of interacting with the land which causes weakening of technology, New Delhi and NASA’s jet propulsion Leharover the Bay of Bengal itself before making lab, two visits, both related to the above effort landfall. The rarest track and intensity evolution were completed by Indian scientists in the past 6 (maximum intensification to VSCS and dissimilation months paving a way for future exchange visits over the Bay of Bengal without landfall) of Madi was under the Indo-US network proposal and accelerated also predicted more accurately. advancement of this project. Prof.U.C. Mohanty visited HRD for 4 days in July, 2014 to discuss Scientific Value Addition strategy related to the future directions for the project The basin scale HWRF system has scientific capabilities and Dr. Krishna Kishore visited HRD for about • To study multi-scale interactions such as large 2 months to learn the Basin Scale HWRF system. scale – storm scale and storm scale – storm scale. Dr. Kishore has been instrumental in implementing • As quality of initial conditions (storm intensity, an Indian configuration of the Basin Scale HWRF position and structure) are important, this system system.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 90 Publications December, 2014. The contributions from the IUSSTF is Apart from advanced man power generation from the kindly acknowledged for the workshop as well as this Bhubaneswar workshop, another significant outcome ongoing follow up efforts. of that workshop was the compilation of lectures that A couple of manuscripts are under preparation on has led to the text book entitled “Advanced Modeling (i) Impact of advanced vortex initialization and and Data Assimilation Techniques for Tropical relocation over Bay of Bengal using High resolution Cyclone Predictions over Indian Seas (Editors: Prof. HWRF modeling system (ii) Improvements in model U. C. Mohanty and Sundararaman Gopalakrishnan)” predictions with cold and cyclic vortex initialization. has been reviewed and is expected to go to press by

91 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 92 Life Sciences Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 94 Indo-US Joint Center on Silk Protein Matrix for Cell Based Tissue Engineering

Principal Investigators

S. C. Kundu Indian Institute of technology Kharagpur, India [email protected]

Robert Sah University of California San Diego, USA [email protected]

About the Center • Design of novel hybrid protein by combining Silk protein biomaterials offer enormous prospects in specific domains of mulberry fibroin and sericin to the fast ever-expanding field of tissue regeneration, be used as new biomaterial. cell therapy, and regenerative medicine. In-vitro and in-vivo experiments show that silk materials exhibit a Work Plan/Methodology Silkworm’s Collection wide spectrum of properties that can be modulated to th enhance tissue formation. The 5 instar larvae of Indian tropical tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta were collected from local tasar silk • Measurements of mechanical properties of farms and Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons from Debra different types of engineered pure silk and blended Sericulture farm, West Midnapore, West Bengal, India. for tissue engineering applications constructs. The posterior silk glands of fully-grown 5th instar larvae • Biomechanical, biochemical, immuno- were dissected for extraction of silk protein fibroin histochemical, and structural analysis of the using established methods and kept at –20o C. cartilaginous tissue/ construct formed in vitro upon Preparation of silk protein fibroin aqueous solution: culture of chondrocytes in the fibroin/chitosan 3D • From non-mulberry silkworm A. mylitta silk scaffolds. glands • Optimization of bovine joint chondrocyte cell • From mulberry silkworm B. mori silk cocoons seeding density on cell viability, morphology and • Scaffolds preparation and treatment biochemical properties of 3-D engineered cartilage • Tissue Culture constructs. • Digestion of scaffolds • Osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of rat • Biochemical assays bone marrow cells on nonmulberry and mulberry • Live dead assay silk gland fibroin 3D scaffolds. • Collagen assay by hydroxyproline assay • Self-assembled nanostructures of the silk protein • Histology (Alcian blue staining) sericin obtained from two silkworms, the • Immunohistochemical staining domesticated mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori • Biomechanical testing and wild non-mulberry Antheraea mylitta.

95 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay • Tufts University, Massachussetts • Burnham Institute for Medical Research, California

Achievements mineralization in the form of deposited nodules as In-vitro tissue engineering of cartilage had been observed through intense Alizarin Red S staining. studied using chondrocytes and 3 D porous scaffolds. Similarly, adipogenesis was marked by the presence Cartilaginous constructs were formed from SF of lipid droplets within scaffolds on staining with Oil scaffolds seeded with varying initial cell densities. Red O. Real-time PCR studies reveal higher transcript The biochemical content of native cartilage matrix levels for osteopontin (Spp1), osteocalcin (Bglap2) and molecules increased with cell density and concomitantly, osteonectin (Sparc) genes under osteogenic conditions. biomechanical properties of the engineered tissue also Similarly, upregulated adipogenic gene expression was demonstrated enhanced load-bearing properties for the observed within A. mylitta and B. mori scaffolds under seeded constructs compared to non-seeded scaffolds. adipogenic conditions for Peroxisome proliferator The results indicate the importance of cell seeding activated receptor gamma (PPARγ2), lipoprotein lipase density in the development of cartilaginous tissue. (LPL) and adipocyte binding protein (aP2) genes. The results suggest suitability of silk fibroin protein 3D SF protein and chitosan-blended polyelectrolyte scaffolds as natural biopolymer for potential bone and complex porous scaffolds are also being studied for adipose tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds cartilage tissue engineering In-vitro. The scaffolds are mechanically robust and show homogenous pore seeded with chondrocytes were incubated and analyzed distribution with high porosity and interconnected for biochemical, biomechanical and histological pore walls. Low immunogenicity of fabricated silk properties. Blended scaffolds modulated production scaffolds as estimated through TNF α release indicates and deposition of extracellular matrix molecules, its potential as future biopolymeric graft material. sulfated glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen, and also enhanced compressive properties. These results The biomechanical properties of scaffolds are also a suggest a possible benefit of tissue engineering with regulatory factor for indwelling cells. Hence, the static material blends. and dynamic mechanical properties of porous scaffolds fabricated from mulberry and non-mulberry SF proteins Formation of new biomaterials from novel hybrid have been compared. proteins combining specific domains of mulberry fibroin and sericin has produced recombinant silk-sericin like Human Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can generate proteins. Silk sericin gene design and cloning, protein in-vitro a variety of cells including those of neural expression in bacteria, recombinant protein purification crest. A suitable culture condition for these stem cells and macrophage response studies have been conducted to proliferate and differentiate in non-mulberry SF to examine the direct activation of the innate immune scaffolds is being developed. Constructs are being response by such materials. examined for morphology, expression of specific proteins, and biomechanical properties. The results will Rat bone marrow stem cells cultured on 3D scaffolds help to define the 3-D microenvironment of scaffolds made up of non-mulberry and mulberry silk gland based on SF appropriate for differentiation of ESCs fibroin for 28 days under static conditions in osteogenic into specific cell types. and adipogenic media respectively led to induction of differentiation. Proliferation and spreading of Publications fibroblasts and bone marrow cells on silk scaffolds • Mandal BB, Kundu SC. (2009). Calcium alginate were observed to be dependent on scaffold porosity as beads embedded in silk fibroin as 3D dual drug revealed through confocal microscopic observations. releasing scaffolds. Biomaterials 30:5170-5177. Histological analysis shows osteogenic differentiation IF-7.88 within silk scaffolds resulting in extensive • Mandal BB, Kundu SC. (2009). Osteogenic and

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 96 Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 S. C. Kundu UCSD and Tufts University May to July, 2008 IIT Kharagpur 2 Robert L. Sah IIT Kharagpur November, 2008 University of California, San Diego (UCSD) 3 S. C. Kundu UCSD and Tufts University May to July, 2009 IIT Kharagpur 4 Nandana Bhardwaj UCSD and Tufts University June to September, 2008 IIT Kharagpur 5 Sarmistha Talukdar UCSD and Tufts University June to September, 2008 IIT Kharagpur 6 Sunita Nayak UCSD and Tufts University June to September, 2008 IIT Kharagpur 7 Jacqueline Green IIT Kharagpur December, 2009 UCSD 8 Q.T. Nguyen IIT Kharagpur December, 2009 UCSD 9 Robert L. Sah IIT Kharagpur March, 2010 UCSD 10 S. C. Kundu UCSD and Tufts University May to July, 2010 IIT Kharagpur 11 Banani Kundu UCSD and Tufts University September to December, 2010 IIT Kharagpur 12 David L. Kaplan IIT Kharagpur February, 2011 Tufts University

S. C. Kundu and his IIT Kharagpur students having discussion with Robert L. Sah of UCSD having discussions Alexey Terskikh with S.C. Kundu

IIT Kharagpur students having discussion with David Kaplan David Kaplan with S. C. Kundu and his group at IIT Kharagpur

97 Joint R & D Centers Pictographs of live/dead staining of scaffolds with initial seeding of (A, B) 25 million cells/ml, (C, D) 50 million cells/ml, or (E, F) 100 million cells/ml. Scale bars are 500 mm (A, C, E) and 100 mm (B, D, F). adipogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow cells • Mandal BB and Kundu SC. Biospinning by on non-mulberry and mulberry silk gland fibroin 3D silkworms: Bioengineered silk fiber matrices for scaffolds. Biomaterials 30: 5019-5030. IF-7.88. tissue engineering applications. Acta Biomaterialia • Mandal BB, Mann JK, Kundu SC (2009) Silk 6: 360-371.IF-4.8. fibroin/gelatin multilayered films as a model • Khire T, Kundu J, Kundu S. C., and Yadavalli V. system for controlled drug release. European J The fractal self-assembly of the silk protein sericin. Pharmaceutical Sciences 37: 160-171.IF-2.5 Soft Matter 6:2066-2071. IF-4.5 • Mandal BB, T Das, Kundu SC (2009) Non- • Bhardwaj N, Nguyen QT, Chen AC, Kaplan bioengineered silk gland fibroin protein DL, Sah RL, Kundu SC. Potential of 3-D tissue micromolded matrices to study cell-surface constructs engineered from bovine chondrocyte interactions. Biomedical Microdevices 11: 467- / silk fibroinchitosan for in vitro cartilage tissue 476.IF-3.3 engineering. Biomaterials 2011b; 32: 5773-81.IF-7.88 • Mandal BB, Kapoor S and Kundu SC (2009). • Talukdar S, Nguyen QT, Chen AC, Sah RL, Silk fibroin/ polyacrylamide semiinterpenetrating Kundu SC. Effect of initial cell seeding density on network hydrogels for controlled drug release. 3D-engineered silk fibroin scaffolds for articular Biomaterials 30: 2826-2836.IF-7.88 cartilage tissue engineering. Biomaterials. 2011; 32: 8927-37.IF-7.88

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 98 Indo-US Joint Center on Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering

Principal Investigators

Prabha D. Nair Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology Trivandrum, India [email protected]

Robert M. Nerem Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, USA [email protected]

About the Center • Characterise developed scaffold structures for The objectives of the Joint Center are:- their physicochemical properties. • Develop methodology for differentiation of human • Develop biomimetic properties on the scaffolds embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells by surface and bulk modification of the novel into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and smooth polymers, which are then capable of eliciting muscle cells on 3D-constructs. specific cellular response and redirecting new • Develop a methodology to isolate, characterize tissue formation. and purify differentiated lineages. • Assess the biocompatibility, and angiogenic • Identify factors that influence the development and potential of the developed materials. differentiation of stem cells to cardiomyocytes, • Develop the tissue engineered cardiac patch and endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. blood vessel by a combination of the scaffolds and • Study how extracellular matrix component proteins cells in the stimulated conditions of bioreactors. affect the process of development or differentiation • Develop in-vivo model of myocardial infarction of stem cells to cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and transplant the cardiac patch. and smooth muscle cells. Work Plan/Methodology • Study of specific molecules/mechanisms that aid To fulfill various objectives a multi-level work plan had in the maintenance of specific cell phenotypes on been set-up separately including: 3D constructs. • Develop novel biodegradable polymers with • differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into elastomeric character synthetically or modify cardiomyocytes. existing polymers by blending and grafting of • 3D-constructs with appropriate protocols natural polymers. for standardization of in vitro differentiation • Fabricate 2D and 3D interconnected open porous and their characterization by RT-PCR and matrices suitable for seeding cardiomyocytes, immunocytochemistry. endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. • identification of factors influencing development and differentiation of stem cells to cardiomyocytes.

99 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical • Georgia Institute of Technology, GA Sciences & Technology, Trivandrum • University of Washington Centre for • Stem Cell Research Centre, Manipal Engineered Biomaterials, Seattle, WA Academy for Higher Education

• Micro array study for embryonic stem cells to their suitability to assess the cytotoxicity of the differentiation to show the affect of development biomaterials with the adult cells and MSCs. and differentiation process on extracellular matrix The group at MAHE focused on characterizing proteins. Study of specific molecules/mechanisms the main adult cells such as smooth muscle, that aid in the maintenance of tissue assembly on endothelial and cardiomyocyte cells as well as 3D constructs. stem cell differentiation from mesenchymal and • Stem cell isolation from various sources embryonic origins to the adult cells of interest. including bone marrow and umbilical cord for the • The visit to Georgia Institute of technology standardization and assessment for differentiation aimed at addressing various issues of culturing potential into ECs. the cells on scaffolds and in Bioreactors. The • Ultra structure studies by scanning and compatibility of gelatin Based scaffold and transmission electron microscopy. Purification hayluronic acid based scaffold to support of the differentiated cells by using FACS sorter the growth of both smooth muscle cells and with cell surface markers and magnetic-labeled mesenchymal stem cells were analyzed. Different antibodies, evaluation of suitable factors for histological techniques like paraffin embedding, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells into plastic embedding and cryo embedding were ECs. practiced with the scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cell derived spheres. • Synthesis of elastomeric biodegradable polymers such as polyurethanes and polyesters, and • Flow cytometry study of mesenchymal stem cells fabrication of 2D and 3D interconnected open was performed to detect the percentage of Smooth porous scaffolds by processes such as: solvent Muscle Actin (SMA) and CD-31 (PECAM) casting and salt leaching, freeze drying, emulsion positive cells. Magnetic cell sorting CD31 positive freeze drying, Aphron process or solvent based or endothelial cells were observed. thermal induced phase separation techniques. • Mesenchymal cells grown on parallel plate bioreactor • Surface and bulk modification of biomaterials with a definite flow rate of media were observes to via chemical or physical methods with bioactive analyze the effect of shear stress on cells. molecules and physicochemical characterization • Operation of Disc Plate Bioreactor with of the novel polymers. mesenchymal stem cells grown to analyze the • The influence of pulsatile forces, pressure, effect of mechanical stress on cells was studied flow rate, compression, expansion, shear stress, and learned the construction of collagen tube frequency, and stroke rate and stroke volume on constructs with endothelial cells as to study the the growth of cells and tissues on scaffolds will effect of shear stress and mechanical stress on cells be studied. and thus to come close to the in vivo conditions which cells in the heart are exposed to. Achievements • Operation of the dynamic bioreactor and a collagen • During the first year several biocompatible and and smooth muscle cell seeded blood vessel model biodegradable biomaterials were synthesized and with the bioreactor was also studied. characterized at SCTIMST India and supplied • The porosity, permeability of scaffolds and the to MAHE for growing different cell types viability of cells grown on GEV and HaH scaffolds on these materials and for a feedback of the were analyzed using Confocal Microscopy (Zeiss suitable materials for growing specific cell types. LSM 510 Confocal Microscope) and Live Dead SCTIMST also tried to isolate mesenchymal assay. stem cells from umbilical cords and assess

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 100 A B

Live Dead Assay of Smooth Muscle cells grown on GEV scaffold [A] and HaH scaffold [B]. Images were taken in Zeiss LSM 510 Confocal Microscope. Green spots are the live cells and red spots are the dead cells

A B

Live Dead Assay of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells grown on GEV scaffold 4X [A] and 10X [B]. Image taken in Zeiss LSM 510 Confocal Microscope

• The possibilities of surface modifications of Exchange Visits scaffolds with amino acids and peptides were In the period of March 1-30, 2008 Dr. Prabha D. Nair, studied with the help of Electron spectroscopy for Project Coordinator of the program from SCTIMST microscopic analysis (ESCA). India visited the US partner sites of Georgia Tech • Gelatin based scaffolds were identified as a and University of Washington. Dr. Nair interacted better candidate to grow Mesenchymal stem cells with Prof Robert M. Nerem at Georgia Tech and and seeding the cells on scaffolds through slow Prof. Buddy D. Ratner at UWEB, on the objectives centrifugation yielded better results. of the program and also ascertained the visits of In the second year, the main work was to seed smooth the US partners to India in the second year of the muscle cells on biomaterial scaffolds and to study the program. Her PhD student and main contributor to growth of blood vessels in the dynamic conditions of the work at SCTIMST, Ms Lynda V. Thomas also the bioreactor at GTEC. visited the US partner sites of Georgia Tech and

101 Joint R & D Centers as well as techniques of electrospinning. She was also given an opportunity to attend some lecture classes of Prof Ratner and other faculty of the Biomedical engineering program of UWEB. Ms Thomas was also taught to work with a collagen blood vessel model and one of the bioreactors standardized at Georgia Tech. ESCA of surface of peptide modified scaffold Dr. Nair and Dr. Choudhary University of Washington for a period of two months. also had an opportunity From MAHE, India, Dr. Vibha Choudhary, Principal to attend the Annual Hilton Head Conference Scientist; MIRM to visit the two partner sites at US. on “Regenerative Medicine, Advancing to Next Mr Shinsmon Jose SRF from MIRM visited Prof Generation Therapies, March 12-16, 2008” organized Nerem’s lab at GTEC. by Georgia Tech. They had opportunities to interact with many different groups at this meeting as well as Apart from visiting and interacting with Prof Ratner’s during their stay at Georgia Tech, and in overall get an lab at UWEB, and Prof Nerem’s lab at GTEC, Dr. Nair idea of advances made in the field of tissue engineering. and Dr. Choudhary also visited the labs of Dr. Charles This exposure is expected to help in designing of new Murry and Dr. Mike Laflamme lab and opened up scaffolds which would be tailor made for a specific cell avenues for future collaboration on tissue engineering types. While at GTEC, Dr. Nair and Dr. Choudhary of cardiac patch. Dr. Prabha Nair and Ms Lynda gave presentations on the work carried out at the Indian Thomas got acquainted with the recent technologies labs SCTIMST, Trivandrum and MIRM, Bangalore. used to study scaffolds and their properties. Dr. Choudhary and Mr Shinsmon Jose worked with The second year visit from MAHE was planned at some scaffolds (made in Dr. Prabha’s lab at India) UWEB to Dr. Laflamme lab in Oct 2008 while the and identified a gelatin based scaffold to be good for visits from SCTIMST were planned for GTEC also MSC growth. Characterisation of the materials using in October 2008 and January 2008. The short periods the tools of ESCA and other techniques from UWEB of one or two months at one instance were considered were extended to the Indian student Ms Lynda Tbomas, as not enough to generate fruitful results on the use who visited from SCTIMST. She was also exposed of dynamic bioreactors for a systematic study on the to biomaterials surface modifications by plasma seeding of relevant cell types on new biomaterials and polymerization, some novel methods of forming porous formation of a biological substitute like blood vessel structures standardized and commercialised by UWEB or cardiac patch in vitro. The Cardiovascular research

A B

(A) Interconnected pore structure of electrospun gelatin based scaffold (B) Smooth muscle cells cultured on these scaffolds, Green colour indicates live cells

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 102 Group headed by Prof Nerem has a long history of students who were scheduled to visit GTEC in October working with and designing specific bioreactors 2008. She also ascertained the reciprocal visits of for a variety of work with cells. A collagen blood members of the US team to India. vessel model was first developed by this Group and Ms Lynda Thomas from SCTIMST and Ms Neethu several landmark publications on fluid flow and cell Mohan from SCTIMST visited GTEC for the period growth have emerged from this Group at GTEC. The of one month from October 15, 2008 to Nov 15 knowledge of almost all such bioreactors was freely 2008. Smooth muscle cells that were isolated and shared with Dr. Nair and the team that visited in the first characterized by Prof Nerem’s lab at Georgia Tech year of the program. The detailed drawings for starting (RASMC) were used by them to seed biomaterial tubes the Indian lab with one bioreactor for dynamic culture taken from Dr. Nairs lab at India. These cells were of a blood vessel was exchanged with the Indian group. cultured in the control collagen seeded constructs of In the second year of the program, four visits have Nerem lab in static and dynamic culture in bioreactors taken place from the Indian side to the US partner and also in the test cells on biomaterial tubes. The sites. Project Coordinator, Dr. Prabha D. Nair visited fabrication and characterization of the new biomaterials the Georgia Institute of Technology, for a period of one from SCTIMST used for the study were in turn shared month from August 17, 2008 to Sept 16, 2008. Though with the US labs. the bioreactor drawings and designs were shared by Mr Shinsmon Jose from MAHE is underwent training GTEC, it was not feasible to make the similar one in for a period of 2 months from Sept 2008 to Nov 2008 at India in the shorter time span due to unavailability of Dr. Mike Laflammes lab as earlier planned on the effects some components and hence work could not be carried of subjection of cardiomyocytes to strain and electrical out in these lines at SCTIMST. Dr. Nair hence worked stimulation and stem cell to adult cell transitions on with the US team to have a bioreactor fabricated at the application of electrical an magnetic fields at UWEB. GTEC lab and kept ready for the exclusive use of the

103 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Nanomedical and Cellular Engineering

Principal Investigators

Madhusudhana Rao Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology Hyderabad, India [email protected]

Joseph Irudayaraj Purdue University Indiana, USA [email protected]

About the Center the seven National Cancer Institute designated basic Cancer Nanotechnology is an evolving interdisciplinary research cancer centers in the United States. area of research cutting across the fields of biology, The goals of NCE were addressed through a coordinated chemistry, engineering, and medicine with significant set of experiments that build upon ongoing efforts at implications in cancer detection, diagnosis and Purdue and CCMB and their collaborating partners to: treatment at the molecular level. The need to expand • Develop multifunctional nanoprobes and photonic and accelerate research in biomedical and nanosystems structures for sensing. engineering is imperative to foster continued growth. • Develop targeted and trackable nanomaterial based The objective of the Indo-US Joint Networked Center carriers of therapeutic nucleic acids. for Nanomedical and Cellular Engineering is to • Develop In-vitro and in-vivo cellular targeting and advance the functional understanding of cell biology therapy administration methodologies for disease using nanoscience and nanotechnology. treatment and prevention. The center is a partnership between Purdue University • Incorporate into these studies multimodal imaging and the Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology tools comprising of Raman, fluorescence, collaborating with the University of Illinois at Urbana- hyperspectral, and magnetic resonance imaging Campaign (UIUC), University of Notre Dame (UND), with a long-term potential for in vivo imaging. the National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science • Fabricate nano-devices and biosensors to diagnose and Technology (NIIST) and the Indian Institute of rare disease events that have a high potential for Chemical Technology (IICT). It brings together a team commercialization in the long term. of engineers, physicists, chemists, cell and molecular biologists with an unusual but complementary set The Joint Center provides a shared platform for a core of skills to address fundamental issues in the field of group of faculty and students with a common interest nanomedicine and cellular engineering. The team will in nanotools, imaging tools, and nanodevices to develop create, design, and evaluate nanomaterials, biomaterials, long-term collaborations in high impact programs imaging tools, nano and micro devices for diagnosis for early detection and treatment of cancer. There are and therapy of diseases with a specific focus on cancer, presently two Ph.D. students associated under the Joint in conjunction with the Purdue Cancer Center one of Center - one each from CCMB and Purdue University.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 104 Partnering Institutions

India US • National Institute for Interdisciplinary • University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Science & Technology, Trivandrum • University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame • Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, • Arizona State University, Tempe Hyderabad

Achievements better understand cancer progression/regression for more The lead PI’s from CCMB and Purdue have received effective administration of therapy for individualized internal grants from respective institutions as an treatment. Besides cancer, the NCE’s effort will also aftermath to the establishment of the bilateral IUSSTF impact other angiogenesis-related diseases. supported Center. Some of the work accomplished by the Joint Center Using complementary highly sensitive probes, detection thus far are: platforms, and devices enabled by nanotechnology • Complete synthesis and characterization of iron with clinical translation potential will help track the oxide nanoparticles at CCMB. evolutionary state of the disease relevant to protein • Synthesis of gold nanoclusters and silver expression, signaling pathway activity, and molecular nanoparticles for drug delivery, and development profiles enabling early cancer detection. To improve of tools to quantify compartmentalization of drugs therapeutic outcomes, especially with emerging in different cellular compartments in single cells at therapies, it is essential to target multiple pathways and Purdue University. devise multi-diagnostic strategies for in vitro and in vivo • Examination of chemical structure on nanoparticles characterization of tumors. Such nanoscale detailing is under progress and will assist in revealing combined with time-resolved characterization will help to protein structures.

105 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Cardiovascular Biology

Principal Investigators

Shyamal K. Goswami Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi, India [email protected]

Alan N. Schechter National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland, USA [email protected]

About the Center The objectives of the Joint Centre are: The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in general A) Adrenergic receptor dynamics and heart failure and heart failure in particular is rising worldwide with • To determine how PI3K regulates βAR the increasing aging population. Available heart failure resensitization. therapy is directed towards neurohormonal intervention • To determine the molecular mechanism of (beta blockers, angiotensin receptor blockers and regulation of PP2A by PI3K-ROS/RNS axis angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors). In spite • Shyamal K. Goswami, Jawaharlal Nehru of these therapies, heart failure remains a progressive University and S Prasad, Lerner Research disease with high rate of mortality and morbidity, Institute, Cleveland demanding new therapeutic strategies. B) Efficacy of nitrite in therapeutic angiogenesis During the past decade, large number of Indian • Studying the implications of nitrite reductase population, especially urban, has been identified as at in ischemic endothelium and angiogenesis. risk of diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular • Effect of sodium nitrite in compensating ROS/ disorders. According to a recent study in the United RNS imbalance under ischemia to restore Kingdom, mortality from stroke is higher among South blood flow. Asians compared to their European counterparts. Taken together, extensive research on cardiovascular diseases • Alan Schechter, NIDDK, USA and Suvro is a prerequisite for facing these challenges. Chatterjee, Anna University. Recent decade has seen a paradigm shift in our Work Plan/Methodology understanding of how mammalian cells behave in an 1. To integrate upstream adrenergic receptor (AR) organismal milieu. It now appears that each cell type dynamics with downstream redox signaling in the has a repertoire of regulatory module that is highly context of heart failure. Immediate experimental dynamic in interaction. Also, certain molecules like objectives in this context are : reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that were once • To determine how PI3K regulates βAR regarded as only deleterious are now accepted as key resensitization. modulator of cellular function under both pathological and physiological contexts. • To determine the molecular mechanism of

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 106 Partnering Institutions

India US • AU-KBC Research Centre • Cleveland Clinic Foundation Anna University, Chennai Ohio USA

regulation of PP2A by PI3K-ROS/RNS axis. contribute ~85% of the dietary nitrate. Recent report 2. Efficacy of nitrite in therapeutic angiogenesis: from Dr. S Chatterjee’s laboratory has shown that Nitric oxide donors have long been explored for nitrite in fennel seed has promotes angiogenesis, cell inducing angiogenesis in ischemic tissues. Recent migration and vaso-relaxation. As suggested by Dr. studies have shown nitrites are better alternative Alan Schechter, US-PI, his student Ms. Krishna Priya as it releases nitric oxide through nitrite reductase. worked as a special volunteer in NIH performing The proposed objective was to study nitrite driven experiments measuring reduction of nitrite to nitrate to nitric oxide production in ischemic endothelium. NO in some commonly used Indian spices. Other Activities accomplished under the Joint Centre Achievements Dr S Chatterjee organized an International Conference Group 1 [S K Goswami and S Nagaprasad; Biology on Angiogeneis in (Chennai, March 2012). Dr. of heart failure] David Roberts, Dr. Yunling Gao from NIH and PI3Kinase plays a nodal role in β-adrenergic receptor Dr. Satyamangala Prasad (US Co-PI) attended the phosphorylation, a key determinant of its desensitization conference. heart failure. The US Co-PI (S. Nagaprasad) has made a seminal contribution in this area by demonstrating Scientific Value Addition that PI3Kγ inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) at The travel grant from IUSSTF has laid the foundation the receptor complex, resulting in increased receptor for a long lasting collaboration between Sathyamangla phosphorylation and desensitization (Vasudevan et al., V. Naga Prasad (US Co-PI) and Prof. S K Goswami Mol Cell. 2011; 41(6):636-48). Since cellular redox (Indian PI) in the cutting edge area of cardiovascular plays a key role heart failure/cardiac dysfunction, we receptor biology. It has long been known that redox had hypothesized that reactive oxygen species might state of the cell modulates physiological outcomes of also influence the PI3Kinase-PP2A interaction and GPCR signaling but underlying mechanisms are yet to receptor cycling. be discovered. In this context, the collaborative work initiated by the grant has allowed the center to make Group 2 [Alan N. Schechter and S Chatterjee] significant headway into the problem of how redox Recent evidences show that dietary nitrate and nitrite state predisposes cardiac output and heart function. has beneficial cardiovascular effect. Vegetables

107 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits S. No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Suvro Chatterjee NIDDK, NIH, Maryland, 8-28 Sept. 2010 AU-KBC, Anna University, Chennai USA 2. Shyamal K. Goswami Lerner Research Institute, 17 Nov, 2010 - School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi Cleveland Clinic, USA 5 Jan., 2011 3. Sathyamangala Nagaprasad School of Life Sciences, 8-27 April, 2011 Lerner Research Institute, JNU, New Delhi and AU- Cleveland Clinic, USA KBC, Anna University, Chennai 3. Shyamal K. Goswami Lerner Research Institute, 6 Dec. 2011 - 20 Jan. 2012 School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi Cleveland Clinic, USA 4. Mohan Maradumane JNU, New Delhi 15 July - 21 August, 2012 Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA 5. Krishna Priya NIDDK, NIH, Maryland, 26 Oct. - 29 Dec., 2012. AU-KBC, Anna University, Chennai USA

To summarise, studies have found that redox state of the cell predisposes beta-adrenergic receptor responses in the heart and this pre-disposition may have significant implications in cardiac function. Since this is a seminal observation, center plans to pursue this line in the long term with available resources. As underlying mechanisms get discovered more publications are expected from the ongoing work. Taken together, funding from IUSSTF has helped the center to develop a seamless integration of GPCR biology and cardiac redox state which is a major contributing factor for cardiac dysfunction. Publications • Vasudevan NT, Mohan ML, Goswami SK, Naga During the reciprocal visits both teams have obtained Prasad SV (2011) Regulation of β-adrenergic interesting leads on the project both in cellular systems receptor function: an emphasis on receptor and in experimental mouse. A segment of this data resensitization. Cell Cycle 10 (21): 3684-91. has been included in the report demonstrating the • Swaminathan A, Sridhara SR, Sinha S, Nagarajan clear role ROS play in cardiac function. Since this S, Balaguru UM, Siamwala JH, Rajendran S, is a cutting edge area, the team continues to work in Saran U, Chatterjee S. (2012) Nitrites derived this project as collaborators with respective resources. from foneiculum vulgare (fennel) seeds promotes More specifically center has pursued thein-vivo role of vascular functions. J Food Sci 77(12):H273-9. NADPH Oxidase/cellular redox in modulating cardiac function at steady state and under stress.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 108 Indo-US Joint Center on Biological Timing

Principal Investigators

Vinod Kumar Department of Zoology, University of Delhi New Delhi, India [email protected] / [email protected]

Satchidananda Panda Salk Institute for Biological Studies California, USA [email protected]

About the Center two important Universities of India (University Biological clocks have evolved to interact with daily of Delhi and the University of Lucknow) and two changes in our environment and time appropriate important centers of research and education of the physiology, metabolism, and behavior to right time of USA (University of California and Salk Institute for the day or to the right season. Optimum timing events Biological Studies). The basic science collaborations underlie increased biomass production by plant species, will center on ongoing funded research with direct optimum growth, cell division, reproductive success, relevance to public health and ecosystem restoration. healthy lifespan and improved prognosis in animals Research collaborations will form the platform for and in humans. In contrast, disruption of the biological cross-training of researchers and students during timing system as in genetic mutations affecting the short-term visits. These visits and online tools will internal clock or changes in environmental factors be leveraged to generate and disseminate education impairs fitness and predisposes to chronic diseases and materials on biological timing. Success of the research early aging. program will solidify collaboration between two countries while training and education efforts will Biological timing is a rapidly emerging field and it has expand bilateral collaboration. profound implications in multiple fronts common to the national interests of both the USA and India. These areas Activities planned under this center are organized into include food security, energy security, public health, three aims: and ecosystem restoration. While biological timing • Light modulation of activity, sleep, reproduction, researchers in the USA have been at the forefront of regeneration, and migration. understanding the molecular basis of biological clocks • Circadian rhythm, eating pattern, and regulation of in model organisms, Indian researchers have pioneered metabolic homeostasis. the understanding of physiology and behavior in • Scientific meetings, symposiums, and training complex organisms that are under daily and seasonal schools. regulation. The strength of the collaboration between partners of The Indo-US Center for Biological Timing will be the the joint center lies in the non-overlapping species and hub for research, training and education by involving techniques followed in each center institute.

109 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • University of Lucknow, Lucknow • University of California, San Diego

A dedicated website will highlight the executive use skype and other online communication tools for summary of the center and will also provide information periodic web-based discussion and consultation. on research activities of participating principal The collaboration between the partnering institutions investigators, list of meetings and symposiums in through this center will expand in future and the the subject area, link to other chronobiology centers, outcome in terms of research and knowledge from the laboratories and relevant databases. project is envisaged to contribute to the information on For public outreach, the web site will also include public health and conservation of biodiversity in both aims and objectives of materials for educating the countries. general public on chronobiology. Center members will

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 110 Indo-US Joint Center on Research Excellence in Science and Engineering (CRESE) on Nanobiotechnology

Principal Investigators

K. VijayRaghavan National Center for Biological Sciences Bangalore, India [email protected]

Shiladitya Sengupta & Jeff Karp Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women’s Hospital Massachusetts, USA [email protected] & [email protected]

About the Center 1.2. Study the mechanisms underlying stem cell to Two emerging areas that will dramatically impact vascular differentiation using a systems biology- medical sciences in the future are stem cell biology and based approach. nanotechnology. Although, these two areas are already 1.3. Validate the mechanisms using a RNAi-based intersecting, the interface between these areas offers an strategy, where the focus will be to develop novel untapped niche for scientific exploration and inventions nanostructures-based delivery of RNAi. that will revolutionize translational medicine. This Engineer novel nanostructures of defined morphology Joint Center brings together the strengths of National and physicochemical properties and test their Center for Biological Sciences, JNCASR and CCMB contribution to the differentiation of stem cells into in stem cell biology and the core expertise of Harvard- vasculature. A nanostructure can potentially facilitate MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology in stem cell-induced vascularization through two steps, 1. material sciences and nanotechnology to develop an by recruitment of stem cells or progenitor cells to the Indo-US Joint Center for Nanobiotechnology. desired site of neovascularization, or 2. by promoting The overall objectives of the Joint Centre are in three differentiation of the stem cells. To test this hypothesis main areas: we will: Research on the ‘Regulation of Stem Cell Biology 2.1. Engineer and characterize novel nanostructures. during Neo-vascularization by Nanostructures’. 2.2. Study the effect of these nanostructures on Specifically, the research aims are: differentiation of stem cells Elucidate the mechanisms underlying the 2.3. Elucidate the mechanisms underlying the role differentiation of stem cells into vascular structures. of novel nanostructures on stem cell-induced Use of embryonic stem cells or iPS cells to direct the neovascularization differentiation into vascular lineages. Translate the in vitro results in an in vivo model of 1.1. Standardize in vitro systems for monitoring ischaemic pathology. stem cell to vascular differentiation using We will use a mouse central artery occlusion model immunohistoctyochemistry, RT-PCR, and Western as a surrogate for peripheral artery disease (PAD) to blots.

