The vision of “ROTARACT” is to provide an opportunity for men and women to enhance the knowledge and skills that will assist them in personal development to address the physical and social needs of them communities and to promote better relations between all people worldwide through a framework of friendship and service.

“ROTARACT CLUB OF BARASAT CENTRAL” is a part of “ROTARY INTERNATIONAL” which strive to make the world a better place through practical efforts.

The “ROTARACT CLUB OF BARASAT CENTRAL” passion’s for service and excellence is driven by “ROTARY INTERNATIONAL”. Thus, the Club commits itself to promote and support the advocacy of its sponsoring “ROTARY 3291 CLUB” and “RID: ”, living by the Rotaract motto: “FELLOWSHIP THROUGH SERVICE”. The Club continuously provides sustainable projects for the community in accordance with the core values of self-awareness, professionalism, integrity, responsiveness and solidarity. In all projects and activities, there is the utmost consideration for a strong sense of personal, ethical and social values in pursuit of the common good. SECRETARY ’S MESSAGE…… “ROTARACT CLUB OF BARASAT CENTRAL” encourages young leaders to take responsibility for their own learning on leadership skills and commitment to serve the community. This involvement assists them in not only growing their leadership, planning and organizational skills but also in developing a sense of responsibility and creating a positive outlook. Involving the youth in such initiatives helps them make their transition into responsible adulthood and engenders social and emotional well-being. Rotaractors are important members of the Rotary family who work in tandem with Rotarians as partners in service to community. Rotaract Club of Barasat Central strongly believes that the youth of today are the leadership of tomorrow and developing our youth leadership is important for the future of the community and the country. Keep doing good work, keep connecting the world and keep Rotaracting.

Regards , RTR. GOURAV SAMAJDAR SECRETARY ROTARACT CLUB OF BARASAT CENTRAL (RID: 3291) (ROTA YEAR: 2020-2021)

"we stand on the brink of a technological revolution that will fundamentally alter the way we live, work and relate to one another. In its scale, scope and complexity, the transformation will be unlike anything humankind has experienced before. We do not yet know just how it will unfold, but one thing is clear: the response to it must be integrated and comprehensive, involving all stakeholders of the global polity, from the public and private sectors to academia and civil society. “ Klaus Schwab Founder of the “Davos Summit” EDITOR’S WORD.... Rotaract Club of Barasat Central strongly believes youth in leadership roles brings dynamism and a commitment to serve the community. I am sure many of you might have seen the Hollywood blockbuster movie “Gladiator” starring Russell Crowe as the Roman General Maximus. Before the light to the finish with Caesar's gladiators at the Colosseum, he delivers an important message to his fellow inmates "stand alone, you die; stand together and we can win." Positive role models always boost the team's morale and provide the motivation to excel. Youth have the ability to inspire; youth have a clear set of values and a commitment to community. Keep doing good work, keep connecting the world and keep Rotaracting. Regards , RTR. NAMRATA SAHA CLUB EDITOR ROTARACT CLUB OF BARASAT CENTRAL (RID:3291) (ROTA YEAR: 2020-2021)

You can’t go back and change the beginning, but you can start where you are and change the ending. -- C. S. Lewis What is a Cyclone?

A cyclone is a general term for a weather system in which winds rotate inwardly to an area of low . For large weather systems, the circulation pattern is in a counter clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a clockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. TYPES OF CYCLONE (ACCORDING TO TIME ZONE)

CIMSS Tropical Cyclones - Satellite Consensus (SatCon)

Super Cyclonic Storm AMPHAN was a powerful and deadly that caused widespread damage in Eastern , specifically“ ” and also in May 2020. It was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the GANGES DELTA” since side of the 2007 season and the first super cyclonic storm to occur in the ” since the 1999” CYCLONE”. ” “ BIBLEOGRAPHY

It was also the 3rd Super Cyclone that hit West Bengal since 1582, after 1737 and 1833. Causing over US$13 billion of damage, Amphan is also the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the North , surpassing the record held by of 2008. The first tropical cyclone of the 2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Amphan originated from a low-pressure area persisting a couple hundred miles (300 km) east of Colombo, Sri Lanka, on 13 May 2020. Tracking northeastward, the disturbance organized over exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures; the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded the system to a tropical depression on 15 May while the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) followed suit the following day. On 17 May, Amphan underwent and became an extremely severe cyclonic storm within 12 hours. On 18 May, at approximately 12:00 UTC, Amphan reached its peak intensity with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of 240 km/h (150 mph), 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 260 km/h (160 mph), and a minimum central barometric pressure of 920 mbar (27.17 inHg). The storm began an eyewall replacement cycle shortly after it reached its peak intensity. SPECIFICATIONS

