Natural Fiber Composites Alternative Solutions for Reinforcement Of

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Natural Fiber Composites

R.D.S.G. Campilho

Alternative Solutions for Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Composites

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b19062-4 Nadir Ayrilmis, Alireza Ashori Published online on: 03 Nov 2015

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Conclusions Natural and Cellulose-Based Fibers Introduction 3.3.2 3.3.1 3.2.4 3.2.3 3.2.2 3.2.1 by 3 INTRODUCTION Taylor

...... W Applications of Composites Modifiers and 3.2.4.2 3.2.4.1 Nanocellulose P Natural Fibers Processing & aper Fibers Nadir Ayrilmis and Alireza Ashori Alireza and Ayrilmis Nadir Composites Thermoplastic of Reinforcement for Solutions Alternative ood Fibers Francis Wood Fiber ......

Nanocrystalline Cellulose Microfibrillated Cellulose Group, Techniques, Properties,and ...... Additives forComposites ...... LLC ...... ‑ Reinforced PlasticComposites ...... 84 66 66 66 80 88 87 65 65 77 70 71 75 74 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © 66 wood-plastic composites (WPCs). in applications as such their fiber-based industries and fibers of natural area the in review at providing a short on developments chapter aims composites. This green of area the activities in various triggered has nature sustainable together their with as profiles, as well siding. applications, such exterior building windowdoor as and nonstructural ing, and automotives, in fencing, decking, garden rail popularity gaining composites are thermoplasticfiber-reinforced advantages,resultAs a these natural fillers. of and reinforcements inorganic traditional with advantages compared environmental macro scales. The chemical properties and behavior and of wood or properties chemical The scales. macro and micro components of at the these arrangement structural onponents but the also polymericcom main dependent the are not only on wood of flour the properties The compositionchemical of lignocellulosicdisplayed different fibers is in Table 3.2 [8]. compositions. chemical and The extractivesamounts and various in lulose, lignin, cellulose, hemicel [7]. contain Lignocellulosicof lignin hemicellulose and materials matrix cementing ofin a is composed areinforcement of that cellulose microfibril rial Wood up is built of most cells, fibrous. of which are isa compositeWood fiber mate 3.2.2 plastics. use, reinforcing namely successful in for prerequisite general their isa properties of of suchmechanical qualities with large fibers ability well-defined The and of bast fibers kenaf.suchas hemp those to avail common similar properties theThe of fibers.fibers velvetstem natural leaf have for asource high-quality as used could be nuisance, agricultural an considered aweedand which is currently woodwith [5]. Yang Reddy and velvet that [6] ( reported leaf theyalthoughhave fibers, a oflower natural sources also cellulose content compared such residuals wheat straw, as are straw,Agricultural rice stalks corn bagasse, and straw,in listed wood [3]. and are Table 3.1 [4]. plant fibers Some important of the include bast (stemcereal grass, root, or soft sclerenchyma)fruit, fibers, seed, leaf, These from. originate they the plant of part which to be according classified can fibers fibers [2]. value,added sustainability, renewability, lower and man-made with compared costs “cellulosic,” or “lignocellulosic.”deliverto potential greater fibers the offer Natural wool). and “vegetable,”silk, as cited be word might To the case, “plant” our clarify (hair, consist fibers proteins of animal whereas lulose, lignin hemicelluloses, and [1]. cel animals composed of are and plant fibers All minerals, plants, from nate origi whichof types naturally fibers, designate fibers”to is used various “natural term The and natural. groups: man-made two classifiedinto be main Fibers can ELLULOSE-BASED FIBERS n 3.2.1 3.2 2016 The combination of interesting physical, mechanical, and thermal properties properties thermal and physical, combination ofThe interesting mechanical, Plant fibers can be subdivided into be nonwoodsubdivided and can fibers Plant woodfibers. fibers Nonwood by C Taylor W atural oo & d F Francis F ibers ibers Group, LLC Natural Fiber Composites Fiber Natural Abutilon theophrastiAbutilon n onwood components ), ), ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © with walls having a composite, multilayered structure of commonly three main main of three having commonly acomposite, walls with multilayered structure hollow usually are fibers of Natural range 10%–60%. the in commonly ratios eter average, 25%–35% and cellulose, 40%–50% 20%–30% lignin, hemicellulose [9]. for on wood proportions are, The important. very are bleaching pulping and during Alternative Solutions for Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Composites for of Thermoplastic Reinforcement Solutions Alternative 2016 It should be noted that natural fibers are cylindrical in shape with length to diam to with in length shape are cylindrical fibers natural It that should noted be by Taylor List of Important Plant Fibers ofList Important TABLE 3.1 Source: — Wood Cadillo/urena Sunn hemp Straw (cereal) Sponge gourd Sisal Sansevieria Ramie Roselle Phormium Pineapple Piassava Oil palm Nettle Mauritius hemp Kudzu Kenaf Kapok Jute Istle Isora Henequen Hemp Flax Date palm Curaua Cotton Coir China jute Caroa Cantala Broom root Banana Species Bamboo Bagasse Abaca Fiber Source & Francis

