Natalia Dronova, Vassily Spiridonov
Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Pacific Salmon Fishing in Kamchatka
Moscow 2008 Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations
Acknowledgements ...... 3 The research and preparation of RAIPON – The Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the Abbreviations ...... 3 this report was made possible thanks North Executive Summary ...... 4 to the financial support of the Gordon ABR – aquatic biological resources The state of salmon resources in Kamchatka ...... 4 and Betty Moore Foundation. Goskomrybolovstvo – The State Fisheries Committee of the Fisheries management ...... 4 We are grateful to the following Russian Federation The main importers of Pacific salmon and the volume of exports from Russia ...... 4 people: EEZ of the Russian Federation – exclusive economic zone of The domestic market for pacific salmon products ...... 5 – V.V. Tsygir for assistance in gather the Russian Federation Salmon poaching on Kamchatka ...... 5 ing and preparing materials for the KamchatNIRO – The Kamchatka Research Institute of Fisheries Evaluation of the IUU catch ...... 5 project, and preparing the section on and Oceanography Methods of resolving the IUU fishing problem ...... 5 foreign imports of Russian salmon; IUU fishing – Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated fishing The socio economic importance of fishing ...... 6 – A.B. Dekshtein (WWF Russia) for TAC – Total Allowable Catch Introduction ...... 7 additional data and editing of the text; CSIPN – The Center for Support of Indigenous Peoples of the Background ...... 7 – PhD I.A. Khaliy, PhD O.V. Aksenova, North Definition of the problem ...... 8 and E.B.Bychkova (Institute of ROSSTAT – The Federal State Statistics Service Material and methods ...... 8 Sociology, Russian Academy of TINRO Centre – The Pacific Research Fisheries Centre 1. The Main Target Species and Characteristics of the Salmon Yield in Kamchatka ...... 10 Sciences) for assistance in drafting M_INFO – a private agency, which collects original information Pink salmon ...... 10 the questionnaire and conducting the directly from every customs declaration. Chum Salmon ...... 10 sociological survey; NPAFC – The North Pacific Anadromous Fisheries Commission Sockeye salmon ...... 11 – A.B. Abykh for assistance in arrang Сoho salmon ...... 11 ing interviews; and Chinook salmon ...... 12 – I.A Burdelnaya and M. Varikova Cherry salmon ...... 12 (RBTL) for their research on the Rainbow trout ...... 12 Russian salmon market. 2. Fisheries Management ...... 13 We also acknowledge the efforts 3. The Recorded Catch ...... 19 of A. L. Vaisman (Russian delegation 4. The Volume of Salmon Export from Russia ...... 20 to TRAFFIC Europe Russia) and O.M. 4.1. Export of Salmon Products ...... 20 Zaporozhets (Kamchatka Research 4.2. Foreign Imports of Salmon from Russia ...... 22 Institute of Fisheries and 4.2.1. List of Russian salmon products exported to Japan ...... 22 Oceanography), for taking it upon 4.2.2.The volume and cost of Japanese salmon imports from Russia. Dynamics of import volumes and prices .23 themselves to review this report. 4.2.3. The supply of Russian salmon to Japan: Shipments direct from Russia and via the Republic of Korea . . .24 We are particularly thankful to K.A. 4.2.4. Imports of Russian Pacific salmon by the Republic of Korea ...... 26 Zgurovsky and L.Williams (WWF 4.2.5. Imports of Russian Pacific salmon by the People's Republic of China ...... 26 Russia) for their constant help at all 4.2.6. Exports of Russian sockeye salmon, compared to the total yield of the species in Russia ...... 26 stages of work, and for their participa 5. Evaluation of the Domestic Market ...... 29 tion in preparing the final version of 6. Violations of Fishing Legislation and Poaching in the Far East ...... 33 the report. Illegal commercial fishing ...... 34 We would like to thank A. Poaching on the rivers ...... 36 Popovkina for her work on the English 7. Assessment of the Scope of IUU Fishing ...... 37 translation. 8. Methods of Resolving the IUU Fishing Problem ...... 38 The preparation of an English lan 9. Socio Economic Importance of Salmon Fishing ...... 40 guage version of the text was made Recommendations ...... 41 possible thanks to the hard work of Recommendations for governmental agencies ...... 41 Stephanie von Meibom (TRAFFIC Recommendations for fish processing and trade companies in the Russian Federation, as well as in the major Europe) and Joseph Kellner, who edit importing ountries ...... 42 ed the English version. Colleagues at Recommendations for environmental NGOs and other concerned organizations in the Russian Federation, TRAFFIC International are thanked for as well as in the major importing countries ...... 42 their contribution to final review and References ...... 43 publication of this report. Appendices ...... 45 Special thanks go to WWF 1. Methodology of Assessment of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Salmon Fishing ...... 45 Germany, the main long term donor 2. Russian Codes of the Foreign Economic Activity Commodity Classification Referring to the Pacific Salmon . . . to TRAFFIC Europe Russia. Products ...... 49 3. Structure of the federal institutions involved in marine fishery management and enforcement in Russia ...... 51
2 3 Executive The goal of this study was to analyze available information on various types of Up to 95% of the reproductive stock may be destroyed in those basins poaching, assess the scale of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, of Kamchatka's rivers and lakes, located near roads and highways. Summary and develop recommendations towards reducing the illegal catch.
Kamchatka is a large peninsula in the North east of Asia; it is cases leads to stock depletion. In addition, organized illegal fish small amounts, for prices averaging other types of fish products, in order to than one occasion suggested a total connected to the mainland by an isthmus. As this territory is sur ing contributes to corruption and criminalization of society, draws USD 3.16 3.69 per kg. extrapolate the size of the entire yield 3 times the recorded one. rounded by the cold and productive waters of the North Pacific, fishing income out of the region, and weakens incentives for eco The volume of Russian Pacific domestic market from that of Thus, various estimates indicate Kamchatka's economy historically depended on fishing and nomic development of the region and sustainable fishing. salmon imported by the People's Moscow's. According to these rough the actual catch as being between 1.5 seafood processing. The fishing and processing of salmon In this report, the term "salmon poaching" implies the Republic of China has increased con estimates, the capacity of the Russian and 3 times larger than officially played, and continue to play, a major role in the economy. following: siderably in recent years. Most of the Pacific salmon market may total 219 recorded. At least ten species of salmon inhabit the waters of the penin illegal and unrecorded commercial fishing (in excess of allocat imported products are inexpensive, 319 thousand tons. sula, five of which (pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbucha; chum ed quotas) in the seas and large rivers; such as frozen pink and chum salmon Annual volumes of roe production, METHODS OF RESOLVING salmon, Oncorhynchus keta; sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus illegal fishing for the purpose of roe extraction at the approach (proportions by species are unknown, including illegal production, in the terri THE IUU FISHING nerka; coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutsch and chinook es to spawning grounds; and as they are recorded together); 40.4 tory of the Russian Federation average PROBLEM salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) are fished commercially. fishing by the local people, without permission, for personal thousand tons of frozen salmon were 18 thousand tons (11 to 26 thousand Salmon fishing has a long history in Kamchatka, and remains consumption. Authorities have proposed a system imported in 2005, and around 49 thou tons, according to data obtained from an important source of economic stability and external income. In The goal of this study was to analyze available information on of rights based use for fishing areas, sand tons were imported in 2006. various sources). Of this total, 8 12 addition, the industry supplies a significant portion of the entire various types of poaching, assess the scale of illegal, unreported, with the aim of mitigating the effects of Average prices increased to USD1.92 thousand tons are produced legally, country's seafood. Between 2000 and 2004, Pacific salmon and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and develop recommendations poaching. When we began the prepa per kg in 2006 (from USD1.66 per kg in while 3 to 6 thousand tons are procured comprised 6.17 % of the overall Russian catch, and 16.51% of towards reducing the illegal catch. 