111 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • InStem, Bangalore • Harvard-MIT Division of HST • Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Cambridge Scientific Research, Bangalore

test the effect of nanostructures in inducing collateral At end of Year 1 and 4, we will host Translational circulation. Specifically, we will develop a model of meetings that will bring together the research team PAD by occluding the central artery of the ear of a with potential industry partners. The first meeting Swiss albino mouse. Collateral vasculature formation will help engage the industry in the research projects will be measured through gross pathological analysis and the final meeting will facilitate the translation of following light photography and by immuno- the developed technologies to the industry. Our first histocytochemistry following temporal necropsy. meeting led to the formation of BERI, which will have We will evaluate the potential of the nanostructures strong translational focus. to facilitate the differentiation of stem cells into neo- We anticipate that this grant from the Indo-US forum vasculature in this model. will facilitate the creation of an ecosystem that will Development of Novel nanostructures for delivery of evolve into a long-term collaboration between the molecules two nations, fostering additional grant funding from multiple sources in the future, training of manpower/ [Dr. Shiladitya Sengupta, Harvard-BWH; Dr. R.A. sharing of expertise, generating of IPR, and most Mashelkar, NCL Pune; Dr. Sudipta Basu, IISER Pune, importantly emerge as a leader in scientific research in Dr. Shankar Ghosh, TIFR Bombay). This project had a this exciting and biologically relevant area. two pronged approach, 1. Develop novel nanostructures that can specifically target cancer cells, preferably Achievements cancer stem cells, and 2. Elucidate the mechanical Training of young scientists and exchanges properties of these cells at the nanoscale. A critical component of this joint center was to develop B. The Joint Center also focuses on the training of the a new cadre of scientists who can bridge biology next generation of scientists. and engineering. It was naturally anticipated that the transition of physical scientists/engineers to biology Specifically the Training Aims are: would take some time but that the infusion of new Exchange of postdoctoral fellows between partner ideas would make significant contributions moving laboratories for extended periods such that personnel forward. In fact, this is exactly the type of cross- involved in the research projects learn the vocabulary disciplinary move encouraged by the creation of these of both nanotechnology and basic biology. Abhijit joint centers and is in keeping with their philosophy. Majumdar, Sudhir Ranganath, Sashikath Parcha are We are delighted to highlight the following successes: already in Boston or scheduled to spend time in Boston labs in 2012-13. Dr. Sudipta Basu, a chemical biologist working on this project in Sengupta Lab at Harvard has joined as a faculty To host three short-term training programs in at IISER Pune, and is setting up a nanobiotechnology NCBS, where graduate students, research fellows laboratory funded by a Ramalingaswamy fellowship. and junior faculty will be given hands-on training in nanotechnology and stem cell biology techniques, We recruited two very talented postdocs with in addition to lectures on the cutting edge topics in outstanding publication records (Sudhir Ranganath and these fields. Separate funding will be requested from Abhijit Majumdar) -who are experts in the physical the Indo-US forum for these events. A 10 day hands- sciences- and are working on stem cell projects in on training course in nanotechnology and stem cell the Karp lab at Harvard-MIT after a stint at NCBS techniques is planned at NCBS/InStem. and JNCASR. Abhijit has been working for about 2 years and Sudhir about 1.5 years, and both have made C. Meetings -Dissemination of Results and Building substantial progress in developing their biological Translational Collaborations

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 112 partnership that includes IIT Madras, and has already resulted in the hiring of Dr. Praveen Vemula from Karp Lab as a new faculty at InStem. Dr Vemula has initiated an exciting new program in nanotechnology and stem cells. New collaborations have been nucleated as a result of this grant and include engagement with Prof. Pramod Pullerkat a physicist at the Raman Research Institute, Prof. V. Kumaran a chemical (stem cell) systems, as well as creating the environment engineer at the Indian Inst. for nanotechnology experiments in a biolab setting. of Science, both in Bangalore, and with Prof. R.A. Integration of bio-with the nano/engineering aspects is Mashelkar of NCL Pune, Dr. Sudipta Basu of IISER ongoing. Abhijit has been awarded a Wellcome Trust Pune, and Dr. Shankar Ghosh of TIFR Mumbai. DBT Fellowship that he activated early in 2013 at We have emphasized on quality over quantity. Multiple InStem, on his return from MIT and will be a stepping high impact papers (outlined under Publications) have stone towards his independent career. Indeed, he has been published including in Cell Stem Cell, PNAS, etc. already received offers for positions in academia which he is considering. Three patent applications have evolved from work carried out under this project, that have been filed Dr. Shashikant Parcha, a physicist recruited on this grant globally. The patents were critical in starting up two from the University of Melbourne, worked initially companies, Vyome Biosciences and Invictus Oncology, with Dr. Shankar Ghosh of TIFR and then with Pramod which have successfully raised a total of Rs. 34 Crores Pullerkat at RRI, and is currently in Sengupta Lab, in the last 2 years, and has attracted top scientific talents researching the mechanobiology of cancer stem cells to India to further develop these products. using Atomic Force Microscopy, and their contribution to metastasis. Three active research projects initiated by the binational team are: The postdocs are making excellent progress on their Project 1: Mechano-biology of the niche and projects. However, given the time required for them to induction of quiescence in hMSC [Abhijit Majumder, learn a new field and to focus on high impact work, INSTEM-NCBS, Jyotsna Dhawan, INSTEM-NCBS and it was decided to move them to the US later than we Jeffrey M. Karp, Harvard-MIT] first anticipated. The flexibility of this program for its successful completion is a key distinction. Background: Bio-chemical and mechanical properties of the tissue micro-environment or “niche” have strong In addition to the above key personnel, Students / influence in determining cell fate and behavior. The Postdocs from Sengupta lab visited JNCASR and mechanical and geometric signals/cues include material TIFR for 6 weeks in 2010 and 2011. Several professors stiffness, topology, structure, fluid shear, mechanical and postdocs from Boston visited NCBS for a 2-day strain and ligand distribution. In short, mechano-signal meeting in 2010 to discuss potential collaborative encompasses any force interaction between cell and opportunities. This was the prelude to the setting up of its micro-environment. The diverse array of mechano- the Bioengineering Research Initiative (BERI) at the signals may have short-term (minutes to hours) to NCBS. long-term (days) effect on cell fate, the mechanism of Impact on research environment which is yet to be elucidated. It has been demonstrated Nucleation of Bioengineering at NCBS. Our grant and that cytoskeletal arrangement and acto-myosin meetings funded by it was instrumental to nucleate contractility are the important players. Specifically, the the formation of the NCBS-InStem BioEngineering RhoA signaling regulator and its downstream effector, Research Initiative (BERI) and is listed on the BERI ROCK, strongly influence the cellular response to a website: http://beri.ncbs.res.in/home. This is a given mechano-signal. It is expected that understanding

113 Joint R & D Centers mechano-signaling will help us in controlling the cell • have performed experiments for generating micro- behavior and tissue regeneration. patterned substrates and maintaining cells on these surfaces In this project, we specifically focused on cell cycle progression and cell cycle arrest of mesenchymal stem • have created a micro-fabricated multi-well cell cells (MSCs) in response to various mechano-signals. implant device It has been reported that while loss of adhesion leads • have created a shear free, stable microfludic to apoptosis for capillary endothelial cells, the same chamber to study MSC migration in response to pushes myoblasts and fibroblasts towards a reversible the chemo-attractant gradient undifferentiated cell cycle arrested state called quiescent Project 2: Intracellular delivery of a small molecule or G0 state. Earlier studies in Dhawan lab established NF-κB inhibitor from PLGA microparticles that abolition of focal adhesions or inhibition of modulates human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) cytoskeletal contractility leads to reversible cell secretome and attenuates pro-inflammatory cycle arrest and suppression of differentiation. In this responses [Sudhir Ranganath, Maneesha Inamdar, project, we aimed to engineer a population of quiescent Jeffrey Karp] mesenchymal stem cells and study their activity on different substrates. Given that quiescent cells have The main objectives of this project are to use small lower oxygen requirements, transplantation of an molecules to modulate pro-inflammatory hMSC exogenous source of quiescent stem cells may enhance secretome in response to inflammatory stimuli and tissue regeneration within an avascular defect where develop a platform tool for translation into clinics the diffusion of nutrients and oxygen is minimal until using drug delivery tools. Over the past two years, we sufficient angiogenesis emerges. Remaining ‘dormant’ have comprehensively reviewed the available literature until sufficient angiogenesis arrives to support higher about various signaling pathways in hMSCs to obtain levels of metabolic activity may enhance the potential control over specific secreted pro-inflammatory factors for these cells to contribute to the healing response. such as IL-6, MCP-1, RANTES, etc. Recently we published this in our review article (Ranganath et al., Scientific Results and Conclusions 2012) published in Cell Stem Cell. Also, we have As per the project plan, the work was performed in close demonstrated that a small molecule inhibitor of NF-κB collaboration between Dhawan Lab and Karp lab. In activation, TPCA-1 modulates the pro-inflammatory Dhawan’s lab at InStem-NCBS, Bangalore, focus of the hMSC secretome. The resultant secretome contributes work was to establish quiescence in MSCs in response in reducing the migration of monocytes in vitro, which to a set of mechano-signals and to characterize the might potentially be therapeutic in treating monocyte- molecular behavior. In May 2012, Abhijit Majumder, mediated atherosclerosis. The reasons for choosing Post-Doctoral fellow working in this project, moved to small molecules are their easy availability, specificity Karp Lab, Boston, where he engineered scaffolds for and flexibility for controlled delivery from micro/ cell implantation and designed a novel microfluidic nanoparticles into hMSCs. chip to study MSC migration in response to a soluble gradient, e.g. inflammatory signals. Project 3: Development of Novel nanostructures for delivery of molecules [Dr. Shiladitya Sengupta, In this project, we have, Harvard-BWH; Dr. R.A. Mashelkar, NCL Pune; Dr. • standardized methods for proliferation, quiescence Sudipta Basu, IISER Pune, Dr. Shankar Ghosh, TIFR and differentiation of human and mouse MSC Bombay]. • standardized methods for generating substrates of While the JNCASR-NCBS-Karp Lab core (Core I) varied stiffness focused more on the mechanobiology of stem cells • established methods for maintaining cells in a and identification of targets that control the process, viable quiescent state on substrates of different the Sengupta Lab-IISER-NCL-TIFR core (Core stiffness II) focused more on the development of Nanoscale • optimized assays for querying molecular events tools that allow targeting specific cellular targets. (DNA synthesis, gene expression, protein As the traditional approaches for encapsulating localization, imaging) in cells maintained on pharmacophores or RNAi in nanoparticles pose substrates of varying stiffness significant challenges in translation, Core II focused • identified the threshold substrate stiffness to induce on evolving a completely new field of nanotechnology, quiescence in MSCs. called supramolecular nanochemistry, which is based on bridging nanotechnology with structure activity • standardized assays for measuring physico- relationships. chemical substrate parameters

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 114 Publications • Paraskar AS, Soni S, Chin KT, Chaudhuri P, • Ranganath SH, Levy O, Inamdar MS, Karp JM. Muto KW, Berkowitz J, Handlogten MW, Alves (2012) Harnessing the mesenchymal stem cell NJ, Bilgicer B, Dinulescu DM, Mashelkar RA, secretome for the treatment of cardiovascular Sengupta S. (2010) Harnessing structure-activity disease. Cell Stem Cell; 10(3): 244–258. relationship to engineer a cisplatin nanoparticle for enhanced antitumor efficacy. Proc Natl Acad • Abhijit Majumder, Jyotsna Dhawan, Oren Sci U S A.; 107(28):12435-40. Levy, and Jeffrey M. Karp, “Applications of • Abhijit Majumder, Jyotsna Dhawan, Oren Microfabrication and Microfluidic Techniques in Levy, and Jeffrey M. Karp, “Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research”, Chapter 4, Microfabrication and Microfluidic Techniques in “Microfluidic Technologies for Human Health”, Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research”, Chapter 4, Published by World Scientific, 2012. “Microfluidic Technologies for Human Health”, • Rumman. M, Rao. VK, Majumder. A, Venugopal. Published by World Scientific, 2012. B, Pillai. M, Karp. J, and Dhawan. J, “A Soft Bed • Rumman. M, Rao. VK, Majumder. A, Venugopal. induces the Resting State: Methods to Mimic B, Pillai. M, Karp. J, and Dhawan. J, “A Soft Bed the Bio-Mechanical Native State of Quiescent induces the Resting State: Methods to Mimic MSCs”, Poster presented at 6th Mechano-Biology the Bio-Mechanical Native State of Quiescent Conference, Singapore 2012. MSCs”, Poster presented at 6th Mechano-Biology • Rumman. M, Rao. VK, Majumder. A, Venugopal. Conference, Singapore 2012. B, Pillai. M, Karp. J, and Dhawan. J. Methods • Rumman. M, Rao. VK, Majumder. A, Venugopal. to Mimic the Bio-Mechanical Native State of B, Pillai. M, Karp. J, and Dhawan. J. Methods Quiescent MSCs. Manuscript in preparation. to Mimic the Bio-Mechanical Native State of • Majumder. A, Venugopal. B, Karp. J, and Dhawan Quiescent MSCs. Manuscript in preparation. Cell-Cell Interaction via Deformable Substrate • Majumder. A, Venugopal. B, Karp. J, and Dhawan Rescues Substrate Induced Cell-Cycle Arrest. Cell-Cell Interaction via Deformable Substrate Manuscript in preparation. Rescues Substrate Induced Cell-Cycle Arrest. • Sengupta P, Basu S, Soni S, Pandey A, Roy B, Oh Manuscript in preparation. MS, Chin KT, Paraskar AS, Sarangi S, Connor • Casiraghi, F., Azzollini, N., Todeschini, M., Y, Sabbisetti VS, Kopparam J, Kulkarni A, Muto Cavinato, R.A., Cassis, P., Solini, S., Rota, C., K, Amarasiriwardena C, Jayawardene I, Lupoli Morigi, M., Introna, M., Maranta, R., et al. (2012). N, Dinulescu DM, Bonventre JV, Mashelkar RA, Localization of mesenchymal stromal cells dictates Sengupta S. (2012) Cholesterol-tethered platinum their immune or proinflammatory effects in kidney II-based supramolecular nanoparticle increases transplantation. Am J Transplant 12, 2373-2383. antitumor efficacy and reduces nephrotoxicity. • Crisostomo, P.R., Wang, Y., Markel, T.A., Wang, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109(28):11294-9. M., Lahm, T., and Meldrum, D.R. (2008). Human • Piecewicz SM, Pandey A, Roy B, Xiang SH, Zetter mesenchymal stem cells stimulated by TNF-alpha, BR, Sengupta S. (2012) Insulin-like growth factors LPS, or hypoxia produce growth factors by an NF promote vasculogenesis in embryonic stem cells. kappa B- but not JNK-dependent mechanism. Am PLoS One.; 7(2):e32191. Epub 2012 Feb 21. J Physiol Cell Physiol 294, C675-C682. • Paraskar A, Soni S, Roy B, Papa AL, Sengupta • George, J., Afek, A., Abashidze, A., Shmilovich, H., S. (2012) Rationally designed oxaliplatin- Deutsch, V., Kopolovich, J., Miller, H., and Keren, nanoparticle for enhanced antitumor efficacy. G. (2005). Transfer of endothelial progenitor Nanotechnology. ; 23 (7):075103. and bone marrow cells influences atherosclerotic • Piecewicz S, Sengupta S. (2011) The dynamic plaque size and composition in apolipoprotein E glycome microenvironment and stem cell knockout mice. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and differentiation into vasculature. Stem Cells Dev.; vascular biology 25, 2636-2641. 20(5):749-58. • Lee, M.J., Kim, J., Kim, M.Y., Bae, Y.S., Ryu, S.H., • Sinha Roy R, Soni S, Harfouche R, Vasudevan Lee, T.G., and Kim, J.H. (2010). Proteomic analysis PR, Holmes O, de Jonge H, Rowe A, Paraskar A, of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced secretome Hentschel DM, Chirgadze D, Blundell TL, Gherardi of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem E, Mashelkar RA, Sengupta S. (2010) Coupling cells. J Proteome Res 9, 1754-1762. growth-factor engineering with nanotechnology • Prockop, D.J., and Oh, J.Y. (2012). Mesenchymal for therapeutic angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci stem/stromal cells (MSCs): role as guardians of U S A.; 107 (31):13608-13. inflammation. Mol Ther 20, 14-20.

115 Joint R & D Centers • Ranganath, S.H., Levy, O., Inamdar, M.S., and Karp, copolymer backbone, a plurality of sidechains J.M. (2012). Harnessing the mesenchymal stem covalently linked to said backbone, and a plurality cell secretome for the treatment of cardiovascular of platinum compounds dissociably linked to said disease. Cell Stem Cell 10, 244-258. backbone. • Shi, C., Jia, T., Mendez-Ferrer, S., Hohl, T.M., • Rituparna Sinharoy, Bhaskar Roy, Rania Serbina, N.V., Lipuma, L., Leiner, I., Li, M.O., Harfouche, Shiladitya Sengupta. Compositions Frenette, P.S., and Pamer, E.G. (2011). Bone marrow and methods for inducing angiogenesis WIPO mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells induce Patent Application WO/2011/103382 monocyte emigration in response to circulating toll- • These patents have been licensed by Brigham like receptor ligands. Immunity 34, 590-601. and Women’s Hospital to Invictus Oncology and Patents Granted/filed Vyome Biosciences, both of which are India- • Sudipta Basu, Rania Harfouche, Shivani Soni, registered companies. Based on these patents, the Shiladitya Sengupta: Polymeric nanoparticles companies have raised Rs. 33 Crores for further with enhanced drug-loading and methods development of these technologies in India of use thereof. The Brigham and Women’S (including attracting Rs. 18.5 Cr in FDI). The Hospital March 2012: US 20120052041 companies have also attracted top science talents The invention is directed to modified polymers from all over the globe back to India. with increased drug-loading including compounds Other Outcome of formula. Two start-ups have evolved based on technologies • Shiladitya Sengupta, Abhimanyu Paraskar, evolving from these projects. Additionally, the program Shivani Soni, Sudipta Basu, Poulomi Sengupta: has fostered the Bioengineering Research Initiative at Nanoscale platinum compounds and methods NCBS, which has started attracting top talents. One of of use thereof. The Brigham And Women’S the postdocs hired on this project has already received Hospital July 2012: US 20120189571 the Wellcome Trust –DBT India Alliance Early Career The invention is directed to biocompatible Fellowship to be sponsored at InStem. conjugated polymer nanoparticles including a

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 116 Mathematical and Computational Sciences Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 118 Indo-US Joint Center on Advanced Research in Machine Learning, Game Theory and Optimization

Principal Investigators

Shivani Agarwal Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India [email protected]

David Parkes Harvard University, Cambridge, USA [email protected]

About the Center at the interface of machine learning, game theory In knowledge economy, leadership positions will and optimization, and to help establish long-term be occupied by countries that can parse the deluge collaborations between Indian and US institutions in of data that is being generated in almost every field these disciplines. and can transform this data into meaningful scientific conclusions. Machine learning, game theory, and Achievements optimization are three fields that are critical for • Training and mentoring of several research analyzing and understanding large-scale data and students complex systems. While each field has been studied • Several high-impact publications and developed separately over the last several decades, • Organized Indo-US Lectures Week in Machine the future lies at the intersection of these three fields, Learning, Game Theory and Optimization at IISc, hence creating an urgent need to develop capacity at Bangalore in January 2014; all lecture materials the interface. publicly available online at http://drona.csa.iisc. To this end, Joint Center brings together core ernet.in/~indous/activities.html strengths in the fields of machine learning, game • Continuing joint interactions and upcoming theory and optimization at IISc, Microsoft Research publications India, Harvard, MIT, and Carnegie Mellon University • Following interactions facilitated by the Joint in order to facilitate the highest quality research at Centre, some of the PIs together with their current the interface of these disciplines, and to help define and former PhD students/postdocs (namely the techniques that will be used to analyze data in Shivani Agarwal, David Parkes, Devavrat Shah, the future. Team anticipates that in the longer term, Hossein Azari, Guy Bresler, Sewoong Oh and the joint center will also help to establish stronger ties Arun Rajkumar) jointly organized a Workshop between Indian and US institutions in the mathematical titled `Analysis of Rank Data: Confluence of and engineering sciences. Social Choice, Operations Research, and Machine In the above context, the primary objective of the Learning’ at the prestigious Neural Information Joint Center is to facilitate high quality research Processing Systems (NIPS) 2014 Conference in Montreal, Canada in December, 2014.

119 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore • Harvard University • Microsoft Research India • Carnegie Mellon University • Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Publications • Arun Rajkumar and Shivani Agarwal (2014). • Harish G. Ramaswamy and Shivani Agarwal. Online decision-making in general combinatorial (2014) Convex calibration dimension for spaces. In Advances in Neural Information multiclass loss matrices. (In submission) Processing Systems. (NIPS). • Harikrishna Narasimhan, Rohit Vaish and Shivani • Shivani Agarwal (2014) Surrogate regret bounds for Agarwal (2014). On the statistical consistency bipartite ranking via strongly proper losses. Journal of plug-in classifiers for non-decomposable of Machine Learning Research, 15:1653-1674. performance measures. In Advances in Neural • Harish G. Ramaswamy, Balaji S. Babu, Shivani Information Processing Systems (NIPS). Agarwal and Robert C. Williamson (2014). On Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Shivani Agarwal MIT May 19 - July 27, 2012 IISc, Bangalore 2. Shivani Agarwal Harvard University May 5 - July 27, 2013 IISc, Bangalore 3. Arun Rajkumar University of Chicago Oct 1 - Dec 31, 2013 IISc, Bangalore 4. David Parkes IISc, Bangalore Jan 2014 Harvard University 5. Devavrat Shah IISc, Bangalore Jan 2014 MIT 6. Avrim Blum IISc, Bangalore Jan 2014 CMU 7. John Santerre IISc, Bangalore Jan 2014 University of Chicago 8. Bo Waggoner IISc, Bangalore Jan 2014 Harvard University 9. Jasper Snoek IISc, Bangalore Jan 2014 Harvard University 10. Alex Kulesza IISc, Bangalore Jan 2014 University of Michigan 11. Shivani Agarwal Harvard University March 2014 IISc, Bangalore 12. Shivani Agarwal Harvard University May 31 - July 26, 2014 IISc, Bangalore 13. Harikrishna Narasimhan Harvard University Sep 1 - Dec 7, 2014 IISc, Bangalore 14. Shivani Agarwal Harvard University Sep 6 - Dec 27, 2014 IISc, Bangalore

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 120 the consistency of output code based learning against Diligent Attackers. In Proceedings of the algorithms for multiclass learning problems. In 28th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on (AAAI). Learning Theory (COLT). • Emmanouil A. Platanios, Avrim Blum, and Tom • Arun Rajkumar and Shivani Agarwal (2014). A Mitchell (2014). Estimating Accuracy from statistical convergence perspective of algorithms Unlabeled Data. In Uncertainty in Artificial for rank aggregation from pairwise data. In Intelligence (UAI). st Proceedings of the 31 International Conference • Avrim Blum and Aaron Roth (2013). Fast Private on Machine Learning (ICML). Data Release Algorithms for Sparse Queries. In • Hossein Azari Soufiani, David Parkes, and Lirong Proceedings of the International Workshop on Xia (2014). Computing Parametric Ranking Randomization and Computation (RANDOM). Models via Rank-Breaking. In Proceedings of • Harikrishna Narasimhan and Shivani Agarwal the 31st International Conference on Machine (2013). On the relationship between binary Learning (ICML). classification, bipartite ranking, and binary class • Hossein Azari Soufiani, Denis J. Charles, David probability estimation. In Advances in Neural M. Chickering, and David C. Parkes (2014). Information Processing Systems (NIPS). Approximating the Shapley Value via Multi- • Harish G. Ramaswamy, Shivani Agarwal and Issue Decomposition. In Proceedings of the 13th Ambuj Tewari (2013). Convex calibrated International Conference on Automonous Agents surrogates for low-rank loss matrices with and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS). applications to subset ranking losses. In Advances • Avrim Blum, Nika Haghtalab, and Ariel Procaccia in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS). (2014). Lazy Defenders are Almost Optimal • Harikrishna Narasimhan and Shivani Agarwal

121 Joint R & D Centers • Harikrishna Narasimhan and Shivani Agarwal (2013). A structural SVM based approach for optimizing partial AUC. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). • Maria-Florina Balcan, Avrim Blum, and Yishay Mansour (2013). Exploiting Ontology Structures and Unlabeled Data for Learning. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). • Avrim Blum, Anupam Gupta, Ariel Procaccia, and Ankit Sharma (2013). Harnessing the Power of Two Crossmatches. ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC). • Jeremiah Blocki, Avrim Blum, Anupam Datta, (2013). SVM_pAUC^tight: A new support vector and Or Sheffet (2013). Differentially Private method for optimizing partial AUC based on a Data Analysis of Social Networks via Restricted tight convex upper bound. In Proceedings of the Sensitivity. Innovations in Theoretical Computer 19th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Science (ITCS). Discovery and Data Mining (KDD). • Liu Yang, Avrim Blum and Jaime Carbonell (2013). • Shivani Agarwal (2013). Surrogate regret bounds Learnability of DNF with Representation-Specific for the area under the ROC curve via strongly Queries. Innovations in Theoretical Computer proper losses. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Science (ITCS). Conference on Learning Theory (COLT). • David C. Parkes and Ariel D. Procaccia (2013). • Mrinal Das, Suparna Bhattacharya, Chiranjib Dynamic Social Choice with Evolving Preferences. Bhattacharyya, Kanchi Gopinath (2013). Subtle In Proceedings of the 27th AAAI Conference on Topic Models and Discovering Subtly Manifested Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). Software Concerns Automatically. In Proceedings • Hossein Azari Soufiani, David C. Parkes, and of the 30th International Conference on Machine Lirong Xia (2013). Preference Elicitation for Learning (ICML). General Random Utility Models. In the Proceedings • Aditya K. Menon, Harikrishna Narasimhan, of the 29th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Shivani Agarwal and Sanjay Chawla (2013). Intelligence (UAI). On the statistical consistency of algorithms for • Jens Witkowski and David C. Parkes (2013). binary classification under class imbalance. In Learning the Prior in Minimal Peer Prediction. Proceedings of the 30th International Conference In the Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Social on Machine Learning (ICML). Computing and User Generated Content.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 122 • Vinay Jethava, Anders Martinsson, Chiranjib International Workshop on Approximation Bhattacharyya, Devdatt P Dubhashi (2012). Algorithms (APPROX). The Lovasz Theta function, SVMs and finding • Maria-Florina Balcan, Eric Blais, Avrim Blum, large dense subgraphs. In Advances in Neural and Liu Yang (2012). Active Property Testing. Information Processing Systems (NIPS). IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer • Harish G. Ramaswamy and Shivani Agarwal Science (FOCS). (2012). Classification calibration dimension for • Jeremiah Blocki, Avrim Blum, Anupam Datta, and general multiclass losses. In Advances in Neural Or Sheffet (2012). The Johnson-Lindenstrauss Information Processing Systems (NIPS). transform itself preserves differential privacy. • Sahand Negahban, Sewoong Oh and Devavrat IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Shah (2012). Iterative ranking using pair-wise Science (FOCS). comparison. In Advances in Neural Information • Maria-Florina Balcan, Avrim Blum, Shai Fine, and Processing Systems (NIPS). Yishay Mansour (2012). Distributed Learning, • Hossein Azari Soufiani, David C. Parkes, and Communication Complexity, and Privacy. Lirong Xia (2012). Random Utility Theory for Conference on Learning Theory (COLT). Social Choice. In Advances in Neural Information • Aharon Ben-Tal, Sahely Bhadra, Chiranjib Processing Systems (NIPS). Bhattacharyya, Arkadi Nemirovski (2012). • Paul Duetting, Felix Fischer, Pichayut Jirapinyo, Efficient Methods for Robust Classification John K. Lai, Benjamin Lubin, and David C. Parkes under Uncertainty in Kernel Matrices. Journal of (2012). Payment Rules through Discriminant- Machine Learning Research 13:2923-2954. th Based Classifiers. In the Proceedings of the 13 • Benjamin Lubin and David C. Parkes (2012). ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (EC). Approximate strategy proofness. In Current • Pranjal Awasthi, Avrim Blum, Jamie Morgenstern, Science 103:1021-1032. and Or Sheffet (2012). Additive Approximation for Near-perfect Phylogeny Construction.

123 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Protein Interactor Discovery and Structure

Principal Investigators

Debnath Pal Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India [email protected]

David S. Eisenberg University of California Los Angeles, USA [email protected]

About the Center initial set of physically interacting candidates at 95% The knowledge of protein complex (quaternary) expected coverage. These candidates will thereafter be structure using X-ray crystallographic methods offer screened and ranked using our interaction forcefield an atomistic glimpse into the basis of this interaction. and expectation maximization method. The sequences Therefore, structural genomics of protein complexes will be modeled to assess and interpret the basis of the has been one of the frontier areas in structural biology. interaction as rigid bodies, and subsequently subjected However, structure solution of protein complexes to molecular dynamics simulations to confirm the must precede identification of natural/cognate viability of the protein interaction. binding partners in cell to allow attempt to protein co- The candidates will be experimentally tested for protein- crystallization and structure determination. As part of protein interaction screening and if successful, followed this Joint Center, the groups will enhance methodology up with crystallization and structure determination. of identification of natural/cognate binding partners of The work is expected to give a significant boost to the proteins in a genomics scale. An already established structural genomics of protein complexes. ProLinks database of genomic-context derived The center is expected to bring forth new ideas and lay functional linkage information will be used to get an groundwork for long term future collaborations.

Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore • University of California, Los Angeles • Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur • Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Los Alamos

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 124 Indo-US Joint Center on Nanostructure Genomics: Designing Functionality of 2-Dimensional Nanostructures and Nano-Bio Interfaces

Principal Investigators

Saroj K. Nayak Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India [email protected]

George Makhatadze Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, USA [email protected]

About the Center novel substrates (using coherent inclusion of plasmonic The goal of this center is to provide a vibrant INDO- materials in silicon substrates) for Surfaces Enhanced US center on two important topics of mutual research Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) that enable to detect interest: Nanostructure Materials and Biological single molecule detection, metal clusters controlled in Molecules. The proposed work plans to capitalize on the proteins that could be used as an anti-tuberculosis expertise from both sides of the Atlantic with particular drug, designing of new protein-nanostructure interfaces focus on close collaboration between high performance that could control or provide superior biosensors. The predictive computational (HPPC) methods with the team would focus on two broad thrusts: state of the art experimental investigations. 1. Design of 2-dimensional Functional Nanostructures The center will provide a unique platform for basic 2. Design of Optimal Nano-Bio Interfaces. scientists, engineers and physicians to interact actively, 3. Our team will leverage various existing and future addressing fundamental questions keeping in mind funding for the success of the proposed activities. possible applications through design of new atomic scale materials and biomolecules. Specifically, the Publications group will collaborate on the fundamental study of new • N. A. Lanzillo, J. B. Thomas, E. B. Watson, M. and emerging nanostructured materials with potential Washington, and S. K. Nayak (2014), Pressure- applications in low power high speed transistors, enabled phonon engineering in metals. Proc. Nat. chemical and biological sensors, energy devices such as Aca. Sci. 111: 8712 super capacitors, growth and application of robust and

Partnering Institutions

India US • Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology • Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy University, Bhubaneswar • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland • Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar • Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar • New York State Department of Health & University at Albany • IBM Research India • State University, New York

125 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 126 Medical Sciences

127 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 128 Indo-US Joint Center on Biomaterials for Healthcare

Principal Investigators

Bikramjit Basu Department of Materials Science and Engineering IIT Kanpur, India [email protected]

Thomas J Webster Division of Engineering & Dept. of Orthopedics Brown University Rhode Island, USA [email protected]

About the Center Collaboration between IIT Kanpur and UoW The Joint Center focuses on the following objectives:- • Functionally graded porous Ti (UoW) • To conduct research on the development of • In vitro studies of functionally graded porous Ti engineered Nanobiomaterials for bone tissue (IIT Kanpur) replacement application. Collaboration between NFTDC and Brown • To develop and conduct clinical trials on Polymer University based scaffold materials for cartilage tissue • CAD/CAM based designing of Ti based scaffolds engineering application. (NFTDC) • To formulate strategies based on injection molding • CNT coated anodized Ti (Brown University) as well as CAD/CAM based manufacturing route Collaboration between IIT Kanpur and Shaping to fabricate complex shaped implant materials. Concepts, LLC • To have a focused discussion on how Biomaterials • HAp/Mullite, Glass Ceramic processing and In- education in India and USA can be strengthened. vitro studies (IIT-K) • Feasibility study for commercialization of • Injection molding of polymer/ceramics based successful biomaterial products with the help of complex shaped implants (Shaping Concepts, private industry. LLC). • To train next generation of scientists in an FOCUS AREA –II international interdisciplinary collaborative arena. • SOFT TISSUE REPLACEMENT Collaboration among IIT K, IITB, NML, UTSA Work plan/Methodology and Brown University FOCUS AREA –I • Scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering (a) Cryogel • HARD TISSUE REPLACEMENT (IIT Kanpur) (b) In-situ gelling (IIT Bombay) Collaboration between IIT Kanpur and UTSA • Designing bio-mimetic polymeric nano composites • Fabrication and in vitro properties of Polymeric (NML) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (IIT, Kanpur) Collaboration between NML and Brown University • In-vitro and In-vivo studies of polymeric scaffolds • Designing bio-mimetic polymeric nano composites (USTA) (NML)

129 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur • University of Washington, Seattle • Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai • Brown University, Rhode Island • NML-Jamshedpur • University of Texas, San Antonio • NFTDC, Hyderabad • Shaping Concepts, LLC, Texas

• Biological evaluation of bio-mimetic Important milestones achieved by the team at the Joint nanocomposites (Brown University) Center are : Achievements • Development of Hydroxyapatite based electroconductive and osteoconductive bone In particular, the Center oversaw the joint development replacement material using spark plasma sintering of HA-based electro conductive composites for bone route replacement applications. IIT Kanpur created the composites using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) • Injection molding of complex shaped polymer- route, and the research group of Amar Bhalla and Ruyan ceramic hybrid biocomposites with better Guo at UTSA evaluated their functional properties. osseointegration properties Using fluorescent-activated cell sorting and reverse- • Methods for the nanoparticle-based multiple transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques, growth factor delivery and Fe2O3 nanoparticle as researchers at Brown University investigated the well as Lyposome surfactants for PVA hydrogels cellular apoptosis at genome level of HA-based have been established for the osteoarthritis and nanoceramic composites fabricated using the SPS route bacterial infection treatment at IIT Kanpur. • Electrospinning of nanofibers with novel IIT Kanpur researchers used electro spinning architechtures, injectible hydrogel scaffolds, and techniques to develop poly(vinyl alcohol)–carbon transparent PVA-tripeptide hydrogel scaffolds for nanofibers and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)–CNF the cartilage tissue engineering, corneal tissue hybrid bio composites, while cardiomyocyte cell- regeneration, and dermal tissue engineering fate processes are studied at Brown University in the context of their potential applications as synthetic patches to treat heart diseases. NML (Jamshedpur) has developed PVA based transparent hydrogels for corneal tissue engineering applications followed by Brown University’s in vitro study of such materials. Also, IIT Bombay synthesized hydrogel scaffolds for minimally invasive cartilage tissue engineering applications. Brown researchers then investigated the cell adhesion and differentiation of chondrocyte cells in external electric field stimulated culture conditions.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 130 Illustration showing the research highlights of Center activitiesin the area of bone-tissue engineering applications

applications, respectively. Publications • Polymer based scaffold materials (PLGA-CNF • T. Nhiem, M. Aparna, M. Dhriti, Arvind Sinha, based composites) for cardiovascular tissue Suprabha Nayar and Thomas J. Thomas (2010) engineering application (cardiac patch) Bactericidal effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on • With the participation of two academic institutes Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of from India (IIT Kanpur and IIT Mumbai) and Nanaomedicine, 5: 277-283. three from USA (Brown University, University of • Shekhar Nath, B. Basu, K. Biswas, K. Wang and Texas, San Antonio and University of Washington, R. K. Bordia (2010); Sintering, phase stability Seattle) as well as two national research labs from and properties of calcium phosphate-mullite India (National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), composites. Journal of American Ceramic Society Non-Ferrous Technology Development Centre 93 [6] 1639 - 1649. (NFTDC)) and one private company from USA • Rajesh Vasita, M. Gopinath, C. Mauli Agrawal and (Shaping Concepts, LLC), this centre is one of the Dhiendra S. Katti (2010); Surface hydrophilization largest of all the Indo-US research centers, being of electrospun PLGA micro-/nano-fibers by blending funded by Indo-US Science and Technology with Pluronic® F-108. Polymer 51: 3706-3714. Forum. • A. K. Dubey, B. Basu, K. Balani, R. Guo and • With twenty five (25) exchange visits of senior A. S. Bhalla (2011); Dielectric and Pyroelectric researchers and young PhD students between Properties of HAp-BaTiO3 Composites. India and USA, this center has been able to Ferroelectrics 423 [1] 63-76. achieve the overall objective to combine the cutting edge technologies of fabrication and • A. K. Dubey, B. Basu, K. Balani, R. Guo and A. testing of materials science with the knowledge of S. Bhalla (2011); Multifunctionality of Perovskites BaTiO and CaTiO in a Composite with biological sciences. It has come up with strategies 3 3 to develop shaped implant materials in some of Hydroxyapatite as Orthopedic Implant Materials. the emerging material systems for the purpose of Integrated Ferroelectrics 131 [1] 119-126. the enhancement of public health. This network • David A. Stout, Bikramjit Basu and Thomas J. center has demonstrated a synergistic flow and Webster, (2011) Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid: utilization of scientific concepts, technological Carbon Nanofiber Composites for Myocardial ideas and expertise in an international team of Tissue Engineering Applications. Acta recognized scientists from India and USA. The Biomaterialia 7: 3101-3112. success of this center is reflected on the clinically • Bikramjit Basu, Divya Jain, Nitish Kumar, relevant outcome of multiple bilateral projects Pritha Choudhury, Animesh Bose, Shree Bose in the area of orthopaedics, corneal, dermal, and Pinaki Bose (2011); Processing, tensile and cartilage and cardiovascular tissue engineering fracture properties of Injection Molded HDPE- applications. In particular, the collaborative Al2O3-HAp Hybrid Composites. Journal of Applied research between IIT Kanpur (Basu’s group) Polymer Science 121: 2500-2511. and Brown University (Webster’s group) on • Justin T Seil and Thomas J Webster (2011); developing PLGA-carbon nanofiber based cardiac Spray deposition of live cells throughout the patches has received media attention worldwide.

131 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 Dhirendra S. Katti University of Texas 23 April- 1 May, 2009 IIT Kanpur San Antonio & Brown University 2 Bikramjit Basu UTSA, Shaping concepts, LLC & 9 July-21 July, 2009 IIT Kanpur Brown University 3 Suprabha Nayar Brown University 12 July-27 July, 2009 National Metallurgical Lab. 4 Rajendra K. Bordia IIT, Kanpur, India 8 August-4 Sep., 2009 Univ. of Washington, Seattle 5 C. Mauli Agarwal University of Texas, San Antonio 9 Sep-12 Sep.,2009 IIT Kanpur & IIT Bombay 6 Justin Seil IIT Kanpur, India 15 Sep.-17 Oct., 2009 Brown Univ., USA 7 Teja Guda IIT Kanpur, India 24 Oct.-22 Nov., 2009 Univ. of Texas, San Antonio 8 Deepti Dyondi Brown University 31 Oct.-23 Dec., 2009 IIT Bombay 9 Nhiem Tran NML Jamshedpur 15 Dec 2009-8 Jan 2010 Brown Univ., USA 10 Ashutosh Kumar Dubey Univ. of Texas, San Antonio 25 Feb-24 Apr., 2010 IIT Kanpur 11 Sushma Kalmodia Brown University 6 Jun-30 Aug., 2010 IIT Kanpur 12 Bikramjit Basu UTSA, Shaping Concepts, 12 Apr-24 Apr, 2010 IIT Kanpur LLC & Brown University 13 Dhirendra S. Katti UTSA & Brown University 25 May-17 Jun., 2012 IIT Kanpur 14 Deepti Dyondi Brown University 23 May-23 Aug., 2010 IIT Bombay 15 Erik Taylor IIT Bombay 1 Aug.-7 Sep., 2010 Brown Univ., USA 16 Sarika Misra University of Washington, Seattle 31 Oct.-7 Dec., 2010 NFTDC Hyderabad 17 Alexander Chase Turner IIT Kanpur, India 22 Aug.-24 Sep., 2010 Univ. of Washington, Seattle 18 Nik Hrabe IIT Kanpur, India 7 Nov.-11 Dec., 2010 Univ. of Washington, Seattle 19 A. Rajyalakshmi Brown University 16 Sep.-15 Nov., 2010 NFTDC Hyderabad 20 Siddhi Gupta Brown University 16 Sep.-16 Nov., 2010 NML Jamshedpur 21 David Stout IIT Kanpur, India 4 Jan.-5 Feb., 2011 Brown Univ., USA 22 A. K. Dubey University of Texas, San Antonio 5 Sep.-14 Nov., 2010 IIT Kanpur 23 David A. Stout IIT Kanpur, India 15 Apr.-14 May., 2011 Brown University 24 Alok Kumar Brown University 20 May-21 Aug., 2011 IIT Kanpur 25 Shilpee Jain Brown University 20 May-21 Aug., 2011 IIT Kanpur

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 132 electrospinning process produces nanofibrous • S. Jain, Thomas J. Webster, A. Sharma and B. Basu three-dimensional tissue scaffolds. International (2013); Intracellular reactive oxidative stress, cell Journal of Nanomedicine 6: 1095–1099. proliferation and apoptosis of Schwann cells on • Siddhi Gupta, Thomas J. Webster and Arvind carbon nanofibrous substrates. Biomaterials 34: Sinha (2011); Evolution of PVA gels prepared 4891-4901. without crosslinking agents as a cell adhesive • Deepti Dyondi, Thomas J Webster, and Rinti surface. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Banerjee (2013); A nanoparticulate injectable Medicine; 22 [7] 1763-1772. hydrogel as a tissue engineering scaffold for multiple • Amancherla Rajyalakshmi, Batur Ercan, K growth factor delivery for bone regeneration. Balasubramanian, and Thomas J Webster International Journal of Nanaomedicine 8: 47–59. (2011); Reduced adhesion of macrophages on • Bikramjit Basu and Thomas J. Webster (2011); anodized titanium with select nanotube surface Indo-US Joint Networked Center: Biomaterials for features. International Journal of Nanomedicine Healthcare. Connect 3 [2] 29-31. 6: 1765–1771. • B. Basu and T. J. Webster (2011); A report on • S. Reddy, A. K. Dubey, B. Basu, R. Guo and A. the Indo-U.S. joint center for biomaterials for S. Bhalla (2011); Thermal Expansion Behavior of health care. American Ceramic Society Bulletin;

Biocompatible Hydroxyapatite-BaTiO3 Composites 90 [4] 38-40. for Bone Substitutes. Integrated Ferroelectrics 131 • B. Basu and T. J. Webster (2011); A report on the [1] 147-152. Indo-U.S. joint center for biomaterials for health • Alok Kumar, Thomas J. Webster, K. Biswas and care. Biomaterials Forum (official Newletter of Bikramjit Basu (2013); Flow cytometry analysis Society of Biomaterials, USA); 33 [1] 13-14. of human fetal osteoblast fate processes on • Bikramjit Basu and Thomas Webster (2010); spark plasma sintered Hydroxyapatite-Titanium Implanted Wellness. Connect 2 [2] 4-6. biocomposites. J. Biomed Mater Res Part A 101 [10] 2925-2938.

133 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Cerebro-vascular Diseases

Principal Investigators

M. V. Padma All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India [email protected]

Aneesh Singhal Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, USA [email protected]

About the Center The goal is to develop academic and scientific ties Incidents of stroke in children and young adults (<45 between the clinicians and health researchers in MGH years) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and UMASS in the US and AIIMS and NIMS in India, throughout the world, especially in developing targeting the development of programs to improve the countries. Despite few studies reported from India understanding of stroke etiopathogenesis, risk factor on stroke in young, most involved ischemic stroke profiles and recognition between the different ethnic conducted before the widespread use of modern neuro- communities, awareness, and acute stroke management imaging methods; and thus with a few exceptions, did with a focus towards the development of cutting-edge not identify stroke subtypes, etiopathogenesis, and tertiary care center’s and community programs targeting their long term outcomes. Stroke prevention planning, the population at risk for cerebrovascular disorders with reliable epidemiological information on pattern of special reference to stroke in young. The data obtained disease, exposure to major risk factors and morbidity/ in a specifically designed registry will help better mortality trends for cerebro-vascular disease in defined understand this unique cohort of patients. populations is an imperative. Nations have to face Substantial progress has been made in developing the enormous socioeconomic burden to meet the costs of database through joint center work. In addition, a great deal treatment of stroke victims. There is a great need to of information has been exchanged about stroke care and monitor these trends in a simple and reproducible way. ongoing research between the participating institutions. The major objectives of Indo-US Joint Networked This would be the first prospective comparative study of Center on Cerebrovascular Diseases are : stroke in young, their demographics, risk factors, stroke profiles and prognosis between two different ethnic and • Study the risk factors for stroke in young, including socio-demographic populations in the world. homocysteine, lipoprotein, triglycerides and other lipid fractions, procoagulant states, hemoglobin, Research Needs and infections; In the United States • Assess stroke recurrence after first ever stroke in Asians make up approximately 4% of the total U.S. young and possible contributing factors; and population and is the largest growing racial-ethnic • Assess pattern of distribution of atherosclerotic group in the country. One of the objectives in the lesions intra-and extra-cranially in stroke in young. Healthy People 2010 prevention agenda for the nation

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 134 Partnering Institutions

India US • Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences • University of Massachusetts (UMASS), (NIMS), Hyderabad Worcester

is to eliminate health disparities among segments of the population including differences that occur by gender, race-ethnicity, education or income, disability, geographic location. In US, there is a great emphasis on examining race- ethnic distributions of stroke incidence and mortality in order to define the burden of disease and to develop directed prevention programs. A significant effort is needed to improve the treatment of stroke and vascular disease in Indian/Asian population, especially in : • Recognition of Stroke risk factors with special reference to stroke in young • Use of both preventive and acute therapies • Much work also needs to be done to understand the • Acute stroke management pathophysiology of vascular disease in the Asian population. • Risk modification in the high-risk patient population • Increase awareness among the general population In India and health professional would be of paramount Despite the advances in the understanding of the importance in dealing with the stroke burden in the pathophysiology of stroke, the rapid and impressive society. developments in neuroimaging technology and their wide availability, majority of the patients are unable to Achievements seek appropriate medical evaluation and intervention The project was designed to compare the research activities for stroke. This is largely due to lack of awareness, on-going at AIIMS, NIMS and MGH and UMASS stroke wide spread ignorance regarding stroke; the prevailing services as regards the acute care including hyperacute nihilistic attitude amongst both public and medical interventional strategies with the specific goal of refining personnel as well as clustering of medical services to the existing modalities and initiate newer strategies few urban localities which are unable to cater to the vast of re-perfusion/neuroprotection; stroke preventatives millions of semi-urban and rural sectors of the country. with specific target population such as stroke in young; A multi-pronged approach, which can offer: emerging/ unconventional risk factors for stroke with • Prevention strategies special reference to India and other developing countries such roles of homocysteine, lipids (triglycerides), infections, genetic factors etc; pattern and distribution of intra and extra-cranial atherosclerotic lesions in cerebral circulation and compare and contrast the differences between the Indian pattern and Western pattern. The data obtained in the specifically designed stroke in young registry was designed to help understand better this unique cohort of patients; the etiopathogenesis, the predisposing risk factors; predilection of sites for atherosclerosis and thus derive at realistic preventative/management protocols specifically designed for stroke in young.

135 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 M. V. Padma MGH, Boston and November, 2009 Professor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences UMASS, Worcester (AIIMS), New Delhi 2 Subhash Kaul MGH, Boston and November, 2009 Professor, Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences UMASS, Worcester (NIMS), Hyderabad 3 Ashu Bhasin MGH Boston, November, 2009 PhD, Stroke Fellow UMASS, Worcester 4 Aneesh Singhal AIIMS, New Delhi December, 2009 Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Stroke Research Center, Boston 5 Aneesh Singhal AIIMS, New Delhi January, 2011 Associate Professor, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Stroke Research Center, Boston 6 M. Moonis AIIMS, New Delhi March 2011 Professor, University of Massachusetts (UMASS), Worcester 7 M. Moonis AIIMS, New Delhi December, 2010 Professor, University of Massachusetts (UMASS), Worcester 8 M.V. Padma MGH, Boston and January, 2011 Professor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences UMASS, Worcester (AIIMS), New Delhi 9 Subhash Kaul MGH, Boston and April, 2011 Professor, Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences UMASS, Worcester (NIMS), Hyderabad Way Forward registry to be established between India and the USA. The experience and database generated through the This project if funded will give a tremendous impetus above project during the two years period has enabled and thrust to this movement of bilateral collaboration the PI from USA (Dr. Aneesh Singhal) to design and and understanding in the field of stroke between the two submit to the NIH a project on a comprehensive stroke countries.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 136 Indo-US Joint Center on Magnetic Resonance Technologies in Brain Cancer Imaging

Principal Investigators

Rakesh K. Gupta Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Lucknow, India [email protected] [email protected]

Andrew Maudsley Miller School of Medicine University of Miami Florida, USA [email protected]

About the Center • Develop computational methods for The objectives of the Joint Center are : multiparametric image-based tissue classification, • Implement volumetric MRSI acquisition and for characterization of multiple tissue types reconstruction, MR-diffusion, and MRI-perfusion associated with brain cancer, including brain imaging, on MRI instruments at the Sanjay Gandhi edema, infiltrative tissue, cancer, and abscess. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences. • Develop new collaborative research and • Evaluate combined advanced MRI methods for educational programs in the area of brain imaging. diagnostic studies of brain cancer, with emphasis Scientific Results and Conclusions on untreated glioma. Results: Completion of MR studies of 94 subjects, • Develop a database of imaging markers for including 7 of normal controls. Of these 56 studies were characterization of different brain lesions. selected for analysis as confirmed glioma and being of Exchange Visits S. No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. A. Maudsley SGPGIMS, Lucknow 4 weeks University of Miami 2. Sulaiman Sheriff SGPGIMS, Lucknow 3 weeks University of Miami 3. R.K. Gupta University of Miami 4 weeks SGPGIMS, Lucknow 4. Bhaswati Roy University of Miami 4 weeks SGPGIMS, Lucknow 5. A. Maudsley SGPGIMS, Lucknow 3 weeks University of Miami 6. N. Alperin SGPGIMS, Lucknow 1 week University of Miami

137 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of technology, Kanpur • Radiological Sciences Laboratory, CA

Work Plan/Methodology The specific activities undertaken in the project period were as follows:

Date Tasks Oct. 2009 Project Approval. Finalized development and evaluation of the volumetric MRSI sequence on 3T GE MRI (Spielman). Finalized licensing issues for installing this sequence in the GE MRI in Lucknow. Final specification of clinical research plan, and completion of human research approvals (Gupta). Exchange of ideas and information to design image analysis methods (all PIs).

Feb. 2010 Installation and testing of MRSI acquisition and processing software at SGPGIMS. Visits of Dr. to Sept. Maudsley and Mr. Sheriff to Lucknow, India, for software installation and testing, and training. The 2010 MRSI and MRI methods were evaluated using studies in phantom objects and normal volunteer subjects. Final definition of multiparametric image analysis methods and instruction on incorporation into the MIDAS software environment (Maudsley, Spielman, and Rathore). Nov. 2010 Initiation of MR studies in patients referred with evaluation of brain tumor (Gupta). The MRSI sequence was added to the routine brain tumor imaging protocol. Development of image analysis methods for diffusion and perfusion (Rathore). Ongoing support and software development for data processing and image display in the MIDAS package (Maudsley). Feb. 2011 Dr. Gupta’s visit to Miami for the purpose of reviewing the existing data, performing an initial data analysis, planning of additional development projects and publications. July 2011 Ms. Roy’s visit to Miami and Stanford for the purpose of completing integration of data processed in Lucknow into the MIDAS database, and for planning of additional processing and analysis software. Mar. 2012 Dr. Maudsley’s visit to Lucknow. A final review and analysis of all data was carried out for evaluating the efficacy of the multiparametric imaging methods was initiated. A manuscript describing this work was drafted. July 2012 Dr. Alperin’s visit to Lucknow. Additional MRI methods were implemented for the purpose of measuring intra-cranial pressure in patients with brain cancer. adequate quality in all imaging studies for analysis. Scientific Outcomes: The ROC analysis indicated The image data was incorporated into the database that DCE-MRI derived relative CBV is most efficient used for data processing and analysis at the University for the aim of glioma grading, and that a combination of Miami site. Several software developments were of parameters from DCE-MRI, DTI, and whole brain implemented to deal with specific requirements of the MRSI enables classification of gliomas into high and acquired data. low grade with accuracy near to the classification based on histopathology. Figure 1 illustrates the primary image parameter maps that were obtained. Data was obtained from a subject The finding supports the use of a multiparametric with histology-proven glioblastoma (GBM). MR protocol for tumor diagnosis. Additional findings

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 138 Visit of Dr. Maudsley to Lucknow, April 2012.

support the use of the volumetric whole-brain MRSI method for improved sampling of brain tumors relative to standard MRS methods provided by the MR instrument manufacturers. The study demonstrated the value of multiparametric MR data acquisitions and comprehensive data processing approaches enabling combination of MRS and multiple MRI features, benefit for aiding visual clinical diagnosis. Bilateral Cooperation and Interactions: Exchange of information, imaging technology, and a unique set of data obtained for an important clinical group of patients. Fig. 1: Cross-sectional images at six slices through the brain out of the full volume image data for different MRI maps: a) T2 MRI; b) T1-post contrast Publications MRI; c) NAA; d) Creatine; e) Choline; f) Lactate; g) apparent diffusion • B. Roy, R.K. Gupta, A.A. Maudsley, R. Awasthi, (ADC); h) Fractional Anisotropy; and i) cerebral blood volume (CBV). S. Sheriff, M. Gu, N. Hussain, S. Mohakud, S. Behari, C.M. Pandey, D. Spielman, J.R. Alger. • A.A. Maudsley, R.K. Gupta, R Stoyanova, N.A. (2013) Utility of multiparametric 3T MRI for Parra, B. Roy, S. Sheriff, N. Hussain, S. Behari, glioma characterization. Neuroradiology. (2013) Mapping of glycine distributions in 55:603-613. gliomas, AJNR, 35(6):S31-36. • A.A. Maudsley, B. Roy, R. K. Gupta, S. Sheriff, • Parra, A. A. Maudsley, R. K. Gupta, M.D., F. R. Awasthi, M. Gu, N. Husain, S. Mohakud, S. Ishkanian, K. Huang, G. Walker, K. Padgett, B. Behari, D. M. Spielman. (2013) Association of Roy, J. Panoff, A. Markoe, R. Stoyanova. (2014) metabolite concentrations and water diffusivity in Volumetric spectroscopic imaging of GBM normal appearing brain tissue with glioma grade. radiation treatment volumes. Int. J.Rad. Onc., Neuroimage, Epub. Biol., Phys. Published online.

139 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Cell Targeted Diagnostics and Therapy Using Nanomaterials

Principal Investigators

Shantikumar Nair Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Kochi, Kerala, India [email protected]‎; [email protected]

Antonios G. Mikos Rice University Houston, Texas, USA [email protected]

About the Center University, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences In 2010, Amrita University in Kochi, Kerala, India; and Research Centre. In the USA the lead PI was Cellworks, Bangalore, India; Rice University, Houston, Professor Antonios G. Mikos, Louis Calder Professor Texas; University of Texas School of Dentistry; UConn of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Health, Farmington, CT, USA; and Stanford University, Engineering at Rice. The other investigators were Dr. CA, USA, began a substantial collaboration with the Mark E. Wong (D.D.S.), Chair of the Department of support of the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the University of (IUSSTF) on cell-targeted diagnostics and therapy Texas School of Dentistry; Professor Sarah Heilshorn using nanomaterials. from Stanford University; Dr. Lakshmi S. Nair from UConn Health; Dr. Shireen Vali from Cellworks; Dr. The foundation of this collaborative effort was the F. Kurtis Kasper from Rice University; Dr. Manzoor recognition that nanomaterials in many structural forms Koyakutty, Dr. Krishna Prasad Chennazhi and Dr. have specificity for cells and that this behavior could Deepthy Menon from Amrita. Dr. Jorge Cortes (M.D.) be exploited for diagnostics and therapy, including the of MD Andersen Cancer Center also contributed to the use of targeted structures in scaffolds that can tune the collaboration. properties of tissues generated from them. Some of the areas of focus were cancer diagnostics, cancer therapy, Achievements and regeneration of complex tissues and quantification Significant accomplishments included development of directed regeneration based on targeted flow of of nanoscale layered structures for bone tissue factors in a milieu using micro-fluidics. Although engineering, combination of micro- and nanostructures six institutes officially were part of the collaboration, to enhance tissue regeneration, development of the Rice University effort included contributions from nanoribbons of recombinant elastins, microfluidic another institute at the Texas Medical Center, MD setup to quantify factor gradients and how it affects Andersen Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Thus the tissue regeneration from nano-sources in the form of overall collaboration grew to a seven institutional factor-encapsulated nanoparticles, use of gel-based collaboration. Amrita was the lead university led by nanostructures for drug delivery to oral giant-cell Professor Shantikumar Nair, director of the Centre cancer, use of protein nanoparticles for drug delivery for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine at Amrita to overcome drug-resistant leukemia, osteochondral

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 140 Partnering Institutions

India US • Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham • Rice University, Houston Kochi, Kerala • University of Texas School of Dentistry, Houston • Cellworks, Bangalore • University of Connecticut, Farmington • Stanford University, California

tissue engineering using nanoparticle in nanofiber structures and nanocomposite gels, computational systems biology to understand the interaction of nanoparticles and factors on intra-cellular pathways of action. These collaborations have significantly raised new avenues of collaborations of both a fundamental and applied nature. In addition to this, the center has facilitated more than 14 exchange visits of faculties and doctoral students between India and the USA. Graduate students from Rice University, UConn Health Center and Stanford University visited Amrita University, India, during 2011-2013. The students were trained in electrospinning of multiscale fibers, processing of fibrin nanofibrous materials, electrospinning of nanoparticle in nanofiber polymers with and without drugs and Scanning electron micrograph images of the different electrospun electrospinning of recombinant protein nanomaterials. scaffold architectures. Likewise, students from Amrita visited all of the above student was trained in human embryonic stem cell three Universities in the USA. At Stanford University culture and methods to develop injectable hydrogels training in microfluidics experiments to study the as cell delivery vehicles to support tissue regeneration. effect of growth factor gradients took place, while Students also were introduced to MD Andersen Cancer at Rice, Amrita students addressed the problems of Center for planning nanomedicine development, which biomaterial-based drug delivery design for treatment may lead to a strong future collaboration. of giant cell oral carcinoma and also were trained in in-vivo studies using Amrita’s layered scaffolds for The activities under the Joint Center resulted in a dozen bone tissue engineering. At UConn Health, the visiting publications and one potential patent.

Physical characterization of electrospun ELP. a) SEM of fibers spun from aqueous solutions of b) 20% and c) 35% w/w ELP. d) Histograms and Gaussian fits of nanofiber width and thickness (n>100) from both solutions, d) An implantable bulk fabric in PBS, and e) a representative tensile stress-strain curve. Microfluids devices fabricated for flow experiments

141 Joint R & D Centers Work done in Collaboration with Stanford University We identified two specific projects based on our expertise in electrospinning natural polymers and our collaborator’s expertise in microfludics. A novel, sequence-specific, sequential process comprised of vapor-phase initiation and aqueous completion of crosslinks was adapted to electrospun multivariately tunable family of recombinant elastin-like proteins (ELPs) into an implantable, nanofibrous fabric from aqueous solution. Stable ELP nanofibers are characterized to determine if nanofiber morphology, mechanics, and cell adhesion can be tuned to fall within the range necessary for use as tissue engineering scaffolds. Fibers are spun from pure ELP solutions of two concentrations: 20% and 35% w/w, both of which Picture showing Dr. F. Kurtis Kasper, Professor Antonios G. Mikos, produced ribbon-like nanofibers. Professor Shantikumar Nair and Dr. Mark E. Wong • To confirm that the RGD ligand retains its bioactivity during electrospinning and crosslinking, patterns for source channel, sink channel and central the adhesion and metabolic activity of rMSCs is cell culture chamber. After standardizing the required evaluated. Ultimately, the ability to orthogonally concentrations of growth factors- VEGF and Ang- stabilize nanofibrous protein matrices that are 1- we encapsulated the growth factors within fibrin electrospun from tunable ELPs has the potential to nanoparticles and embedded them in a 3D matrix. deliver a new level of control over the behavior of The effect of eluted VEGF and Ang-1 on the patterned cells and engineered tissues. alignment of endothelial cells and subsequent migration • CARS microscopy of rat marrow stromal cells of smooth muscle cells was studied, and we found that (rMSC) after 24 h in standard conditions on endothelial cells were aligned into tube like structures electrospun ELP-RGD. surrounded by the migrated smooth muscle cells. In the second project, to analyze the effect of growth Work done in Collaboration with Rice University factor gradients on endothelial cell migration, Amrita students spend time at Rice studying the role of a microfluidic channel for dynamic culture was layered scaffolds in the formation of vascularized bone designed. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used to tissue. Remarkably the scaffold containing a critical fabricate 3D microfluidic device by soft lithography sized defect showed significant vascularization as well technique against a silicon template having distinct

Live/Dead assay showing the morphology and viability of ATDC5 cells. Bioactivity of the RGD ligand

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 142 Confocal immunofluorescence imaging of HUVEC alignment and SMC migration on layeredAgarose matrix (SMC stained green using α-Smooth Muscle Anti-Actin - FITC and HUVEC stained red using Endothelial Lipase -TR)

as bone formation through the thickness which is a amounts of GAGs than the other two scaffold types. significant accomplishment. Thus, we found that nanofibers composed of bioactive polymers, such as fibrin, have the potential for Work done by Rice students at Amrita: maintaining scaffold cellularity while at the same time The objective of this work was to study the feasibility of promoting the deposition of ECM. utilizing our in-house developed fibrin based electrospun scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications. Work done in Collaboration with University of For this, mutiscale electrospun scaffolds consisting of Connecticut fibrin and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), was fabricated. Our collaboration with Connecticut was aimed at exploring the potential of the composite approach Images of scaffold cross-sections taken using SEM to develop covalently cross-linked hydrogels with reveal that when nanofibers are incorporated into a tuneable physical, mechanical, and biological microfiber mesh using the dual extrusion electrospinning properties. process with a rotating mandrel, nanofibers are truly interspersed throughout the entire construct. The composite approach can be used to modulate the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. We have Interestingly, it was found that as time progresses developed an injectable composite gel from sodium scaffolds containing nanofibers (PμPn and PμFn) alginate and hyaluronate. The hyaluronic and alginic exhibit more deposition of GAGs than scaffolds acid gels showed significant interaction with the cationic composed of microfibers alone. Also, the scaffolds macromolecule BSA. Since hyaluronic acid gels are containing fibrin nanofibers (PμFn) bear greater degradable in vivo, the composite gels could be engineered to control the release profile of similar macromolecules via diffusion and degradation mediated mechanisms. Publications • Praveen.G, Hui Xu, Sarah. C. Heilshorn, Shanthikumar. V. Nair and Krishna Prasad Chennazhi. Optimization of Representative microCT images (maximum intensity projections) of vascularization at the defects at 4 weeks. A is the representative image showing the total vascularization at the defects (8 mm diameter and reciprocal growth 1.5 mm height). A cylindrical area from the core of the defect (3 mm dia and 1.5 mm height) was separated factor delivery on 3D using the software to separately analyse vascularization at the periphery (B) and core (C). D is cross section (digital slicing) of (C) which clearly shows vascularization through-the-thickness of the vascular zone. E is the microfluidic platform image representing the acellular constructs containing group (_O_V). Cellular constructs containing group and micro matrices with cells on both zones (COCV), with cells only on osteogenic zone (CO_V) and with cells only on vascular zone (_OCV) are shown as (F), (G) and (H) respectively. to induce In-vitro

143 Joint R & D Centers scaffolds containing fibrin nanoparticles. In proceedings of the International Conference of Nanoscience and Technology (ICONSAT), January 2012. • Patrick L. Benitez, Jeffrey A. Sweet, Helen Fink, Krishna P. Chennazhi, Shantikumar .V. Nair, Annika Enejder, and Sarah C. Heilshorn. Sequence-specific crosslinking of electrospun elastin-like protein preserves bioactivity and native-like Safranin O staining for GAGs of day 0 and day 21 samples for Pμ, PμPn, and PμFn scaffolds. Arrows indicate dense regions of staining. mechanics. Accepted in Advanced Healthcare Materials. angiogenesis. Submitted to Microfluidics and • E.J. Levorson, P.R. Nanofluidics. Sreerekha, K.P. Chennazhi, F.K. Kasper, S.V. Nair, • Praveen.G, Hui Xu, Sarah.C.Heilshorn, and A.G. Mikos, Fabrication and Characterization Shanthikumar.V.Nair and Krishna Prasad of Multiscale Electrospun Scaffolds for Cartilage Chennazhi. Optimization of growth factor Regeneration. Biomed. Mat. In press delivery to induce in vitro angiogenesis: An • Sowmya Srinivasan, R. Jayakumar, K. P. approach based on 3D microfluidic platform and

Name & Affiliation of the Scientist/ S.No. Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period Student 1. Shantikumar Nair Rice, Stanford and UConn 3 visits of 2 weeks each Dean, Amrita 2. Krishnaprasad Chennazhi Stanford University 2 visits of 1 week each Associate Professor, Amrita 3. Manzoor Rice University 1 visit of 1 week Professor, Amrita 4. Tony Mikos Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham 3 visits of 1 week each Professor, Amrita and Cellworks 5. Sarah Heilshorn Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham 1 visit of 1 week Asst. Professor, Amrita and Cellworks 6. Lakshmi Nair Amrita Vishwa 2 visits of 2 weeks each Asst. Professor Vidyapeetham 7. Cato Laurencin Amrita Vishwa 1 visit of 1 week each Professor Vidyapeetham 8. Nitya University of Connecticut 3 months Student 9. Giridharan Rice University 2 months Student 10, Praveen Stanford University 2 months Student 11. Binulal Sathay Rice University 3 months – to be Student completed in Dec 12. Patrick Benitez Amrita Vishwa 2 months Student Vidyapeetham 13 Erica Levorson Amrita Vishwa 3 months Student Vidyapeetham

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 144 Chennazhi, Erica J. Levorson, Antonios G. • Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha on Mikos, S. V. Nair. Multiscale Fibrous Scaffolds Osteogenic Gene Expression of Osteoblast Cultures in Regenerative Medicine. Advances in Polymer and Co-Cultures, Paschalia M. Mountziaris, F. Science 2012; 246: 1-20. Kurtis Kasper, Shireen Vali and Antonios G. • Nitya Ganesh, Shantikumar V. Nair, Lakshmi S. Mikos, in preparation Nair. Biomaterials based approach to Osteochondral • Patents in preparation (to be filed and requires Tissue Engineering. Functional Tissue Engineering some additional data in process) Strategies and Insights. (Freeman Ed) Taylor and • An injectable polymer-interferon nanoparticle Francis, (Accepted) (2012). gel system, Giridharan L M, Mikos A, Wang M, • Nitya Ganesh, Craig Hanna, Shantikumar V. Nair, Shantikumar Nair and Manzoor K Lakshmi S. Nair. Enzymatically Cross-linked • A distributed nanostructured scaffold for growth of Alginic-Hyaluronic acid Composite Hydrogels as vascularized tissue, Binulal Sathay, Shantikumar Cell Delivery Vehicles. International Journal of Nair and Antonios Mikos Biological Macromolecules. Submitted (2012). • Micro-nano scaffolds for cartilage tissue • A nano-polymeric gel system for the stable and applications, Erica Levorson, Antonios Mikos, sustained release of interferon, Giridharan L M, Krishnaprasad Chennazhi and Shantikumar Nair, Mikos A, Wang M, Shantikumar Nair and Manzoor in preparation K, in preparation

145 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Environmental Lung Diseases

Principal Investigators

Anurag Agrawal CSIR- Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology New Delhi, India [email protected]

Shyam Biswal School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University Maryland, USA [email protected]