Formed 16 May 2020 Dissipated 21 May 2020 Highest Winds 3-minute sustained: 240 km/h (150 mph) 1-minute sustained: 260 km/h (160 mph) Lowest Pressure 920 hPa (mbar); 27.17 inHg Fatalities 128 total Damage > $13.6 billion (2020 USD) (Costliest on record in the North Indian Ocean) Areas Affected India (West Bengal, Odisha, Andaman Islands), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan

But the continued effects of dry air and wind shear disrupted this process and caused Amphan to gradually weaken as it paralleled the eastern coastline of India. On 20 May, between 10:00 and 11:00 UTC, the cyclone made in West Bengal. At the time, the JTWC estimated Amphan's 1-minute sustained winds to be 155 km/h (100 mph). Amphan rapidly weakened once inland and dissipated shortly thereafter. Coastal areas in West Bengal comprising East Midnapur, North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, , Hooghly and Howrah as well as Odisha were affected by the cyclone. It also caused significant destruction in Bangladesh. METEOROLOGICAL HISTORY

During 13 May 2020, an area of low pressure developed over the Southeastern Bay of Bengal about 1020 km (635 mi) to the southeast of Visakhapatnam in the Indian state of . The area of low pressure was located within a favorable environment for further development with good equator-ward , warm sea surface temperatures, and low vertical wind shear. Over the next couple of days, the system became more marked as it gradually consolidated further, with bands of deep wrapping into the system's low-level center.

During 16 May, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) reported that the area of low pressure had developed into a depression and designated it as BOB 01 while it was located about 1,100 km (685 mi) to the south of Paradip in the Indian state of Odisha. Early on 18 May, microwave imagery depicted two distinct concentric eyewalls, a telltale sign of an eyewall replacement cycle that is typical for very intense cyclones. Through the day, the effects of wind shear and dry air hampered this internal core change, causing the eyewall to erode by late on 18 May. Around 5:30 p.m. IST (12:00 UTC), Amphan made landfall as a Very Severe Cyclonic storm near Bakkhali, West Bengal with winds of 155 km/h (100 mph). As it moved further inland, it rapidly weakened. Just six hours after landfall, the JTWC downgraded it to a Category 1-equivalent cyclone and issued its final warning on the system as it became disorganized.

Roxy Mathew Koll, a scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and lead author of IPCC Oceans and Cryosphere, said: "Our research shows that high ocean temperatures are conducive for rapid intensification of cyclones in the north Indian Ocean. In the current case, the Bay of Bengal has been particularly warm. Some of the buoys in the Bay of Bengal registered maximum surface temperatures of 32-34 degrees Celsius consecutively for the first two weeks of May. These are record temperatures driven by climate change — we have never seen such high values until now." WARNING

Heavy Rainfall Rainfall at most places with heavy to very Warning heavy falls (07-20cm) at a few places over all the districts of Gangetic West Bengal with extremely heavy falls (> 20 cm) at one or two places over East & West Midnapur, North & South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Kolkata districts of Gangetic West Bengal on today, 20thMay. Heavy rain at one or two places over North & South 24 Parganas, Nadia and Murshidabad districts of Gangetic West Bengal on 21st May, 2020.

Fishermen Fishermen are advised not to venture into Warning North Bay of Bengal along and off North Odisha, West Bengal and adjoining Bangladesh coasts up-to 21st May, 2020.

Wind Warning Gale wind speed reaching 140 to 150 kmph gusting to 165 kmph very likely along & off north & south 24 Parganas districts, 80-90 kmph gusting to 100 kmph over Nadia , Kolkata, Hooghly, Howrah and east Medinipur Districts. Port Warning Great Danger Signal -10 at Hooghly Port and Sagar Island Port kept hoisted. WARNING

Sea condition Sea condition is very High over Northwest Bay of Bengal and is likely to continue for next 06 hours and will be high to very high over Northeast Bay of Bengal for next 06 hours.