Carbohydrate Polymers 71:343–64. With permission[4]. John, M.J.and Thomas, S.2008.Biofibersandbiocompo Group, LLC (>10,000 species) Urena lobata Crorolaria juncea Luffa cylinderica Agave sisilana Sansevieria Boehmeria nivea Hibiscus sabdariffa Phormium tenas Ananas comosus Attalea funifera Elaeis guineensis Urtica dioica Furcraea gigantea Pueraria thunbergiana Hibiscus cannabinus Ceiba pentranda Corchorus capsularis Samuela carnerosana Helicteres isora Agave foourcrocydes Cannabis sativa Linum usitatissimum Phoenix dactyifera Ananas erectifolius Gossypium sp. Cocos nucifera Abutilon theophrasti Neoglaziovia variegate Agave cantala Muhlenbergia macroura Musa indica (>1250 species) – Musa textilis Stem Stem Stem Stalk Fruit Leaf Leaf Stem Stem Leaf Leaf Leaf Fruit Stem Leaf Stem Stem Fruit Stem Leaf Stem Leaf Stem Leaf Leaf Leaf Seed Fruit Stem Leaf Leaf Root Leaf Grass Grass Leaf Origin sites.

67 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © 68 Source: otod3–02–02–70285<1 0.2–8.5 21–37 20–30 30–60 Softwood adod3–42–01–40177<1 0.1–7.7 14–34 25–40 31–64 Hardwood Bamboo u ep4–8831. 27— 22.7 8.3–13.0 41–48 Sun hemp PALF Banana Coir Kenaf Hemp Abaca i amfod5. 752. 4.4 20.5 27.5 56.0 Oil palmfrond i amEB65 Oil palmEFB Sisal Ramie Flax Jute Fiber Lignocellulosic of Fibers Common Composition Chemical TABLE 3.2 cal degradation of cellulosic fibers often deteriorate the mechanical properties of properties the mechanical of cellulosic degradation deteriorate cal fibers often mechani and chemical, thermal, extruder, the an in compounding During ethers. andconverted to esterified, hydroxyl oxidized, readily be cellulose in can groups causing cellulose stable a wide of be to range under conditions. However, the glycosidic the and glycosidicunit bonds. The not easily broken, thus are bonds hydroxyl may to the related be properties monomer each its in chemical groups β of ofmolecules homo-polysaccharide, composed consist chains of long linear of of wood its volume [12]. terms characteristics effectin on and the Cellulose fibercell component the wall in is cellulose, it single and most is the important Approximately most 45%–50% in plant species substance of extractive-free dry wood of fiber wall the [11]. secondary the in of wood. Itpredominantly is located “fibrils” [10].called into bundles, microfibrils the hemicellulose binding amorphous and ofties lignin quanti with varying axis fiber main the fashion helical around asemi-structured in are wound that microfibrils layerof Each millions up made is of fibercell of the wall cavity, envelopecentral fiber endsthe ofsealed to a the at the around form or lumen. layer (S1,ondary S3) S2, and [9]. taper walls plant tissue, the living, undamaged In layers 3.1 (Figure [10]): layer- sec (P), the (ML), and lamella primary middle the the Cotton -d 2016 Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, is also the main constituent main the is also biopolymerCellulose, most abundant the on Earth, -glucopyranose units, which are linked by (1-4)-glycosidic linked which are -glucopyranose units, bonds. Most of by