About the Center • Breysse and Diette visit to India and assist in The goals identified for the Joint Center are: building up a system (particulate cyclone collector) • Research in the area of biomass related COPD to help collecting particulate matter samples (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and from homes using biomass fuel for cooking. The other lung diseases in non-smokers by utilizing collected particles to be shipped to IGIB and Johns the cohort set up in rural Pune, India, to decrease Hopkins for characterization and mice model the burden and mortality of environmental lung studies to study the effect on innate immune diseases. response, lung function and carcinogenicity. (Time duration: 6-12 months.) • Improve the understanding of COPD in non- smokers and help develop novel prevention and • Designing of epidemiological and basic research therapeutic strategies directed to the affected studies to develop the research in the area of population in future. biomass related COPD and other lung diseases in non-smokers by utilizing the cohort set up in rural Work Plan/Methodology Pune, India to decrease the burden and mortality of • Organize a joint meeting between the US and environmental lung diseases. Indian partners, with the objectives of: meeting • Submission of research proposal to appropriate each other, identifying the key priority research funding agencies in USA, India and other places questions, understanding the research expertise of interested to fund such an initiative. Potential the collective group, designing appropriate study funders aimed to target were: The Welcome methodology and planning the research studies to Trust, The Bill Gates Melinda Foundation, The be undertaken. Bloomberg Foundation, WHO and NIH. Grant • Collecting particulate matter samples from applications to be submitted to different agencies. indoor homes in India that use biomass fuel for in vivo animal exposure studies and in vitro cell Achievements culture studies to generate pilot data to help and Multiple brainstorming sessions and meetings were held understand the potential biological mechanisms to address the key problem related to environmental of how biomass fuel smoke particle mediate lung disease in India. Biomass fuel use related biological responses. pollution was identified as one of the most pressing

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 146 Partnering Institutions

India US • Chest Research Institute (CRF), Pune • Johns Hopkins University • KEMS Hospital Research Centre, Pune • National Institute of Environment Health Sciences

Exchange Visits

Name of the Scientist/Student S. No. Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period Affiliation 1 Jesse Negherbon CRF 2 months Johns Hopkins 2 Shyam Biswal CRF, IGIB 2 weeks Johns Hopkins 3 Shyam Biswal CRF, IGIB 1 week Johns Hopkins 4 Shyam Biswal CRF, IGIB 2 weeks Johns Hopkins 5 Patrick Breysse CRF 1 week Johns Hopkins 6 Anurag Agrawal Johns Hopkins 1 weeks IGIB 7 Rajesh Pandey Johns Hopkins 3 months IGIB 8 Anurag Agrawal Joint meeting at ATS IGIB 9 Sundeep Salvi Joint meeting at ATS CRF 10 Veena Muralidharan Johns Hopkins 3 months VRHC 11 Sneha Limaye Johns Hopkins 1 month CRF

Sampling instrument at rural houses, India Sample collection from Households

147 Joint R & D Centers problems. Approximately 3 billion people—half the households burning biomass fuel elicits a persistent worldwide population—are exposed to extremely high pulmonary inflammation largely through activation of concentrations of household air pollution due to the TLR and IL-1R pathways, which could increase the burning of biomass fuels on inefficient cookstoves, risk for chronic respiratory diseases. In addition, the accounting for 4 million annual deaths globally. Yet, PM were characterized in terms of content, which may our understanding of the pulmonary responses to provide further insights. household air pollution exposure and the underlying In conclusion, the findings provided important insights molecular and cellular events is limited. that may guide policy making and affect the health of Breysse and Diette visited India and assisted in billions of people in time to come. building up a system (particulate cyclone collector) to help collecting particulate matter samples from Publications homes using biomass fuel for cooking. The two most Sussan TE, Ingole V, Kim JH, McCormick S, Negherbon prevalent biomass fuels in India are wood and cow J, Fallica J, Akulian J, Yarmus L, Feller-Kopman D, dung, and typical 24-hour mean particulate matter Wills-Karp M, Horton MR, Breysse PN, Agrawal (PM) concentrations in homes that use these fuels are A, Juvekar S, Salvi S*, Biswal S*,(2014). Source 300 to 5,000 μg/m3. Pulmonary responses were studied of Biomass Cooking Fuel Determines Pulmonary in mice given acute or subchronic exposure to wood or Response to Household Air Pollution. Am J Respir Cell cow dung PM collected from rural Indian homes. It was Mol Biol. Vol. 50, No. 3 pp. 538-548. found that subchronic exposure to PM collected from

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 148 Indo-US Joint Center on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Principal Investigators

Vineet Ahuja All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi, India [email protected]

Vijay Kuchroo Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, USA [email protected]

About the Center Work Plan/Methodology The Joint Center focuses on a multifaceted approach to First 12 months: address certain critical questions. These are: • The first proposed activity to be undertaken • Genome wide gene expression analysis for target is to organize a joint meeting between the US genes to differentiate patients with Intestinal and Indian partners preferably in India with the tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease objectives of: meeting each other, defining areas • Defining the Tim3 –Gal9 interaction in human of responsibility identifying the key priority colonic tissue and evaluating if Tim3 and research questions, understanding the research Gal9 represent novel cell surface targets to expertise of the collective group, fine tuning modulate antimicrobial immunity and control the objectives of the center and working out the mycobacterial infection in the intestine time line for all the research domains as per the proposal. • Cytokine signatures of inflammatory micro- domains in patients with Crohn’s disease and • Enrolling a pilot group of patients with ITB and Intestinal tuberculosis with respect to Th1 and CD ( 10 each ) an collecting the mucosal samples Th17 effector sets for whole genome microarray • Smoking and oral tobacco as an epidemiological • Enrolling a group of 10 naïve patients with CD factor for IBD and UC each and collecting mucosal samples at presentation, after 3 months of therapy and • Pathogen sensing in granulomas of Crohn’s thereby maintaining their longitudinal follow up to disease investigate the cytokine signatures in inflammatory • Resource nurturing by holding a symposium on micro-domains in these patients basic immunology • Enrolling a group of ITB patients before starting • Capacity building of the trained manpower therapy and looking at Tim3-Gal 9 interactions in involved in these experiments so that their colonic mucosa. respective expertise can be used as a model • Deep sequencing of CD biopsies in USA to search for elucidating translational immunological for pathogen sequences in microgranulomas. perspectives

149 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • All India Institute of Medical Sciences • Brigham and Women`s hospital of Harvard (AIIMS), New Delhi Medical School, Boston • Translational Health Science & • Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Technology Institute, Gurgaon

Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institute(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 Vijay Yajnik AIIMS 10 days MGH, Boston Dates 24.11.13- 2.12.13 2 Vijay Kuchroo AIIMS 12 days BWH, Boston 24.11.13-04.01.14

• From the Indian side there will be 4 faculty visits • From the Indian side there will be a total of 4 each for a period of 14 days and 2 student visits for faculty visits each for a period of 14 days and 2 12 weeks of training and research. student visits for 12 weeks of training and research • From the US side there will be 3 faculty visits for during the two years. a period of 2 weeks • From the US side there will be 4 faculty visits for Next 12 months: a period of 2 weeks. • Whole genome microarray for ITB and CD samples • To sustain the program, the data generated will • Deep sequencing of tissue granulomas for be analyzed and scope for further work will be pathogens in Indian cohort of ITB and CD ascertained and thereafter we plan to write research proposals to appropriate grant agencies in USA, • Maintaining longitudinal follow up of naïve India and other places who would be interested to patients enrolled and collecting and analyzing fund such an initiative. samples at various stages of activity to define inflammatory micro-domains which would serve Publications as a road map for therapeutic planning • Mouli VP, Ananthakrishnan AN. (2014) Vitamin • A 2 day symposia on Immunology will be organized D and inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment in India for capacity building of trained resources Pharmacol Ther.; 39(2):125-36.

Achievements Brief Summary of the work done :

Objective A Lead Persons- Vineet Ahuja, Amit Awasthi (India) ; Vijay Kuchroo, Vijay Yajnik, Matthew Meyerson ( USA) Genome wide gene expression analysis for target genes to Work Done- There is no biomarker to differentiate between Crohn’s disease and differentiate patients with Intestinal Intestinal TB and this study has been planned to search for a potential biomarker. 10 tuberculosis and Crohn’s disease. cases each of Intestinal TB and Crohn’s Disease have been recruited and followed up for one year for accurate categorization of phenotype. Colonic Biopsy samples as well as faecal samples have been collected for metagenome sequencing and transcriptome analysis. The laboratory analysis will be done in India and advanced bioinformatics analysis will be done in USA. Work to be done- Samples have been collected and stored for metagenome sequencing and transcriptome analysis by next generation sequencing methods.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 150 Objective B Lead Persons- Vijay Kuchroo ( USA) ; Vineet Ahuja ( India) Defining the Tim3 –Gal9 Work Done- Over the last two years the US -PI has extensively published on Tim3 and interaction in colonic tissue and Gal 9 in various disease states. Publications on this aspect over last two years evaluating if the in vivo responses In which US- PI is the corresponding author or co -author include: mirror the mice study; T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain 4 (TIM-4) Signaling in Innate Immune- Can Tim3 and Gal9 represent novel Mediated Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Hepatology. 2014 Jul 28. . Galectin-9- cell surface targets to modulate CD44 Interaction Enhances Stability and Function of Adaptive Regulatory T Cells. antimicrobial immunity and control Immunity. 2014 Jul 23. pii:S1074-7613 infection in-vivo. Fragile TIM-4-expressing tissue resident macrophages are migratory and immunoregulatory. J Clin Invest. 2014 Aug 1;124(8):3443-54. Reversal of NK-cell exhaustion in advanced melanoma by Tim-3blockade. Cancer Immunol Res. 2014 May;2(5):410-22. TIM-1 glycoprotein binds the adhesion receptor P-selectin and mediates T cell trafficking during inflammation and autoimmunity. Immunity. 2014 Apr 17;40(4):542-53. Galectin-9 signaling through TIM-3 is involved in neutrophil-mediated Gram-negative bacterial killing: an effect abrogated within the cystic fibrosis lung. J Immunol. 2014 Mar 1;192(5):2418-31. Bat3 promotes T cell responses and autoimmunity by repressing Tim-3 mediated cell death and exhaustion. Nat Med. 2012 Sep;18(9):1394-400. Work to be done- Indian PI has enrolled 81 patients of Crohn’s Disease, 24 patients of Intestinal TB and 41 controls and taken the colonic biopsy samples for subsequent analysis for Tim3- Gal 9 interactions. The analysis will be done by Indian students after 12 weeks training in Dr Kuchroo’s Lab in USA. Objective C Lead persons- Amit Awasthi , Vineet Ahuja (India) ; Vijay Kuchroo ( USA) Cytokine signatures of Work Done- Blood samples and colonic biopsy samples have been taken from control inflammatory micro-domains in group and Th1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory responses with and without Vitamin A patients with Crohn’s disease and (retinoic acid) have been assessed. Dendritic cell studies from peripheral blood have Intestinal tuberculosis with respect also been done. to Th1 and Th17 effector sets. Work to be done- Protocols of Dendritic cell isolation from colonic biopsy are being established with the guidance of US –PI and further studies on effect of Retinoic Acid on immune responses generated by dendritic cells from inflammatory tissue will be studied. Subsequently, IBD patients will be recruited and cytokine responses will be studied. Objective D Lead Persons- Ashwin Ananthkrishnan (USA), Vineet Ahuja , Govind Makharia ( India) Smoking and oral tobacco as an epidemiological factor for IBD Work done- A cohort of 3000 patients of IBD is on follow up at AIIMS. To evaluate the effect of smoking and in particular oral tobacco, a structured proforma has been generated and all the patients are being interviewed for the same. Work to be Done: Data on around 1000 patients has been collected and rest is on going. Objective E Lead persons: Vineet Ahuja, Govind Makharia (India); Vijay Yajnik, Matthew Meyerson (USA) Pathogen sensing in granulomas of Crohn’s disease Work Done: A cohort of 130 patients of Int TB and Crohn’s Disease has been recruited and are on regular follow up to ascertain disease course and responses to therapy. Colonic biopsy specimens have been taken and two groups have been made: biopsies with granulomas and biopsies without granulomas. Work to be completed- in-situ PCR has to be done on the collected samples to assess for enteroadhesive E.coli and intracellular bacteria. Objective F Resource nurturing by holding a symposium on basic immunology

151 Joint R & D Centers Objective G Lead Persons- NK Mehra, SK Acharya (India); Vijay Kuchroo, Vijay Yajnik (USA) Capacity building of the trained Work Done- A two day symposium on Gastrointestinal Immunology was done in Jan manpower involved in these 2013 in India which was attended by 170 students (basic sciences as well as clinical experiments so that their respective sciences). In addition, one student visit from India to US has taken place. expertise can be used as a model Work to be done- Three student visits from India to USA are planned. These are all for elucidating translational Ph.D students and will undergo training in Dr Vijay Kuchroo’s Lab and IBD core immunological perspectives facility at MGH, Boston. Another two day GI Immunology symposium is planned. Objective H Lead persons- Vineet Ahuja , Amit Awasthi (India) ; Vijay Kuchroo ( USA) Relationship of high salt diet Work Done- The US- PI has shown in a recent landmark study that high salt intake with H.pylori induced gastric leads to increased Th17 inflammation. Wu C, Yosef N, Thalhamer T, Zhu C, Xiao S, inflammation and premalignant Kishi Y, Regev A, Kuchroo VK. Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt- lesions of gastric cancer in high sensing kinase SGK1. Nature. 2013 Apr 25; 496(7446):513-7. altitude inhabitants with dyspepsia. Work to be done- Indian PI has planned to recruit patients from Ladakh where he has already in a previous study shown a 90% prevalence of H. pylori with atrophic gastritis in a population with a high salt intake. This recruitment work will include endoscopic biopsies from patients with dyspepsia in Leh, Ladakh and is planned in last week of August 2014 and subsequently mRNA expression of SGK1 will be seen in gastric biopsies of this select group.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 152 Indo-US Joint Center on Indo-US Exchange Program for Optometry and Ophthalmology

Principal Investigators

R. Krishna Kumar Elite School of Optometry/SankaraNethralaya (SN) Chennai, India [email protected]

P. SaritaSoni IU School of Optometry Carmichael Center Bloomington, USA [email protected]

About the Center and relationship-building between US and Indian The Joint Center are to provide a mechanism for eye eye-care providers and vision scientists. care practitioners and vision scientists in the United • Develop a long-term relationship for exchange of States and India. Primarily to achieve the following ideas on clinical care and vision research. objectives : • Develop collaborative research programs that span • Develop an understanding of the level of training from basic to clinical and community. and scope of practice of US optometrists. Work plan/Methodology • Develop an understanding of the level of training In November 2012, Drs. Cantor, Soni, and Don Lyon, and scope of practice of Indian ophthalmologists all Indiana University faculty travelled to India (photos and optometrists. attached) to visit each of the four partner sites, to meet all • Provide an opportunity for beneficial exchange to of the eye-care professionals involved in the exchange enhance clinical training and research opportunities program and to review and develop detailed educational plans. Plans were developed for faculty and residents who were to participate in this exchange program. The goals for the program were to provide extensive clinical opportunities for US visitors and clinical, teaching and research opportunities for Indian visitors. The process for selection and training was developed and implemented by February 2013. The first group of Indian eye- care professionals visited the US in April- June 2013.

153 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • SankaraNethralaya, Chennai • Indiana University School of Medicine, • Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai Indianapolis (IUSM) • Shroff Eye Hospital, Mumbai • IU School of Optometry, Bloomington (IUSO) • LVP Eye Institute, Hyderabad • Ohio State University College of Optometry (OSU)

of the visit Dr. Sill became more skilled at diagnoses and treatment of anterior segment disease conditions and is now in private practice. Dr. Eugenio’s goals at LVPEI were to gain more exposure to the different types of ocular disease conditions and learning about the health care system in India. Her mentors at LVPEI were Dr. Jalali and Dr. Sangwan. Dr. Lyon approved the goals. In the exit survey Dr. Eugenio declared that she was able to meet her goals, and learned more than she expected especially about conditions that she would not typically see in the US and that the knowledge she gained at LVPEI has already helped her to become a better doctor. Indian visitors (2013) Thefirst group of US residents visited India in April- Ms. Hussain visited IUSO’s Vision Development May2013.The second group of Indian visitors visited Laboratory and worked with Dr. Rowan Candy. Drs. US between May-September2014,andthe second group Candy and Kumar approved her goals that included of residents is in the midst of their visits to India which study of binocular vision in infants. Specifically, she were scheduled between March - October 2014. The worked on understanding aspects of infant vision second group of US residents, as had been proposed, including psychophysical techniques of assessment, included one from IUSO and two from the Ohio State such as photo-refraction. Her long term goal is to University College of Optometry. The IUSO residency establish collaborative research between Elite School director, Dr. Lyon visited LVPEI in April 2013. of Optometry, Sankara Nethralaya and Indiana University’s Vision and to establish a Vision. While at The work plan was developed for each visitor in IUSO Ms. Hussain also worked with Drs. Arthur Bradley consultation with their mentors at the visiting site on visual performance in myopia, Dr. Vidhya Priya in Dr. and the home departments. These plans included Thibos’ lab understanding image quality measurements in opportunities to engage in observation of patient care, myopia and visited Dr. Don Lyon’s participation and consultation on research and teaching activities. Each visitor kept a daily log of activities. Brief summaries of goals and achievements of each visitor are listed below in order of their visits. US visitors (2013) Dr. Sill’s goals at LVPEI were to gain more exposure to advanced anterior and posterior segment disease as well as working with specialty contact lenses. Her mentors approved her goals which for the most part, she was able to achieve while at LVPEI. In her exit survey she noted that patient care is different at LVPEI compared to IUSO because of the large patient volume, the severity of diseases and differences in treatment medications (i.e., different antibiotics used). As a result

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 154 Vision Therapy Clinic. Rizwana Hussain visited IU again Mr. Parthasarathi Kalaisel was interested in research, in October 2013. Dr. Candy is schedule to visit SN/ESO clinical care and teaching. He worked with Dr. Begley in 2015, this collaboration will continue. on Dry Eye and Tear Film research, engaged in observation of clinical treatment and management Dr. Samant’s visit to IU focused on observation of strategies for various eye diseases and use of contact the various clinical patient care protocols at IUSM, the lenses to treat eye disorders. He worked with clinical surgical facilities and procedures at IUSM, to take part faculty at IUSO to develop an understanding of in the various academic activities of IUSM and visit the strategies that IUSO faculty use to train optometry various research labs at IUSO. students in clinical care. Mr. Kalaisel also worked with Ms. Mody’s goals were focused on learning new Drs. Neil A. Pence, Jane Ann Grogg, Dr. Todd Peabody, techniques and procedure in treating patients with Jeffrey D. Perotti and Dr. Malinovsky. binocular vision disorders. She had identified a specific All visitors to IUSO in 2013 have commented on and interest in Binocular Vision and Vision Therapy clinic. demonstrated their understanding of optometry training She studied with Dr. Don Lyon, Adrianna Hempalmann, at IUSO as very comprehensive, challenging and quite Wong, Jarrad and Annie Sill. different from their own institutions.

Exchange Visits S. No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 Sarita Soni – not paid by IUSSTF SN/ESO, LVPEI, 11/13/12 to IUSO Hinduja and Schroff 11/21/12 2 Lou Cantor SN/ESO, LVPEI, 11/14/12 to 11/21/12 IUSM Hinduja and Schroff 3 Don Lyon SN/ESO, LVPEI, 11/14/12 to 11/20/12 IUSO Hinduja and Schroff 4 Parthasarathi Kalaisel IUSO 4/8/13 to 5/4/13 LVPEI 5 Anne Sill LVPEI 4/15/13 to 4/30/13 IUSO 6 Eilene Eugenio LVPEI 4/15/13 to 4/30/13 IUSO 7 Don Lyon LVPEI 4/21/13 to 4/27/13 IUSO 8 Rizwana Hussain IUSO 5/10/13 to 6/7/13 SN/ESO 9 Preetam Smant IUSM and IUSO 5/12/13 to 6/8/13 Hinduja Hospital 10 Dolly Mody IUSO & Pediatric 5/10/13 to 6/7/13 Shroff Hospital Optometry Clinic 11 Mark Obechain Shroff & Hinduja 3/27/14 to 4/19/14 IUSO 12 Anuradha Narayanan IUSO 5/25/14 to 6/20/14 ESO/SN 13 Nazia M Sarwar IUSO 5/25/14 to 6/20/14 Shroff Eye Hospital 14 Seema Satpute IUSO 5/25/14 to 6/20/14 Hinduja Hospital 15 Tamara Oechslin SN/ESO 8/29/14 to 9/21/14 OSU 16 Greg Hopkins LVPEI 9/28/14 to 9/18/14 OSU

155 Joint R & D Centers and Sarita Soni on her goals that include understanding the impact of uncorrected vision in young children. She spent her time (May-June 2014) at IUSO identifying and studying quality of life questionnaires. Ms. Narayanan reviewed myopia and hyperopia literature with a focus on review of the questionnaires used and the questions posed to address “why children do not wear glasses which improves their vision?” She has a long term plan to study this question in collaboration with Dr. Soni. She visited the various clinics that form the larger Atwater Patient Care Center at IUSO. To the person, all participants to date agreed that it Ms. Sarwar’s goals which were approved by Dr. is critical to initiate contact with the mentors early in Nayak (Hinduja Hospital) and Dr. Lyon did not include order to develop realistic, focused and detailed plans research but were focused on learning new techniques that can be accomplished in the limited time available and procedure in diagnosing and treating patients with through this funding mechanism. binocular vision disorders. She had identified a specific interest in Binocular Vision and Vision Therapy US visitors (2014) clinic. Her goal was to enhance her skills in patient Dr. Obechain in consultation with Dr. Lyon (his US management while at IUSO in May-June 2014. mentor) decided to visit Schroff and Hinduja Hospitals in Mumbai. His goals included gaining perspective Ms. Satpute’s goal while at IUSO (May –June 2014) on Indian Eye Care delivery and exposure to new was to “learn contact lens fitting and prescription along examination techniques, treatment and management with dispensing of glasses at a higher level along with theory, and unique pathology unlikely to be seen in basics of low vision aid”. She did not express an interest the U.S. Specifically, he was interested in observing in research. She wanted to enhance her own skills so and participation in pediatric eye exams and surgery, that she could contribute to her Institution’s “Quality in particular with strabismus and amblyopia, retina Healthcare for Eyes” program. Dr. Abha Shroff and Dr. specific eye exams and surgery and patient examination Neil Pence worked with Ms. Satpute to develop her plan with anterior segment, neuro-ophthalmology, and that included observations in the Contact Lens Clinic, glaucoma. He was mentored by Dr. Ashwin Sainani Low Vision Clinic and in the Ophthalmic Dispensary. and Dr. Anand Shroff. Her commitment to improving her own skills and then enhancing services in her own department at Shroff Dr. Tamara, her mentor Dr. Earley at OSU and Ms. Eye Hospitalwas the reason she was selected. Rizwana at SN/ESO developed a detailed plan for her visit to SN/ESO. Her goals included visiting schools Mr. Maseedupalli is visiting IUSO from August 24 for vision screenings, observation in binocular vision to September 22, 2014. His mentors Dr. Bharadwaj clinic and teaching at ESO. Dr. Oechslin hopes to (LVPEI) and Dr. Brooks (IUSO) agreed on a program develop a long term collaborative relationship around that is focused on understanding teaching methodologies research with the staff and faculty at SN/ESO. in Ophthalmic Optics, to observe the edging process of the spectacle lenses and dispensing the spectacles in the Dr. Hopkins worked with Dr. Earley at OSU and Dr. Bharadwaj at LVPEI to develop a program that will focus on Low Vision research and patient care. He will work with Dr. Prem Nandhini Satgunam on pediatric contrast sensitivity measurement. Dr. Hopkins will also work with Dr. Vijaya Gothwal, Head of LVPEI Centre for Sight Enhancement on the LVP-FVQ survey(s) and Dr. Beula Christy, Head of Centre for Rehabilitation of Blind & Visually Impaired to explore the interdisciplinary model of rehabilitative care at the LVPEI. During the final week, Dr. Hopkins will work with Mr. Ganesh Jonnadula, Head of Optometric academic affairs to expand his understanding of the management of vision loss from anterior segment disease. Indian visitors (2014) Ms. Narayanan worked with Drs. R Krishna Kumar

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 156 dispensary. Mr. Maseedupalli is attending Dr. Brooks’ to fully diagnose and treat eye disorders and lectures in Geometrical and Ophthalmic Optics to diseases. optometry students and working with Dr. Brooks and • Developing long term collaborations in research. his teaching assistants in laboratory. The three researchers who have already visited Achievements IUSO continue to collaborate with IUSO faculty. • Every Indiana visitor has commented on the • ESO is organizing an International Vision Science comprehensive training and education that US & Optometry Conference in 2015 in which faculty optometrists receive and their ability to diagnose from Indiana and LV Prasad Eye Institute play a and treat ocular disorder including eye diseases. significant role in research collaboration. • All US visitors to India understand the extensive • IUSO and SN faculty led by Professor SP Srinivas training that ophthalmologists receive and are recently received a collaborative research award concerned that optometrists who can be substantial Prevention of Corneal Blindness: Collaboration partners in providing eye care are not being trained between IUSO and SN from the Obama-Singh 21st Century Knowledge Initiative.

157 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Nanomedicine for Head & Neck Cancer

Principal Investigators

Surinder P. Singh CSIR-National Physical Laboratory New Delhi, India [email protected]

Srinivas Sridhar Electronic Materials Research Institute Northeastern University, Boston, USA [email protected]

About the Center Aim 2: in-vivo time dependent intra-tumoral distribution The Joint Center proposes to test an innovative sustained profile using optical near infrared fluorescence imaging local drug release nanoplatform for head and neck cancer and therapeutic efficacy of LCT with the DTX-PLGA- (HNC) capable of locally radiosensitizing the specific NP administered intra-tumorally. HNC malignant site and minimizing systemic toxicity Aim 3: Studies of the efficacy of LCRT combining and reducing the radiation dosage. The proposed design chemo- and radiation using DTX-PLGA-NP with involves using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) brachytherapy I125 seeds. nanoparticles loaded with a model radiosensitizing Aim 4: Data analysis for planning the phase I clinical drug Docetaxel (DTX) which will be administered studies of the DTX-PLGA-NP System. intratumorally to provide localized in-situ delivery of the sensitizer to the tumor site. This is expected to avoid the toxicity associated with current systemic delivery Achievements • Successfully synthesized PLGA-DTX of radiosensitizers. It is anticipated that the proposed nanoparticles at Northeastern University, Boston nanoplatform will improve the therapeutic ratio of and two students at NPL has been trained for the radiation therapy without introducing additional patient same by our collaborators from NEU during their interventions. This innovative approach is expected to visit. result in new modalities in localized chemotherapy (LCT) and localized chemo-radiation therapy (LCRT). • Carried out the preliminary in-vivo imaging studies in tumored animals to evaluate the imaging The overall scientific goal for the project is to study potential. the efficacy of LCT and LCRT using docetaxel loaded • The release kinetics profile and In-vitro results are PLGA nanoparticles. It was projected to achieve this promising and formed the basis for further animal goal through three specific aims where aim 1 constituted studies which are planned to be accomplished at the significant part for first year study along with initial IITR Lucknow. studies for aim 2 and aim 3. • Synthesized fluorescent gold nanoclusters at Aim 1: Fabrication and characterization of DTX- NPL whose toxicity and feasibility for enhancing loaded PLGA nanoparticles (DTX-PLGA-NP) and In- radiation therapy have been tested at NEU. vitro kinetic studies to optimize release kinetics. Preliminary results are encouraging.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 158 Partnering Institutions

India US • CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, • Dana Farber Cancer Institute Lucknow Harvard Medical School, Boston • Institute of Life Sciences, Ahmedabad University • All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

• As spinoff to these interactions the center has planned to host an international conference on translational nanomedicine at Institute of Life Sciences, Ahemdabad University during 15-17, December, 2014, where our collaborator Prof. Rishi Shanker is working on in-vivo experiments. Scientific Value Addition We have followed the work plan and methodology that has been proposed in the submitted proposal. In first year we were supposed to synthesize and characterize PLGA-DTX nanoparticle drug conjugate system and evaluate drug release kinetics and their In-vitro efficacy on cancer cell lines through cytotoxicity assay and In- Figure 1: Physico-chemical characterization of the DTX-Cy7.5-PLGA vitro cellular uptake assay. The PLGA-DTX system has nanoparticles. The dialysed nanoparticles were characterized for been synthesized at NEU. The students (Ms. Manjri size by (a) transmission electron microscope and (b) dynamic light scattering. The optical signature of encapsulated Cy7.5 was studies by Singh and Ms. Richa Baronia) at NPL got trained in (c) UV-Visible and (d) photoluminescence spectroscopy. synthesizing these nanoparticles by Dr. Rajiv kumar from NEU. The designed nanoparticle systems has cancer cell lines. With this background they will visit been given to IITR, Lucknow for In-vitro and in-vivo to their counterpart at NEU to work with radiation studies. One student (Ms Parul Gupta) is getting trained therapy, which the student at NEU has already started. at IITR, on culturing oral cancer cell lines FaDU and SCC-9. She is optimizing the process and protocols on Center has synthesized PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles FaDU cells using a simple nano drug delivery vehicle encapsulating DTX using simple nanoprecipitation (GO-DOx) prepared at NPL. The students at NPL and method in a single step. This novel nanoprecipitation IITR has already started working in unison and are method yields PLGA nanoparticles of uniform size getting some promising results. Now they have started with PEG decorated surface as shown in figure1. A working with PLGA-DTX nanoparticles synthesis surfactant is used to create negatively charged surface characterization and In-vitro studies on SCC-9 oral of the nanoparticles so that on systematic administration

159 Joint R & D Centers results in rapid clearance via the hepatobiliary route in systemic circulation in-vivo. Figure 1c and 1d represents the photophysical characterization of DTX/Cy7.5/PEG-PLGA nanoparticles. Figure 1c shows the absorption spectra of the Cy7.5 encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles with a distinct absorption band at λmax 800nm which is a characteristic optical signature of Cy7.5 in solution. Figure 1d shows the comparative photoluminescence studies with different formulations of Cy7.5. Free Cy7.5 in DMSO showed a strong emission band at 830nm when excited using 770nm wavelength. The emission peak from Cy7.5 encapsulated in PLGA Figure 3: in-vivo optical imaging with live mice injected with Cy7.5-PLGA nanoparticles appeared at almost similar wavelength nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were injected intratumorly in tumored mice. The mice were imaged everyday with same settings and same ~825nm, the slight hypsochromic shift and reduced exposure time. intensity of Cy7.5 inside nanoparticles can be due to aggregation and solvent effect on the Cy7.5 molecules. they can rapidly opsonized by the reticuloendothelial Free cy7.5 molecules being hydrophobic in nature did system (RES). not showed any fluorescence in aqueous environment. Characterization of Nanoparticles: Both the This clearly shows that Cy 7.5 is encapsulated inside nanoparticles formulations (DTX/Cy7.5/PEG-PLGA the core of PLGA which protects and stabilize the dye and DTX-Cy7.5-Silica nanoparticles) were extensively molecules in aqueous environment. characterized using various techniques. The Photo- Release Kinetics Studies: The encapsulation efficiency physical characterization was done using UV-Visible (EE) and the rate of release of DTX from DTX/Cy7.5/ and Photoluminescence spectroscopy and the Physico- PEG-PLGA nanoparticles was quantified using HPLC chemical characterization was done using Transmission at 30 oC with a mobile phase of methanol/H2O (70/30, Electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering v/v) and a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min using a C18 reverse (DLS) and zeta potential studies. phase column. The DTX EE was calculated as the ratio Figure 1 shows the physico-chemical characterization between the encapsulated DTX over the initial drug of DTX/Cy7.5/PEG-PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating amount used for synthesis. DTX was extracted from the Cy7.5 and DTX. Figure 1a and 1b shows the size and dialysed nanoparticles using dichloromethane (DCM) morphology of the nanoparticles as studied by TEM and quantified the drug in DCM to get the encapsulated and DLS respectively. TEM image shows a spherical drug. The concentration of drug remaining in the morphology of the nanoparticles with a narrow size nanoparticles was subtracted from the encapsulated distribution and average size of 120 nm in diameter. drug and plotted against time. Figure 2a shows the The size of nanoparticles were further correlated with release profile of the encapsulated DTX from the DTX/ DLS measurements which showed the hydrodynamic Cy7.5/PEG-PLGA nanoparticles (EE~70%) in buffered diameter of ~150nm which is in agreement with solution as measure by the HPLC method. The release TEM results. The size of the nanoparticles measured of the drug from nanoparticles was monitored by the by TEM shows the actual core size as opposed to the dialysis method against the infinite pool of buffered hydrodynamic diameter measured with DLS. The zeta tween 80 solution. It can be visualized from the figure potential measurements were also that nanoparticles encapsulating DTX showed a slow carried out to measure the net surface charge of the nanoparticles. The results obtained from this study showed a partial negative charge due to the presence of PEG molecules on the surface of nanoparticles. A partial negative charge on the nanoparticles surface is known to help in reducing the serum protein binding to the nanoparticles which usually Figure 4. Morphology of FaDu cells treated with Dox and GO-Dox

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 160 Exchange Visits S. No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Srinivas Sridhar CSIR-NPL 18-28 December, 2013 Northeastern University(NEU) 2. Rajiv Kumar CSIR-NPL 02-26 December, 2013 Northeastern University(NEU) 3. Surinder P. Singh NEU 02-15 July 2014 CSIR-NPL 4. Sukhvir Singh NEU 02-15 July 2014 CSIR-NPL

imaged every day to see the localization and clearance of nanoparticles from the tumor. Day 1 fluorescence image of the mice showed a bright fluorescence from the tumor which over a period of 36 days continuously spread around the tumor area. It is very encouraging to see the localization of the nanoparticles inside the tumor even at 36th day. A slight decrease in fluorescence intensity on 36th day as compared to the 16th day can be attributed to the bleaching of the fluorophore as well as because of the distribution of the nanoparticles over larger area. The fluorescence imaging on the ressected tumor from the mice showed a bright fluorescence from the tumor showing the localization of nanoparticles in the tumor. Also the fluorescence signal from the mice after the tumor resection suggests the distribution of the nanoparticles around the tumor area. Further in- vivo experiments with the nanoparticles encapsulating Figure 5. In-vitro cytotoxicity of the free DOX and GO+Dox on the viability of FaDu Cells both the DTX/Cy7.5/PEG-PLGA nanoparticles for combined therapeutic approach are underway in prostate and sustained release of the encapsulated drug with over cancer orthotopic mice model. These preliminary in- 60% of the drug released in 9 days. Figure 2b shows the vivo imaging results clearly shows a great potential of release of DTX from DTX-Cy7.5-Silica nanoparticles these nanoparticles in simultaneous tracking along with over a period of 6 days. The release profile shows a slow delivery of therapeutic to the target site. and sustained release of DTX from the nanoparticles with almost 60% of the encapsulated drug released over In vitro cellular uptake studies: Three students Ms 6 days. This slow and sustained release of the DTX from Manjri Singh, Ms Richa Baronia and Ms Parul Gupta the nanoparticles is very favorable in case of combined have been trained in material synthesis, characterization radiation therapy where in conventional approach the and in vitro studies. The initial cell viability studies at drug clears out faster due to the burst release within CSIR-IITR has been carried out with graphene oxide a day. However, upon radiation therapy combined (GO) and doxorubicin nanoconjugate (synthesized and with nanoparticles encapsulating DTX, in addition to characterized at CSIR-NPL) on FaDu hypopharyngeal radiosensitization from the DTX molecules, the repair carcinoma cell lines using the MT T and LDH assay. mechanism of the cancer cells will be hindered because From figure 4, GO-Dox has been found to be more of a continuous supply of DTX to the cancer cells from cytotoxic and selective in comparison to the free the nanoparticles. drug. Further the bright field microscope pictures clearly indicate that the cellular viability gets seriously Preliminary in-vivo imaging studies with Cy7.5/ compromised after contact with the GO/Dox compared PEG-PLGA nanoparticles: To evaluate the imaging to free DOX. Various cell death factors including capability of the Cy7.5/PEG-PLGA nanoparticles generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species we injected the nanoparticles intratumorly in a and mitochondrial membrane potential responsible for tumored mice model. Figure 3 shows the live in-vivo cell viability has been investigated to understand the fluorescence imaging of the mice injected intra tumorly mechanism responsible for cell death. Both graphene with Cy7.5/PEG-PLGA nanoparticles. The mouse was oxide and GO/Dox exhibits cell viability in a dose

161 Joint R & D Centers dependent manner (Figure 5). The exact mechanism dependent cytotoxic assays docetaxel and PLGA- through which a GO/Dox exerts oxidative stress is DTX on HNSCC cell line SCC-9 and FaDu. We relatively difficult to identify and still remains to be have planned to investigate the particle uptake study elucidated. To assess whether or not the increased using different approaches i.e. confocal microscopy, ROS levels may have originated from GO- and GO/ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Dox induced alterations in mitochondrial processes, flow cytometry. Furthermore we will investigate the nanomaterials´ effect on the mitochondrial integrity docetaxel-induced cell death with annexin V, was investigated. It was observed that exposure to GO propidium iodide staining, and poly (ADP-ribose) and GO/Dox resulted in a decrease in fluorescence polymerase cleavage assays. For the study we will intensity in the MMP assay indicating mitochondrial examine the contribution of these apoptotic routes to membrane depolarization and/or down regulating the cell killing effect of PLGA-Docetaxel on SCC-9 mitochondrial functions. and FaDu cell lines. Caspase activity and cleavage assays will also be investigated. Further, based on these preliminary studies and as described in our specific aim we have started dose

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 162 Indo-US Joint Center on Tuberculosis

Principal Investigators

Rajesh Gokhale Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB) Delhi, India [email protected]

Thomas C. Alber University of California Berkeley, CA, USA [email protected]

About the Center There were discussions to develop the most recent Dr. Rajesh S. Gokhale, Institute of Genomics and technologies like CytoF based immune monitoring Integrative Biology and Dr. Thomas Alber, University system and further, transfer the technology to India and of California initiated a collaborative project on use Mtb samples. tuberculosis (TB) in India and Bay area of the However, few exchange visits were carried out USA. The project aimed in providing fundamentally between both the partner countries, but the objectives new approaches to TB drug discovery and vaccine were only partially achieved due to sudden medical development. problem which led to untimely demise of Prof. As per the mandate of the project, a trip to US in July, Thomas Alber, the program could not achieve what it 2012 was organized in order to discuss collaborative was supposed to. proposals with the Human immune monitoring centre (HIMC), Stanford University and attend the two day Scientific Value Addition meeting on “India-Bay Area TB Research Conference” The project was initiated at a very good note with few at the University of California, Berkley, USA. exchange visits between the two partner countries.