Warning for Heavy to very heavy rain accompanied with gale Kolkata and wind speed 80-90 adjoining Area

Damage Expected:

❑ Extensive damage to all types of kutcha houses, some damage to old badly managed Pucca (iv)structures : . Potential threat from flying objects. ❑ Extensive uprooting of communication and power poles. Disruption of rail/road link at several places.(vi) : ❑ Extensive damage to standing crops, plantations, orchards. Blowing down of Palm and coconut trees. ❑ Uprooting of large bushy trees. ❑ Large boats and ships may get torn from their moorings. ❑ Total suspension of fishing operations till 20th May 2020. Diversion or suspension of rail and road traffic. ❑ People in affected areas to remain indoors. Mobilize evacuation from Low lying areas. Movement in motor boats and small ships not advisable. EVACUATIONS

The Government of Odisha directed the magistrates of four districts on 15 May to establish shelter homes for possible evacuees. Odisha Chief Secretary Asit Kumar Tripathi initially identified 403 possible cyclone shelters in areas potentially impacted by Amphan. Social distancing restrictions in West Bengal reduced evacuation capacity in shelters from 500,000 people to 200,000 people. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation located schools and community centers for possible use as temporary shelters to augment evacuation capacity. At least 1,704 shelters were ultimately established in Odisha. More than 12,000 shelters were opened across Bangladesh, supplied with food and emergency cash from the Bangladeshi Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief and yielding capacity for 5.19 million evacuees. There were 5,767 more shelters in Bangladesh for Amphan than for , which struck the country in November 2019, due in part to social distancing restrictions.

(“AMPHAN” Approaching “” & “BANGLADESH” on 19th May) Approximately 4.2 million people were evacuated in coastal India and Bangladesh, with roughly 2 million from India and 2.2 million from Bangladesh. Most of the evacuations in India occurred in West Bengal. Over a million people were expected to evacuate from areas near the Bangladesh India border. Around 4,000 personnel from the SDRF oversaw evacuations in India. The Odisha government took a more targeted– evacuation approach for Amphan than in previous storms where more widespread evacuations were utilized. Odisha had shelter capacity for up 1.1 million evacuees, though only 10 percent was expected to be used. The government of West Bengal planned to evacuate 200,000 people from their homes by 18 May; nearly 300,000 people evacuated in total from the state, including 200,000 from North 24 Parganas district and more than 40,000 from Sagar Island. The NDRF reported that over 500,000 people evacuated from Odisha and West Bengal. Trawlers were used to evacuate thousands from the sediment islands in the Ganges Delta to the Bangladeshi mainland. Approximately 50,000 people were evacuated from the islands of the Sunderbans. IMPACT

Fatalities by country Country Fatalities Bangladesh 26 India 98 Sri Lanka 4 Total 128

SRI-LANKA

The cyclone produced heavy rainfall and strong winds in Sri Lanka while intensifying east of the island, affecting some 2,000 people and triggering floods and landslides. Minor flooding occurred along the banks of the Kalu Ganga. Two people were killed as a result of these rains in Ratnapura District, with one killed by a landslide and another by a fallen tree. Landslide-related injuries hospitalized other residents in the area. Two people were killed in Kegalle, where 214 mm (8.4 in) of rain fell in 24 hours. Flash floods in Kottampitiya and Pelmadulla prompted the evacuation of 60 people from homes susceptible to a possible landslide. Over 500 homes were damaged by Amphan, of which 145 were in Polonnaruwa. INDIA

EASTERN INDIA

Amphan made landfall near Bakkhali in West Bengal at 2:30 p.m. IST on 20 May, buffeting the region with strong winds and heavy rains. West Bengal, the epi center of the cyclone's landfall, saw the most widespread damage from Amphan. The storm was considered the strongest to hit the region in over a decade. At least 86 people died in West Bengal. The state government estimated that the storm caused at least 1 trillion (US$13.2 billion) in damage and directly affected 70 percent of the state's population. Chief Minister Banerjee described₹ the storm's effects there as worse than that of COVID-19. The greatest inundations were expected in the Sundarbans, where flooding could extend 15 km (9.3 mi) inland. The cyclone produced sustained winds of 112 km/h (70 mph) and gusts to 190 km/h (120 mph) recorded by Alipore observatory, Kolkata, West Bengal, damaging homes and uprooting trees and electric poles. Wind speed along coastal areas were measured up to 150 160 km/h (93 99 mph). In Canning a wind speed of 157 km/h (98 mph) with gusting up to 185 km/h (115 mph) was recorded, while– nearby Nim– pith and Sagar Island observe 155 km/h (96 mph) and 111 km/h (69 mph) wind speed. In Dumdum Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport recorded a damaging winds up to 133 km/h (83 mph) overturned vehicles and snapped approximately 10,000 trees. The Calcutta Municipal Corporation stated that Amphan toppled over 4,000 electric poles, leaving much of the city without power for over 14 hours. At least 19 people were killed in Kolkata. The storm also triggered widespread flooding around the city. 236 mm of rain was recorded in Kolkata. SOUTHERN INDIA