2005). Sockeye imports are recorded ration of this report, such a system was total catch in Kamchatka's waters. The report was prepared under the auspices of the Project for by poachers and processed illegally. separately; China imported 600 tons of being was discussed, and at present Poaching has a significant negative impact on the Pacific conservation of the Kamchatka salmon and its habitat. The proj frozen sockeye products in 2005, and the administrative reform of fishing salmon stock in Russian waters. Well organized illegal fishing ect was financed by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. SALMON POACHING 860 tons in 2006. rights is already underway. Fishing undermines the management of the salmon stock, and in many ON KAMCHATKA On the whole, trade statistics sug areas could be allocated for long term gest volumes of sockeye significantly forms the economic foundation for the use in accordance with the "one body of water one user" principle. Criminal THE STATE OF The TAC is adopted for each salmon fish ble, as it does not exceed a few tons. larger than the recorded Russian sock inhabitants of many of the peninsula's ing season. Japan is the leading importer of eye catch. The amount by which settlements. Poachers on Kamchatka codes should also be updated to SALMON RESOURCES Salmon are fished in the exclusive eco Russian salmon products. Although the Japanese sockeye imports exceeded harvest at least 54 thousand tons of enhance the efficiency of poaching IN KAMCHATKA nomic zone in accordance with allocated list of salmon products bought from the official catch was greatest in 2005, the salmon annually, primarily for the control. Not only the captains of the quotas. The quotas are distributed among Russia is extensive, frozen products, in purpose of roe extraction (fish car fishing vessels, but also the chief man In recent years, stocks of commer totaling 9.7 thousand excess tons (the Russian fishermen for data control pur particular frozen sockeye, make up the casses are often discarded). Up to agers (owners) of the fishing compa cial species of Pacific salmon in total recorded catch was 23 985 tons). poses (catch data are used to adjust the bulk of all imports. In the 2000s, import 95% of the reproductive stock may be nies need to be held responsible for Kamchatka have been adequate, Overall sockeye imports by Japan, forecast of the salmon's approach to the volumes of frozen sockeye ranged destroyed in those basins of illegal salmon fishing. Poachers' though most of the valuable species China, and South Korea in 2000 2006 coast), and among Japanese fishing between 16.3 and 24.8 thousand tons Kamchatka's rivers and lakes, located means of transport and fishing equip (chinook, coho, and certain stocks of (according to data provided by these companies, as per the Intergovernmental per year. The long term trends for near roads and highways. ment need to be confiscated. sockeye) are decreasing in numbers. countries) significantly exceeded both Agreement signed by Russia and Japan imports of frozen sockeye from Russia Obligatory customs certification of This is a result of concealed overfish the total Russian export of frozen sock on 12 May 1985. suggest an increasing volume, a products exported abroad would deter ing and poaching, which lead to per eye (by 27% on average) and the EVALUATION OF As it stands today research fishing is decrease in average prices, and an illegal fishing in the Russian economic manent shortages in reproductive recorded sockeye catch (by 20 % on THE IUU CATCH "research" in name only. Insofar as it increasing total import value. zone, as well as the uncontrolled stock at the spawning grounds. average). This indicates both illegal only targets valuable commercial In recent years, the average annual Overall imports from Russia of all export of raw products. This is the only The catch of Pacific salmon has fishing and poor control by the execu salmon species, and the sockeye price for sockeye imported from species of Pacific salmon by Japan, legal means for Russia to contend with been relatively stable or growing in tive authorities. salmon in particular, it does not princi Russia has ranged between JPY 585 PRC, and the Republic of Korea countries importing illegal products. recent years: 2004 – 161.6 thousand pally differ from commercial fishing. The (USD 4.9) per kg (2001) and JPY461 THE DOMESTIC MARKET amounted to 107 thousand tons in Positive changes in this direction are tons, 2005 – 260.2 thousand tons, fish are caught for control purposes, but (USD3.9) per kg (2006). With regard to 2006 (raw weight). Our rough esti already notable. According to the 2006 – 273.4 thousand tons). FOR PACIFIC SALMON the catch amounts to several thousand other species of Pacific salmon mate of the volume of the domestic amendments to the Law "On Fishing," Kamchatka provides Russia with 41.4 PRODUCTS tons annually. (excluding sockeye and coho), import market is 219 to 319 thousand tons. beginning on the 1st of January 2009, % of its pink salmon, 40.1 % of its On average, the officially recorded dynamics suggest a decrease in import The volume of the entire Moscow Accordingly, the actual catch could all fish harvested in the exclusive eco chum salmon, up to 100 % of its sock catch in the Russian Pacific exceeded the volume, increasing average prices, and salmon market was estimated at 103.5 range between 326 and 426 thousand nomic zone of the Russian Federation eye and chinook, and 82.2 % of its TAC by approximately 10 % in the years stable total import value. thousand tons (USD 1.412 million) in tons. These are our most conserva must be delivered to Russian customs, coho salmon. 1995 2005, though this figure varies Imports of other frozen Pacific 2007. Pacific salmon constitute 28% of tive estimates, not taking into account i.e. transferred through Russian ports. depending on the particular region. salmon ranged between 5 277 and 8 all salmon sold, so we estimate that fish discarded on site after roe extrac Beginning that same year, all fish prod FISHERIES 394 tons; prices averaged JPY142 annual sales of Pacific salmon on the tion (about 55 thousand additional ucts delivered to the ports can be sold MANAGEMENT THE MAIN IMPORTERS (USD1.2) to JPY 355 (USD2.98) per kg. Moscow market amount to 29 thou tons), fish caught for personal con only via the Russian Fish Exchange. The Republic of Korea imports small sand tons. A precise assessment of the sumption, etc. Participants in our sociological At present, determining the total allow OF PACIFIC SALMON capacity of the entire Russian market The recorded catch in the Far East research proposed several means of able catch (TAC) is an essential step AND THE VOLUME OF amounts of frozen Pacific salmon from amounted to 273 thousand tons in settling the poaching problem, includ towards distributing quotas between fish Russia. The greatest volumes of Pacific would require similar studies in different EXPORTS FROM RUSSIA 2006, which suggests excess fishing ing control over air transportation of ing companies. The procedures for deter salmon were imported in 2000 and regions and cities, which is not feasible of at least 53 to 153 thousand tons, or roe, the use of aircraft to protect mining and approving TAC's for marine Japan, China, and the Republic of 2001 (1.8 to 3.2 thousands tons); in a study such as this one. In the spawning areas, and regular verifica biological resources, as well as any Korea import most of Russia's salmon prices averaged USD 0.96 1.38 per kg. absence of other published data on 1.2 1.6 times official numbers. changes to them, are specified by the products. The amount of salmon In subsequent years, sockeye and salmon products, ratios were used However, survey participants, offi tion by Kamchatka inspectors of ves government of the Russian Federation. imported by other countries is negligi other Pacific salmon were imported in derived from market investigations of cials, and salmon experts on more sels accepting salmon. Most of the 4 5 Introduction