composites: A review.composites: A Ja Taylor waid, M.and Abdul Khalil,H.P.S. 2011.Cellulosic/syntheticfiberreinforcedpolymer hybrid & Cellulose 06 951 4.6 5–10 19 60–65 24 .502 04 — 40–45 0.15–0.25 32–43 66 02 – 3 7–9 20–25 56–63 Francis 391. 023.2 10.2 12.5 73.9 81.5 343. 12— 21.2 33.9 53.4 441. . .–. — 0.9–1.7 3.7 17.9 74.4 581. . .–.1— 0.8–0.11 9.9 12.0 65.8 861. . .–. — 1.9–2.2 0.6 13.1 68.6 411. . .–. — 1.5–3.3 2.0 16.7 64.1 64.4 2757—6.3 — 5.7 82.7 (%) Group, Hemicellulose Carbohydrate Polymers 86:1–18. With permission[8]. LLC (%) 27— 12.7 — 90— 19.0 — 21. 0.7 11.8 12 Lignin (%) Extractives (%) Natural Fiber Composites Fiber Natural Ash Content (%) 4.0 2.4 2.0 — — — — — — — — Soluble (%) Water 1.4 1.2 5.5 3.9 1.1 1.0 — — — — — — — — — — — - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © ferent morphological regions of the plant and in different types of plant cells. In ferent types different morphological regions in plant of and the [13]. attack microbial dif and in moisture to varies concentration tance Lignin andresis - rigidity woodandprovides binds together fibers with structural its wood combination hemicellulose, with in that, plastic matrix the as acts Lignin linkages. chemical and monomeric units heterogeneous polymer nonrepeating with talline, between and 23%5% contain fibers lignin [11].highlycomplex is a Lignin - noncrys 26%–32% Simultaneously, hardwoods. 20%–28% in and softwoods in nonwood cellulose microfibrils. crystalline [14].the from utility of woodcomes flour primarily strength tensile the addition, In and attack (20%–90%), chemical to its resistance affects which greatly crystallinity (woodCellulose plant of origins various nonwood) and exhibits a wide of range (DP) of of polymerization adegree 7,000–10,000 nativeand in (or wood. unpulped) of crystallinity degrees display zones that into varying cellulosewall, is arranged physical behavior chemical of and cellulose [11].cell the in microfibrils the Within responsible are for wellthat as for much as super-molecular the of the structure, process. degradation the ate and effects of air, to the heat, monoxide,water, dioxide, carbon when and carbon cellulosic are exposed fibers decomposition the glycosyl of in results the of evolving cellulose units the with of of cellulosic degradation fibersAt lower (below thermal 300°C), temperatures increased. are of duration heating and temperature the as appear to tion begins of overHowever, time. periods - short temperatures degrada at moderate thermal cellulosic fibers. Usually,cellulose relatively is insensitive the effect to of heating Technologists Paper and Pulp 3.1FIGURE Alternative Solutions for Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Composites for of Thermoplastic Reinforcement Solutions Alternative 2016 The lignin contents in different woods range between 20% and 30%, typically 30%, and 20% woods between typically range different contents in lignin The hydrogen intermolecular bonds and Cellulose astrong tendency formintra- has to by Taylor