163 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • CSIR - Institute of Genomics and • University of California, Berkeley Integrative Biology, New Delhi • University of California, San Francisco • International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi • National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi

However, little scientific work could be transformed Way Forward into technology because of poor health leading to Because of the poor health of the initiator of this program, untimely demise of the initiator of the program, Prof. the program could not achieve what was perceived. Prof. Thomas Alber from the USA side. Thomas Alber passed away as a result of his illness and hence no future commitments could be made.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 164 Physical Sciences Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 166 Indo-US Joint Center on Astronomical Object and Feature Characterization and Classification

Principal Investigators

Ajit Kembhavi Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics Pune, India [email protected]

Ashish Mahabal California Institute of Technology Pasadena, USA [email protected]

About the Center too, astRowRap helps do just that. The broader GUI- The main objectives of Joint Center are : based statistical tool, AstroStat, also underwent some • To classify astronomical objects and features improvements thanks to the IUSSTF project. The final using dens and sparse light curves and other data vindication of selected candidated is by taking spectra. taken in multiple wavelengths by combining the The spectra need to be reduced meticulously. expertise available at the participating institutes on Automation of an existing pipeline spectral reduction individual aspects of the problem. pipeline has been carried out during the ClassACT • To aid the astronomical community in developing collaborative visits, and the reductions have resulted new characterization and classification tools in the into several Astronomers Telegrams. The images era of large synoptic sky surveys, facilities data re- on which all the CRTS light-curves are based were use and sharing and stimulate further development transferred to IUCAA and are being served from there. of virtual observatory capacities. Part of the work was also done during the visit by A. Mahabal to IUCAA. Thus so far we have worked Achievements on all aspects from images, light-curves, spectra and We have developed some new features derived from statistical methods pertaining to surveys like CRTS and light-curves and experimented with them both on Kepler. The value addition from the center has been sparse (e.g. CRTS data) and non-sparse light-curves immense as diverse expertise could be brought to bear (e.g. Kepler data). In addition to that the resulting on the problems being faced separately. features have been subjected to various feature selection strategies to help fight the curse of dimensionality that Way Forward results from a datasets that are big not only in number The formation of the Joint Center has helped spin off of rows but also number of columns. a lot of collaborative work which continues in many The light-curves themselves often lead directly to the ways. We also conducted a joint meeting with another application of other methods. We have been exploring IUSSTF funded center and that was also helpful in the light-curves using points pair-wise as well as building on the research we were already conducting. looking for periodicities in previously unexplored In Jan 2015 we will be holding another meeting, classes. Advanced statistical techniques need to be again jointly with the SUNY Oswego/New Delhi gently unfurled on to relative newcomers. The R-based center at New Delhi. That should help taking closer

167 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and • California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune Pasadena • St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry • Center For Astrophysics CfA/SAO, Boston

to completion many publications that are currently have benefited from the work for instance and they under preparation. Some of the work has involved data continue working separately on related projects at no preparation as well as data processing in different ways cost to IUSSTF. The work will also be extended to to bring out some details (e.g. new light-curve based other surveys, and incorporate other features as they features being developed and feature selection being are created. done on the comprehensive set). Newer transients keep Various Citizen Science related projects were getting discovered, and data continue to get added to discussed so that non-experts can also be included in existing transients (e.g. light-curve points). But we the classification endeavor. This is important since expect to wrap up most of the work that has already most data will not be seen by experts and we need to started as part of the center by the middle of 2015. But develop machine learning methods that can bootstrap the number of ideas that have been generated through on to classification from all possible inputs, including the meetings will far outlast the center and we will non-experts. Work on this will likely form an important be seeking newer avenues to take them even farther. aspect going ahead. A few undergrads from Caltech and IIT, Gandhinagar

Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. Arun Kumar and Sheelu Abraham Caltech Summer, 2013 St. Thomas College 2. Vinay Kashyap IUCAA Winter, 2013 CfA 3. Ashish Mahabal and Matthew Graham St. Thomas College Winter, 2013 Caltech 4. Ashish Mahabal IUCAA Winter, 2013 Caltech 5. Ninan Sajeeth Philip Caltech Summer, 2014 St. Thomas College

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 168 • A K Kembhavi, A Mahabal et al., AstroStat, in Publications [5] • S Abraham, A. Mahabal and N S Philip, Pyraf based preparation. Spectral Reduction Pipeline, in-preparation.[1] • Arun Kumar, A., Ashish Mahabal, Ninan Sajeeth [6] • Ciro Donalek, Arun Kumar A., Ashish Mahabal Philip, Kepler Feature Selection, In preparation. et al., Feature Selection Strategies for Classifying • A Mahabal et al., Serving a billion images, in prep. High Dimensional Astronomical DataSets, http://crts.iucaa.in.[7] Proceedings of Scalable Machine Learning: • A. Mahabal et al., Classifying light-curves using Theory and Applications, IEEE BigData 2013, pairs of observations, in prep .[8] [2] Santa Clara, CA, USA. • Several Astronomer’s Telegrams (ATel) have • Graham et al., A novel variability-based method resulted from the Spectral Reduction Pipeline .[9] for quasar selection: evidence for a rest-frame ˜54 • A.J. Drake, S. G. Djorgovski, D. Garcia-Alvarez, d characteristic time-scale, 2014, MNRAS, 439, M. J. Graham, M. Catelan, A. A. Mahabal, C. [3] 703. Donalek, J. L. Prieto, G. Torrealba, S. Abraham • T Kale, A Mahabal et al., astRowRap, in prep. et al. (2014) Ultra-short period binaries from the https://github.com/astrowrap-dev/astrowrap.[4] Catalina Surveys, ApJ, 790, 157.

169 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Research Excellence on Fabrionics

Principal Investigators

Amitabha Ghosh Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, India [email protected]

Shiv G. Kapoor University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA [email protected]

About the Center Fabrionics and shape generation through material The primary research areas chosen by the collaborative manipulation at meso, micro and nano scales. centre were (i) microsystem technology, (ii) • To develop fabrication techniques at small microfluidics based systems, (iii) microforming, (iv) scale using exotic materials- soft materials, bio microlithography, (v) microactuators and microdevices materials, polymers, gels, composites etc. of different types. Shape and pattern generation by Self • To investigate the feasibility of shape generation Assembly of materials was one major aspect in some by self-assembly technique and self-patterning. chosen R & D projects. Development and actuation of • To develop micro-fluidic-based micro devices. micro machines using short material based actuators, • To use AFM based technology for m-RNA isolation development of micro battery, design and development and protein sequencing. of inexpensive and accelerated diagnostics devices for multiple illness like dengue, malaria etc. were some • To develop new smart materials like Nafion- based of the objectives of the joint projects envisaged. The EAP and EAP actuated micro-mechanisms and primary objectives of the Centre are: micro-devices. • To develop micro machine tools and micro • To conduct R & D in the area of “Fabrionics” factories. • To develop new technologies • To continue the development of incremental • To develop new course modules for institutions forming processes to offer new courses in the emerging area of • To develop the curriculum for joint teaching “Fabrionics” programme on “Fabrionics”. • Publishing books and research papers • To help growing a close knit international family Achievements/Outcomes of researchers, and Networking among the Workshops and Short Courses Organized participating universities and institutions of India Workshops and conferences, one of the major and USA activities of this Joint Centre. Provided the platform In the second phase the scope of the activities was of discussion and evaluations of the research works. A expanded as follows: total of 14 international workshops had been organized • To identify new strategies/approaches for under the joint centre. And each of the workshops had

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 170 Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology- Kanpur • University of California, Irvine • Indian Institute of Technology - Kharagpur • Northwestern University, Illinois • Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, • University of Illinois, Chicago Durgapur • University of Missouri, Columbia

been appreciably taken both by the faculties and the describe the futuristic techniques of making things and students. Three workshops were organized in USA modifying matter. The future techniques would require one each at North Western University, University of considerable manipulation of the fabricational means California Irvine and in Alaska Cruise Ship (planned and we could adopt a more scientific word to describe and organized by University of Illinois at Urbana the whole class of engineering for futuristic processes. Champaign). In India the workshops were organized in The Centre was renamed as “Indo-US Centre for the all the participating institutions and one was hosted Research Excellence on Fabrionics”. by Jawaharlal College of Engineering, Auramgabad. Fabrionics Course Modules Coining the Term ‘Fabrionics’ The course modules identified as the founding subjects It was being increasingly felt that the subject we for Fabrionics are mentioned below. These modules can attempted describing in relation to the Indo-US Joint be offered under special programmes or as electives Centre by the word ‘manufacturing’ did not convey the under regular academic programmes. scientific nature and the complexities involved. One A1 Microsystems of the workshops at IIT Kanpur in October 2007 was A2 Simulation & Modeling devoted a session to the task of coining an appropriate B1 Microfluidics term. To describe the futuristic processes for making B2 Scaling Laws things keeping in mind that such processes would heavily depend on advanced and emerging topics in C1 Principles of Synthetic Biology physical, chemical, engineering and life sciences. C2 Smart Materials D1 Micro/Nano Fabrication The recent R&D indicates that futuristic manufacturing would have to be suitable for complete automation D2 Self-assembly & Futuristic Manufacturing and capable of producing parts at micro and nano Fabrionics Family levels at low cost and in large batches. Quite often this Not withstanding the above academic achievements would lead to the adoption of ‘bottom up’ approaches one of the major gain was the gradual consolidation of and biological processes would be imitated. So the an international family of academicians and researchers fabrication processes would have to be manipulated with a common interest in Fabrionics. These family suitably. It was also clear that the word ‘manufacturing’ members are continuing their relationships. It is was originally derived from hand based operations. hoped that this will continue and will lead to more ‘Fabrication’ could be a better generic word to collaborative research.

171 Joint R & D Centers Scientific Value Addition research scholars and students. The faculty members The technologies developed based on research work were supported for 15 days stay plus travel whereas under the Centre programme can be summarized as: the students were supported for a stay of 3 months. In total 37 faculty members from India and 38 • Development of New Materials and Fabrication faculty members from USA visited under this Centre techniques for C-MEMS activities. Similarly 21 Indian students and 17 students • Incremental sheet metal forming process for macro from US universities completed their exchange visits and micro scales during this period. • A new EAP based on Nafion for micro actuation devices Publications • Laser enhanced/magnetic-assisted EDM Technology • Generating sponsored research was one of the most important objective of the joint centre • CD based micro-fluidic medical diagnostic device programme. The collaborative research work led for inexpensive multiple disease identification to the approval of a number of research projects • Technology for incremental forming in USA and in India. • AFM – tip technology for fast genome sequencing • On the Indian side the participating researchers and other biotechnological applications were able to get 12 projects sponsored by agencies • Development of efficient thermoelectric materials like the DST, DBT, CSIR and Intel. At the same for harnessing waste industrial heat time the Centre activities led to the sanction of 7 • Cheap diagnostic device based on nano-crystalline projects by agencies in USA like NSF and CHU. porous silicon • The participating researchers were able to get • Improvement of efficiency of photo voltaic cells about 42 research papers published in good and using nano- coatings excellent quality research journals. The numbers of conference papers published were around • Micro-systems for advanced machining 35. Two monographs were published based on Exchange Visits the Centre activity and 2 patents were granted A major component of the Centre’s activities was for technologies developed through the Centre exchange visits by faculty members and scientists and research work.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 172 Indo-US Joint Center on Gravitational-Wave Physics and Astronomy

Principal Investigators

Tarun Souradeep Inter University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics Pune, India. [email protected]

Rana Adhikari California Institute of Technology Pasadena, USA [email protected]

About the Center document was submitted to DAE and DST by the Indo-US Center for Gravitational Wave Physics IndIGO consortium with significant utilization of inputs and Astronomy was set up with the aim to facilitate and direct contributions from IUSSTF partners from US collaboration between Indian and US scientists working who contributed to the document. In addition, IUSSTF in the emerging field of gravitational-wave (GW) funds were used for the publication of the proposal astronomy, especially, with an eye to setting up large- document. scale experimental facilities, and building expertise in The center allowed joint theoretical studies India. The center played a key role to facilitate initiation investigating the science potential of upcoming of cutting-edge research in experimental gravitational- advanced GW detector network, important work on GW wave (GW) physics and observational GW astronomy source modeling, detector characterization, etc. It also in collaboration with the international community. promoted active involvement of the Indian scientists in the search for GWs using the data already collected by Achievements the previous generation of detectors in USA and Europe. The most visible achievement of the joint center has been Another important aspect was to facilitate the training to nurture the LIGO-India mega-science project proposal Indian students and young scientists in the emerging to construct and operate an advanced gravitational-wave research frontier of GW physics and astronomy. The detector on Indian soil in collaboration with LIGO center has helped provide the vital initial momentum to laboratory in USA. LIGO-India presents an extremely the development of an active GW-observer community attractive possibility to propel Indian science at the who would be the potential subscribers of the data of experimental frontier with the very lofty scientific goal of advanced GW detectors to maximize the scientific opening the new observational window GW astronomy output once these detectors are operational. worldwide. The project is currently awaiting final approval from Union cabinet in India. On the US side The joint center has also provided crucial support to NSF has obtained assent from its National Science Board. the Indian Initiative in GW Observations (IndIGO) The joint center facilitated jointly undertaken feasibility consortium. The consortium single member group of study and exchange of experimental researchers the LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC). LSC is an required for the same. The LIGO-India project proposal international collaboration of scientists working on GW- observation program, and is responsible for analyzing

173 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai • Washington State University, Washington DC • Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Trivandrum • University of Delhi, Delhi

transfer. The IUCAA facility is currently serving as a major resource for the Indian GW community. Scientific Value Addition The Center has played an important part in growth in India in the emergent frontier area of GW astronomy. The LIGO-India detector on Indian soil would provide the requisite long baseline with detectors in the US to allow fine enough sky localisation of GW event to allow other more conventional astronomical facilities in Electromagnetic spectrum such optical telescopes, X-ray satellites and Radio antennae to study the same event, immensely enriching the now widely accepted observational paradigm of multi-messenger astronomy. the data collected by the LIGO observatories in the USA and the GEO600 observatory in Germany. The By facilitating the joint study by Indian and US IndIGO is currently contributing to the LSC working researchers on the feasibility of the LIGO-India groups searching for GW signals from compact binary proposal, the center has supported the first steps towards coalescence, stochastic GW sources and continuous the consolidation of a core team of Indian experts GW sources. The IndIGO LSC participation has in high-end Laser science, vacuum technology and grown to about 50 members making it one of visible controls systems. The center has also helped conduct large groups in 700 member LSC international LSC training exercise that has reached out to large number collaboration. young researchers and students in the country. It has also indirectly supported the IndIGO consortium in Another key development facilitated by the joint center putting together a pan-Indian single group participation is the LIGO Tier-3 grid computing site that has been set in the international LIGO Scientific Collaboration. up at IUCAA. The computationally intensive task of The group has grown to 50 member which is a sizable, analyzing GW data collected by LIGO observatories is visible fraction of 700 strong collaboration. performed at such large computational clusters, part of the LIGO data grid. The center has greatly facilitated The first direct detection of GWs by Advance LIGO the visits of core system administrators to the Tier-1 detectors would a major milestone in science and facility at Caltech for training and technical knowledge certainly in the class of Nobel prize winning discoveries. The discovery of GW also has ramifications for fundamental science as strong field test of Einstein’s theory of Gravitation. GW observations will open up a fundamentally new observational window to the Universe, providing a wealth of information pertaining to fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology. Way Forward The Joint Center oversaw the start of an exciting entry into a emergent

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 174 frontier that is expected to grow rapidly in the coming Tracking the precession of compact binaries from decades. The growth of Indian community in the field their gravitational-wave signal, Phys. Rev. D 84 has been timely. Closer and more intense collaborative 024046 (2011). effort in GW science, expected in the coming years, • P. Ajith, Addressing the spin question in gravitational- will call for future support through similar mechanisms. wave searches: Waveform templates for inspiralling IndIGO consortium and the LIGO-India mega-science compact binaries with nonprecessing spins, Phys. initiative represent major focus points of growth in Rev. D 84 084037 (2011). frontier science in the country that need proactive • P. Ajith et al. (NINJA Collaboration), The NINJA-2 support and funding to ensure complete success. catalog of hybrid post-Newtonian/numerical- relativity waveforms for non-precessing black-hole Publications binaries, Class. Quantum Grav. 29 124001 (2012). • C.S. Unnikrishnan and G. T. Gillies, Universality in the gravitational stretching of clocks, waves and • S. Privitera, S.R.P. Mohapatra, P. Ajith, K. quantum states, (Honorable Mention by teh Gravity Cannon, N. Fotopoulos, M. A. Frei, C. Hanna, A. J. Research Foundation on the Essay competition Weinstein, J. T. Whelan, Improving the sensitivity 2011), Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 20, 2853, (2011). of a search for coalescing binary black holes with non-precessing spins in gravitational wave data, • Dipongkar Talukder, Sanjit Mitra, Sukanta Bose, Phys. Rev. D 89, 024003 (2014). Multibaseline gravitational wave radiometry, Phys Rev. D 83, 063002, (2011). • P. Ajith, N. Fotopoulos, S. Privitera, A. Neunzert, N. Mazumder, A. J. Weinstein, An effectual • Gopakumar and G. Schafer; Gravitational template bank for the detection of gravitational wave phasing for spinning compact binaries in waves from inspiralling compact binaries with inspiraling eccentric orbits, Phy. Rev. D, 84, generic spins, Phys. Rev. D 89, 084041 (2014). 124007 (2011). • P. Ajith, T. Isogai, N. Christensen, R. Adhikari, A. • P. Ajith, M. Hannam, S. Husa, Y. Chen, B. B. Pearlman, A. Wein, A. J. Weinstein, B. Yuan, Bruegmann, N. Dorband, D. Mueller, F. Ohme, D. Instrumental vetoes for transient gravitational-wave Pollney, C. Reisswig, L. Santamaria, and J. Seiler, triggers using noise-coupling models: The bilinear- Inspiral-merger-ringdown gravitational-waveforms coupling veto, Phys. Rev. D 89, 122001 (2014). for black-hole binaries with non-precessing spins, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 241101 (2011). • M. J. Valtonen, S. Mikkola, J. H. Lehto, A. Gopakumar, A, R. Hudec and J. Polednikova, • P. Schmidt, M. Hannam, S. Husa and P. Ajith, Testing the Black Hole No-hair Theorem with OJ287, Astrophysical Journal 742, 22 (2011) • J. Khargharia, J. T. Stocke, C. Froning, A. Gopakumar, and B. C. Joshi; PSR J1903+0327, A Unique Millisecond Pulsar with a Main-sequence Companion Star, Astrophysical Journal 744, 183 (2012). • A. Patruno, P. Bult, A. Gopakumar, J. Hartman, R. Wijnands, M. van der Klis and D.

175 Joint R & D Centers • J. Aasi et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration), Search for gravitational wave ringdowns from perturbed intermediate mass black holes in LIGO-Virgo data from 2005-2010, Phys. Rev. D 89, 102006 (2014). • D. Talukder, E. Thrane, S. Bose and T. Regimbau, Measuring neutron-star ellipticity with measurements of the stochastic gravitational-wave background, Phys. Rev. D 89, 123008 (2014). • J. Aasi et al. (LIGO Scientific and Virgo and Chakrabarty, Accelerated Orbital Expansion and NINJA-2 Collaborations), (2014) The NINJA-2 Secular Spin-down of the Accreting Millisecond project: Detecting and characterizing gravitational Pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658, Astrophysical Journal waveforms modelled using numerical binary black Letters 746 L27 (2012) hole simulations, Class. Quant. Grav. 31, 115004. • J. Aasi et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and • N. Mazumder, S. Mitra and S. Dhurandhar, (2014) Virgo Collaboration), Parameter estimation for Astrophysical motivation for directed searches for compact binary coalescence signals with the first a stochastic gravitational wave background, Phys. generation gravitational-wave detector network, Rev. D 89, 084076. Phys. Rev. D 88, 062001 (2013). • T. D. Canton, S. Bhagwat, S. V. Dhurandhar and A. • J. Aasi et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Lundgren, (2014) Effect of sine-Gaussian glitches Virgo Collaboration), Prospects for Localization on searches for binary coalescence, Class. Quant. of Gravitational Wave Transients by the Advanced Grav. 31, 015016. LIGO and Advanced Virgo Observatories, arXiv:1304.0670 [gr-qc] (2013). Software Produced LIGO Science collaboration • J. Aasi et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and The project members have contributed several pieces Virgo Collaboration), Search for Gravitational of important software to the LSC Algorithm Library. Waves from Binary Black Hole Inspiral, Merger Notable contributions include codes to compute upper- and Ringdown in LIGO-Virgo Data from 2009- limit skymaps of stochastic GW background, codes 2010, Phys. Rev. D 87, 022002 (2013) to generate GW signals from the inspiral, merger and • J. Abadie et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and ringdown of binary black holes, codes to compute the Virgo Collaboration), Upper limits on a stochastic template-space metric of spinning black-hole binaries, gravitational-wave background using LIGO and codes to construct stochastic template banks for GW Virgo interferometers at 600-1000 Hz, Phys Rev D signals from spinning black-hole binaries, and codes 85 122001 (2012). to study the effect of noise artifacts on GW signal • J. Abadie et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration searches in order to develop effective vetoes against and Virgo Collaboration), (2012) Search for them, etc. A good subset of these codes have been used Gravitational Waves from Low Mass Compact in several “flagship” searches of the LIGO Scientific Binary Coalescence in LIGO’s Sixth Science Collaboration and the remainder are being prepared to Run and Virgo’s Science Runs 2 and 3, Phys. run during the first Observation Runs of the Advanced Rev. D 85, 082002. LIGO detectors. • J. Abadie et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration Multidet: The software package in Matlab/Python and Virgo Collaboration), Search for gravitational is under development that can compute the projected waves from binary black hole inspiral, merger and errors in estimating the parameters of binary black ringdown, Phys. Rev. D 83 122005 (2011) . holes (assuming different waveform models) using GW • J. Aasi et al (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and observations of arbitrary networks of GW detectors. Virgo Collaboration), Search for gravitational Once the project is completed, the package will be waves associated with gamma-ray bursts detected made openly available. by the InterPlanetary Network, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 011102 (2014).

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 176 Indo-US Joint Center on R&D Networked Indo-US iGEON-India

Principal Investigators

K. V. Subbarao University of Hyderabad Hyderabad, India [email protected]

Chaitan Baru University of California San Diego, USA [email protected]

About the Center The data portal middleware infrastructure consists of A fundamental objective of the GEON Project the following components: (www.geongrid.org) is to develop data sharing • A Portal Server, which runs the portal software frameworks—in the process, identifying best • A Data Server, which provides storage and other practices and developing capabilities and tools to data management services. enable advances in how geosciences research is done. • A Certificate Authority (CA) Server, which The GEON portal framework, which plays a key role manages user accounts. in facilitating this objective, is implemented using The goal of iGEON-India is to promote the use of a portal based framework that provides a uniform cyberinfrastructure at participating institutions in India authentication and authorization environment to facilitate the sharing of geosciences data and tools with access to a rich set of functionality, including via GEON middleware. the ability to register data and ontologies into the system; smart search capability; access to a variety Deploying the GEON portal middleware framework of geo-science related tools; access to Grid-enabled provides capabilities to: geoscience applications; and a customizable private • Develop and deploy services, tools and serve work space from which users have access to the datasets for the users at their site and for the scientific workflow environment, which allows them broader iGEON –India community to easily author and execute processing “pipeline” • Help the partner site integrate local department or for data analysis, modeling, and visualization. campus resources In practice, deploying a portal network like GEON • Provide a platform for other research organizations portal requires an understanding of the various and universities to come together and collaborate. middleware components, and their dependencies, that go into engineering such a system. On the Achievements basis of this experience, there had been developed a Integration of geophysical, geological, structural and modular packaging of the various components of the remotely sensed data sets. system to allow easy installation and configuration • New data in the interpretation of the geology and of the hardware, middleware, and other software morphology of Maddur area, Andhra Pradesh components.

177 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • University of Pune • University of Oklahoma • University of Jammu • Penn State University

(b) Intersections of faults/lineaments & domal structures are likely loci for potential kimberlite zones identified from the Euler deconvolution method of potential field data. • Structural Mapping and Analysis using Remote Sensing Data at Chintalapudi sub-basin, Godavari Graben - The result of present study has shown the lithological boundaries of the Chintalapudi sub-basin between the Archean and the Gondwana rocks as well as the north and south boundaries within the basin by E - W trending lineaments near Mulkalapalli and Epigunta. This is supported by the gravity high along these lineaments in the bouguer anomaly map. The sub- basins of the Godavari graben are separated by lineaments (faults) and these are clearly shown as linear gravity highs in the bouguer anomaly map, while the basins are showing low gravity anomaly. Most of the interpretations made from the image are correlatable with the geological and Elevation contour map of Narayanpet, Maddur and Kotakonda geophysical data. area with faults traced based on the remote sensing image, gravity lineaments, and magnetic lineament • Integration of Geophysical and Geological Data of Kimberlites in Narayanpet–Maddur Field, through remote sensing - Various inferred Andhra Pradesh, India -Regional Bouguer structural and morphological features such as gravity and magnetic data clearly depicted the faults, fractures, dykes, domal forms and structures subsurface features depending on the density and traced from the LISS III images show the complex susceptibility variations respectively along with nature of the surface. Integration of geophysical, the main geological trends. Potential field data geological and remote sensing data brought also clearly brought out the concealed features in out the (a) six major faults including fractures the area. 2D gravity and magnetic profile modeling

LISS III image of Chintalapudi sub-basin with lineaments (L-Lineament, Fr-Fracture, F-Fault; yellow dotted line) and folds. Lithological boundary is drawn from the geological map

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 178 Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1 V. Naga Lakshmi and T.Vani University of Oklahoma, USA October 2009 - January Senior Research Fellows, UCESS 2010 4 months 2 Arun Agarwal University of Illinois, Urbana- September 24-27, 2007 Department of Computer and Champaign, USA, San Diego Information Sciences Supercomputing Center and GeoVista Centre at Pennsylvania State University, USA 3 A. Siva Parvathi SDSC 2 months Research Associate, UCESS 4 K.V.Subbarao SDSC 2 months Professor, UCESS 5 S. Srilakshmi University of Oklahoma 1 month Assistant Professor, UCESS

across the schist belt covering the area of the The negative gravity anomaly associated with the Narayanpet – Maddur - Kotakonda clusters shows Albuquerque basin is 55 mGals and the Cenozoic the depth and shape of the subsurface structures sediments were deposited on Mesozoic and Paleozoic and the structural disturbance of the area with the strata with Precambrian crystalline rocks being exposed intrusion of mafic dykes. The Euler deconvolution along the basin flanks. Major faults that bound these technique was applied to geophysical data to find basins were delineated via an integrated analysis in the depth of kimberlite pipes and to identify new which geologic, drilling, and seismic data were used potential zones for the emplacement of kimberlite to constrain gravity models. The average depth to the pipes. basement at the basin centers calculated from gravity • A Comparative Geophysical Study of Major modeling is 5-6 km. The subsurface structure derived Basins in the Pranhita–Godavari Rift, India from gravity maps and models for these basins is and Rio Grande Rift, USA - In the study, the compared and the similarities suggest these basins both comparison and contrasting of major basins formed along older zones of weakness in the lithosphere in the Pranhita–Godavari rift in eastern India in response to stress that originated primarily from a (Chintalapudi basin) and the Rio Grande rift in nearby continental margin. They also both formed the western United States (Albuquerque basin) topographic depressions in which major river systems using gravity data analysis and integrated profile formed. modeling was carried out. The goal of the study Elevation contour map of Narayanpet, Maddur and was to provide some new insight about the process Kotakonda area with faults traced based on the remote of continental rift basin development. sensing image, gravity lineaments, and magnetic The Chintalapudi basin is associated with a 60 lineament mGal negative gravity anomaly that is mostly due to LISS III image of Chintalapudi sub-basin with Gondwanan fluvial sediments of late Carboniferous lineaments (L-Lineament, Fr-Fracture, F-Fault; yellow (~350 Ma) to early Cretaceous age (~120 Ma).

179 Joint R & D Centers dotted line) and folds. Lithological boundary is drawn from the geological map Way Forward The plan of action for iGEON-India is to (i) complete the ongoing database creation, such as for hydrology, geophysics (i.e., gravity, magnetic, aeromagnetic), geomorphology, geochemistry, paleontology and dinosaur data, geological maps, topographic maps, followed by an integration of all of these various datasets into a common scheme, (ii) make these databases available via the iGEON portal, and (iii) make • Arun Agarwal, Rajeev Wankar, Rajesh Chhabra, new applications available tools to the iGEON “Desktop Grid in a production environment, community. Finally, an important goal is to train PRAGMA 16 and IDRiC International Workshop UofH and other students and professionals in India in at KISTI, Deajeon, Korea, March 23-26, 2009. the areas of cyberinfrastructure and geoinformatics • A. Agarwal, C. Baru, C. Crosby, R. Keller, K.V. through short courses and Masters Programmes. Subbarao, and V. Nandigam, iGEON-India: An International Collaborative Activity of the GEON Project, accepted in Earth and Space Science Informatics-1 session, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 11, EGU2009-11792-1, 2009, European Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 19-24, 2009. • B. Sandhya, Rajeev Wankar, Arun Agarwal, C R Rao, Processing of Topomaps on GEON, ESE-OP22, Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, Ist Ap Science Congress 2008, November 14-16, 2008. • Vani, T. (2012) New data in the interpretation Publications of the geology and morphology of Maddur area, Andhra Pradesh through Remote Sensing Jour. of • Arun Agarwal, Grid Initiative at University of Geological Society of India, v.80, pp.145-147. Hyderabad, an invited article for Anniversary Issue of C-DAC Connect, March 2006, pp 7. • Naga Lakshmi, V. (2012) Structural Mapping and Analysis is using Remote Sensing Data at • K. V. Subbarao, Arun Agarwal, Chaitan Baru Chintalapudi sub-basin, Godavari Graben Jour. of “Workshop on Cyberinfrastructure for the Geological Society of India, v.80, pp.142-144. Geosciences”, Journal of Geological Society of India, Vol 67, May 2006, pp 700-701. • Vani, T., Naga Lakshmi, V., Rao, M.V.R.K., Randy Keller, G. and Subbarao, K.V. Integration • K. V. Subbarao, Arun Agarwal, Rajeev Wankar of geophysical and geological data of kimberlites and Chaitan Baru, iGEON: Networking the in Narayanpet – Maddur field, Andhra Pradesh, Indian Geosciences Community through GEON, India,10 IKC Proceeding Volume – Springer & Chapter in the book entitled GEOINFORMATICS, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India (In press). Cambridge University Press, 2011. (eds) Randy Keller and Chaitan Baru, pp.332-341 • Naga Lakshmi, V., Vani .T., Keller, G. R., Rao, M.V.R.K., and Subbarao, K.V., A Comparative • Sandeep Chandra, Chaitan Baru, K. V. Subba Geophysical Study of Major Basins in the Pranahita– Rao, Arun Agarwal, Building a Portal Middleware Godavari Rift, India and Rio Grande Rift, USA, Grid for Geoscience Communities, European Geosphere/Geol Soc. of America (in press). Geosciences Union General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, April 13-18, 2008.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 180 Indo-US Joint Center on Nanomaterials for Energy

Principal Investigators

G. U. Kulkarni Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advance Scientific Research Bangalore, India [email protected]

Timothy S. Fisher Purdue University Indiana, USA [email protected]

About the Center • The joint Centre members also assist in logistics The Joint Center has the following objectives: related to visa, travel and stay. Usually, the • A new cohort of globally engaged researchers in exchanges produce publication(s) based on the nanotechnology and energy with appreciation for joint work carried out. This serves as a report of diverse professional and international cultures. the visit. • Creation of joint research programs of both Achievements academic-academic and industry-academic types Metal-semiconductor superlattice thermoelectrics leading to new discoveries at the interface between To understand the microscopic aspects of ScN, ZrN, nanotechnology and energy. and HfN relevant to the thermoelectric properties • Enhancement of collaborative use of cyber of nitride metal/semiconductor superlattices, the infrastructure research and educational resources electronic structure was determined, vibrational such as nanoHUB.org and thermalHUB.org. spectra and thermal properties using first-principles • Organization and hosting of summer schools calculations based on density functional theory with and related tutorial materials offered annually to a generalized gradient approximation of the exchange attract strong participation from industrial and correlation energy. There had been found a large energy academic participants. gap in the phonon dispersions of metallic ZrN and HfN, but a gapless phonon spectrum for ScN spanning the Work Plan/Methodology same energy range, this suggests that a reduced thermal • Information to be made available on the web and conductivity, suitable for thermoelectric applications, also through personal interactions to all possible should arise in superlattices made with ScN and ZrN applicants from JNC/ICMS, Purdue and GE. or ScN and HfN. To obtain an electronic energy band • Based on the discussions among the PIs and the gap of ScN comparable to experiment, a Hubbard Co-PIs involving colleagues from both sides, the correction with a parameter U (=3.5 eV) was used. suitability of a prospective visitor is evaluated and Exfoliated graphite/graphene materials for enhanced the concerned is invited. interfacial transport • After scrutinizing the work proposal and obtaining There is a catalyst-free synthesis of cantilevered carbon concurrence from the host, a bilateral or a trilateral nanosheet extensions, or petals, from graphite fibers by exchange visit is formally approved by the PIs.

