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Download=351:Wajir-County-Integrated- Development-Plan-2018–2022) BUILDING RESILIENCE FOR ALL INTERSECTIONAL APPROACHES FOR REDUCING VULNERABILITY TO NATURAL HAZARDS IN NEPAL AND KENYA Emma Lovell, John Twigg and Getrude Lung’ahi ABOUT THE AUTHORS Emma Lovell is a Research Fellow in the Risk and Resilience Programme at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI). Emma is an expert on disaster risk management, climate change and resilience. She leads Risk and Resilience’s programme strategy on equity and social inclusion in multi-hazard contexts. She also specialises in research exploring climate, disasters and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Emma has provided technical advice on these themes to a range of governments, UN agencies, civil society organisations, foundations and multilateral and regional entities. Before ODI, Emma worked in Bangkok, Thailand, for the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center. John Twigg is an independent researcher, Honorary Professor at University College London and former Principal Research Fellow at ODI. His research focuses on disaster risk reduction and resilience, crossing the disciplinary boundaries between engineering, planning, geography and sociology. Specific research interests include community resilience, urban resilience, post- disaster recovery, equity and inclusion, disaster institutions, vulnerability and risk assessment methods, and disability and disasters. The application of academic research to improve operational practice is a particular interest. John is the author of more than 100 publications, including Characteristics of a disaster-resilient community and the good practice review Disaster risk reduction; he is also an editor of the leading international journal Disasters. Getrude Lung’ahi has more than 10 years’ experience in communications and knowledge management drawn from various civil society organisations and government institutions. She has led programmes on communications and knowledge management in climate change, and governance and women’s rights. Getrude also works as a Knowledge Engagement Leader for the BRACED programme. Her interests focus on the development of local communities in the context of climate change with a governance and gender perspective. She recently co-published a paper on Gender based violence in Nairobi slums: Women survivors’ access to justice through SMS. Getrude conducted her Masters in Communication and Media Studies with the University of Nairobi. BUILDING RESILIENCE FOR ALL  1 Contents Acronyms 4 Executive summary 6 1. Introduction and rationale for the study 9 1.2. Reducing inequality and building resilience in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 12 1.3. Intersectionality in the context of disasters and climate change 13 2. Research methodology 16 2.1. Measuring intersecting inequality factors at the household level 18 2.1.1. Survey 18 2.1.2. Sampling in the two case study areas 19 2.2. Exploring the governance of intersectional approaches to vulnerability reduction and resilience building 21 2.2.1. Key informant interviews 22 2.2.2. Focus group discussions 23 2.3. Analysis 24 2.4. Limitations of the methodology 25 3. Nepal case study 27 3.1. Hazard, vulnerability and disaster management context 27 3.1.1. Hazard and vulnerability context 27 3.1.2. Disaster risk management policy and institutions 28 3.1.3. Bardiya district, Nepal 30 3.2. Findings for Nepal 32 3.2.1. Summary of findings from the survey across the four components for Nepal 33 3.2.2. Economic resilience 35 3.2.3. Social resilience 37 3.2.4. Infrastructure resilience 41 3.2.5. Institutional resilience 44 3.3. Intersectional approaches to vulnerability reduction and resilience 46 3.3.1. Institutional structures to support intersectional approaches to vulnerability reduction and resilience 46 3.3.2. Data collection/information 50 3.2.3. Local capacity-building and approaches to build the resilience of households 52 4. Kenya case study 54 4.1. Hazard, vulnerability and disaster management context 54 4.1.1. Hazard and vulnerability context (Kenya) 54 4.1.2. Disaster risk management policy and institutions 55 4.1.3. Wajir county 57 4.2. Findings for Kenya 60 4.2.1. Summary of findings from the survey across the four components for Kenya 61 BUILDING RESILIENCE FOR ALL  2 4.2.2. Economic resilience 63 4.2.3. Social resilience 65 4.2.4. Infrastructure resilience 69 4.2.5. Institutional resilience 72 4.3. Intersectional approaches to vulnerability reduction and resilience 74 4.3.1. Institutional structures to support intersectional approaches to vulnerability reduction and resilience 75 4.3.2. Data collection/information 77 4.3.3. Local capacity-building and approaches to build the resilience of households 78 5. Discussion 80 6. Recommendations 84 References 86 Annex 1. Results from the