D & Handbook for G.A. 1992. Smook, Handbook (From organization. wall of cell iagram Francis Group, . 2nd ed. Vancouver, [10].). 2nd ed. permission With Wilde. BC: Angus LLC m ML oisture [13]. acceler can products reaction These w Lumen S3 S1 P S2 69 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © 70 amorphous in their naturally occurring state [9]. state occurring naturally their in amorphous probably are forand wood flour noncellulosic amatrix as serve that polysaccharides Hemicellulose cellulosecomposed is of microfibril. crystalline the from primarily component of woodof flour. tensilecomes The flour wood strength primary is the of about 60%–70%, polymer acrystallinity with nent. Cellulose, asemicrystalline phenolic compo is athree-dimensional lignin whereas polysaccharides, linear tially extractives color wood. add to odor and can other termites; and fungi, toxic extractivesbacteria, to are that Many woods contain wood morphological sitesstructure [11]. the in oils. Extractives occupy certain tial essen and glycosides, saponins, starch, terpenes, gums, mucilages, pectins, sugars, simple complex proteins, and fats, waxes, salts, alkaloids, phenolics,ganic simple following the inorunder extractive headings: flavonoids,tannins, stilbenes, lignans, weight, respectively. dry of20% the is included A wide of range substances different 4%–10% wood are species tropical and mostExtractive and contents in temperate “extractive the as known components,” are or simply materials tional “extractives.” [9]. lignin and addi major components, To these wall the cell from them distinguish macromolecules of addition the to cellulose, in hemicellulose, substances chemical regions. do not generally formcrystalline and branched, is about 19%–25% [14]. Most hemicelluloses have [11], aDP of about 100–200 are is about content softwoods 7%–10%, in pentosan bonding. The it hardwoods in and hydrogen intermolecular through celluloseto possessing high-backbonerigidity in is similar polymer and athermoplastic as Usually, characterized be hemicellulose can of hexosans, pentosans. and hemicellulose consists hardwood whereas mainly sans 30%. and 20% between Softwood hemicelluloseis usually consists pento of both of wood hemicellulose amount in hexosan monomer The pentosan units. and contain S wall (Figure 3.1). it and is low Pwall, and the in ML the in is high concentration lignin general, ally removing entirely by selectiveally them washing. are No pulping chemicals toward solution, in eventu and fragments lignin the keeping groups, charged chemically molecules by introducing lignin the cation of degrading wood is achieved through delignifi The is fibers. bythereby releasing duced the removing most lignin, of the way chemical which the pulp in is pro glued together lignin, with are plants and yield(>90%) is is,high the process of that the rial, [15].in fibers Sincewood the wood of mate the all of use practically make they power; hand, electric other on the of amount a substantial demand methods Mechanical pulp is obtained. mechanical or chemically. achieved be ciple, either can mechanically this - prin In the matrix. from wood the and fibers liberate foremost first to aim cesses (Figure from 3.2). wood The pulpingpro consistsacquired of Pulp fibers, usually the matrix. or in wood offixed plant liberation fibers the with technologydeals Pulp 3.2.3 2016 Of the wood fiber cell wall components, cellulose and hemicellulose are essen are components, woodcelluloseand hemicellulose fibercell the Of wall of quantities moderate to small plant oftissuescontain species other wood and All Noncellulosic that heteropolysaccharides or hemicelluloses are carbohydrates By grinding wood or wood chips, the fibers in the wood are released and a released are the in woodwood fibers or wood chips,the By grinding by Taylor P a p er & F Francis ibers Group, LLC Natural Fiber Composites Fiber Natural ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © presented in Table in presented 3.3 [18]. nanofiber network of the [18].structure is materials of nanocellulose The family biofabrication of BNC possibilities up unique opens for the control of and the shape genusof by sugars, the as acidusing luconacetobacter bacteria acetic low-molecular-weight (BNC),from nanocellulose is prepared rial such resources, bacte variant, nanocellulose a third cellulose biosynthesized sources, already from prepared NCC, which are and MFC to contrast In properties. have liquid–crystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis. crystalline NCC suspensions The ofsections partially cellulose (NCC), by removal is generated the of amorphous lulose, nanocrystalline of nanocel type Asecond exhibits cellulose gel-like (MFC), lated characteristics. microfibril product, The homogenizer procedures. by high-pressure liberated be can [17].nanotechnology in present wood cellulose shown microfibrils the It been that has through new reach markets can performance special with products value-added high to get microfibrils design and of lignocellulosics cellulose nanoparticles or rod-like and fiber range. Engineering the nanometer in crystals or fibrils of widths the with of celluloses worldwide groups utilization formationand research the have reported of number agrowing 5years, past the in particularly and decade, past Over the n 3.2.4 polymers hydrophilic [9]. in richer be to surfaces the and fiber causes of lengths fibers the preserves treatment chemical The pulp (CTMP). achemi-thermo-mechanical (CMP) produce to pressure or athigher pulp a produce to chemi-mechanical pressure either at atmospheric refined are chips wood treated the Then, sulfite. wood sodium with chips by treating produced are pulps mechanical modified Chemically conventionalin grinding. than of fiber length retention greater in a is broken,results before fibers the the between structure wood layer lignin-rich the which should pressure, softening have in steam under succeeded grinding The tion of refiners. wood in atabout chips 160°C pressure steam under defibra - the mechanical produced by are TMP The pulps. mechanical modified cally dissolved [16]. is half other pulp, the woodpulping, of becomes and the only approximately half extent, lost.chemical In avarying to also, wood of are the carbohydrates the lignin; 3.2 FIGURE Alternative Solutions for Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Composites for of Thermoplastic Reinforcement Solutions Alternative 2016 Paper fibers can be obtained from thermo-mechanical pulps (TMP) and chemi (TMP) pulps thermo-mechanical from be obtained can fibers Paper by Taylor anocellulose