respondents, as well as a number of interviewed experts, emphasized the BACKGROUND necessity of strategic regulation of Salmon fishing has a long history in fishing by interdepartmental agencies Kamchatka, and remains an impor during the salmon fishing seasons. In tant source of economic stability and their opinion, the state should estab external income. In addition, the lish a monopoly over salmon roe trade. industry supplies a significant portion THE SOCIO ECONOMIC of the entire country's seafood. Russians are proud to call Pacific IMPORTANCE salmon one of the major symbols of OF FISHING Kamchatka, Kamchatka's "brand," as the region's financial stability, and About two thirds of Russia's total image on the world market, depend aquatic biological resources come from on successful salmon yields. the Far East. Hence, the fishing industry Up to one fifth of the world stock of is one of the Far East's largest employ wild Pacific salmon reproduces in ers. Kamchatka (Sinyakov, 2004). At least Fishing in Kamchatka Kray is of great ten salmon species inhabit the waters social importance, as it ensures employ of the peninsula, five of which (pink ment for the local population, particular salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbucha; ly in the coastal areas (Ust Kamchatskiy, chum, Oncorhynchus keta; sockeye, Ust Bolsheretskiy, Sobolevskiy, Oncorhynchus nerka; coho, Aleutskiy, Milkovskiy, and Elizovskiy dis Oncorhynchus kisutsch and chinook, tricts). In these districts listed above, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) are © WWF Russia / Dmitry Shpilenok fishing is the major source of income for fished commercially. Aquiculture and the locals and, in part, funds local budg fish farming are rapidly expanding Pacific Ocean (which prohibited drift tive stock at the spawning grounds. ets for the development of social infra worldwide more than half of all net fishing outside these zones) was The scale of poaching at spawning structure. In 2006, the fishing industry in salmon traded on the world market signed (Moscow, 1992), Pacific grounds has increased considerably Kamchatka Kray employed around 16 are bred in captivity. However, salmon populations increased. Their (compared to the 1950's 1970s) due thousand workers, or more than a half of Kamchatka is a large region of the numbers are fairly high now in the to enhanced economic incentives, all employees of industrial enterprises. Kamchatka and Russian Far East western Pacific with favorable condi northwestern Pacific, as well as in accessibility of the spawning areas, The needs of the indigenous peoples spawning grounds), institutional devel opportunities provided by them to local tions for natural salmon reproduction Alaska (Sinyakov, 2004). greater free trade of salmon prod of Kamchatka, as well as those of other opment (an effective monitoring sys communities, and take necessary still preserved, as well as a region with 1995 saw the largest catches ever ucts, and frequent restructuring of residents of the coastal areas, need to tem), the tracking of vessels engaged in measures if the new practice of long a significant "genetic reserve" of the recorded in the northern Pacific, at the fish protection agencies, which be considered when quotas are allotted. IUU fishing, improved training for lower term fishing area leases does not con species. 1027 thousand tons. However, a naturally impairs their ability to work It is important to remember, that and mid level employees of the surveil tribute to sustainable management of In the first third of the last century, decline of Alaskan salmon population efficiently. This explains why the true Russian salmon are ecologically pure, as lance bodies (as well as increased resources and development of local the registered Pacific salmon catch was followed by their recovery to the number of spawning fish is lower, they are caught in the wild instead of salaries and responsibilities), develop communities. averaged 800 thousand tons. Around level of the 1920 1930s, while even while official statistics report the bred in captivity. The global demand for ment of deputisation of surveillance Governmental bodies and the private half of all Pacific salmon bred along Russian stocks remain half the size of number of breeders to be equal to wild salmon is very large, and it is priced rights to, representatives of the local sector should develop market mecha the American coast, while the rest the stocks from those years that recorded in the 1950's 1970s well above farmed varieties. In Russia, people. nisms aimed at achieving sustainable reproduced in Asia. From the 1950s (Sinyakov, 2004). In addition, recent (Sinyakov, 2004). The end result is wild salmon are not a limited resource, Governmental bodies must also eval fisheries, and in particular promote to the 1970s, there was a sharp years have seen a different specific that, in spite of a peak in food so they can and must be priced more uate the efficiency of the new salmon branding and labeling of salmon prod decline in salmon stock and annual structure of the catch, and variation in resources for the salmon, the situa competitively. The promotion of Russian fisheries management system, and hold ucts. Russian brands should be built on catches halved, dropping to only 400 population size in particular breeding tion may turn critical. The stock is wild salmon harvested in accordance public forums on the topic every four a reputation for high quality products thousand tons (Sinyakov, 2004). regions from the norms of the 1930's already low due to natural cyclic fluc with legal regulations, in both domestic years (two cycles for pink salmon and and legal fishing methods. Salmon population numbers fluctuate and 1940s. Thus, the yields of the tuations caused by large scale and international markets, is a guaran approximately one cycle for other NGOs should work with relevant state considerably from year to year, and most valuable species, such as chi changes in the northern Pacific tee of stability and wellbeing for the resi salmon species) following implementa agencies to enhance incentives and the reasons for such fluctuations are nook, coho, and sockeye, are declin ecosystem, and current fishing prac dents of Kamchatka. tion of the standards set forth in Article motivation to carry out the measures not always evident. Nevertheless, ing in some regions, even though the tices, along with poaching, may bring The following is a summary of our rec 29.1 of Federal Law No. 333, "On proposed in this document. They must most experts agree that the notice official data indicate stable migration the stock levels lower than the mini ommendations for governmental organ Fishing and Conservation of Aquatic also continue monitoring the domestic able decline resulted from large scale of breeders to spawning grounds. mum of the 1970s. Additionally, the izations, the business sector and NGOs: Biological Resources" (in the version market and IUU fishing of Pacific salmon fishing by the Japanese com The share of chinook and coho economic situation in Kamchatka is Governmental bodies must improve passed December 6th, 2007). salmon, and distribute collected infor mercial fleet, using drift nets on the salmon in the total Russian catch has changing. More and more people the system of monitoring, surveillance Authorities should critically evaluate mation among relevant state bodies and open sea. After exclusive economic declined 4 5 times over (Sinyakov, believe that the social and economic and control through changes to legisla local budget revenues from taxation of other interested parties for the purpose zones were established in 1982, and 2004). This was caused by concealed problems of Kamchatka Kray cannot tion, development of technologies fishing conducted by long term users of stock protection and economically the Convention on the Conservation overfishing and poaching, which led be solved without prioritizing devel (VMS, the use of helicopters to protect and other services and development efficient exploitation of Pacific salmon. of Anadromous Fish in the Northern to a permanent shortage in reproduc opment of hydrocarbon and mineral 6 7 The goal of this study is to analyze available information on various types of poaching, assess the scale of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and develop recommendations towards reducing the illegal catch.