181 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advance Scientific • Purdue University Research (JNCASR), Bangalore • GE India Technology Centre, Bangalore

microwave plasma CVD. Results reveal that the petals grow from the fiber surface layers while preserving graphitic continuity from fiber to the petals. Subtraction of Raman signatures from pristine and decorated fibers reveals a convolution of two underlying peaks at 2687 and 2727 cm-1 that are consistent with profiles of multilayer graphene flakes between 5 and 25 layers. Such structures offer the possibility of minimizing interfacial losses in transport applications, improved interactions with surrounding matrix materials in hydrogen in metal hydride beds results in brittle fracture composites, and a route toward substrate independence and subsequent formation of micron-sized, faceted for device applications. particles which inhibits hydride formation because Liquid nanosolder for electrical contacts and thermal of poor inter-particle heat conduction that increases interfaces the bed’s temperature during exothermic hydriding reactions. This work involves the development of a An easy and elegant method of CNT nanocircuit model for generating loose configurations of metal fabrication using a metal organic precursor of Pd, hydride powder and for assessing the commensurate namely, Pd hexadecanethiolate, is presented. This quasi-static loading characteristics. Triaxial strain precursor directs the self-assembly of individual CNTs is applied to simulate evolution of the solid fraction, spanning a gap between Au electrodes. This is achieved coordination number, force network connectivity, and by first, patterning the precursor along the edges or internal pressure as consolidation occurs in the absence the gap electrodes, as it enables direct patterning by of interparticle friction. These modeling elements form e beam. Further, thermal activation of the precursor the mechanical basis of a model that will ultimately at 250 degrees C leads to metallization and the ohmic predict the thermo-mechanical behavior of metal electrical contact between the CNTs and the electrodes hydride powders and compacts. beneath. A resistive fuse action of the soldered CNTs is observed as well. Behavior of Attolitre water droplets Integration of carbon nanotubes for solar, thermal and Working with a biased atomic force microscope (AFM) lighting applications tip in the tapping mode under ambient atmosphere, attoliter (10-18 L) water droplet patterns have been Interaction of single-walled carbon nanotubes with generated on a patterned carbonaceous surface. electron-donor and -acceptor molecules causes significant changes in the electronic and Raman spectra. Au Nanoparticle-PDMS Composites Electron-donating molecules such as tetrathiafulvalene A simple, green synthesis technique for preparing and aniline cause changes opposite to those caused by Au nanoparticle-PDMS composites is described. The electron-withdrawing molecules such as nitrobenzene solid solution nature of the PDMS combined with the and tetracyanoethylene. Thus, a proportion of the surface properties of the nanoparticles imparts unique semiconducting SWNTs become metallic on electron properties to this composite. We demonstrate the donation through molecular charge transfer. Electrical utility of this material for water purification and for resistivity measurements reveal a systematic variation chemically-triggered storage and release of compounds with electron-donating or -withdrawing power of the toward-drug delivery applications. interacting molecules. Solid-state hydrogen storage Other Activities (Workshops/Training Programs/Course delivery) Cyclic strain caused by addition and depletion of • JNC-Purdue-GE joint Workshop (August 19 and

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 182 Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period Student Visits 1. Narendra Kurra Purdue University June 01 – Aug 15 2010 JNCASR 2. Kyle Smith JNCASR Jan 06 – Feb 10 2010 Purdue University 3. Kyle Smith JNCASR 18 - 23 Aug 2010 Purdue University 4. Ritu Gupta Purdue University July - Oct 2011 JNCASR 5. Sridhar Sadasivam JNCASR Jan 07 – June 09, 2014 Purdue University 6. Soumik Siddhanta Purdue University July 15 – Dec 15, 2014 JNCASR 7. T. Bhuvana Purdue University Nov 2008 - Sept 2009 JNCASR 8. Adina Scott JNCASR June 24 – Nov 16 2009 Purdue University 9. Varrun Ashok JNCASR/GE Feb 14 – May 21 2011 Purdue University 10. Kevin McMullen JNCASR/GE June 01 - Aug 09 2009 Purdue University Faculty Visits 1. Timothy Fisher JNCASR 02– 15 Aug 2009 Purdue University 2. Timothy Fisher JNCASR 08– 16 Feb 2010 Purdue University 3. U. Waghmare Purdue University May 2010 JNCASR 4. N.S. Vidhyadhiraja Purdue University May 2010 – Aug 2010 JNCASR 5. Timothy D. Sands JNCASR 18 - 23 Aug 2010 Purdue University 6. David Janes JNCASR 18 - 23 Aug 2010 Purdue University 7. Ronald G. Reifenberger JNCASR 18 - 23 Aug 2010 Purdue University 8. Timothy S. Fisher JNCASR 18 - 23 Aug 2010 Purdue University 9. David Johnson JNCASR 18 - 23 Aug 2010 Purdue University 10. Xiulin Ruan JNCASR 18 - 23 Aug 2010 Purdue University 11. Timothy Fisher JNCASR 19 – 29 Mar 2011 Purdue University

183 Joint R & D Centers 12. SM Shivaprasad Purdue University 08 - 22 April 2012 JNCASR 13. C.N.R. Rao Purdue University 16 - 17 Apr 2012 JNCASR 14. Ajay K. Sood Purdue University 16-17 April, 2012 IISc 15. George Thomas K. Purdue University 16-17 April, 2012 NIIST 16. Chandrabhas Narayana Purdue University 16-17 April, 2012 JNCASR 17. Umesh.V. Waghmare Purdue University 16-17 April, 2012 JNCASR 18. G.U. Kulkarni Purdue University 16-17 April, 2012 JNCASR 19. Arvind Raman JNCASR 06-11 January 2014 Purdue University 20. Peter Bermel JNCASR 07-13 January 2014 Purdue University 21. Kaushik Roy JNCASR 08-12 January 2014 Purdue University 22. Graham Cooks JNCASR 08-14 January 2014 Purdue University 23. G.U. Kulkarni Purdue University 18-22 July 2014 JNCASR

20, 2008): Indo – US Workshop on “Frontiers • Gupta, R; Reifenberger, RG; Kulkarni, GU (2014) in Application on Carbon Nanotubes and Cellphone Camera Imaging of a Periodically Graphene” This was a precursor to the project Patterned Chip as a Potential Method for Point- proposal. The event was sponsored by IUSSTF, of-Care Diagnostics. ACS Applied Materials JNC, ICMS and GE. & Interfaces, 6, 6: 3923-3929 (DOI: 10.1021/ • Indo-US workshop on Nanoscale Materials am4050426) And Interfaces, 10-12 March 2009 at Purdue • Sayer, RA; Engerer, JD; Vidhyadhiraja, NS; Fisher, University, USA TS (2013) Length and temperature dependent 1/f • A short course and Indo - US Workshop on noise in vertical single-walled carbon nanotube “Basics of Nanomaterials and Applications in arrays. Journal of Applied Physics, 113, 14: Energy Conversion, Transport and Storage” (20 – 144306 (DOI: 10.1063/1.4800856) 21 August, 2010), JNCASR, Bangalore • Rao, KDM; Radha, B; Smith, KC; Fisher, • Symposium on Nanomaterials for Energy ( 16-17 TS; Kulkarni, GU (2013) Solution-processed April 2012), Purdue University, JNCASR soldering of carbon nanotubes for flexible electronics. Nanotechnology, 24, 7: 075301, (DOI: • Joint Networked Centre on Nanomaterials for 10.1088/0957-4484/24/7/075301) Energy (JNCNE) at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA during 17-18 September 2014 • Saha, B; Sands, TD; Waghmare, UV (2012) Thermoelectric properties of HfN/ScN metal/ • JNC-Purdue Workshop during March 2015, semiconductor superlattices: a first-principles JNCASR, India study. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 24, 41: Publications 415303 (DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/41/15303) • Smith, KC; Srivastava, I; Fisher, TS; Alam, M. • Rout, CS; Kumar, A; Fisher, TS; Gautam, (2014) Variable-cell method for stress-controlled UK; Bando, Y; Golberg, D (2012) Synthesis of jamming of athermal, frictionless grains. chemically bonded CNT-graphene heterostructure Physical Review E, 89, 4: 042203 (DOI: 10.1103/ arrays. RSC Advances, 2, 22: 8250-8253 (DOI: PhysRevE.89.042203) 10.1039/c2ra21443a)

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 184 • Smith, KC; Fisher, TS; Alam, M (2011) Isostaticity of metal interconnects and surface-enhanced of constraints in amorphous jammed systems of soft Raman scattering substrates. MICRO & NANO frictionless Platonic solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 5, 5: 296-299 E, 84, 3: 030301 • Scott, A; Gupta, R; Kulkarni, GU (2010) A Simple • Hodson, SL; Bhuvana, T; Cola, BA; Xu, XF; Water-Based Synthesis of Au Nanoparticle/ Kulkarni, GU; Fisher, TS (2011) Palladium PDMS Composites for Water Purification and Thiolate Bonding of Carbon Nanotube Thermal Targeted Drug Release. MACROMOLECULAR Interfaces. JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, 211, 15: 1640-1647 PACKAGING, 133, 2: 020907 • Kurra, N; Scott, A; Kulkarni, GU (2010) • Kurra, N; Prakash, G; Basavaraja, S; Fisher, Electrocondensation and Evaporation of Attoliter TS; Kulkarni, GU; Reifenberger, RG (2011) Water Droplets: Direct Visualization Using Charge storage in mesoscopic graphitic Atomic Force Microscopy. NANO RESEARCH, islands fabricated using AFM bias lithography. 3, 5: 307-316 NANOTECHNOLOGY, 22, 24: 245302 • Bhuvana, T; Kumar, A; Sood, A; Gerzeski, RH; • Saha, B; Sands, TD; Waghmare, UV (2011) Hu, JJ; Bhadram, VS; Narayana, C; Fisher, TS First-principles analysis of ZrN/ScN metal/ (2010) Contiguous Petal-like Carbon Nanosheet semiconductor superlattices for thermoelectric Outgrowths from Graphite Fibers by Plasma CVD. energy conversion. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES, PHYSICS, 109, 8,: 083717 2, 3: 644-648. • Saha, B; Sands, TD; Waghmare, UV (2011) • Saha, B; Acharya, J; Sands, TD; Waghmare, UV Electronic structure, vibrational spectrum, and (2010) Electronic structure, phonons, and thermal thermal properties of yttrium nitride: A first- properties of ScN, ZrN, and HfN: A first-principles principles study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED study. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 107, PHYSICS, 109, 7: 073720 3: 033715 • Rout, CS; Kumar, A; Kumar, N; Sundaresan, • Bhuvana, T; Smith, KC; Fisher, TS; Kulkarni, GU A; Fisher, TS (2011) Room-temperature (2009) Self-assembled CNT circuits with ohmic ferromagnetism in graphitic petal arrays. contacts using Pd hexadecanethiolate as in situ NANOSCALE, 3, 3, 900-903 solder. NANOSCALE 1, 2: 271-275 • Smith, KC; Alam, M; Fisher, TS (2010) Athermal • Grau-Crespo, R; Smith, KC; Fisher, TS; de Leeuw, jamming of soft frictionless Platonic solids. NH; Waghmare, UV (2009) Thermodynamics of PHYSICAL REVIEW E, 82, 5: 051304 hydrogen vacancies in MgH2 from first-principles • Smith, KC; Fisher, TS; Waghmare, UV; Grau- calculations and grand- canonical statistical Crespo, R (2010) Dopant-vacancy binding effects mechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 80, 17: 174117 in Li-doped magnesium hydride. PHYSICAL • Voggu, R; Rout, CS; Franklin, AD; Fisher, TS; REVIEW B, 82, 13: 134109 Rao, CNR (2008) Extraordinary sensitivity of the • Bhuvana, T; Boley, W; Radha, B; Dolash, BD; electronic structure and properties of single-walled Chiu, G; Bergstrom, D; Reifenberger, R; Fisher, carbon nanotubes to molecular charge-transfer. TS; Kulkarni, GU (2010) Inkjet printing of JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C, 112, palladium alkanethiolates for facile fabrication 34: 13053-13056

185 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Nanoparticle Aerosol Science and Technology

Principal Investigators

Chandra Venkataraman Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay Mumbai, India [email protected]

Pratim Biswas Washington University St. Louis, USA [email protected]

About the Center • Aerodynamic size of droplets and structural The Joint Center aims at:- damage to liposomes measured by drug leakage • Nanoparticle synthesis through aerosol routes (at IIT Bombay). to support inorganic nanomaterial powder • Experimental system design and training on manufacturing and nano-biotechnology electrospray for aerosolization of liposome applications in the pharmaceutical industry; and suspensions (at WUStL). • Computational simulations of atmospheric • Development of electrospray based aerosolization aerosols and nanoparticles on multiple spatial system for liposome suspension and measurement scales toward understanding their climate and of aerosol properties of droplets and drug leakage health effects. (at IIT Bombay). • Successful establishment of flame and furnace Achievements aerosol reactors for inorganic nanomaterial Aerosols routes for production of nano-sized synthesis at IIT Bombay in collaboration with controlled-release drug particles. Washington University. • Development of a mathematical model from first principles approach to study lung deposition of • Development of a mathematical model from first aerosolized drugs (at IIT Bombay). principles approach to study lung deposition of aerosolized drugs. • Design nano-sized drug carriers of appropriate sizes to be delivered into deep lung for systemic • Aerosol synthesis of drug-loaded biodegradable use (at IIT Bombay and WUStL). nanoparticle aerosol matrices with controlled particle properties. • Validation of model predictions by available experimental data. (at WUStL and IIT Bombay). • Techniques for the study of aerosol delivery of nanometer-size liposomal drug-matrices developed Rational design of pulmonary delivery systems for in collaboration with U Maryland. biocompatible nanoparticles. • An exchange with Washington University in St. • Synthesis of nano-sized liposome for maximum Louis lead to capacity building in electrospray drug encapsulation and in-situ characterization technology for mono-disperse aerosol generation of liposome morphology and stability (at IIT from liposomal suspensions through ongoing work Bombay). of doctoral student.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 186 Partnering Institutions

India US • Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, • The University of Iowa Pune • University of Maryland

Rational design of pulmonary delivery systems for • The STEM emission pre-processor module is biocompatible Nanoparticles. redeveloped in the study domain over the Indian region. • Nanometer size liposome production and air jet aerosolization at IIT Bombay Publications High-temperature aerosol routes for nanoparticle • Basak, S., V. Tiwari, J. Fan, S. Achilefu, V. synthesis: Preparation, characterization and Sethi, P. Biswas, One step bottom-up synthesis applications of core-shell type -Fe2O3/ SiO2 nanocomposite and surface functionalize with Cypate-II for • Development of high temperature aerosol reactors biomedical applications, to be submitted to (FLAR, FUAR) for gas phase Nanoparticle Journal of Material Research. synthesis. • Chattopadhyay S., L.B.Modesto-Lopez, • Synthesis and characterization of TiO2/CeO2 C.Venkataraman, and P.Biswas (2010). Size nanocomposites using FLAR experimental setup distribution and morphology of liposome aerosols for their application in control of Volatile Organic generated by two methodologies. Aerosol Sci. Compound (VOC). Technol. In review. • One step synthesis and characterization of nano- • Chattopadhyay S, C. Venkataraman, S. Ehrman, sized crystalline calcium phosphate using FUAR and J. Bellare (2009). Aerosol deliver of nanometer setup for their application as bone substitute sized liposome suspensions, Poster paper No. material. 7A.04, Conference of the American Association • Synthesis, Characterization and Performance for Aerosol Research, October 26-30, Minneapolis, Evaluation of In2O3/PANi composite thin film MN, USA. Gas sensors. • Chattopadhyay S, L.B.Modesto-Lopez, Modeling atmospheric transport of aerosols and C.Venkataraman, and P.Biswas (2009). nanoparticles Aerosolization of nanometer-sized liposome • The latest version of STEM model (STEM suspension by electrospray, Poster paper No. 2K3, Tracer version) had been ported in parallel 7A.05, Conference of the American Association mode on a multi-core Linux system at C-DAC, for Aerosol Research, October 26-30, Minneapolis, Pune and coupling of WRF model to generate MN, USA. meteorological conditions for driving the chemical • Chattopadhyay S, C. Venkataraman, and P. transport model.

187 Joint R & D Centers Exchange Visits Activity India US Aerosols routes for • Prof. Daren Chen visit to IIT • Preshit Dandekar visit to WUStL (6th production of nano- Bombay (29th Nov- 2nd Dec 2009) April- 13th June 2009) sized controlled- • Prof. Pratim Biswas visit to IIT • Amol Ashok Pawar visit to WUStL (29th release drug particles Bombay (9th -13th January, 2010) March- 02nd June 2011) Rational design • Prof. Sheryl Ehrman visit to IIT • Prof. Pratim Biswas made two visits of pulmonary Bombay (August 10-23, 2008). during 2008 (supported with his own delivery systems • Prof. Biswas to IITB (9th -13th funding) to enable interaction on the for biocompatible January, 2010) collaborative work and participated in nanoparticles NAST centre meeting on December 18, 2008. • Prof. Chandra Venkataraman’s visit to Washington University (May 17-22, 2009) • Prof. Anurag Mehra’s visit (5th October– 12th October, 2009) with Prof. Biswas at WUStL and Prof. Ehrman at UMCP • Saptarshi’s visit to WUStL (28th June 2009 - 17th Jan 2010) • Saptarshi visited UMCP from 17th Jan- 28th Feb 2010 High-temperature • Dr. Biswas’ visit (14-16 June 2008) aerosol routes and meetings at WUStL (Washington for nanoparticle University in St. Louis) synthesis: • Dr. Biswas visit to WUStL (15-18 Preparation, December 2008) characterization and • Professor Virendra Sethi visit to WUStL applications (27 September - 17 October 2009) • PhD student Ratish Menon visit to WUStL (November 2009- February 2010) Modeling • Prof. Greg Carmichael visited • Pankaj Sadavarte visit to U. Iowa (May atmospheric CDAC, Pune during (December 10-November 10, 2009) transport of aerosols 8-13, 2008) • Mohit Dalvi visit to U. Iowa and nanoparticles • Prof. Greg Carmichael visited IIT (May 10-31, 2009) Bombay and CDAC, Pune during • Prof. Chandra Venkataraman visit to U. (January 4-11, 2010) Iowa (May 10-17, 2009)

Biswas, (2010). Nanoparticle aerosol generation and S. Kulkarni (2009). Black Carbon and its Role from liposome suspensions. Oral paper No. G04, in Climate, AIChE Annual Meeting, November, Conference of the Indian Aerosol Science and Nashville, TN. Technology Association, March 24-26, 2010, Bose • Dandekar, P., C. Venkataraman, and A. Mehra Institute, Darjeeling, India. (2010). Pulmonary targeting of Nanoparticles • Chattopadhyay S, C. Venkataraman, S. Ehrman, Drug Matrices. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and C.Y.Chiang, L.C. Lai and W.A. Chiou (2010). Pulmonary Drug Delivery 23, 1-11, DOI: 10.1089/ Influence on Air Jet Nebulization on in-situ jamp.2009.0784 properties of nanometer liposome, The 13th • Pawar A.A., Chen D. and Venkataraman C., Congress of the Asia Pacific Confederation of “Droplet-phase synthesis of drug loaded Chemical Engineers (APCChE 2010), October nanoparticle aerosol lipid matrices for controlled 5-8, Taipei. drug delivery” to be submitted to Journal of • Carmichael, G., C. Venkataraman, B. Adhikary, Controlled Release.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 188 • Pawar, A.A., Chen, D. and Venkataraman, and Technology Association. March 24-26, Bose C., (2011) Influence of precursor solvent Institute, Darjeeling, India. (Recipient of a Best physical properties on drug release rates from Poster Award). biodegradable nanoparticle aerosol matrices; • Tiwari, V., Menon, R., Shah, M. K., Sethi, V., Poster paper No. 734, submitted in, Conference of Biswas, P., (2010). Photo-oxidation of organic the American Association for Aerosol Research, pollutant using metal oxide nano-composites. October 3-7, Orlando, FL, USA. International Conference on Environmental Health • Sadavarte, P., C. Venkataraman, S. Kulkarni, G. and Technology, March 15-17, IIT Kanpur. Carmichael, K. Sharma and A. Kaginalkar (2010). • Tiwari, V., J. Jiang, V. Sethi, and P. Biswas (2008). Aerosol transport and atmospheric extinction over One step synthesis of noble metaltitanium dioxide India using the STEM model, Poster paper No. nanocomposites in a Flame Aerosol Reactor, A06, Conference of the Indian Aerosol Science Applied Catalysis A: General, 345(2), 241-246.

189 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Novel Magnetic Structures and Excitations in Multilayers, Interfaces, Nanoparticles and Bulk

Principal Investigators

R. C. Budhani National Physical Laboratory New Delhi, India [email protected] ; [email protected]

Yimei Zhu Brookhaven National Laboratory New York, USA [email protected]

About the Center The objectives would be achieved by carrying out The Joint Center focuses on following issues : detailed electron microscopy observations to investigate • Rare earth free hard magnets: to explore the the various microstructural and excitations pertaining stability of these materials after an optimized to magnetic materials of various kinds in the form of growth parameters with the desired phase multilayers, thin films, interfaces and bulk. Important formations. High performance magnets such case studies will be pursued on FeGe and Perovskites as Mn-Al(-C) of hard magnetic properties are based magnetic materials. In this work high resolution important without either ferromagnetic elements electron microscopy encompassing various techniques such as Fe, Co and Ni or rare earth ions. In this work of Lorentz microscopy and Electron holography will be the understanding and stabilizing the τ-phase (fct) employed to evaluate the important aspects. among the various phases of this system; Є (h.c.p) The Synthesis of rare-earth free hard magnets is a crucial and Є’ (orthorhombic) phase is a challenging job. problem. For example the τ-a magnetic phase in Mn- The τ-phase possesses hard magnetic properties. Al system is a metastable phase and needs significant The development of rare earth free permanent experimentation towards its single phase formation magnets is exceptionally cost effective. in the alloy. Normally the powder metallurgy (ex. ball • Multilayers and thin film nanostructures: thin milling) and melting (arc melting, induction melting, films of various kinds of magnetic materials need etc.) are the methods of processing the basic material. to be explored for the evaluation of magnetic field In some cases a combination of these routes, melting in conjunction with nano-grained microstructures, followed with powder metallurgy are also tried. In these grain boundaries and the magnetic microstructures processes, the ε-phase (a stable phase) is formed first and of various domain, domain walls and point and line by annealing of the ε-phase (between 400 to 600 °C for defects obstructing the movements of domain walls. 10 to 40 min) the formation of τ-phase is expected. • Helimagnets of FeGe: the compositional However in addition to τ-phase, the signals of β and

variants of helimagnets like FeGe1-xSix will be γ-phases are also noted, which are stable phases at room studied to evaluate the magnetic twin structure, temperature. Under such conditions, the in depth electron crystallization temperature, magnetic chirality microscopy experiments are important to evaluate across twin boundaries, magnetic fields, etc. the material to recognize the formation of τ-phase, its uniformity in the alloy and chemistry of the material.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 190 Partnering Institutions

India US • Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi • Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL

a b

Figure 1: (a) A focused ion beam microscope (FIB) and (b) FIB fabricated Tellurium Work Plan/Methodology Moreover, the microwave measurements as well as detailed micromagnetic modeling of the dynamic The measurements pertaining to magnetic switching response of such arrays will be performed characteristics of the materials will be carried out at US at IIT. The Advanced Photon Source (APS at ANL) counterpart by exploiting the dedicated high resolution synchrotron x-rays will be exploited to delineate electron microscopes for magnetic materials. The the knowledge about the structure and function of material preparation in bulk and thin films, extensive magnetic materials. Access to the APS, a major user specimen preparation and detailed characterization facility at Argonne, operated by the US Department will be taken care at India, whereas dedicated magnetic of Energy, is by approval of peer-reviewed proposal. measurements employing highly sophisticated electron These experiments would be iterative to do the best microscopy with all modes of magnetic materials experiments. The goal is to obtain optimal properties characterization will be performed at US. The highly of the processed magnetic materials for various ordered nanomagnet array samples, both in the form applications. of 2-d arrays of nanowires/rings as well as 3-d periodic multilayered nanowire arrays will be prepared at IIT. Scientific Results A nanodevice laboratory: In order to explore and understand electronic, magnetic and photonic properties of new novel materials, in particular superconducting / magnetic thin films, nanowires and carbon nanotubes, the NPL has fabricated nanostructures/ nanodevices by using state of the art lithography tools such as focused ion beam (FIB) microscope or ebeam lithography (EBL). Successful creation of these nanodevices gives access to many novel experiments to investigate the quantum phenomena. A focused ion beam microscope (Fig. 1a) from M/S Zeiss (model: Auriga 39-71) is a unique microscope, can be used for high resolution imaging, localized metal or insulator deposition, elemental analysis, micromanipulation of objects, localized milling / circuit modifications. Its potential Figure 2: NiFe nano-rings fabricated by Electron Beam Lithography

191 Joint R & D Centers results demonstrate the functioning of this facility and laboratory (FIB). The FESEM images of the rings subsequently show that nanodevices can be formed having ring width 340 nm, centre to centre distance 2.8 from 1D or 2D materials, nanolayers or nanowires. µm, outer diameter 1.7 µm and inner diameter 1.03 µm 2 Moreover, this facility can be used as a micro- and are displayed as in Fig. 2. The sample size was 9mm on nanomachining tool at the nanoscale which will boost which 11,000 rings were fabricated by EBL followed -7 the nanofabrication activity at the laboratory and hence by deposition in high vacuum (3×10 mbar) sputtering the nanodevice research. As an illustrative example, system. The edge roughness is very important in ring Fig. 1b demonstrates that first nanowires were localized shape as they act as demagnetizing centres. Hence, by using FESEM, further nanowires were connected to each step in fabrication is very crucial for the formation gold pads by localized platinum deposition, and finally of stable magnetization states. The magnetic rings were FIB milling was used to remove unwanted connections. then analysed in Superconducting Quantum Interface Such systems and devices are made and ready for the Device (SQUID) installed in the laboratory. The transport measurements. observed results confirmed the formation of both the stable vortex and onion magnetization states. Magnetic Magnetic nano-rings structures for high memory film having a ring shaped patterned, which support a data storage applications: Magnetic ring shaped “vortex” magnetization state, results in zero stray filed nanostructures are of great interest as they are most which provides the freedom to densely compact these suitable candidate in the field of developing high elements with minimum magnetic interaction with storage capacity RAM. Out of all the magnetic neighbouring elements. nanostructures, ring geometry has following features which make it unique: (i) removal of highly energetic MnAl - a metastable τ-phase: A large fraction τ-phase inner core makes this configuration much more stable of MnAl prepared by a suitable combination of arc than a disc geometry, and (ii) existence of ring in two melting and ball milling with subsequent annealing stable magnetization states i.e. flux closure state called has been extensively characterized by employing vortex state and onion state called two domain state. high resolution transmission electron microscopy Synthesis of such devices poses a challenge in terms of (HRTEM, model: Tecnai G2 F30 STWIN, operating fabrication techniques and measuring instrument. It has at an electron accelerating voltage of 300 kV with been able to successfully develop ring shaped magnetic field emission electron source). A large size elongated nano structures using Electron beam lithography (EBL), grains with a common origin of τ (tetragonal)-phase which is a part of a state of art facility, nanodivice are seen throughout in the microstructure (Fig. 3a). Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation of the Scientist Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period Samuel D. Bader 1. National Physical Laboratory, India 08 -11 December 2013 Argonne National Laboratory, USA R. C. Budhani Argonne National Laboratory and 2. 27 May - 04 June 2014 National Physical Laboratory, India Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA Yimei Zhu 3. National Physical Laboratory, India 7 - 12 July 2014 Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA A. K. Srivastava 4. Argonne National Laboratory, USA 17 - 30 July 2014 National Physical Laboratory, India

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 192 structures of -MnAl (magnetic phase) and its corresponding magnetic microstructures revealing Fresnel fringes have been observed and recorded. The results are being interpreted in depth. Two–dimensional electron gas-like charge transport at the interface between a magnetic Heusler alloy and

SrTiO3: Remarkably low Figure 3: HRTEM micrograpohs (a,b) showing the elongated microstructure of -MnAl phase at two residual resistivity, giant different magnifications. residual resistivity ratio, free- The ample existence of this phase with a coarse grain electron-like Hall resistivity, 4 2 −1 −1 microstructure is noteworthy. It is also important and high mobility (≈10 cm V s ) charge transport in to mention that at instances, it was difficult to epitaxial films of Co2MnSi and Co2FeSi (CFS) grown distinguish τ-phase with the remaining microstructure on (001) SrTiO3 (STO), has been reported. This unusual of the sample. The regions were constituted of mixed behavior is not observed in films deposited on other τ-phase with the other two structures of β (cubic)- cubic oxide substrates of comparable lattice parameters. and γ (cubic)- phases in the matrix of the sample. At The scaling of the resistivity with thickness of the films high magnifications, the evidence of overlaps due to allows the extraction of interface conductance, which different phases was obvious. In Fig. 3b, a single grain can be attributed to a layer of oxygen vacancies confined in length of τ-phase was magnified to resolve features within 1.9 nm of the interface as revealed by atomically at atomic scale. However due to magnetic anisotropy resolved electron microscopy and spectroscopy (Fig. in the microstructure, instead of sharp planes, a set 4). The high mobility transport observed here at the of parallel thick fringes are delineated (Fig. 3b). At interface of a fully spin polarized metal is potentially Argonne National Laboratory the MnAl specimens are important for spintronics applications. Ref.: P.K. Rout looked into a transmission electron microscope et al. Phys. Rev. B 89, 020401 R, 2014.

(JEOL JEM 2100F, aberration corrected and designed Kondo scattering in δ-doped LaTiO3/SrTiO3 interfaces: for Lorentz microscopy) with the help of Prof. Amanda Renormalization by spin-orbit interactions: A study K Petford-Long and Prof. Samuel D. Bader and of δ doping at the LaTiO3/SrTiO3 interface with several interesting features of conventional elongated isostructural antiferromagnetic perovskite LaCrO3 that dramatically alters the properties of the two-

Figure 4: (a) and (b) STEM image along [110] CFS (or [100] STO) direction, showing the interface between CFS film and STO substrate. The spheres of red, green, blur, cyan, magenta, and yellow represent Co, Fe, Si, Sr, Ti, and O, respectively. (c) EELS spectra image from the scan line marked by green vertical line in STEM image (b) with a step of 0.05 nm showing TiL edge and OK edge. (d) EELS spectra profiles from different positions marked by the arrows in (b).