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Windows system . The in situ in . The 03 71 - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © 72 Source: Bacterial nanocellulose Nanocrystalline cellulose Microfibrillated cellulose Type ofNanocellulose FamilyThe of Materials Nanocellulose TABLE 3.3 [21]. (and Some benefits) attributes of the as are follows of nanocellulose [22]: in Figure 3.3 presented are and NCC fibercomposite (NFC) of uses natural potential longer are they (abecause or more), micrometer flexible, andeasily entangled [20]. The are spaghetti-like tendhaveto which diameters, nanofibrils, nm contrast, roughly 5 In source. on the depending ofnm, order on100 the 10 lengths 200 to and range nm 5to the in diameters strong with and [19]. needle-shaped, rice-like, are Nanocrystals past two decades the in renewability, properties face areas, mechanical unique and sur high-specific their because of film composites, and in use resins, coatings, their (BNC) (NCC) (MFC) 2016 • • attention much fibers have for garnered from natural isolated Micro/nanofibrils by L plant material from A such as in plastics,such in or concrete glass, as

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by regard to mechanical properties with this treatment. this with properties mechanical to regard improvements significant have Recent studies with highlighted dried. and benzoyl) hour, decanted, an then for acetone peroxide in about half oven. an in dried and acetone in rinsed are Finally, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate. fibers adding the for after 2 hours stirred roform a few with on dibutyltin dilaurate)of and a catalyst drops (based fibers. of hydrophilicity the the allows oven. method of an for in decreasing This dried and 1 hour, rinsed, in ethanol for immersed zoyldried, for chloride washed, 1hour, filtrated, oven.as well. method esterification It is an an in dried then are fibers, which the to solution wise drop added is thus the obtained and up 10% to weighttreated, be total ofto fibers of the the variation. dimensional consequent and absorption of humidity terms in especially walls, cell the that should stabilize method esterification oven. aventilated is an in This dried and acid forwashed, a few filtrated, sulfuric minutes, concentrated afew and of of drops anhydride acetic amixture in 1 hour, immersed then fibers.improve also It should better-quality and fiber wetting. smaller formationof fiber the to in order obtain clusters disrupts process oven. aventilated in This drying washing, and hours, tion for about 3–4 in at approximately fibers, 80°C short by heating 10% aqueousNaOH solu [72]. of WPC stability dimensional fibers. Hot water also of extraction effectivethe is improvingchips wood in wood untreated containing WPC was those significantly the lower of than autoclave alaboratory in steam 180°C) saturated under for minutes or 40 20 dulensis Eucalyptus camal containing swelling of WPC thickness and absorption [62] et al. water Ayrilmis that of WPC. stability dimensional reported the in improvement ofan woodto fibers treatment lead on thermal Recent efforts [71]. utilization target content, and sample size, species, moisture process, respectively, hours, 24 to 15 from 250°C minutes and on the depending 120 levels from to ranging exposureis at temperature applied times and decreased hydrophilic nature of the fibers on performing this treatment. this performing fibers ofon the nature hydrophilic decreased Investigations dried. have and out a pointed decanted for then 1minute, (typical acetone may 0.005%in concentrations between range 0.205%) and P reduction a ofsignificant absorption. water reports Literature fiber surface. hydroxyl the with areaction for and impregnation on the groups immersed PP (oror maleated PE) atoluene in or xylene solution, are fibers where the A P T B T A A oluene diisocyanate (TDI) treatment: The fibers are immersed in chlo immersed are fibers The treatment: oluene (TDI) diisocyanate ermanganate treatment: The fibers are immersed in a solution KMnO immersed of are fibers The treatment: ermanganate in a solution dicumyl immersed of are fibers The eroxide(or treatment: reatment with stearic acid: The acid is added to an ethyl an to alcohol acid solution, is added acid: The stearic with reatment enzylation: The fibers are immersed in 10% NaOH, then stirred with ben with in 10% then stirred immersed NaOH, are fibers enzylation: The cetylation: The fibers are usually first immersed in glacial acetic acid acetic for in glacial immersed first usually are cetylation: fibers The lkali treatment (also called mercerization): This is usually performed on performed is usually (also mercerization): treatment This called lkali nhydride treatment: This is usually carried out by using maleic anhydride carried is usually This treatment: nhydride Taylor wood fibers treated at three different temperatures or (120, 150, temperatures different three at treated wood fibers & Francis Group, LLC Natural Fiber Composites Fiber Natural - - - - 4