resources. There are large scale – illegal and unrecorded commercial The following information on fish divisions of the Pacific Research Investigators conducted an audit of (poaching, certification, quotas, etc.). plans for oil and gas development on fishing (in excess of allocated quotas) in eries issues in the Kamchatka region Fisheries Centre (TINRO Centre) of sales outlets (866 stores of 24 leading Over the course of the survey, repre the Kamchatka shelf, and numerous the seas and large rivers; was collected and analyzed: the Ministry of Agriculture of the grocery chains) in August and sentatives from fishing companies, projects aimed at developing various – illegal fishing for roe at the – reports by the government of the Russian Federation. The TINRO September 2007, using standard fishermen, and fish inspection offi mineral deposits on the peninsula. approaches to the spawning grounds; Kamchatka Oblast; Centre provides data for the North methodology adopted from market cials of the Kamchatka region were The residents of Kamchatka expect to and – information posted on the web Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission investigations. questioned. A total of 150 individuals benefit greatly from the implementa – fishing by the local people, without sites of fishermen's co ops, fishing (NPAFC) (www.npafc.org/new/publi We estimated the total weight of were interviewed, 58 managerial and tion of these plans (Orlov, 2007). permission, for personal consumption. companies, and online versions of cations/Statistical). female fish caught from the known executive staff of fishing companies, Experience in implementation of sim Well organized illegal fishing under periodicals (e.g., www.dalryba.ru, weight of traded roe based on a coef 43 fishermen (including the leaders of ilar projects in the other regions, how mines the management of the salmon www.fishery.ru, www.rybak.com.ru, Export data ficient of 4% roe to fish weight that teams involved in coastal fishing), and ever, and on Sakhalin in particular, stock, and in many cases leads to stock www.fish seafood.ru, Materials from the M_INFO data Greenpeace Russia derived in their 49 fish inspectors. The sample is rep doesn't inspire such optimism depletion. In addition, organized illegal www.npacific.ru, www.kam base (the counterpart of North survey of available records. resentative, because the target sub (Spiridonov, 2008). Negative factors fishing contributes to corruption and chatkasalmon.ru, among other online American PIERS) were used for the (Greenpeace Russia communication, jects are already a small group, in a associated with industrial develop criminalization of society, draws fishing resources); analysis of exports from 1996 through http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/r narrowly specialized field. The ques ment, such as pollution, construction income out of the region, and weakens – materials from the Russian 2006. M_INFO is a private company u/campaigns/660660/660736). tionnaire contained interconnected in the coastal areas, and increased incentives for economic development Association of Indigenous Peoples of that collects original information This coefficient is within the range sets of questions, aimed at ascertain accessibility to spawning areas may of the region and sustainable fishing. the North (RAIPON) and the Center directly from every customs declara of species specific coefficients ing the respondents' attitudes toward considerably aggravate the effects of The fight against poaching is com for Support of Indigenous Peoples of tion. The study period extends from adopted by TINRO Centre (Internal the following issues: illegal fishing and improper resource plicated not only by the remoteness of the North (CSIPN), which are devoted 2001 to 2005 and also encompasses Standard of State Agency of Fishery, – catch and trade volumes; management, particularly given the the spawning rivers, technical compli to the social and economic conditions 11 months of 2006. 2004). – quotas and limits; lack of tools available to truly protect cations, and corruption. Another major of the indigenous peoples of – efficiency of salmon fishery man the salmon stock. complicating factor is that illegal salmon Kamchatka. Import data Assessment of IUU fishing agement in the region; Anadromous salmon are one of the fishing, with the aim of roe extraction, is – poaching; and Data on Japanese customs statis Illegal, unreported, and unregulat vital elements of the Kamchatka effectively the main source of income – measures aimed at protection of Catch data tics were obtained from the website of ed fishing was evaluated on the basis ecosystem, as they deliver great for residents of villages in Kamchatka. the salmon. Data on the Russian recorded1 the Ministry of Finance of Japan of the general methodical approach amounts of organic material, pro The scale of illegal fishing must be Results of the questionnaire were catch and total allowable catches http://www.customs.go.jp . described by V.A. Spiridonov (see duced by the ocean ecosystem, to known, in order to combat it. However, analyzed by professional sociologists (TAC) were obtained from the Information collected from the appendix 1). the peninsula's rivers. In this way, the assessing the volume of illegal fishing, from the Institute of Sociology of the Forecasts for the fishing seasons M_INFO database (1996 2006) were ocean ensures constant annual both recent and potential, as well as the Russian Academy of Sciences. (TINRO Centre, 2000 TINRO also used. Statistical data on the Data on roe exports via the eutrophication of the terrestrial damage it inflicts on the salmon popula Centre, 2007). The Forecasts were import of salmon products from Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy ecosystems of Kamchatka. The tion, is a problem unto itself. compiled on the basis of reports and Russia by the Republic of Korea were salmon also provide food for other The goal of this study is to analyze airport forecasts from basin institutes and obtained from animals. For example, Pacific salmon available information on various types The project used published materi https://trade.suhyup.co.kr/index.asp (pink, chum, sockeye, and coho of poaching, assess the scale of illegal, als on intercepted shipments of . (1995 2006). To calculate actual salmon) are an important component unreported, and unregulated (IUU) salmon roe in Kamchatka and in weight of catch based on gutted and of the diet of Kamchatka brown fishing, and develop recommendations Moscow, as well as relevant Internet headless frozen salmon the conver bears, and are crucial during their fat towards reducing the illegal catch. resources. The monitoring of roe sion ratio of 1.33 (adopted by TINRO tening period (Seredkin, Pachkovskiy, The report was prepared under the transportation in hand luggage via the Centre, see Tsygir, 2007) was used. 2006). Many other inhabitants of the auspices of the Project on conservation passenger and, partly, cargo termi peninsula (Steller's sea eagles, red of the Kamchatka salmon and its habi nals of the Elizovo Airport foxes, etc.) greatly depend upon the tats. Financial support for the project Data on the domestic market (Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy) was state of the salmon stock. comes from the Gordon and Betty The project used a review compiled conducted in July 2006 through Moore Foundation. by the Norge Fish Ltd. Company, December 2007. The amount of DEFINITION "Analysis of the current state and ten exported roe and destination of flights OF THE PROBLEM MATERIAL AND METHODS dencies of fisheries and fish market (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, development in Russia (catch, export, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, import, production, and consumption Poaching can be considered the The present report is based on pub Krasnoyarsk, Samara, and (including Moscow supermarket scourge of commercial salmon fishing, lished data, information from a num Kemerovo) were recorded. chains and НоReCa) of fresh, refrig and the main threat to the Pacific ber of agencies, and the results of As part of this project, a sociologi erated, frozen, processed, and fin salmon stock in Russian waters. In this studies carried out in Kamchatka over cal survey was conducted from ished fish and seafood from 2000 report, the term "salmon poaching" a two year period, as well as a study of November 2006 through March 2007. 2005" (available at implies the following: the Moscow salmon product market. The survey was meant to ascertain http://mi.aup.ru/res/03/1208703.ht the positions of representatives from © WWF Russia / Aleksandra Filatkina ml). In addition, the results of a study major professional groups involved in by RBTL communication group, car salmon fishing, on the key problems 1 In the cited publications of TINRO Centre the "recorded" catch is called "actual". In our opinion, this may cause confusion. That is why we ried out under the auspices of this of salmon conservation and sustain use the term "recorded" for the catch reflected in the official documents and "actual" for the overall (recorded as well as unrecorded, includ project, are used. ing poaching) catch. able development of fisheries 8 9 The Main Target Species and 1 Characteristics of the Salmon Yield in Kamchatka