193 Joint R & D Centers • Director’s Special Colloquium, Argonne National Laboratory, USA June 3, 2014. • Y. Zhu, Tracking Lithium Electrochemical Reactions and Probing Electron-Phonon Interactions using Ultrafast Electrons, Distinguished Scientists Lecture Series, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India, July 8, 2014 • Y. Zhu, L. Wu, H. Inada, J. Ciston, R.F. Egertonand L.D. Mark, Atomically Figure 5: (a) Oxide planes along the [001] direction of the δ-doped interface. (b) DFT charge Resolved Surface Imaging transfer in (LTO)3(LCO)δ(STO)3. The positive (negative) value indicates the gain (loss) of the Using Secondary Electrons charge. The left, middle, and right regions are 3 uc of LTO, δ uc of LCO, and 3 uc of STO, respectively. This plot also shows the Cr L3/L2 intensity ratio across the interface (brown inverted with Aberration Corrected triangles). (c) and (d) HAADF image showing interfaces between LTO, LCO, and STO with 3-uc Scanning Transmission Electron LCO (bright atom columns). An intensity line profile (yellow) from the column marked by the dark blue line is included in (d). (e) EELS spectrum image from the vertical scan line in (c), showing Ti Microscopes, International L2,3, O K, and Cr L2,3 edges at ≈460, 530, and 580 eV, respectively. (f) A series of Ti L2,3 edges Conference on Electron (circles) across two interfaces from the spectrum image (e) acquired from the line scan partially shown in (c) (Ref.: S. Das et al. Phys. Rev. B 90, 081107(R), 2014). Microscopy, New Delhi, India, July 10, 2014 dimensional electron gas at the interface, has been • A.K.Srivastava, Electron reported. The effects include a reduction in sheet-carrier Microscopy Evidence of Relevance of density, prominence of the low-temperature resistivity Microstructure – Property Correlations, Materials minimum, enhancement of weak antilocalization Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, below10 K, and observation of a strong anisotropic USA, July 22, 2014. magnetoresistance (MR). The positive and negative • A.K.Srivastava, Electron Microscopy Evidence MR for out-of-plane and in-plane fields, respectively, of Relevance of Microstructure – Property and the field and temperature dependencies of MR Correlations, International Conference on suggest Kondo scattering by localized Ti3+ moments Nanoscale Spectroscopy and Nanotechnology renormalized by spin-orbit interaction at T<10 K, (NSS-8), Gleacher Center, Chicago, USA, July with the increased δ-layer thickness. Electron-energy- 28, 2014. loss spectroscopy and density functional calculations provide convincing evidence of blocking of electron Publications transfer from LTO to STO by the δ layer, Fig. 5. Ref.: • Rout P.K., Pandey H., Wu L., Anupam, Joshi S. Das et al. Phys. Rev. B 90, 081107 (R), 2014. P.C., Hossain Z., Zhu Yimei and Budhani R.C. (2014) Two–dimensional electron gas-like charge Other Activities transport at the interface between a magnetic Following seminars / invited talks were organized Heusler alloy and SrTiO3. Phys. Rev. B 89: during this period of the execution of the project: 020401(R) • Das S., Rastogi A., Wu L., Zheng J.C., Hossain • S.D. Bader, Spintronics: Implications for Z., Zhu Yimei and Budhani R.C. (2014) Kondo Energy, Information & Medical Technologies, scattering in δ-doped LaTiO3/SrTiO interfaces: Distinguished Scientists Lecture Series, National 3 Renormalization by spin-orbit interactions. Phys. Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India, December Rev. B 90: 081107(R). 10, 2013. • R.C. Budhani, Novel electronic phases and phase transitions at oxide interfaces,

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 194 Indo-US Joint Center on Physics Beyond Standard Model

Principal Investigators

Rohini Godbole Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India [email protected]

Sandip Pakvasa University of Hawaii Honolulu, USA [email protected]

About the Center physics. “New physics”, whose presence is evident Our current understanding of nature can be summarized from observation of neutrino oscillations and existence in terms of two Standard Models: one for extremely large of dark matter, might reveal itself in the experiments cosmological scales – standard model of cosmology; planned at the LHC. The Indo-US Networked and another for extremely tiny sub-nuclear particle Center on Physics beyond standard model (BSM) physics scale - standard model of particle physics. Both phenomenology investigates the properties of this these models have been extremely successful at their “new physics” in three focused areas: respective scales but are however unable to describe (i) Neutrino physics: Among phenomenological nature completely. aspects, a detailed study of capabilities of a Long Base The beginning of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at Line and Atmospheric neutrino detector with emphasis CERN, Geneva, ushered in a new era in particle on DUSEL-based detectors will be undertaken. Studies

195 Joint R & D Centers Partnering Institutions

India US • Theoretical Physics Group, Physical Research • University of Wisconsin, Madison Laboratory, Ahmedabad • University of Kansas, Lawrence • Harish Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad

of avor structure of very high energy astrophysical Gandhi, Danny Marfatia and Vernon Barger and the neutrinos will be carried out. other by a group involving Profs. Sandip Pakvasa, Subhendra Mohanty and Anjan Joshipura. (ii) Top physics: Top physics will be looked at as a probe of BSM physics with the focus on use of the top Prof. Raj Gandhi’s work was in collaboration with polarization in isolating its nature at the LHC. US collaborators at the University of Wisconsin- Madison (Vernon Barger) and University of Kansas (iii) Supersymmetry: Here the Joint Center will (Danny Marfatia). Over the full course of the project, address connections between dark matter studies and in addition, several of his gradute students (Atri avor physics; and correlations between direct and Bhattacharya,Animesh Chatterjee, Mehedi Masud) indirect dark matter searches and LHC experiments. along with other Indian faculty (Srubabati Goswami Achievements & Scientific Value and Uma Sankar) and graduate students from other Indian institutions (Sushant Raut and Suprabh Prakash) Addition and a postdoc (Pomita Ghoshal) participated in various Neutrinos aspects of the work. The work done on Neutrinos can be divided into two a) The potential of a Liquid Argon detector vis a vis parts: one done by a group which involved Profs. Raj atmospheric neutrinos was studied and it was

2 2 2 true Fig. 2 : Sensitivity to the octant with σ(sin (2θ13))=0.05 x sin (2θ13), and sin (θ23 )=0.427 in the lower octant (LO) and 0.613 in the higher octant (HO), for both hierarchies and a 100 kt-yr magnetized far detector exposure configured with and without a near detector, and also with an unmagnetized FD and an ND.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 196 demonstrated that such a detector could determine are expected to arise when electron-anti-neutrinos the neutrino mass hierarchy with greater than 4 sigma annihilate electrons in the medium to produce real sensitivity, and the octant at 2-3 sig ma sensitivity W-bosons which decay into shower events. These with moderate exposure times. It is to be noted that Glashow resonance events are expected at 6.2 PeV these are currently two of the most important goals and so far have not been seen. A possible explanation over the next decade for neutrino physics. This work of this is the decay of neutrinos in an inverted mass- has resulted in a paper inlcuded below. hierarchy to the lowest mass eigenstate which have a very small component of electron-type neutrinos. b) After this attention was focussed on comprehensive The other explanation is oscillations in to sterile sensitivity studies for the Long baseline Neutrino species. Future observations at IceCube of PeV will Experiment (LBNE) for all of its major goals. verify or rule out these models. LBNE will be one of the flagship International effort contributing to resolving the hierarchy, the Beyond Standard Model octant and detection of CP violation over the next In the context of investigations on the theme of Beyond decade. Its configuration is a matter of active current the Standard Model, other than on issues mentioned discussion in the community. This work considered under the heading ‘Neutrinos’ above, the Indo-US all possibilities, detector locations (underground funding led to interactions and collaborations which versus surface), sensitivities a) with or without a have opened up a number of research projects among near detector and/or b) the addition of atmospheric the investigators. A few major ones are being listed data, c) the presence or absence of a magnetic field below. The first three are the ones which resulted from and d) with increased exposure. This work resulted interactions between Profs. Tao Han, X. Tata and B. in two papers.) Mukhopadhyaya. Over the course of the project, students and postdocs Alongside the Higgs boson discovery, a thorough and were involved, which in several cases, constituted sustained analysis of the LHC data has been performed their first experience of international collaboration and from new angles, to indicate the scope of physics thus added a valuable component to their training. The beyond the standard model lying hidden within the group interacted constructively with each other and data. The implication of the data for some new physics various members are now well positioned to take on scenarios, especially those explaining neutrinoa masses new projects in smaller sub-groups. and the dark matter content of the universe, have been investigated, and interesting results have been found. Prof. Subhendra Mohanty worked along with Prof. Sandip Pakvasa and Prof. Anjan Joshipura which has The possibility of supersymmetric theories in the light resulted in two publications listed below. A summary of the LHC data has been studied. In particular, definite of the work is given below. conclusions have come out concerning scenarios with light third family sfermions, taking both LHC data and c) The phenomenology of high energy neutrinos in the dark matter constraints into account. energy range 100 TeV to 1 PeV was studied. These are a measure at the IceCube experiments. The neutrino Some hitherto unexplored potentials of a muon collider flux measured at 100 GeV energies correlated have been unearthed. This includes the possibility of with Gamma ray bursts and observed a deficit by exploiting radiative return to probe new physics in the a factor of 4 compared to the Bahcall-Waxman Higgs sector. prediction. The possibility of neutrino oscillations “Vectors and Unification” Profs. Godbole, Han, into sterile neutrinos was studied. This would take Tata and Vempati have considered a scenario where place in a model where the three active neutrinos additional vector like particles exist beyond standard are augmented by three sterile neutrinos and the model which lead to unification of the gauge couplings. neutrino masses are pseudo-Dirac. It was found that The question then arises what happens to the stability the pseudo-Dirac scenario could account for a deficit of the Higgs potential in the presence of these extra by a factor of 4 of the observed GRB neutrinos. The particles? Preliminary investigations have revealed possibility of neutrino decay from the higher mass the various minimum configurations of vector particle eigenstates to the lower mass eigenstates to account content required for unification of gauge couplings at for the observed neutrino deficit was also explored. the high scale. Work is on to study the constraints on Subsequently ICeCube experiment has measured the Higgs potential. Students and Postdoctoral fellows neutrino events at PeV energies which are supposed at both the institutes are involved in this project. to originate from Active Galactic Nuclei. The surprising feature of these PeV neutrino observations In another project the status of degenerate is the deficit of the Glashow resonance events which supersymmetric scenarios was investigated by Debtosh

197 Joint R & D Centers Chowdhury, K. and the University Patel, X. Tata of Hawaii. and S. Vempati. The expertise This work is available in all the almost complete three places has and ready for been effectively publication. In pooled, this work, the with special consequences significance in the of assuming aforementioned a degenerate areas. soft spectrum To facilitate in MSSM are discussion investigated. and problem The interplay formulation, between the two visits of one implications of the Higgs mass measurement and the month each by rare decay process b --> s + gamma and anamalous one of the investigators Raj Gandhi were made under magnetic moment of g-2 was shown. Interestingly, the aegis of the project to the University of Wisconsin while this scenario might not satisfy the relic density at Madison in the summers of 2011 and 2012. of dark matter observed in Nature, it predicts signals at future direct detection experiments. • Prof. Tao Han, University of Pittsburgh, and Prof. Xerxes Tata, University of Hawaii, have delivered R. Godbole and X. Tata with students at the IISc have pedagogic lectures at Harish-Chandra Research also been discussing possibilities of probing the mixing Institute. in the stop sector via top polarization for the top quark produced through gluino decays. A gluino decays to a • Prof. Biswarup Mukhopadhyaya delivered a top-stop pair. If only one of the stop mass eigenstate colloquium and a seminar at the University of has mass lower than the gluino mass, then the produced Hawaii during his visit. These have served in top will be polarised and the resultant top polarisation scientific manpower training. depends directly on the mixing. The work has yielded • Prof. S.Mohanty visited University of Hawaii 14th interesting results which need to be written up soon. April 2014 to 30 April 2014 and University of Pittsburgh from 1st May-15th May 2014. Exchange Visits • Prof. Sudhir Vempati visited University of Hawaii Collaboration and interaction has been strengthened 14th April 2014 to 30 April 2014 and University of between Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Indian Pittsburgh from 1st May-15th May 2014. Institute of Science, Bangalore, Physical Research • Prof. Rohini Godbole visited University of Laboratory, Ahmedabad, The University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh from May 5 to May 10, 2014.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 198 She gave a talk at the PHENO-2013 meeting and strengths as well as the results on searches for new discussed possibilities of probing the anomalous Higgs particles expected in various extensions of the BSM couplings in VBF and VH production. She then visited has resulted in constraints on the allowed region in the from May 10 to May 29, the University of Hawaii, parameter space of the BSM models. At the same time where she gave a department seminar on “CP violation the low mass of the Higgs makes possible tantalising in Higgs sector at the LHC”. She then visited (along hints of BSM physics at scales of 1010 to 1012 GeV. with Prof. X. Tata and Prof. T. Han) the KITP at the This connection between the Higgs mass, the high University of California at Santa Barbara to attend the scale physics and the hints thrown by the dark matter meeting “Snowmass on the Pacific” from May 30 to searches at collidersnor otherwise, has thrown open a June 2, where she participated on the discussions about lot of issues that need to be investigated and which are the future directions of progress in high energy physics. a logical end for many of the projects that have been started during the project. Way Forward All the visits, collaborations and pedagogical activities As mentioned above, the basis for future collaborative are expected to be repeated in the years to come. The work has been established, and it is expected that the expanding horizon of elementary particle physics, interaction so fruitfully initiated under the ambit of this especially in the directions of the Center will continue in the future. LHC and dark matter results, will be more effectively The funding under the project made it possible for a tackled in the presence of such intensified interactions. major fraction of the collaborators to get together at meetings in India (at HRI) and in the USA (at PHENO Publications in Pittusburgh), providing a platform for interaction of • V. Barger, R. Gandhi, P. Ghoshal, S. Goswami, the members of this project with scientists working in D. Marfatia, S. Prakash, S. K. Raut and S. U. the same area in the other country. This has broadened Sankar (2012) Neutrino mass hierarchy and octant the scope of International collaborations that could be determination with atmospheric neutrinos .Phys. seeded even further. Rev. Lett. 109, 091801. In case of Neutrino physics, the topics studied under • V. Barger, A. Bhattacharya, A. Chatterjee, R. the project require further work now since LBNE Gandhi, D. Marfatia and M. Masud (2014) is undergoing an expansion which may result in a Configuring the Long-Baseline Neutrino redefinition of its goals and a possible expansion in its Experiment. Phys. Rev. D 89, no. 1, 011302. scope. Having done detailed preliminary work in this • V. Barger, A. Bhattacharya, A. Chatterjee, R. direction, members of the group are well-positioned to Gandhi, D. Marfatia and M. Masud Configurations undertake further studies in related directions. of the Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment. Observations of high energy neutrinos at IceCube and • Anjan S. Joshipura, Subhendra Mohanty , Sandip other experiments can reveal the nature of the sources Pakvasa (2014) Pseudo-Dirac neutrinos via a -whether they are astrophysical or that these neutrinos mirror world and depletion of ultrahigh energy arise from Dark Matter annihilations or decay. One can neutrinos. Phys. Rev. D89 3, 033003. also learn something about the nature of neutrino mass • Sandip Pakvasa, Anjan Joshipura, Subhendra matrix and the underlying Grand Unified Theories Mohanty (2013) Explanation for the low flux of giving rise to neutrino masses. high energy astrophysical muon-neutrinos. Phys. The LHC results on the discovery of the Higgs, the Rev. Lett. 110 171802. detailed measurements of its properties and signal

199 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Solar Eruptive Phenomena

Principal Investigators

Wahab Uddin Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, India [email protected]

N. Gopalswamy NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA [email protected]

About the Center transformers resulting in their destruction. Since the The Solar Eruptive Phenomena comprise of Solar human society relies increasingly on space technology flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), representing for all kinds of activities, there have been worldwide huge amounts of energy release from sites of high efforts to understand the eruptive phenomena and their magnetic field on the Sun. The released energy can be impact on Earth’s space environment under a subject as high as 1027 joules, representing the most energetic area known as “space weather. “ process in the heliosphere. Flares and CMEs are not The purpose of the IUSSTF Joint Center on Solar only intriguing physical phenomena, but also have Eruptive Phenomena was to address some of the important implications for life on Earth. Flares can outstanding issues on solar eruptions that can be change the conductivity of Earth’s ionosphere thereby addressed making use of the new observations from affecting radio communication over a time scale of space and ground that became available in India and tens of minutes to hours. Microwave bursts from the United States. One of the goals of the Joint Center solar flares can drown GPS signals resulting in the also was to train young postdocs and graduate students loss of service for the duration of flares. CMEs have in exploiting the currently available data sources to a longer-term effect on Earth’s space environment. address issues on solar eruptive phenomena. As soon as fast CMEs leave the Sun, they drive a shock that accelerates protons to very high energies. Achievements These particles can disable space instrumentation by The training involved using of CME data available destroying spacecraft electronics. CMEs continue to at the CDAW Data Center of NASA Goddard Space accelerate particles as they propagate away from the Flight Center in conjunction with H-alpha observations Sun for days. CMEs contain magnetized plasma at from ARIES Nainital and the Interplanetary very high speeds (often exceeding 1000 km/s). If such Scintillation observations from the Ooty radio CMEs occur on the Earth-facing side of the Sun, they telescope. The participants were also introduced to the can arrive at Earth within one or two days and collide Radio Telescope Network (RSTN) data that provide with Earth’s magnetosphere. This collision causes what information on shock waves associated with CMEs. is known as a geomagnetic storm and represents the Team visits were arranged to the three institutions flow CME plasma and energy into the magnetosphere. involved (ARIES Nainital; Radio Astronomy Center, Geomagnetic storms can induce huge surge currents in Ooty; and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) to

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 200 Partnering Institutions

India US • Physical Research laboratory, Ahmedabad • California State University, Northridge • Radio Astronomy Centre, NCRA-TIFR, Ooty • Uttrakhand Dept. of Science and Technology, Nainital

Solar Sources of Eruptive Events One of the key ingredients of solar eruptive events is the free energy stored in closed magnetic field regions such as active regions and quiescent filament regions. Emergence of new magnetic flux from below the photosphere results in twisted magnetic field lines that add to free energy content of the magnetic regions. This free energy is then released in the form of flares and CMEs. The

Fig. 1 : Sequence of Hα images (ARIES/Nainital) overlaid by the contours of log T = 6.8 and log magnetic field configurations of EM = 22.5 drawn by red and green lines, respectively. these active regions relax to near potential-field configuration gain valuable experience in data acquisition, access, after energy release through solar flares and coronal and analysis. Additionally visits were also arranged mass ejections. One of the JC activities was to study to Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad and the relation of flare productivity of active regions California State University, Northridge USA. with their evolution of magnetic flux emergence, flux The Joint Center activities resulted in making progress imbalance and free energy content. Changes in the in answering some of the outstanding questions on solar sunspot area and number were considered for a large eruptive phenomena: when and where do shocks form number of active regions for this flux emergence study. during a solar eruption, how these shocks accelerate The magnetic flux imbalance and the free energy were energetic particles, and how the energetic eruptions are estimated using magnetograms obtained by NASA’s distributed over a solar cycle. An important backdrop Solar dynamics Observatory and the Virial theorem to these investigations was the peculiar state of the Sun method. It was found that the active regions that and the heliosphere surrounding it due to the unusually undergo large changes in sunspot area are the most flare weak solar activity during solar cycle 24. productive. The active regions become flare-productive when the free energy content exceeded 50% of the total

201 Joint R & D Centers the precursor and main phasesof the flare: the precursor phase emission originated via a conduction front that resulted from the partial filament eruption over the neutral line. The heated leftover S-shaped filament then underwent slow-rise and heating due to magnetic reconnection and finally erupted to produce emission during the impulsive and gradual phases.

When & where do shocks form in the solar corona? On the question of when and where do shocks form in the corona, the images obtained at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths by NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) mission provided the key information. The shock was observed as a diffuse feature surrounding the earliest manifestation of CMEs when they were merely at a distance of 350,000 km (or 0.5 solar radii) above the solar surface (1 solar radius = 700,000 km). The shock formation time coincided with the start of a type II radio burst, which is a direct result of electrons energized by the shock. By looking at images taken by STEREO at EUV and optical wavelengths and in white light, the height of the shock at the start time of the type II burst was directly measured for a large number of events. By analyzing more than 30 CMEs with shock features and type Fig. 2. EUVI full disk running difference images superposed on the II radio bursts, it was found that shocks can form at STEREO-A/COR1 difference images at 03:05 UT, 03:45 UT and 03:50 UT (a–c) showing two CMEs associated with the M1.1 and M8.7 flares distances as short as 0.25 solar radii and as large as 2 respectively. STEREO COR2 base difference images at 03:54 UT. solar radii. The average distance of 0.5 solar radii is consistent with the assumptions researchers have made energy. Flare-productive active regions also showed in explaining the distance at which accelerated high magnetic flux imbalance, but this parameter alone is energy particles are released from the Sun. From the not a good indicator of imminent flaring. CME kinemtics measured from the STEREO images, A case study was performed on the pre-cursor and main it was possible to infer that CMEs associated with type phases of a major flare (X-ray class M1.8) using multi- radio II bursts attained sufficient speeds to drive shock wavelength observations. EUV observations from and accelerate particles. Observationally, the distance NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory revealed a multi- of particle release during solar eruptions has been loop system that destabilized systematically during the estimated to be about 2 solar radii. This is consistent precursor and main phases (See Fig.1). It was possible with the requirement that the shock needs to travel to infer the connection between energy releases during an additional distance from the formation height to

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 202 interaction can enhance the possibility of a type II burst association with weak CMEs if the CME is preceded by another slower CME. Two slow CMEs of similar speeds (334 and 337 km/s) and apparent widths (43° and 44°) had different radio signatures. The second CME was associated with a metric type II burst while the first one was not. The STEREO inner coronagraphs on board the STEREO spacecraft clearly showed that the second CME propagated into a preceding CME that occurred 50 min before. These observations further confirm that CME-CME interaction is a allow enough time for the particles to gain the highest key process in exciting the type II radio possible energies. The solar particles that reach all the emission by slow CMEs. way to Earth’s troposphere are thus confirmed to be due to very fast CMEs that form shocks at a height of 0.5 We present a comparative study of the properties of solar radii and release particles at a height of 2 solar CMEs and flares associated with the solar energetic radii. particle (SEP) events in the rising phases of solar cycles (SC) 23 (1996-1998) (22 events) and 24 (2009-2011) (20 CME interaction and Particle Acceleration events), which are associated with type II radio bursts. When a CME propagates into a preceding CME or its Based on the SEP intensity, we divided the events into aftermath, the CME-driven shock propagates into a three categories, i.e. weak (intensity < 1 pfu), minor (1 medium different from that of the normal corona. This pfu < intensity < 10 pfu) and major (intensity => 10 is called CME-CME interaction. Statistical studies pfu) events. We used the GOES data for the minor and suggested that the CME interaction somehow enhances major SEP events and SOHO/ERNE data for the weak the efficiency of particle acceleration. In particular, it SEP event. We examine the correlation of SEP intensity was found that CMEs interacting with preceding CMEs with flare size and CME properties. We find that most result in higher intensity of SEP events in solar cycle 23. of the major SEP events are associated with halo or The Indo-US team found that CME interaction is the partial halo CMEs originating close to the Sun center key factor in all high-intensity SEP events of solar cycle and western-hemisphere. The fraction of halo CMEs 24. In-depth analysis of one of the largest SEP events in SC 24 is larger than the SC 23. For the minor SEP in cycle 24, viz., the January 23, 2012 event confirmed events, one event in SC23 and one event in SC24 have the importance of CME interaction. The interacting widths < 120° and all other events are associated with CMEs were both fast: a 2000 km/s CME overtook a halo or partial halo CMEs as in the case of major SEP 1400 km/s CME (see Figure 2). Unlike the cycle-23 events. In case of weak SEP events, majority (more than events, it was possible to track the CME interaction 60%) of events are associated with CME width < 120°. closely because of the multiple views provided by the For both the SC the average CMEs speeds are similar. STEREO and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory For major SEP events, average CME speeds are higher (SOHO) missions. The January 23, 2012 CMEs were in comparison to minor and weak events. The SEP observed by the STEREO mission taking advantage of event intensity and GOES X-ray flare size are poorly the extended field of view of its coronagraphs made it correlated. During the rise phase of solar cycle 23 and possible to observe the interacting CMEs much closer 24, we find north-south asymmetry in the SEP event to the Sun, capturing CME interaction in more detail. It source locations: in cycle 23 most sources are located is significant that the metric type II burst was very weak in the south, whereas during cycle 24 most sources are but the interplanetary type II burst was very intense. located in the north. This result is consistent with the This may be attributed to different combinations of asymmetry found with sunspot area and intense flares. CME speed, Alfven speed and the physical conditions Solar Cycle Variation of Energetic Particle events of the ambient medium. The temporal coincidence Solar cycle 24 is much weaker than the previous cycle of the CME interaction with the onset of the intense in sunspot number, but not in the rate of CMEs. In order interplanetary type II burst confirms the increase in the to see how this might affect SEP events, a statistical efficiency of particle acceleration. study was undertaken to compare the flare and CME In another investigation, it was shown that CME properties of SEP events during the rise phases of solar

203 Joint R & D Centers the interaction between the CMEs and the ambient solar wind narrowed the speeds at 1 AU to a range of ~350- 1500 km/s. There was no clear correlation of storm intensity with the initial speed of the CME because propagation effects changed the CME speeds before they impacted Earth’s magnetosphere. The magnetic structure of the CMEs played a key role in the geoeffectiveness: those CMEs that had a flux rope structure at 1 AU were more geoeffective cycles 23 and 24. There were similar number of events than the ones without such in the two cycles: 22 events in cycle 23 compared to a structure. Thus identifying the flux rope structure 20 in cycle 24. The events were into three categories, based on the source magnetic configuration at the i.e. weak (intensity < 1 pfu), minor (1 pfu < intensity Sun is an important way forward in predicting the < 10 pfu) and major (intensity >/= 10 pfu) events. It occurrence of geomagnetic storms. was found that most of the major SEP events were associated with halo or partial halo CMEs originating Scientific Value Addition close to the sun center and western-hemisphere. One The Joint Center provided an opportunity to of the surprising results was that the fraction of halo collectively approach several issues related to the CMEs in cycle 24 was larger than that in cycle 23. The mass and electromagnetic emissions associated with minor SEP were also associated with halo or partial solar eruptions. The availability of observations from halo CMEs similar to the major SEP events. In the case multi-instrument in multi-wavelengths helped to of weak SEP events, more than 60% were associated make concrete progress in understanding complex with non-halo CMEs indicating the importance of physical processes involved in solar eruptions. CME width for high-intensity events. While the Concrete identification of shock formation heights is a average CME speeds were similar in both cycles, crucial step in understanding the particle acceleration it was higher for major SEP events in comparison mechanism by the Sun. The case studies performed to minor and weak events. Furthermore, this study served as an excellent source of training for younger revealed that SEP events correlate better with CMEs members of the team and helped clarify the importance rather than with flares, thus providing an important of CME interaction in particle acceleration. The clue to the mechanism of particle acceleration: CME- statistical studies on solar energetic particle events, drive shocks seems to be the main source of particle geomagnetic storms, and solar source active regions acceleration. highlighted the key aspects that need to be considered in converting research on these phenomena to usable Geoeffectiveness of Shock-driving CMEs space weather forecast. The most delayed space weather effects of CMEs are the geomagnetic storms. It takes one or more Way Forward days for a CME to travel to Earth and interact The process of answering scientific questions leads to with Earth’s magnetosphere. It is well known that newer and more pointed questions and the Joint Center shock-driving CMEs are more energetic, and hence activities are no exception. A wealth of data have been represent an important population for space weather accumulated during the investigation, which need to prediction purposes. In order to see this a statistical be analyzed for further progress on the solar sources, study was undertaken to assess the geoeffectiveness magnetic structures, interplanetary propagation, (the ability to produce geomagnetic storms) of all and Earth impact of the coronal mass ejections. The shock-driving CMEs of solar cycle 23. It was found weak solar cycle has shown different implications that most of the 180 shock-driving CMEs (~ 87%) for energetic particle events and geomagnetic storms, were geoeffective, compared to only 60% for non- which needs to be understood in terms of the altered shock CMEs. It was also found that the initial CME state of the heliosphere. speeds were over a wide range: ~200 – 3500 km/s, but

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 204 Publications • D. P. Choudhary, S. Gosain, N. Gopalswamy, P. K. • S. Yashiro, N. Gopalswamy, P. Mäkelä, P., S. Manoharan, R. Chandra, W. Uddin, A. K. Srivastava, Akiyama, W. Uddin, A. K. Srivastava, N. C. Joshi, S. Yashiro, N. C. Joshi, P. Kashyap, V. C. Dwivedi, R. Chandra, P. K. Manoharan, K. Mahalakshmi, K. Mahalakshmi, E. Elamathi, M. Norris,Arun V. C. Dwivedi, R. Jain, CA. K. Awasthi, N. V. K. Awasthi, R. Jain (2013) Flux emergence, flux Nitta, M. Aschwanden, D. P. Choudhary (2014) imbalance, magnetic free energy and solar flares. Homologous flare-CME events and their metric Advances in Space Research, 52, 1561. type II radio burst association. Advances in Space • N. C. Joshi, A. K. Srivastava, B. Filippov, W. Uddin, Research, 54, 1941. P. Kayshap, R. Chandra ( 2013) A Study of a Failed • N. C. Joshi, A. K. Srivastava, B. Filippov, P. Coronal Mass Ejection Core Associated with an Kayshap, W. Uddin, R. Chandra, D. P. Choudhary, Asymmetric Filament Eruption, , ApJ, 771, 65. and B. N. Dwivedi, (2014) Confined partial • N.C. Joshi, W. Uddin, A.K. Srivastava, R. Filament eruption and its reformation within a Chandra, N. Gopalswamy, P.K. Manoharan, M.J. stable magnetic flux rope. ApJ, 787, 11. Aschwanden, D.P. Choudhary, R. Jain, N.V. • Arun K. Awasthi, R. Jain, P. D. Gadhiya, M. J. Nitta, H. Xie, S. Yashiro, S. Akiyama, P. Mäkelä, Aschwanden, W. Uddin, A. K. Srivastava, R. P. Kayshap, A.K. Awasthi, V.C. Dwivedi, K. Chandra, N. Gopalswamy, N. V. Nitta, S. Mahalakshmi (2013) A Multi-wavelength Study of Yashiro, P. K. Manoharan, D. P. Choudhary, N. Eruptive Events on January 23, 2012 associated C. Joshi, V. C. Dwivedi, K. Mahalakshmi (2014) with a Major Solar Energetic Particle Event, Multi-wavelength diagnostics of the precursor and Advances in Space Research,52,1. main phases of an M1.8 flare on 2011 April 22. • N. Gopalswamy, H. Xie, P. Mäkelä, S. Yashiro, S. MNRAS, 437, 2249. Akiyama, W. Uddin, A.K. Srivastava, N.C. Joshi, • R. Chandra, N. Gopalswamy, P. Makela, H. Xie, S. R. Chandra, P.K. Manoharan, K. Mahalakshmi, Yashiro, S. Akiyama, W. Uddin, A. K. Srivastava, V.C. Dwivedi, R. Jain, A.K. Awasthi, N.V. Nitta, N. C. Joshi, R. Jain, Arun K. Awasthi, P. K. M.J. Aschwanden, D.P. Choudhary (2013) Height Manoharan, K. Mahalakshmi, V. C. Dwivedi, D. of shock formation in the solar corona inferred from P. Choudhary, N. V. Nitta (2013) Solar energetic observations of type II radio bursts and coronal mass particle events during the rise phases of solar cycles ejections. Advances in Space Research, 51, 1981. 23 and 24.Advances in Space Research, 52, 2102.

205 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Accelerators and Detectors for future High Energy Physics Experiments

Principal Investigators

Kirti Ranjan Department of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi, Delhi, India [email protected]

Chandra Shekhar Mishra Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Illinois, USA [email protected]

About the Center Achievements International Linear Collider (ILC) and Project-X As the name of the Centre highlights, this Centre had R&D programs at Fermilab is extremely beneficial twin goals related with the two integral aspects of the for Indian and US institutions, as these allows Experimental High Energy Physics – Accelerator and them to share resources, man-power and expertise Detector R&D. in an interesting, topical and fast developing area Goals achieved on the Accelerator R&D: of accelerator and detector technology. The strong • We designed beam transport system for proposed motivation for establishing the Indo-US networked high intensity Project-X continuous wave center on accelerators and detectors for future high (CW) linear accelerator (linac) to achieve high energy physics experiments was due to the following performance and reliability of machine using reasons: accelerator software codes. (i) Fermilab is host to the world’s current highest • We designed superconducting radio frequency energy accelerator along with its state-of-the art (RF) cavities for high energy section of high detectors and is playing a major role in the ILC intensity CW linac for Project-X facility. program. • We understood the various mechanisms of beam (ii) Delhi University, through the Centre for Detector losses through linac, such as stripping of H- ions and Related Software Technology (CDRST), has and misalignment of beam transport elements. been actively involved in ongoing and future high • We studied the effects of failure of beam transport energy physics experiments through significant elements through linac and developed techniques contributions in detectors and physics analysis. to compensate it. The ILC provides a tool for scientists to address many • We analyzed and understood the coupler’s effects, of the most compelling questions of the 21st century i.e. coupler RF kick and coupler wake kick in including questions about dark matter, dark energy, main linac and bunch compressor of the proposed extra dimensions and the fundamental nature of matter, international linear collider (ILC) like lattice and energy, space and time. developed techniques to compensate emittance dilution due to coupler’s effects.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 206 Partnering Institutions

India US • University of Delhi, Delhi • Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory • Bharat Electronics Ltd, Bangalore (Fermilab), Illinois • Argonne National Laboratory, Illinois

• Single sided, ac-coupled, silicon detectors were • We studied and understood the preservation of fabricated in collaboration with Indian industry small transverse beam emittances through the at Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Bengaluru. main linac and bunch compressors of the proposed Initial characterization results showed that these ILC using beam dynamics simulations. sensors are meeting most of the quality criteria. • We analysed and developed techniques of beam Some further R&D is needed to improve the based alignment to limit the transverse emittance remaining characteristics. It may be noted that growth because of static misalignments of the these detectors are fabricated only once or twice in beamline elements. India and hence it has already been a major boost • We also understood the effect of dynamic for technology development in Indian industry. misalignments, like ground motion on the • Detector characterization setup has been installed at emittance growth and developed 5-Hz feedback Delhi University to perform basic characterization system to perform dynamic tuning. of these detectors. Goals achieved on the Detector R&D. • The device simulation studies were performed • We designed the ac-coupled, single sided silicon on these detectors to get better insight into the detectors, which can be a possible choice for the detector and to use it as a feedback for future future lepton collider. detector fabrication. • We performed optimization studies for the • Test structures were included in the design to geometry of the single sided silicon detectors, extract various process parameters and to give which improved certain characteristics of these insight into the effects of geometric parameters on devices, like breakdown voltage. detector performance.