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Wood mechanical poor and matrix the dispersion ofwithin fibers the nonuniform in results which matrices, polymeric the and fibers the between ited Alternative Solutions for Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Composites for of Thermoplastic Reinforcement Solutions Alternative 2016 Another issue is the processing temperature, which restricts the choice of matrix choice the of matrix which restricts temperature, processing issue is the Another and fiber hydrophilic blends the coupling agent with bonds by The chemically compatibility poor exhib the fibers is major ofOne of the disadvantages natural • • in a alcohol–water3:2 immersed are solution, fibers The treatment: ilane • by seem to give better improvements in thermal and dimensional stability. dimensional and give to improvementsseem thermal better in acetylation and treatment alkali whereas properties, mechanical to regard with results best the guarantee to mylperoxide, seem treatment silane and strongly modifications depend on it. 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Adding a UV stabilizer can can stabilizer colored colorants. be aUV easily by Adding can adding WPCs improved com boron by are adding of WPC resistances insect and Fungal improved be can of rate production of and WPC process, to ability properties, The by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Natural Fiber Composites Fiber Natural - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © have to be established to meet the consumer’shave the meet to established requirements. be safety to and demand of WPCs Therefore, productevaluation future. standards the in materials structural as it may possible be area, WPCs use to this done being in more research With more and for decking. material anonstructural as acceptance met builder days already these has of WPCs performance Material regard. which have this in regulations California, suchas in some states important especially is WPC of retardancy flame creep. The and behavior such weather durability long-term as done on be to the material needs more addition, research is undesirable. In this load, wood and for deck same cal the an flexidenti therefore, out will than much of more WPC, wood. constructed A deck are those significantly ofnatural that lowerthan tensileand moduli flexural WPC to 9 GPa for modulus [79]. the any combinationlead ofand Thus, woodwill plastic flour and for MPa 80 as strength high as be wood can values for natural corresponding the modulus is aboutonly flexural the GPa; whereas MPa, 1.5–2.5 approximately 40–80 is WPC compounding in of plastics used strength flexural the is that forreason this test. cone calorimeter the in measured as retardant andwithoutfire with panels WPC the of resistance fire levels higher that improved ofin woodreported contentsignificantly flour resulted (zinc compounds boron borate) [51,84–86]. aprevious In study, [51] et al. Ayrilmis oxide, hydroxide, hydroxide, magnesium polyphosphate, and aluminum melamine polyphosphate decabromodiphenyl expandable and graphite, ammonium are WPCs behavior fire [83]. for chemicals The most effectivewidelyand retardant fire used [41]. ignition sources other ing improve agentsto bemust used retardant fire Thus, of toxic gases, loss of physical thereby provid integrity, melting dripping, and - and evolution such the as plastics may hazards produce Burning scenario. risky a very in resulting of case fire, in drip and burn PolymersWPCs in used critical. is also WPCs in Therefore,knowledge a performance. the retardants fire effect fire of of improve to For ofsome applications, the WPCs. it may necessary be performance fire of the understanding