Figure 1. The recorded and actual mended values. These data indicate Kamchatka River amounted to 2.2 they reach maturity at the age of three. PINK SALMON CHUM SALMON catch of chum salmon in the that 11 020 tons of chum salmon were thousand tons (880 thousand individu Of all Pacific salmon species, coho are Karaginskaya subzone (TINRO harvested in 2003, 11 250 tons in als) in 2006. Additionally, at least 100 the most thermophilic, and winter fur Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Centre, 2007). 2004, 12 650 tons in 2005, and 10 125 thousand breeding sockeye were ther to the south than pink salmon, in are the second most abundant of Far tons in 2006 (Zaporozhets et al., poached at spawning grounds on the waters between 5.5 to 9°С. Eastern salmon species. The chum 2007). Thus, the actual catch exceed Kamchatka River. These are conserva Over the last three years, the number salmon was the second most numer ed the recorded one by 427% in 2003, tive estimates, compared to those of breeding coho approaching the ous of Far Eastern salmon species, by 283% in 2004, by 182% in 2005, from other sources investigating the eastern coast of Kamchatka has after the pink salmon. In recent years, and by 148% in 2006 (see fig. 1). issue (Zaporozhets et al., 2007). In increased. In 2006, 6.387 million however, the chum yield has become In recent years, the sizes of different 2005, at least 700 thousand individuals breeders entered spawning areas the third largest, behind pink and chum salmon generations in the that approached the river mouth were along the eastern coast; 81.1 % of the sockeye salmon (TINRO Centre, Bolshaya River (the western coast of omitted from the sockeye catch statis TAC was fulfilled (TINRO Centre, Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gor 2007). Kamchatka) have ranged between 3.3 tics for this river (TINRO Centre, 2007). bucha) is the most abundant of Chum salmon spawn between the and 195.2 thousand individuals 2006). The number of breeders spawning Pacific salmon species. Along with ages of 3 and 10, most of them (TINRO Centre, 2007). Between 2000 and 2006, 93.4 % of along the entire western coast of chum salmon, pink salmon are a between 4 and 6. Throughout the sockeye harvested along the western Kamchatka has been increasing since major target of fishing. In entire range of the species, the salmon coast of Kamchatka were of the 2003. In 2004, 227.5 thousand individ Kamchatka, they constitute up to 80 SOCKEYE SALMON are divided into two forms summer Ozernaya River stock (90.8 % in 1989 uals were recorded at spawning % of the overall salmon catch. The and autumn. The two forms differ in 2006). At present, it is the largest pop grounds; three times as many were species can grow up to 76 cm in both qualitative traits and ecological ulation in the northwestern Pacific. In recorded in 2006 (TINRO Centre, length and weigh up to 5.5 kg. When peculiarities. The autumn chum 2006, 9.088 million sockeye of the 2007). heading upstream to the spawning salmon, growing up to 1 m in length, Ozernaya River stock approached the In 2006, the recorded coho catch in grounds, the fish are usually 32 64 are larger and more valuable than the coast, 7.838 million (or 17995 tons) of the rivers of the western coast of cm long (the majority being between summer variant. They are prevalent in which were caught (TINRO Centre, Kamchatka reached only 60% of the 38 and 59 cm), and weigh between the southern parts of the range. Upon 2007). TAC (the TAC was 545 tons). This was 1.4 and 2.3 kg. In years of higher entering the rivers of western due, in part, to the number of spawning population numbers, pink salmon are Kamchatka, chum are 52 to 78 cm fish, but mostly resulted from the con usually 2.5 to 5.7 cm smaller than in СOHO SALMON long, and weigh between 1.7 and 5.4 Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus cealment of some catches. Most coho years of population decline. Usually, chum salmon coincides with the har kg. The fish spawn in quiet areas of nerka) are the most economically stocks on Kamchatka's western coast spawning fish enter rivers in the sum vest of other salmon species. Chum small rivers with fine pebble and gravel important species. The fish are 52 to are extensively exploited. Although the mer and autumn; in Kamchatka, this are usually harvested as a by product beds. In Kamchatka, chum enter the 65 cm in length, weigh up to 3 kg, and officially recorded catch has not occurs in July and August. The males of sockeye, pink, and coho salmon rivers in July through October. In reach maturity at 5 6 years of age. The exceeded 600 tons annually outnumber females in the beginning harvest. severe winters, the spawning areas fish spawn early, in late May and June over the last five years, it's of the spawning period, but the According to available data, the often freeze through, destroying a in Kamchatka. The run ends by the end safe to assume that the actu opposite is true by the end. concealed catch of Pacific salmon, large portion of the offspring. The of July. Most sockeye spawn in lakes al yield has been significantly The pink salmon stock of eastern chum included (as a by product of autumn form of chum salmon is less and springs, where ground water above that, due to illegal and Kamchatka has been increasing in pink salmon fishing), has grown since susceptible to the cold, as they prefer reaches the surface. When spawning, unrecorded fishing (TINRO Centre, numbers since the mid 1970s. At 2002, when regulation of fishing was Сoho salmon (Oncorhynchus to spawn in areas where ground water the salmon take on a scarlet color. A 2007). present, more than 13 million individ effectively halted. Regional authorities kisutsch) can be easily distinguished comes to the surface. Their eggs are single salmon produces an average of uals approach the coast in even are no longer entitled to strategic reg from other salmon species by their relatively large, measuring 6.5 9.1 mm 3.8 thousand eggs, which are relative years (TINRO Centre, 2004). The ulation of fishing during the fishing bright silver scales; the species' in diameter. ly small in size. Unlike chum and pink population on Kamchatka's eastern season, and recent experience has Japanese and American names ('sil The chum stock in Kamchatka has salmon, the young fish spend a long coast is characterized by alternating shown chum limits are usually exceed ver salmon'), as well as the old been stable in recent years. time in fresh water, only swimming generations of high and low num ed in the first two weeks of the pink Russian name ('white fish') can be Nevertheless, the species' population downstream after a year, and in some bers. At present (1990 2005), an salmon harvest. After that, the chum attributed to their color. The fish can numbers in some parts of the peninsu cases, two or three. average of 61.5 thousand tons of salmon yield goes unrecorded in the grow up to 84 cm in length; the aver la leave much to be desired. The situ According to multi year data, around pink salmon are harvested in the statistics. It is either omitted from the age length is around 60 cm. Coho ation is aggravated by drift net fishing 85 % of sockeye salmon harvested coastal areas in odd years, com calculations altogether, or is traded enter the rivers later than the other in Russia's exclusive economic zone, along the entire eastern coast of pared to 8.2 thousand tons in even illicitly (TINRO Centre, 2007). salmon species and spawn from early and by the fact that coastal fishing of Kamchatka are caught in the years (TINRO Centre, 2006). According to unofficial data (infor September through March, often Kamchatka River. In 2004, the number In 2005, 24 million pink salmon mation collected from fishing vessels, under ice cover. During the spawning of sockeye breeding in that river approached the western coast of questionnaire data, data on confiscat period, both males and females turn a declined considerably, and their num Kamchatka; the total catch amount ed and exported fish products provid dark crimson. As with sockeye and bers continued to decrease into 2005. ed to 8.5 thousand tons (TINRO ed by enforcement agencies, etc.), chinook, juvenile coho run down In 2006, the population rebounded. Centre, 2007). the catch of chum in the Karaginskaya stream to the sea after they have Estimates by KamchatNIRO experts subzone (the eastern coast of spent a year or two in the rivers. Coho indicate that the concealed commer Kamchatka) between 2003 and 2006 spend little time in the sea, though, as considerably exceeded the recom cial catch of sockeye salmon in the 10 11 Fisheries The Main Target Species and Characteristics of the Salmon Yield in Kamchatka 2 Management
Between 2000 and 2006, commer ing, does not exceed a few dozen Pacific salmon are monocyclic fish is extensive poaching, and the lack of catch quotas of aquatic biological CHINOOK SALMON cial fishing of chinook salmon in the tons (Tokranov, 2002). (spawning only once in their lifetime), reliable data on the unrecorded catch resources for fishing, carried out for Bol'shaya River experienced a three The cherry salmon is listed in the which distinguishes them from most of breeders in the rivers. the purposes of breeding, restoration, fold decline in comparison to the Kamchatka Red Data Book (they are other fish species with an assigned Forecasts of the salmon stock rely and acclimatization; 1990s, and the number of breeders designated as category 3, or a TAC. Mistakes made in managing on homing, or the returning of salmon catch6 quotas of aquatic biological at spawning grounds is continually species occurring at the edge of its polycyclic stocks can be corrected, to their native rivers. As a rule, the resources for sport fishing; decreasing (TINRO Centre, 2007). natural range and requiring study and either by increasing or decreasing salmon return to these rivers after a catch7 quotas of aquatic biological Cherry Salmon and Rainbow Trout population control, as an endemic fishing pressure in subsequent years. period of fattening in the sea (TINRO resources for support of the tradition should be also noted among the wide boreal species rare in the rivers Effective Pacific salmon fishing Centre, 2004). At the same time, data al economic activities of the indige Pacific salmon of Kamchatka. of Kamchatka) and the Red Data demands a different approach it is indicate that pink salmon, the most nous minorities of the North, Siberia Although these two species have no Book of the Northern Russian Far necessary to remove all fish, not abundant Pacific salmon species, and