Rains and strong winds from Amphan swept across many districts in Kerala beginning on May 16. Thunderstorms associated with Amphan caused severe coastal erosion in the Valiyathura suburb of Thiruvananthapuram, damaging roads and destroying homes and threatening to displace over a hundred families from their homes. Strong winds inflicted severe damage in Kottayam district, especially in Vaikom taluk, where homes and temples were impacted and trees and electric poles were downed. The tiled roof of the Vaikom Mahadeva Temple was damaged by these winds. A 1.47 billion (US$19.3 million) damage toll resulted from the destruction of 16 homes and the partial damage of 313 homes. A high₹ school used as a homeless shelter collapsed, causing minor injuries. Tamil Nadu faced some impact from the cyclone. Heavy winds damaged at least 100 boats anchored in the Ramanathapuram district. Coastal erosion from rough seas generated by Amphan led to the collapse of three houses at Bommayarpalayam in Viluppuram district. Roughly 35 acres of banana crops around Gandarvakottai and Aranthangi were destroyed. Northern areas of the state have heatwave-like conditions for a week because Amphan took all of the area's moisture. In Sooradapeta, near Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh, rough seas destroyed 35 homes and damaged several others. BANGLADESH

Over a million people were affected by Amphan across nine districts in the divisions of Khulna and Barisal, with the cyclone causing an estimated 11 billion (US$130 million) in damage; the Bangladeshi government predicted that the country could incur a US$1.5 billion damage toll. At least twenty people died in storm- related incidents, including the Cyclone Preparedness Programmed leader of unit no. 6 in Dhankhali union Shah Alam, who drowned when his boat capsized. Damaging effects began in Bangladesh prior to the landfall of Amphan as coastal water levels rose. destroyed at least 500 homes on an island within the Noakhali District. Winds in Satkhira topped out at 151 km/h (94 mph). Nearly 220,000 homes were damaged, of which 55,667 were destroyed, rendering an estimated 500,000 people homeless according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Low-lying areas in Barishal were submerged 0.9 1.2 m (3 4 ft) under water. Flooded rivers affected parts of Rangabali and Galachipa upazilas in Patuakhali district and parts of –Khulna district– . All 65 freshwater ponds in the Sundarbans were inundated by saltwater and numerous kewra trees were uprooted. Across 26 districts, approximately 1,100 km (680 mi) of roads and over 200 bridges were damaged. The Department of Fisheries estimated that 2.17 billion (US$25.7 million) in losses to crab, finfish, and shrimp were sustained by 40,800 farmers due primarily to the flooding of farms. An estimated 176,000 hectares (435,000 acres) of farmland were affected by Amphan according to the Ministry of Agriculture, with mango farmers in Sathkhira taking the brunt of the agricultural impacts. AFTERMATH

On 22 May, Prime Minister Narendra Modi conducted an aerial survey over Kolkata, along with Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee. Modi announced a 10 billion (US$132 million) immediate relief package for West Bengal and 5 billion (US$66.2 million) in relief for Odisha. In advance,₹ Modi announced that 200,000 (US$2,650) would be provided₹ to the next of kin of people who died during the storm, and 50,000 (US$660) would be₹given to each injured person. West Bengal CM Banerjee stated that it would take three to four days to ₹assess the damage. Twenty disaster relief teams were dispatched by the Indian Coast Guard to begin search and rescue operations. Ten teams were sent to West Bengal to aid recovery, in addition to the NDRF teams pre-positioned there before Amphan's passage. Approximately 1,000 ground teams worked to restore infrastructure and services in West Bengal after Amphan, though only 25 30 percent of workers were staffed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The resulting slow restoration of power sparked protests– across West Bengal aimed primarily at electricity company CESC. Some restoration efforts were disrupted by these protests. The Home Department of West Bengal requested additional crews from railway and port interest, while five brigades from the were deployed in Kolkata and the 24 Parganas districts to support recovery efforts. Additional assistance was requested from Jharkhand and Odisha. The government of Odisha sent 500 members of its disaster rapid action force and fire service to West Bengal. Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik performed an aerial survey of the damage in his state following Amphan. FORECAST OF “AMPHAN”

Date/ Time Position (Lat. Maximum Sustained Category of (IST) 0N/ Long. 0E) Surface (Kmph) Cyclonic Disturbance 20.05.20/2030 22.7/88.6 14-150 guesting to 165 Very Severe Cyclonic Strom 20.05.20/2030 23.2/88.8 100-110 guesting to Severe Cyclonic 125 Strom 21.05.20/2030 24.6/89.3 60-70 guesting to 80 Cyclonic Storm 21.05.20/2030 26.0/90.3 30-40 guesting to 50 Depression