an require industry ment of applications for furniture the develop and industry expansion residentialconstruction the into industry. Further industry. WPC the in more attention blowing acoupling agent, and additives lubricant, Overall, attract the agent that are achieved be acombination with can of additives different of [1]. aWPC properties desired the Indeed, resistance. creep and properties improve to mechanical WPC the in filler second the as recommended nanoclay and are carbonate, calcium talc, Finally, process. glass compounding suchas some fiber, the fillers during degrading turers are seeking to take advantage favorable of the (e.g., low take to of properties seeking balance are turers composites. ofplay these For example, amajor future role the compositein manufac will markets production changing of and nanocellulose, commercial bio-content, increase dependence, petroleum decrease to desire the trends suchas fied. Recent identi are new improved, and opportunities are performance and processing stood, A new under behavior generation is better of composites material as is emerging 3.4 Alternative Solutions for Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Composites for of Thermoplastic Reinforcement Solutions Alternative 2016 These days, the applications of WPCs are limited by material performance. The The performance. by material limited are days, applications ofThese the WPCs new applications introducing for furniture are the manufacturers WPC The by CONCLUSIONS Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 87 - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 12:18 27 Sep 2021; For: 9781482239010, chapter3, 10.1201/b19062-4 © 88 ness of the cellulose crystal for reinforcement. ness cellulose of crystal the potentially exploit that highone can stiff is the compositein materials nanofibers reinforcement is arelatively reason for usingcellulose field.main newThe research Application of interest. reinforcements ofpolymer recent in cellulose nanofibers fibers. of the absorption water decrease theyand can matrix, the and sion fiber the between adhe interface the increase problem can of incompatibility. treatments Chemical able overcome to potentially are the treatments Surface most polymer matrices. with incompatibility creates which nature, polar strong their fibers is of natural fiber-reinforcedcomposites. thermoplastic issue serious A of natural properties improves biocidies and pigments, significantly the antioxidants, absorbers, lizers, UV stabi antioxidants, content of additivesretardants, Optimum such flame as fiber-reinforcedcomposites. thermoplastic of natural weathering stability, UV and issues of durability, critical color the issue is understand to Another maintenance. well as costly life as service decreased instability, in resulting dimensional and sensitivity, moisture inherent their a major decay, for cause fungal mold growth, emerged. has WPC, material, Anew building properties. degradable low of their because density, low nonabrasive, cost, combustible, nontoxic, bio and fiber-reinforcedpolymer cations.composites Natural have received much attention density,composite properties)in from of appli bast plants fibers goodmechanical shori, A. 2008. Wood-plastic composites as promising green-composites for automo green-composites promising Wood-plastic as composites 2008. A. shori, REFERENCES

2016 10. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Nanocellulose-based reinforcements constitute another class of naturally sourced sourced class of naturally another constitute reinforcements Nanocellulose-based fiber-reinforcedcomposites thermoplastic is challenge of natural main One

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