the Far East of the Russian The chinook salmon commercial value due to their low East. essential for successful breeding2. have a more flexible homing behavior Federation; (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) is the numbers, they are sometimes The total allowable catch (TAC) is in some years. catch8 quotas of aquatic biological largest Pacific salmon, as well as the recorded as part of the catches. RAINBOW TROUT adopted by federal authorities in the In order to adjust forecasts, fishing resources for the Russian Federation largest anadromous fish in north year of the salmon fishing season (the institutes annually conduct sea moni in regions under the jurisdiction of eastern Asia. Chinook can grow to a CHERRY SALMON late May through September), follow toring (trawl surveys and drift net international fisheries and conserva length of 147 cm and weights of 57 ing an assessment of the population research). This provides practical tion agreements, signed by the 61 kg. Most chinook caught in the information on the timeframes of Russian Federation; Cherry salmon (Oncorhynchus (see fig. 3 for details). Kamchatka River are between 78 Pacific salmon's approach to the catch9 quotas of aquatic biological masou) is the least abundant of the The government of the Russian and 103 cm long, and weigh 5.5 coasts, and the numbers of resources for foreign states in the Pacific salmon in Kamchatka, and is Federation specifies the procedures 17.0 kg. Individuals weighing up to approaching fish in major fishing exclusive economic zone of the usually omitted from fisheries statis for determining and approving TAC's and above 45 kg have been record regions (namely western and eastern Russian Federation, established in tics. Temperature appears to be the of aquatic biological resources, as ed. Chinook enter the rivers from Kamchatka, eastern Sakhalin, the accordance with international fish limiting factor for the cherry salmon well as making changes to them. May through July and spawn Rainbow Trout (Parasalmo mykiss, Kuril Islands, and the mainland coast eries and conservation agreements population in Kamchatka, as the cli Many different factors influence the between June and late August. Their or Oncorhynchus mykis according to in the southern Sea of Okhotsk). signed by Russian Federation; matic conditions of the rivers and spawning run into the rivers. The most spawning grounds are located along classification adopted by NPAFC) is According to the Law of the Russian catch10 quotas of aquatic biological surrounding seas are much more important of these are illustrated in the entire length of the rivers, from listed in the Red Data Book of the Federation "On Fisheries and resources for commercial fishing in severe than in the species' optimal figure 2. A network of regional fishing the tidal zone to the headwaters. Russian Federation as a rare anadro Conservation of Aquatic Biological the inner waters of the Russian range. Breeding cherry salmon usu research institutes develops forecasts The salmon breed between the ages mous form (category 3). Rainbow Resources" (No.166 FЗ, 20.12.2004, Federation, excluding Russia's inner ally enter the rivers in the last ten day of the salmon's approach to the of 4 and 7, and a single female pro trout are more numerous in the north version from 06.12.2007), the TAC is seas (commercial freshwater quotas). period of May. The spawning period coast. This assessment of the state of duces over 14 thousand large eggs. ern rivers of western Kamchatka; in divided into the following quotas: Salmon are fished in the exclusive in Kamchatka lasts until late July and salmon populations and the forecast Juvenile Asian chinook live in fresh the southern rivers, despite a fishing catch1 (harvest) quotas of aquatic economic zone in accordance with coincides with the spawning period of of their movements are based on the water between one and three years, ban, the stock has declined in recent biological resources for commercial allocated quotas. The quotas are dis the chinook and the spring sockeye. number of breeders running to the while young American chinook years. No fishing is officially record fishing (not including coastal fishing) tributed among Russian fishermen for The spawning grounds are located spawning grounds, the numbers of spend anywhere from a few months ed; however, the valuable trout are on the continental shelf of the Russian data control purposes (catch data are far from the sea in the upper reaches juvenile fish running downstream, (ocean type) to two years there (river extensively poached. Their numbers Federation and in the Russian exclu used to adjust the forecast of the of the rivers, or in small rocky commercial catches, and the trawl type). In Kamchatka, most juvenile are also limited by a lack of suitable sive economic zone (commercial salmon's approach to the coast), and streams. The young cherry salmon census at sea (fig. 3). The forecasts fish run downstream to the sea after spawning areas and food resources quotas); among Japanese fishing companies, spend one to three years in the rivers are adjusted, based on data from a year, but some leave the freshwa for juveniles in the rivers (Red Data catch quotas of aquatic biological as per the Intergovernmental (Kamchatka Red Data Book). controlled drift net fishing in the 2 ter only after two. Book of the Russian Federation, resources for coastal fishing in the Agreement signed by Russia and On the whole, the cherry salmon salmon' migration routes. Most of the chinook harvested on 2001). inner seas of the Russian Federation, Japan on 12 May 1985. The fisher stock in all rivers of western Unfortunately, it is fairly complicat the eastern coast of Kamchatka The species is listed in the the marine territory of the Russian man use drift and floating nets, a few Kamchatka, from the Bolshaya to the ed to assess the many factors affect breed in the Kamchatka River. Over Kamchatka Red Data Book (category Federation, the continental shelf of kilometers in length, set across Voyampolka River, are low. According ing salmon population numbers. The the last 30 years, the size of the chi 2) and the Red Data Book of the the Russian Federation, and the salmon migration routes. to estimates from experts at total number of young fish running nook stock in the Kamchatka River Northern Russian Far East as an Russian exclusive economic zone Quota types (1) and (9) are the KamchatNIRO, the number of cherry downstream cannot be estimated, as basin has ranged from 59 to 303 endemic species of Kamchatka dra (coastal quotas); main commercial quotas. The coastal salmon entering the Utka River in the it is impossible to survey all the rivers thousand individuals, with 158 thou matically declining in numbers. catch quotas of aquatic biological quota is filled largely by means of fish spawning period ranges from 15 to of the peninsula. The sea surveys are 3 sand fish on average per year resources for fishing for scientific and ing with fixed nets on the open sea 50 thousand individuals, depending irregular and do not always cover all (TINRO Centre, 2007). control purposes (scientific quotas); and in waters close to the river on the year. The overall annual catch the necessary regions, due to a lack The Bol'shaya River is the main catch4 quotas of aquatic biological mouths. When fixed gear is used, a of the cherry salmon, as a by prod of financial resources. One of the breeding and fishing area of the resources for fishing for educational guiding wing of the net is placed in the uct of other fish most serious obstacles to forecasting peninsula's western coast. Over the and cultural purposes; way of fish migrating along the coast. last 30 years, the chinook stock in 5 the Bol'shaya River has fluctuated between 15 and 56 thousand individ 2 It is worth noting, that dead salmon consumed by predators in the post breeding period are an important source of organic substance in uals, averaging 33 thousand fish per the river basins' ecosystems. The importance of this input to the maintenance of a healthy ecosystem has never been considered in the the year (TINRO Centre, 2006). ory of salmon fisheries management or practical fishing. As such, current salmon fisheries management is still far from the principles of "ecosystem based management." 12 13 er TINRO Centre, 2004). er TINRO Centre, urn of the individuals of the various age groups age groups the various of the individuals urn of Figure 2. Life cycle of the Pacific salmons (with the pink salmon as an example) and the factors affecting the survival and ret the survival affecting factors and the an example) as the pink salmon (with salmons of the Pacific Life cycle 2. Figure (after TINRO Centre, 2004). TINRO Centre, (after Figure 3. Flow chart of the basis stages of the development of the forecast of the salmon resources and TAC substantiating (aft substantiating and TAC of the salmon resources of the forecast 3. Flow chart of the basis stages of the development Figure 14 15 Fisheries Management