survey for the different components and variables by sex and social groups 92 A1.1. Results from the survey: Nepal 92 A1.2. Results from the survey: Kenya 98 Annex 2. Nepal context 104 A2.1 Political and constitutional context 104 A2.2 Governance and coordination of DRRM under the new federal structure 105 A2.3 Local level 107 Annex 3. Kenya context 108 A3.1 Economic and social context 108 A3.2 Political and constitutional context 109 A3.3 Governance and coordination of DRM 110 A3.3 Local level 110 List of tables Table 1. Research sites and presence of political representation 21 Table 2. Percentage of households by type of household amenities 43 Annex 1.1. Results from the survey: Nepal 92 Annex 1.2. Results from the survey: Kenya 98 List of figures and maps Figure 1. Four components used to assess different aspects of people’s resilience at the local level 17 Figure 2. Breakdown of intersecting inequality factors 18 Figure 3. Bardiya district – population by caste/ethnicity, 2011 31 Figure 4. Flood risk in Bardiya district, Nepal 32 Figure 5. Score for the four components of the resilience index in Nepal, by sex 33 Figure 6. Score for the four components of the resilience index in Nepal, by social group 35 Figure 7. Map of Wajir county, Kenya 58 Figure 8. Score for the four components of the resilience index in Kenya, by sex 61 Figure 9. Score for the four components of the resilience index in Kenya, by social group 62 List of boxes Box 1. The role of the proximity to rivers 36 Box 2. Tharu and Madhesi society as described in KIIs 40 Acronyms ACAP Accessibility, Communication, Attitude and Participation ADCAP Age and Disability Capacity-Building Programme AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome APF Armed Police Force (Nepal) ASALs arid and semi-arid lands BRACED Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters CBDRR Community-based disaster risk reduction CBS Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal) CCA climate change adaptation CIDP County Integrated Development Plan (Kenya) DAO District Administrative Office (Nepal) DEOC District Emergency Operations Centre (Nepal) DDMC District Disaster Management Committee (Nepal) DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (Nepal) DIMS Disaster Information Management System (Nepal) DRM disaster risk management DRR disaster risk reduction DRRM disaster risk reduction and management EIU Economist Intelligence Unit EWS early warning system FGD focus group discussion GBV gender-based violence GDP gross domestic product GESI gender and social inclusion GOK Government of Kenya GoN Government of Nepal GRID Group-based Inequality Database HDI Human Development Index HFA Hyogo Framework for Action HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HSNP Hunger Safety Net Programme (Kenya) ICCO Inter-Church Organisation for Development Cooperation IDP internally displaced person INGO international NGO INSARAG International Search and Rescue Advisory Group KII key informant interview KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KNPDRR Kenya National Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction LAPA Local Adaptation Plan of Action LftW Light for the World LGBTQIA lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, intersex and asexual or allied M&E monitoring and evaluation MoALF Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (Kenya) MEF Ministry of the Environment and Forestry (Kenya) MoFE Ministry of Forests and Environment (Nepal) MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs (Nepal) MoFAGA Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (Nepal) MOSSP Ministry of State for Special Programmes (Kenya) MSB Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency MWCSW Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (Nepal) NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy (Kenya) NDMA National Drought Management Authority (Kenya) NEOC National Emergency Operation Center (Nepal) NGEC National Gender and Equality Commission (Kenya) NGO non-governmental organisation NRCS Nepal Red Cross Society ODI Overseas Development Institute SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SDC Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation SDG Sustainable Development Goal T21 Threshold 21 Model (Kenya) TWUC Tharu Women Upliftment Centre (Nepal) UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint UN Programme on HIV and AIDS UN CDP UN Committee for Development Policy UNDP UN Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFPA UN Population Fund UNIFEM UN Development Fund for Women UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction VCA Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment VDC Village Development Committee (Nepal) WDO Women’s Development Office (Nepal) WOREC Women’s Rehabilitation Centre (Nepal) WRI Women’s Resilience Index BUILDING
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