207 Joint R & D Centers Scientific Value Addition Beam losses in high intensity CW linac are very critical Project-X has been the proposed high intensity as it may result in activation. To ensure that beam losses proton facility to be built at Fermilab, U.S.A. First are below the threshold limit, various mechanisms of stage of the Project-X consists of 3-GeV, 1-mA beam losses are studied such as beam losses due to CW superconducting linac which will provide high misalignment of beam transport elements like cavities, intensity beam for variety of physics projects like quadrupoles and solenoids, beam stripping and beam neutrino, kaon and muon based precision experiments. losses due to dynamic imperfection such as phase Beam optics has been optimized to achieve high beam jitter. Failure of beam transport elements like cavity, quality. Studies of emittance dilution, longitudinal solenoids and quadrupole alters the focusing period of and transverse acceptance through the linac have beam, resulting in a mismatch of beam with subsequent been performed. A superconducting (SC) cavity is an sections. This, in turn causes beam losses. To achieve expensive device in terms of material, technology of high performance and hence reliability of the machine, mechanical and chemical processing, and conditions of this scenario is included in lattice design. work: vacuum, liquid helium, adverse effect of outside Insertion of coupler into RF cavity breaks rotational magnetic fields, etc. It makes design of SC cavity symmetry of cavity, resulting in an asymmetric field. very critical. Two families of SCRF cavity have been This asymmetric field results in transverse RF kick. designed using electromagnetic field solver code for This RF kick transversely offsets the bunch from the the acceleration of particles travelling at 61% and 90% nominal axis and it depends on longitudinal position of of the speed of light. particles in bunch. Insertion of coupler also generates transverse wake which is independent from transverse offset of particles. These effects cause emittance dilution and hence are very crucial for ILC like lattice where emittance budget is limited. Study has been performed to calculate coupler’s effect in main linac and bunch compressor of ILC like lattice. The beneficial effects of implementing emittance bumps after dispersion free steering for the proposed ILC machine is also investigated. 2) Silicon detectors have become indispensable for the current and future HEP experiments. However, these detectors, in various configurations, will see unprecedented radiation fluence (both charged and neutral) and geometrical constraints in future collider physics experiments. Thus, design, development and characterization of these detectors for the future needs of the HEP experiments have become one of the major challenges in the detector technology. To

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 208 develop radiation tolerant detectors for the proposed characterization setup is installed at Delhi University. SiD Experiment of the ILC, Delhi University, ANL Results of the detectors showed that these detectors and Fermilab have worked in collaboration with Bharat are meeting major tolerances like interstrip and Electronics Limited (BEL), Bangalore on the feasibility detector capacitance. However, certain parameters like studies of producing double sided silicon detectors individual strip currents etc. are needed to be further (DSSDs) for the ILC experiment. Since DSSD is a studied. To work on the double sided detectors, we also complex device and BEL has a past experience of optimized the design of the insulation technique which successfully fabricating single sided silicon detectors can be used to separate n+ strips, which otherwise get (SSSDs), so we started by exploring the feasibility of electrically connected with each other. fabricating single sided, ac coupled detectors at BEL In summary, Single sided detectors were fabricated under on 4 inch wafer technology. The initial ILC design this Project and the basic detector characterization unit geometry was chosen after reviewing designs of was installed at Delhi University. Further, simulation the detectors used at earlier experiments like D0 at work for double sided detectors were carried out to Fermilab. understand the insulation problem in the double sided Starting with the initial design, the detailed simulations silicon detectors. were carried out using TCAD device simulator to It may be noted that these kind of detectors are fabricated optimize the detector geometry for the SSSDs. In the only once or twice in India and hence this will continue SSSD design, we have included various test structures, to help Indian Industry to streamline their processing which provided better understanding of the detectors chain for fabricating complex silicon detector designs and using which we can also extract various parameters in future. Since needs of the future HEP experiments are like flatband voltage, oxide charge density etc. The imposing stringent quality criteria on silicon detectors, masks needed for detector fabrication were first like double-sided detectors, development of detectors designed and fabricated and further the SSSDs were on 6 inch silicon wafers, working with variety of high also designed and fabricated at BEL. To carry out I-V resistivity n- and p- type substrates etc. ,this project has & C-V characterization of single sided detectors, the provided the first step into the development of more complex detector configurations. Way Forward The Joint Center strengthened R&D work on accelerators and detectors between Indian and US institutes. 1) India has been collaborating with Fermilab on the super conducting RF technology for the high intensity proton machine, which can be used in variety of studies, starting from neutrino factory to the accelerator driven sub-systems. The work done in this Project provided the first step for the design and development of the SCRF cavities. Further work may be carried out for fabricating

209 Joint R & D Centers these cavities, characterizing them for their quality • “Study of effects of failure of Beam line elements control and commissioning them as well. & their compensation in CW superconducting linac”, A. Saini, C.S. Mishra, K. Ranjan, N. Solyak 2) In this project we also designed, developed and and V.P. Yakovlev, PAC 2011, New York, USA. characterized the ac-coupled, single sided silicon • “Lattice design for superconducting CW linac detectors. As already mentioned, detectors of this for Project-X facility at Fermilab”, A. Saini, K. kind are made only once or twice in India and this Ranjan, J.P. Carneiro, S. Mishra, J.F. Ostiguy, may be considered as the first step in the technology N. Solyak, A.Vostrikov and V. Yakovlev Indian development for future needs. This work was made Particle Accelerator Conference (InPAC), 2011, possible because of strong collaboration between New Delhi, India. Institutes and Industry. Such collaboration would be invaluable for developing more complex • “Compensation of failure of RF cavity in CW technologies in future. It may be noted that BEL has superconducting linac”, A. Saini, K. Ranjan, been able to fabricate these complex devices only Solyak, S. Mishra and V. Yakovlev, InPAC 2011, because of our earlier work in the CMS Preshower New Delhi, India. devices (in year 2000 or so). In future, Indian • “RF cavities for superconducting CW linac for HEP community has been planning to participate Project-X facility at Fermilab”, A. Saini, K. in R&D on future lepton colliders and also in the Ranjan, S. Barbanotti, M.Champion, M.Foley, Tracker Upgrade of the ongoing CMS experiments. I.Gonin, C.Grimm, S. Kazakov, S. Mishra, L. Detector development for these collaborations at Ristori, N. Solyak, A.Vostrikov and V.Yakovlev, large scale, meeting desired specifications, would InPAC 2011, New Delhi, India. be possible only through successive iterations of • “Study of higher order modes in Project-X linac”, detector fabrication cycles like this. Also, Institute- A. Saini, K. Ranjan, I. Gonin, T.Khabilouline, Industry partnership like this can be extremely S.Mishra, N.Solyak, A.Sukhanov, A.Vostrikov and beneficial for carrying out future R&D work in V.Yakovlev, InPAC 2011, New Delhi, India. Nuclear and HEP and advancing our Industry to • “Design of superconducting cavities for develop state-of-the-art technology. 650 MHz section of CW linac for Project- Publications X facility”, A. Saini, K. Ranjan, S. Barbanotti, M.Champion, M.Foley, I.Gonin, C.Grimm, • “Superconducting RF cavity design study for the S. Kazakov, S. Mishra, L. Ristori, N. Solyak, squeezed ILC section of the high intensity H− linac A.Vostrikov and V.Yakovlev, InPAC 2011, New for the Project-X facility”, Arun Saini, K. Ranjan, Delhi, India. A. Lunin, S. C. Mishra, N. Perunov, N. Solyak, V. P. Yakovlev, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 25 025024 • “Optimization of end cells of low beta cavity of (2012). higher energy part of Project X”, A. Saini, C.S. Mishra, K. Ranjan, N. Solyak and V.P. Yakovlev, • “Calculation of Acceptance of High Intensity IPAC 2010 Kyoto, Japan. superconducting proton linac for Project-X”, A. Saini, C.S. Mishra, K. Ranjan, N. Solyak and V.P. • “Designing of 9 cell reduced beta elliptical cavity Yakovlev, Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC), for high intensity proton linac”, A. Saini, A. 2011, New York, USA. Lunin, C.S. Mishra, K. Ranjan, N. Solyak and V.P. Yakovlev, IPAC 2010 Kyoto, Japan.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 210 • “Study of Coupler’s Effects on ILC Like Lattice”, Shivpuri and S Bhattacharya, Semicond. Sci. A. Saini, A. Latina, A. Lunin, K. Ranjan, N. Solyak Technol. 25, 105012 (2010). and V.P. Yakovlev, IPAC 2010 Kyoto, Japan. • “Simulation Studies of the n+n- Si sensors having • “Implementation of coupler’s effect in Lucretia”, p-spray/p-stop implant for the SiD experiment”, A. Saini, A. Latina, J.-F. Os- tiguy, K. Ranjan Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research and N. Solyak, PAC 2009, Vancouver, Canada. A proceedings, 2011. Volume 658, Issue 1, 1 • K.Ranjan, “Emittance preservation for the ILC December 2011, Pages 66–69. Main Linac,” Invited talk, InPAC 2011, New • “Isolation Characteristics of Silicon Sensors Delhi, India. Using Simulation Approach”, 20th RD50 • “Development of multi-guard ring-equipped p+–n Workshop on Radiation hard semiconductor Si microstrip sensors for the SiD detector at the devices for very high luminosity colliders, Bari, ILC”, P Saxena, K. Ranjan, A. Bhardwaj, R. K. Italy, 30 May - 1 June 2012.

211 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Analysis of Variable Star

Principal Investigators

H. P. Singh University of Delhi Delhi, India [email protected]

Shashi M. Kanbur State University of New York Oswego, USA [email protected]

About the Center ground based variable star light curves. By setting up an Indo-US Knowledge R&D Joint • Analysis of the highly accurate Kepler and Gaia Networked Center for the Analysis of Variable Star data on variable stars. Data, this Center is leveraging existing networking The Center is also providing extensive training for infrastructure to combine current expertise in variable a new generation of globally engaged scientists by stars in India and the USA and consequently develop involving Indian and American undergraduate and powerful new statistical methods to link the structure of graduate students jointly on these cutting edge research variable star light curves to stellar physics. The Center projects. has facilitated the application of these new methods to current and projected new variable star databases. Achievements The development and application of the Fourier • Developed collaborations between Texas A&M, decomposition methods along with accurate automated University of Florida, SUNY Oswego, University data analysis techniques like Principal Component of Delhi, IUCAA, Pune. Analysis (PCA) and Artificial Neural Networks to the • University of Delhi and IUCAA faculty and analysis of variable star light curves. students visited SUNY Oswego in December 2013. • The extraction of fundamental stellar parameters Two faculty and one post-doc spent 2 weeks each from their light curve data – asteroseismology. at Oswego and one student spent 4 weeks there. • A detailed study of the Oosterhoff dichotomy for • Faculty and students from SUNY Oswego, RR Lyrae stars in the Milky Way and other galaxies Texas A&M, University of Florida visited Delhi such as M31. University and IUCAA, Pune in January 2014. • The development of the use of Cepheid Period- • 3 students from SUNY Oswego visited Delhi Luminosity relations in the infrared and mid-infra- University in July 2014 funded by other sources red wavelengths using new and existing satellite but working on projects for the Joint Center. and ground based data. • There was also a joint meeting with another Joint • The automated analysis of variable star data taken Center (CLASS ACT) and enabled collaborations from DOME-A in Antarctica. The location of between the two Joint Centers organized in Kerala this telescope will provide unprecedented quality in January 2014.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 212 Partnering Institutions

India US • Inter University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics • University of Florida, Gainesville Pune • Texas A&M University, College Station

• S. Kanbur and a student from SUNY Oswego Scientific Value Addition visited Drs. A Mahabal and M. Graham at Caltech • Paper [1] presents a careful and detailed light-curve Astronomy Department and the CLASS ACT Joint analysis of publicly available data on fundamental Center. mode RR Lyrae (RRab) stars of the Large • S. Kanbur, L. Macri, R. Wagner-Kaiser, A. Magellanic Cloud (LMC) obtained by the Optical Bhardwaj presented posters/talks at the Space Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE). The Telescope Science Institute Symposium on the study indicates that the formation of the LMC disk Extra - Galactic Distance Symposium. predates the formation of the inner halo. It has also • D. Wysocki, a student from SUNY Oswego been proposed that there is no metallicity gradient presented preliminary results on Principal as a function of the galactocentric distance. Component Analysis of Variable Star Data at the • Paper [2] provides new empirical Period-Color summer meeting of the American Astronomical and Amplitude-Color relations for Cepheids and Society meeting in June 2013. RR Lyraes in the Galaxy/LMC and SMC using the • S. Kanbur presented an invited talk at the MIAPP latest extensive and high quality data. This paper workshop on the Extra-Galactic Distance scale in also provided a unique and innovative theoretical Munich June 2014. framework with which to explain the PC relations • H. P. Singh gave a talk on the theme of the Joint Center as a function of period, pulsation phase and at Marburg University, Germany in May 2014. metallicity. A primary result of this paper is that

Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period 1. S. M. Kanbur University of Delhi 14 days SUNY, Oswego 2. Lucas Macri University of Delhi 7 days Texas A&M University 3. H. P. Singh SUNY, Oswego 14 days University of Delhi 4. Ranjan Gupta SUNY, Oswego 14 days IUCAA, Pune 5. Sukanta Deb SUNY, Oswego 15 days AND College, DU 6. Shivam Arora SUNY, Oswego 30 days University of Delhi 7. Rachel Wagner-Kaiser IUCAA, Pune 13 days University of Florida 8. Ryal Oelkers IUCAA, Pune 11 days Texas A&M University 9. Earl Bellinger IUCAA, Pune 11 days SUNY, Oswego

213 Joint R & D Centers short period First Overtone Cepheids are just like presented in this paper describes a new technique Fundamental mode RR Lyrae stars in terms of that is almost always better than existing methods Period-Color relations at minimum light. (Baarts condition). As such it will be a very useful • Paper [3] develops new methods for analysing technique for large scale wide field surveys such as data collected from small, remotely operated OGLE IV and LSST. telescopes and has results in a large quantity Way Forward of data that is currently being analyzed for the • The Center is currently analysing CSTAR data in second year of the project. order to: • Paper [4] has resulted in the development of the most extensive and accurate Cepheid 1. Calculate the metallicites of 3 RR Lyrae stars Period Luminosity relation for the LMC at JHK obserevd by CSTAR. wavelengths. The paper also calibrated TRGB and 2. Study the light curve structure of Delta Scuti RGB distance indicators in the LMC. Together stars observed by CSTAR. with recent work that provided a 2% distance to • Study the consequences of our new LMC JHK PL the LMC using eclipsing binaries, this will provide relation for various distance scale problems. a very secure anchor for the extra-galactic distance • Study the LMC JHK survey for other transient scale that will help to provide a CMB independent phenomena. estimate for Hubble’s constant that is accurate to less than 2-3%. Such estimates will be vital in order • Use the LMC JHK PL relation to calculate the to place constraints on the dark energy equation distance to M31 and compare with distances of state. This paper also provides data with which calculated using a Galatic Cepheid PL JHK to compute the structure of the LMC using JHK calibration. wavelengths. • Use the new LMC JHK PL relation to determine • Paper [5] provides the first systematic quantitative the structure of the LMC. study of the variation of Cepheid light curves as • Collaborate with Italian researchers to: a function of period, wavelength and metallicity. 1. Extend the analysis of the light curve structure These light curves were studied using the method of Cepheid variables at multiple wavelengths of Fourier decomposition. The paper also studied to the SMC. the variation of the Hertzsprung progression with 2. Use the results of [4] to constrain theoretical metallicity. The main results were a detailed set stellar pulsation models. of quantitative light curve structure measures that can place strong constraints on theoretical stellar • Use multiphase Cepheid PL relations to develop a pulsation models. novel measure of the metallicity dependence of the Cepheid PL relation. • Paper [6] provides a novel twist to determining the quantitative structure of the light curves of • Use new methods in presented in [6] to new wide Periodic Variable Stars. A long standing problem in field surveys. the Fourier decomposition of Variable stars is the • Study the use of conditional entropy methods to determination of the order of the fit. The method detect the periods of variable stars.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 214 • Strengthen the results of [5] using other Feng, Xuefei Gong, Jon S. Lawrence, Liu Qiang, statistical methods and connect these detected Daniel Luong-Van, Carl R. Pennypacker, Huigen nonlinearities to changes in the light curve structure Yang, Xiangyan Yuan, Donald G. York, Xu Zhou of variable stars. and Zhenxi Zhu (2014) A Novel Approach for the • Use Artificial Neural Networks to classify variable Analysis of Defocused Images in a Crowded Field stars based on their light curve structure. and its Application to 2009 CSTAR Observations. Submitted in Astronomical J.[3] • Undertake a chemical and structural analysis of the Small Magellanic Cloud using the fundamental • Lucas M. Macri, Chow Choong-Ngeow, Shashi mode RR Lyrae stars. M. Kanbur, Salma Mahzooni, Michael T. Smitka (2014) Large Magellanic Cloud Near-InfraRed Publications Synoptic Survey. I: Cepheid Variables and the • Sukanta Deb and Harinder P. Singh (2014) Chemical Calibration of the Leavitt Law. Submitted in and Structural Analysis of the Large Magellanic Astronomical J.[4] Cloud using fundamental mode RR Lyrae Stars. • Anupam Bhardwaj, Shashi Kanbur, Harinder P. Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society, Singh, Lucas Macri, Chow-Choong Ngeow (2014) [1] Vol. 438, 2440-2455. On the Variation of Fourier Parameters for Galactic • Anupam Bharadwaj, Shashi Kanbur, Haridner P. and LMC Cepheids at Optical, Near-Infrared, and Singh, Chow-Choong Ngeow (2014) Empirical Mid-Infrared Wavelengths. Submitted in Monthly Period-Color and Amplitude-Color Relations Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society [5] for Classical Cepheid and RR Lyrae Variables. • E. Bellinger, D. Wysocki and S. Kanbur (2014) Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of Light Curve Reconstruction of Periodic Variable [2] the Royal Astronomical Society Stars using Fourier Decomposition. Submitted Planned Publications in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical • Ryan J. Oelkers, Lucas M. Macri, Lifan Wang, Society. [6] Michale C. B. Ashley, Xiangqun Cui, Long-Long

215 Joint R & D Centers Indo-US Joint Center on Excellence on Advanced Materials Research

Principal Investigators

Swapan K Pati / Umesh Waghmare (Acting-Principal Investigator) Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Bangalore, India [email protected]; [email protected]

Vinayak P. Dravid Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois, USA [email protected]

About the Center • 2-dimensional Nano-materials with focus on (a) The goal of this Joint Centre is to help build a strategic basic science and characterization of graphene and partnership between India and USA in “Advanced group VI transition metal chalcogenides, and (b) Materials Research” under the SERC, DST–IUSSTF their use in nanoelectronic devices such as field Program. The short-term objectives of the Joint Centre effect transistors. are to (a) establish grass-root collaborations and cross • Molecular Electronics, covering fast, low power institutional bridge, (b) identify and focus on the grand flexible devices based on polymers. challenge problems with out-of-the-box ideas, and (c) • Nano-lithography, covering dip-pen develop initiatives for longer-term sustainable interaction nanolithography, polymer pen lithography, involving global education, training and outreach development of better tips, nano-particle programs. The proposed research areas of collaboration superlattices and cantilever-free nano-printing and spanned a broad range of emerging materials critical for patterning. advances to the next generation Information Technology • Interaction of nano-particles and graphene with (IT), Energy and Environment and Biotechnology, biomolecules. which include Nanomaterials, Soft Matter, Molecular • Chemistry of Materials, covering non-centro- Electronics, Materials for Energy Conversion, Structure- symmetric oxyfluorides. Property Relationships and Computational Materials Science. The Joint Centre supported the exchange of • Graphical representation of the network of graduate students (PhD), post-doctoral fellows and faculty collaborations established through the Joint Center. members between JNCASR and NU and other partnering institutions. Through exchange visits of faculty members Other Activities/Accomplishments (Workshops/Training Programs/Course delivery) and brain-storming discussions during JNCASR-NU • JNCASR-Northwestern Univesity Workshop in workshops, longer visits of students and postdocs were January 21-22, 2013 (Venue: JNCASR). effectively used to accomplish important milestones of research in the following areas: • A short course and Indo - US Workshop on “Basics of Nanomaterials and Applications in • Materials for Energy and Environment, covering Energy Conversion, Transport and Storage” (20 photovoltaics, hydrogen generation thermoelectrics – 21 August, 2010, Venue: JNCASR) and gas sensing.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 216 Partnering Institutions

India US • Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific • Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Research (JNCASR), Bangalore

• US-India-Israel Workshop on Nanoscale Phenomena in Soft and Hybrid Matter( 23rd to 25th March, 2011, Venue: NU) • Kanishka Biswas (trained at NU partly through activities of the Joint Centre) joins the faculty of JNCASR, Bangalore (area: thermoelectrics and other semiconductors). • D Late (trained at NU through activities of the Joint Centre) joins as a Ramanujan Fellow at NCL, Pune (area: nano-electronics based on 2-D materials). • M Dey (trained at JNCASR&NU through activities of the Joint Centre) joins the faculty of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department of IISc, Bangalore (area Nano-bio). • JC liaised and brokered collaborative program International Materials Lectures at JNCASR: and access to Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) • Tobin Marks (December, 2009) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), TN • Chad A Mirkin (June, 2012) • Similar efforts are ongoing for access to and • Mercouri Kanatazidis (December, 2013) collaborations with ANL-APS/CNM. Key Faculty Participants Prof. C N R Rao Prof. Mercouri Kanatzidis JNCASR, Bangalore, INDIA Northwestern University, USA Prof. Chad Mirkin Prof. Matthew Grayson Northwestern University, USA Northwestern University, USA Prof. Kenneth Poeppelmeier Prof. Chandrabhas Narayana Northwestern University, USA JNCASR, Bangalore Prof. K S Narayan Prof. Tobin Marks JNCASR, Bangalore Northwestern University, USA Prof. S. M. Shivaprasad Prof. K Biswas JNCASR, Bangalore JNCASR, Bangalore Prof. Mark Hersam Prof. George Schatz Northwestern University, USA Northwestern University, USA Prof. Jiaxing Huang Prof. C Narayana Northwestern University, USA JNCASR, Bangalore Prof. G U Kulkarni Prof. A Sundaresan JNCASR, Bangalore JNCASR, Bangalore Prof. Richard P. Van Duyne Northwestern University, USA

217 Joint R & D Centers Significant collaborative efforts have led to a chapter Publications in a book and a good number (~33) of publications • Alexander J. Smith, Yung-Huang Chang, Kalyan in reputed journals in many areas of current Raidongia, Tzu-Yin Chen, Jiayan Luo, Lain- relevance. More than 14 faculty members each Jong Li, and Jiaxing Huang, (2014) Molybdenum from JNCASR and NU worked together in teams of Sulfide Supported on Crumpled Graphene Balls for three or more research groups at a time. Three of the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Advanced junior researcher participants have taken up faculty Energy Materials, accepted for publication. positions in three different institutions (NCL, IISc and JNCASR) in India. In the course of last four • Rao, M.; Ortiz, R.P.; Fachetti, A.; Marks, T.J.; years, both the partner institutions have learnt how Narayan, K.S. (2010) Studies of Photogenerated to work together efficiently. Researchers from Charge Carriers from Donor-Acceptor NU and JNCASR have a number of joint projects Interfaces in Organic Field-Effect Transistors. presently continuing through other funding, and Implications for Organic Solar Cells, J. Phys. they are keen to plan a stronger and more effective Chem. C; 114, 20609-20613. Joint Centre to support their research activity that • Urmimala Maitra, Uttam Gupta, Mrinmoy De, has involved optimal use of complementary skills Ranjan Datta, A. Govindara, C. N. R. Rao, from both the institutions. (2013) Highly Effective Visible-Light-Induced

H2 Generation by Single-Layer 1T-MoS2 and

Scope of Activities Theme Faculty Participants Materials for Energy and Jiaxing Huang, T. J. Marks, K. S. Narayan, K. Biswas, C. Wolverton, Environment V. P. Dravid, M. G. Kanatzidis, David N. Seidman, U. V. Waghmare, C. N. R. Rao. 2-dimensional Nano-materials Jiaxing Huang, C. N. R. Rao, V. P. Dravid, U. V. Waghmare, M. Eswaramoorthy, M. Grayson, M.C. Hersham Molecular Electronics T. J. Marks, K. S. Narayan, M.C. Hersham Nano-lithography G. U. Kulkarni, C. A. Mirkin Interaction of nano-particles and C. A. Mirkin, Mrinmoy De, V. P. Dravid graphene with biomolecules Chemistry of Materials C N R Rao, George C. Schatz, V. P. Dravid, Richard P. Van Duyne, J. Fraser Stoddart, K. R. Poeppelmeier, U. V. Waghmare

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 218 Exchange Visits S.No. Name and Affiliation Institution(s) Visited Duration/Time Period B. Radha 1 Northwestern University February 6, 2013 – August 5, 2013 JNCASR Ramakrishna Matte 2 Northwestern University March 10, 2013 – March 9, 2014 (Postdoc) JNCASR K. S. Subrahmanyam 3 Northwestern University March 30, 2013 – March 26, 2014 (Postdoc) JNCASR Dattatray Jaysing Late 4 Northwestern University July 1, 2011 – September 23, 2012 (Postdoc) JNCASR Kalyan Raidongia 5 Northwestern University June 15, 2011 – October 31, 2012 (Postdoc), JNCASR Subi J George 6 Northwestern University June 23 –July 30, 2011 (Assistant Professor), JNCASR Govindaraju T 7 Northwestern University June 23 –July 30, 2011 (Assistant Professor), JNCASR Tapas Kumar Maji Northwestern University 8 June 23 –July 30, 2011 (Assistant Professor), JNCASR A Sundaresan 9 Northwestern University March 10-April10,2011 (Associated Professor), JNCASR Swapan K. Pati 10 Northwestern University March 26-April 20, 2011 Professor , JNCASR Umesh V. Waghmare 11 Northwestern University July 2011 (2 days) Professor , JNCASR Chandrabhas Narayana 12 Northwestern University - JNCASR S.M. Shivaprasad 13 Northwestern University May 6 – May 27, 2014 JNCASR Steven Girard 14 (Graduate Student) JNCASR February 10-February 28, 2011 Northwestern University Prakash Parida 15 Northwestern University 15 June – 15 September, 2010 JNCASR Anupama Ghosh 16 Northwestern University 15 June – 14 September, 2010 JNCASR Partha Pratim Kundu 17 Northwestern University 15 June – 15 September, 2010 JNCASR

a Nanocomposite of Few-Layer 2H-MoS2 hierarchical architectures. Nature: 489, 414–418. with Heavily Nitrogenated Graphene. Angew. • Biswas, K.; He, J.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, G.; Uher, C.; Chem. Int.Ed.: 52, 13057–13061.DOI: 10.1002/ Dravid, V. P.; Kanatzidis, M. G., (2011) Strained anie.201306918 endotaxial nanostructures with high thermoelectric • Zhao, L. D., Hao, S. Q., Lo, S. H., Wu, C. I., figure of merit. Nature Chemistry, 3 (2), 160-166. Zhou, X. Y., Lee, Y., Li, H., Biswas, K., Hogan, • Li-Dong Zhao, Shih-Han Lo, Jiaqing He, Hao Li, T. P., Uher, C., Wolverton, C., Dravid, V. P., & Kanishka Biswas, John Androulakis, Chun-I Wu, Kanatzidis, M. G., , (2013) High Thermoelectric Timothy P. Hogan, Duck-Young Chung, Vinayak Performance via Hierarchical Compositionally P. Dravid, and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis, (2011) Alloyed Nanostructures. Journal of the American High Performance Thermoelectrics from Earth- Chemical Society, 135(19), 7364-7370. Abundant Materials: Enhanced Figure of Merit • Kanishka Biswas, Jiaqing He, Ivan D. Blum, Chun-I in PbS by Second Phase Nanostructures. J. Am. Wu, Timothy P. Hogan, David N. Seidman, Vinayak Chem. Soc.: 133 (50), 20476–20487. P. Dravid & Mercouri G. Kanatzidis (2012) High- • Ahn, K., Biswas, K., He, J., Chung, I., Dravid, performance bulk thermoelectrics with all-scale

219 Joint R & D Centers Graphical representation of the network of collaborations established through the Joint Center.

V., & Kanatzidis, M. G., (2013) Enhanced Hydrates. ACS Nano, 8, 449. http://pubs.acs.org/ thermoelectric properties of p-type nanostructured doi/abs/10.1021/nn404805p PbTe-MTe (M = Cd, Hg) materials. Energy & • D. J. Late, B. Liu, H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte, C. N. Environmental Science, 6(5), 1529-1537. R. Rao, V. P. Dravid, (2012) Rapid characterization

• He, J. Q., Zhao, L. D., Zheng, J. C., Doak, J. of Ultra-thin Layers of Chalcogenides on SiO2/ W., Wu, H. J., Wang, H. Q., Lee, Y., Wolverton, Si substrate. Advanced Functional Materials, 22: C., Kanatzidis, M. G., & Dravid, V. P., (2013) 1894-1905. Website:http://onlinelibrary.wiley. Role of Sodium Doping in Lead Chalcogenide com/doi/10.1002/adfm.201102913/full Thermoelectrics. Journal of the American • D. J. Late, S. N. Shirodkar, U. V. Waghmare, Chemical Society, 135(12), 4624-4627. V. P. Dravid, C. N. R. Rao, (2014) Thermal • D. J. Late, Yi-Kai Huang, B. Liu, J. Acharya, S. Expansion, Anharmonicity and Temperature N. Shirodkar, J. Luo, A. Yan, D. Charles, U. V. Dependent Raman Spectra of Single-and Few-

Waghmare, V. P. Dravid, C. N. R. Rao, (2013) layer MoSe2 and WSe2, Chem. Phy. Chem. 15: Sensing Behavior of Atomically thin-layered 1592-1598. Website:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.

MoS2 Transistors. ACS Nano 7 4879–4891. com/doi/10.1002/cphc.201400020/full Website:http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ • Achari, A., Datta, K. K. R., De, M., Dravid, V. nn400026u P., & Eswaramoorthy, M., (2013) Amphiphilic • M. Manos, G. S. Papaefstathiou, K. S. aminoclay-RGO hybrids: a simple strategy to Subrahmanyam, C. D. Malliakas, G. S. Armatas disperse a high concentration of RGO in water. and M. Kanatzidis, (2014) A unique microporous Nanoscale: 5(12), 5316-5320. copper-trimesate selenite with high selectivity for • Chou, S. S., De, M., Kim, J., Byun, S., Dykstra, CO2. CrystEngComm, 16, 3483–3486. C., Yu, J., Huang, J. X., & Dravid, V. P., (2013) • Deepti Krishnan, Kalyan Raidongia, Jiao-jing Ligand Conjugation of Chemically Exfoliated

Shao, Jiaxing Huang, (2014) Graphene Oxide MoS2. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization of Carbon 135(12), 4584-4587.

Indo-US Science & Technology Forum 220 • Kalyan Raidongia, Jiaxing Huang, (2012) • Radha, Boya; Senesi, A.J.; O’Brien, M. N.; Nanofluidic Ion Transport through Reconstructed Wang, M.; Auyeung, E.; Lee, B.; Mirkin, Layered Materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 16528. C. A. (2014) Reconstitutable Nanoparticle http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja308167f Superlattices. Nano Letters, 14, 2162-2167, doi: • Graphene Oxide: New Insight into an Old Material. 10.1021/nl500473t. Kalyan Raidongia, Alvin Tan, Jiaxing Huang in • Eichelsdoerfer, D. J.; Brown, K. A.; Boya, “Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene,” 2nd Edition, Radha; Shim, W.; Mirkin, C. A. (2013) Tuning Elsevier, UK. (Under revision). the Spring Constant of Cantilever-Free Tip • D. J. Late, B. Liu, H. S. S. R. Matte, V. P. Dravid, Arrays. Nano Lett., 13:664-667, doi: 10.1021/ C. N. R. Rao, (2012) Hysteresis in Single-layer nl304268u.

MoS2 Field Effect Transistors. ACS Nano, 6: • Liu, G.; Zhou, Y.; Banga, R. S.; Boya, Radha; 5635-5641. Website: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ Brown, K. A.; Chipre, A. J.; Nguyen, S. T.; Mirkin, abs/10.1021/nn301572c C. A. (2013) The role of viscosity on polymer ink • D. J. Late, B. Liu, J. Liu, A. Yan, H. S. S. R. Matte, transport in dip-pen nanolithography. Chem. Sci., M. Grayson, C. N. R. Rao, V. P. Dravid, (2012) GaS 4, 2093-2099, doi: 10.1039/c3sc50423a. and GaSe Ultrathin Layer Transistors. Advanced • Brown, K. A.; Eichelsdoerfer, D. J.; Shim, W.; Materials, 24: 3549. Website: http://onlinelibrary. Rasin, B.; Boya, Radha; Liao, X.; Schmucker, A. wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.201201361/full L.; Liu, G.; Mirkin, C. A. (2013) A Cantilever- • Ranjit V. Kashid*, D. J. Late*, Stanley S. Chou, Free Approach to Dot-Matrix Nanoprinting. Proc. Yi-Kai Huang, M. De, D. S. Joag, M. A. More, Natl. Aca. Sci., 110, 12853-12854, doi: 10.1073/ V. P. Dravid, (2013) Enhanced Field Emission pnas.1311994110.

properties of Layered MoS2 sheets. Small: 9, • O’Brien, M. N.; Boya, Radha; Brown, K. A.; Jones, 2730-2734. [*Equal Contribution]. Website: M. R.; Mirkin, C. A. (2014) Langmuir Analysis http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ of Nanoparticle Polyvalency in DNA-Mediated smll.201300002/full Adsorption. Angew. Chem., submitted. • D. Jariwala, V. K. Sangwan, D. J. Late, J. E. Johns, • Mrinmoy De, Stanley S. Chou, and Vinayak K. Everaerts, J. J. Mc Morrow, L. J. Lauhon, V. P. P. Dravid, (2011) Graphene Oxide as an Dravid, T. J. Marks, M. C. Hersam, (2013) Band- Enzyme Inhibitor: Modulation of Activity of like transport in high mobility unencapulated α-Chymotrypsin. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133 (44),

single-layer MoS2 Transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett.: 17524–17527. 102, 173107. Website: http://scitation.aip.org/ • Justin P. Wiens, Gilbert M. Nathanson, William content/aip/journal/apl/102/17/10.1063/1.4803920 A. Alexander, Timothy K. Minton, Lakshmi • Senanayak, S.P.; Sangwan, V.K.; McMorrow, Sankaran, George C. Schatz. “Collisions of sodium J.J.; Everaerts, K.; Chen, Z.; Facchetti, A.; atoms with liquid glycerol: insights into solvation Hersham, M.C.; Marks,T.J.; Narayan, K.S. and ionization,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 3065-74 (2014) Self Assembled Nanodielectrics for Fast- (2014). DOI:10.1021/ja4106144. Switching Low-Voltage Polymer Logic Circuits, • A. C. Fahrenbach, S. Sampath, D. J. Late, J. C. (manuscript under review). Barnes, S. L. Kleinman, N. Valley, K. J. Hartlieb, • Radha, Boya; Liu, G.; Eichelsdoerfer, D. J.; Z. Liu, V. P. Dravid, G. C. Schatz, Richard P. Kulkarni, G. U.; Mirkin, C. A. (2013) Layer-by- Van Duyne and J. Fraser Stoddart, ( 2012) A Layer Assembly of a Metallomesogen by Dip-Pen semiconducting organic Radical cationic Host- Nanolithography. ACS Nano: 7, 2602-2609, doi: Guest complex. ACS Nano 6: 9964-9971. [Cited 10.1021/nn306013e. > 7, Impact factor 12.06] Website: http://pubs.acs. org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn303553z • Eichelsdoerfer, D.J.; Liao, X.; Cabezas, M.D.; Morris, W.; Radha, Boya; Brown, K.A.; Giam, • A K Mishra, M R Marvel, K R Poeppelmeier and L.R.; Braunschweig, A.B.; Mirkin, C.A. (2013) UV Waghmare, (2014) Competing Cation-Anion Large-Area Molecular Patterning with Polymer Interactions and Noncentrosymmetry in Metal Pen Lithography. Nature Protocols: 8, 2548-2560, Oxide-Fluorides: A First-Principles Theoretical doi: 10.1038/nprot.2013.159. Study. Crystal Growth & Design 14, 131.

221 Joint R & D Centers

Indo-U.S. Science & Technology Forum Fulbright House, 12 Hailey Road, New Delhi-110 001 www.iusstf.org

March 2015

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