A new article was added to the anadromous fish species and the must be repeatedly increased over the Federal Law "on Fisheries and operating procedures is to be course of the fishing season, because Preservation of Aquatic Biological approved by the authorized federal the spawning grounds of the fished Resources" (FL No.333) on 6 executive authority. salmon will be located within his own December 2007. This article, Article 7. In order to establish favorable fishing area, rather than in far off and 29.1, is entitled "The harvest (catch) of conditions for fishing and preserve unknown rivers (Makoedov et al., anadromous fish species," and reads: aquatic biological resources in waters 2006). To this end, the State Fisheries 1. Anadromous fish species are to be allocated for the harvest of anadro Committee is currently developing the harvested by legal entities and inde mous fish species, a special agree necessary bylaws. This measure has pendent businesses, as stipulated by ment may be negotiated between two its opponents as well as its supporters Article 16, Part 3 of the current Federal parties, one of which heads the regu and thus, requires thorough and care Law, on the basis of the agreement lating commission, and is obligated to ful consideration for each region and defined by Article 33.3 of the current issue fishing permits for anadromous body of water. Federal Law. fish in a given body of water for a peri It is safe to say, that the long term 2. Bodies of water designated for od of 10 20 years. The second party, assignment of fishing areas will have harvesting anadromous fish species in turn, is responsible for the imple both positive and negative conse may only be used for other purposes mentation of measures aimed at sus quences. Competition for fishing areas with the consent of the persons listed tainable use and conservation of the sometimes escalates into veritable in Part 1 of the this article (including aquatic biological resources, including wars, best summarized in the words of uses not connected with fishing). water body amelioration and the British philosopher Bertrand Russell: 3. For harvesting of anadromous fish responsible management of aquatic "War does not determine who is right species, the fish and their habitats are biological resources. only who is left". Regional topical pub to be assigned to the persons stipulat 8. The agreement denoted in Part 7 lications, particularly those distributed ed in Part 1 of this article, on the basis of this article must be officially regis via the Internet, illustrate fairly ugly of the resolution of the commission tered with local authorities, authorized aspects of these wars, in which admin regulating the anadromous fish har by the federal executive branch. The istrative resources are widely used in vest. This resolution is adopted by local agreement is considered effective constant attempts to change the terms authorities, authorized by the federal immediately following registration. of access to aquatic biological Figure 4. TAC and the recorded catch of Pacific salmon (all species and regions) in 1995 2005 (from TINRO Centre, executive branch. 9. The procedures for preparation, resources. It is worth noting, that no 2004, 2005, 2006). 4. Commissions regulating the completion, and official registration of relevant documents detailing the new The salmon are guided along the wing season. Attempts at strategic regula the salmon approached the coast in anadromous fish harvest are to be the agreement mentioned in Part 7 of procedures for allocation of fishing into the trap and gather there, and are tion of fishing and adjustment of the low numbers, or expand the TAC if established in the subjects (republics, this article, as well as the sample areas were available by the beginning subsequently removed and delivered to TAC during the short fishing season numbers appeared to be high. On July okrugs, oblasts, etc.) of the Russian agreement form, are specified by the of the 2008 fishing season. Some the coast. About 70 % of all harvested proved to be inefficient, as TAC adjust 18th, 2002, the State Fisheries Federation. The commission is to be government of the Russian Federation. experts expressed fears that those salmon are trapped in this way. In larg ment require an environmental impact Committee of the Russian Federation headed by top official of the subject of In effect, this document establishes documents would be drafted in haste, er rivers where fishing is permitted, assessment and thorough analysis of (the agency responsible for state fish the Russian Federation (the head of the legal grounds for the allocation of and that the distribution of fishing fisherman use fixed, floating, and relevant regulatory documents from eries management prior to the 2004 the top executive authority of the sub fishing areas in accordance with the areas would serve the interests of the sweep nets. It is worth noting, that as it Rosrybolovstvo and the Ministry of administrative reform) issued Order N ject of the Russian Federation). The "one body of water one user" princi larger fishing enterprises, who have stands today research fishing is Agriculture of the Russian Federation 241. According to this document, commission must be comprised of ple. The practicability of assigning greater administrative resources and "research" in name only. Insofar as it (Anon., 2007). Fishing Season Centers were only representatives from the federal exec local salmon stocks for the long term are well equipped to capitalize on the only targets valuable commercial On average, the officially recorded authorized to regulate fishing within the utive authorities, including defense, use has been discussed for a long redistribution, at the expense of small salmon species and the sockeye catch in the Russian Pacific exceeded limits of adopted TAC's. By 2003, the security, and environment protection time. Such an approach could estab scale users. In addition, conflicts salmon in particular, it does not princi the TAC by approximately 10 % in the Fishing Season Centers were no longer authorities, as well as public authorities lish conditions that would compel the between the new long term users and pally differ from commercial fishing. years 1995 2005, though this figure operational, and virtually no means for of the subjects of the Russian users (actual stock "owners") to be the local population are unavoidable, The fish are caught for control purpos varied depending on the particular timely and efficient regulation of fishing Federation, community organizations, engaged in salmon conservation as locals will inevitably consider some es, but the catch amounts to several region (fig. 4). remained. legal associations, and scientific insti issues. It would also lay the ground new users illegitimate. Conflict resolu thousand tons annually (Anon., 2007). Many fishermen distrust scientists, As fishing cannot reasonably be reg tutions. work for a smooth transition from the tion will depend upon the ability of the According to Accounting Bureau as the salmon approach cannot be ulated on a day to day basis and the 5. The commission regulating the existing system of assigned TAC's. At users to win the favor of residents in estimates, the results of the Pacific accurately forecasted in advance and present system encourages unrecord anadromous fish harvest determines present, TAC's are a necessary mech settlements situated along the rivers salmon fishing season in 2004 2006 thus, TAC's cannot always be effective ed fishing, some experts advise forego the volume, timeframe, and locations anism for distributing quotas among and seacoast, ensure their employ suggest that the salmon TAC (from ly regulated in a timely fashion. They ing management of Pacific salmon for the catch, and other conditions for fishing enterprises, i.e. among fixed ment, and help them find their place in their own scientific studies) did not cor are often convinced that the catch fishing by means of a TAC, and instead the harvesting of anadromous species. nets. Salmon fishing would effectively the new economy. If the fishing indus respond to the actual catch. The poor could exceed allocated quotas. In the regulating the amount of fishing equip This resolution is adopted by local become a process of removing excess try fails to strike this balance, conflicts quality of the forecasts and, hence, Soviet period, as well as in the 1990s, ment (Kotenev et al., 2006). This pro authorities, authorized by the federal fish heading towards their spawning with the local population will provoke underestimated TAC resulted in materi so called Fishing Season Centers were posal is being actively discussed by executive branch. rivers. The user would have no reason increased poaching. al and financial losses for fisheries established to regulate salmon fishing. experts and fishing industry represen 6. The list of members of the com to persuade (or deceive) himself every organizations preparing for the fishing They were authorized to ban fishing if tatives. mission regulating the harvest of year that the original fishing forecast 16 17 3 The Recorded Catch
In the period between 2000 and accounted for the greatest portion of coho (1.64 thousand tons, 0.8 %), 2004, Pacific salmon constituted 6.17 the Far East catch (144.3 thousand chinook (0.4 thousand tons, 0.2 %), % of the overall Russian catch, 8.65 % tons, or 73.3 % of the total catch, on and cherry salmon (6 tons, 0.003 %) of the Russian EEZ catch, and 10.18 average). They were followed by (Sinyakov, 2006). The catch data for % of the Far East catch (Sinyakov, chum (30.8 thousand tons, 15.6 %), 1999 through 2006 are presented in 2006). In that period, pink salmon sockeye (18.4 thousand tons, 9.4 %), Table 1.
Table 1. Salmon yield in the Russian Far East, 1999 2006, in tons (TINRO Centre 2000 2007).
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Pink 188207 148542 170906 108273,5 180583 113260,5 205791,30 199308,2 salmon Chum 25127 32619 31230 31086,2 28877 30157,54 33110 46931,3 salmon Sockeye 12276 15127 18102 24796,8 17692 16342,16 19817,60 24925 salmon Сoho 1348 1796 1776 1728,64 1364 1515,67 872,4 1453,9 salmon Сhinook 765 457 433 555,3 225 320,67 752,1 salmon 572 Cherry 3,057 10 10,98 28,1 25,4 salmon
TOTAL 227723 198541 222447 166443,5 228751 161607,5 260191,40 273395,9
Kamchatka is the main salmon fish ing region of the Far East, with an aver age annual yield of 93.12 thousand tons between 2000 and 2004 (47.3 % of the overall catch in the Far East). Kamchatka produces 41.4 % of the pink salmon catch, 40.1 % of the chum catch, almost 100 % of the sockeye and chinook catch, and 82.2 % of the coho catch (Sinyakov, 2006). Salmon yields are fairly stable, par ticularly in Kamchatka (Fig. 5), and show a steady increase. The relatively large catches of recent years result from particularly favorable conditions for salmon in their saltwater period (Sinyakov, 2006).
Figure 5. Salmon yields in the Russian Far East and in Kamchatka, 1999 2006 (TINRO Centre 2000 2007). © WWF Canon / Kevin SCHAFER 19 The Volume of Salmon 4 Export from Russia
The opposite trend can be 4.1. Export of Salmon Products observed for imports of other, less expensive salmon products (fig. 8). China tops that list; Chinese imports of Russian salmon increase nearly Russian export statistics indicate every year. that the bulk of all salmon products is Figure 9 clearly demonstrates the exported to Japan, China, and the dominance of sockeye salmon Republic of Korea. In addition, small among exported salmon products amounts are exported to Ukraine, (by cost). The only exception is Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan (Figs. 6, 2006, when the export of other 7, and 8). frozen salmon to China noticeably increased. It is worth noting, that given an essentially equal monetary value of exports in 2006, the volume of other salmon species exported to China was 2.3 times greater (see fig ures 7 and 8). Salted salmon, and both frozen and Figure 8. Russian exports of frozen salmon (excluding sockeye) in 2002 2006, salted salmon fillets, comprise a neg in tons (M_INFO database). ligible share of total exports, which has not exceeded a thousand ton in Figure 6. Russian export of salmon products to the major importing the past few years (see fig. 10). countries, by year (M_INFO database). According to data provided by the © WWF Russia / Vladimir Prizemlin Accounting Bureau of the Russian Federation, salmon exports from The following Pacific salmon prod In Japan, the market value of sockeye salmon is higher than that of Russia are stable and amount to 22 30 ucts are recorded in Russian cus the chinook salmon; the situation is reversed in Russia and America. thousand tons annually. Salmon repre toms statistics: (see Appendix 2): The economic value of sockeye to Russian fishing companies has sent 14 16% of overall seafood – live salmon, increased considerably over the last 10 years, due to growing export exports by volume, and 9 11 % by – fresh or refrigerated salmon, volumes (Bugaev, 2004). value. Frozen sockeye is the single – frozen sockeye salmon, Figure 7 illustrates that frozen sockeye are exported mainly to Japan; largest Russian salmon export; in – other frozen salmon, and export volumes are increasing. On the contrary, the amounts of 2005, 24 759 tons were exported, and – fresh or refrigerated salmon fillets, sockeye exported to the Republic of Korea are small, and decreasing the overall sockeye harvest totaled 26 – frozen salmon fillets, over time. Sockeye exports to China are negligible (see fig 7). 634.8 tons (Anon., 2007). – salted salmon fillets, However, data from our own analysis Figure 9. Russian exports of frozen salmon to Japan, China, and the Republic – smoked salmon, of the export statistics indicate much of Korea (USD) (M_INFO database). – salted salmon, larger volumes of exported salmon – processed and canned salmon, (see fig. 11), in some years more than – salmon roe. double the official statistics. In the period from 2001 to 2006, the overall export amounted to 287 394 tons. Figures 6, 7, 8, 10, and 11 show that, in 2004, overall export In 2002, frozen sockeye salmon volumes, as well as exports to indi was given its own code vidual countries, hit a minimum. This (0303110000), whereas previously it year saw the smallest number of was included under the 033100000 salmon harvested in the Far East code, designating frozen salmon. (Fig. 5, Table 1). Now, sockeye can be used to trace In 2004, the recorded catch in export dynamics by year and country, western Kamchatka was consider and to compare these data with the ably smaller than the TAC. Experts official catch (see sections 4.2). attributed this phenomenon to Figure 7 illustrates that frozen sockeye are exported mainly to Japan; weather conditions. A cyclone hit this and export volumes are increasing. On the contrary, the amounts of area on August 4 6, and 90 % of the sockeye exported to the Republic of Korea are small, and decreasing nets (out of a total 106) were dam Figure 10. The overall volume of Russian salmon product exports over time. Sockeye exports to China are negligible (see fig 7). aged and removed. Only 30 to 40 % (M_INFO database). 20 21 Объем поставок в другие страны (продолжение)
of the nets were restored by August 10 15. This indicates that underfish 4.2.2.The volume and cost of Japanese salmon imports from Russia. ing was caused primarily by the Dynamics of import volumes and prices storms. They also prevented the removal of fishing equipment, Although the list of salmon products including traps with already caught bought from Russia is extensive, fish, and more that 15 thousand tons frozen products, in particular frozen of pink salmon drowned. On top of sockeye, make up the bulk of all that, nets were destroyed and, thus, imports. Most of the sockeye breed in could be no longer used for fishing. the waters of Kamchatka. Import One more reason for underfishing dynamics of frozen sockeye are was the late issuing of permits to set depicted in figure 12. The long term fishing nets, though this would not trends suggest an increase in volume, have improved the situation regard a decrease in average prices, an and less (V. Tsygir, TINRO Centre, pers. increasing total import value. comm., 2007). In the 2000s, import volumes of frozen sockeye ranged between 16.3 and 24.8 thousand tons per year. The import dates shows certain "lagging" behind the fishing seasons; in other Figure 11. Overall volume of Russian salmon product exports words, the import dates do not entirely (M_INFO database). correspond to the years/months of fishing. For example, fish harvested in Figure 12. Dynamics of Japanese frozen sockeye imports from Russia (accord 2005 were imported through May ing to Japanese customs statistics). 2006. The first catches from Russian 4.2. Foreign Imports of Salmon from Russia It is impossible to deduce the volumes products of drift net fishing. According drift net fishing vessels are delivered in and prices of imported chum, pink, to import statistics, they were imported According to import statistics, Japan, China, and the Republic of Korea import most of Russia's salmon products. May and June. Overlap between previ and chinook salmon from these fig only four months a year (June through The amount of salmon imported by other countries is negligible, as it does not exceed a few tons. ous year products and the current ures. Import dynamics of other Pacific September) between 1992 and 2006. year harvests may occur during these salmon species (besides sockeye and The amount of imported fresh/refriger months. Additionally, customs statis coho salmon) are shown in figure 13. ated salmon is fairly small; such prod 4.2.1. List of Russian salmon products exported to Japan tics draw no distinction between the The long term trend suggests a ucts are not delivered every year (e.g., products of coastal fishing and those decrease in import volume, increasing no import was recorded in 2005, 2004, Japan is the lead importer of tics are also available: 7) salted refrig In addition to Pacific salmon prod of drift net fishing. Most products average prices, and stable total import or 2002). All told, only 2 120 tons of Russian salmon products. In Japanese erated salmon (all species), 8) hard ucts, records show that the following imported from Russia belong to the value. Russian fresh/refrigerated Pacific import statistics, Pacific salmon prod salted salmon roe (fully ripe egg mass species were imported from Russia in former. Fresh/refrigerated Pacific salmon salmon have been imported by Japan ucts are recorded by species, 1) es), and 9) salted granular salmon roe. certain years: 11) frozen trout, 12) In recent years, the average annual exported from Russia to Japan are since 1992. fresh/frozen sockeye salmon, 2) In addition, Japan imports frozen hard Atlantic salmon, 13) trout (fresh and price for sockeye imported from fresh/frozen coho salmon, and 3) salmon roe (10). Frozen salmon roe is refrigerated), 14) other frozen salmon, Russia has ranged between JPY 585 fresh/frozen "other species of Pacific not recorded in customs statistics as a 15) Pacific salmon / Atlantic salmon / per kg (USD 4.9) per kg (2001) and salmon" (excluding sockeye and separate product. However, media taimen (fresh/refrigerated), 16) JPY461 (USD3.9) per kg (2006). The coho); They also record frozen imports publications say that customs records smoked Pacific salmon / Atlantic lowest prices were recorded in 2005 alone, including frozen: 4) sockeye, 5) frozen salmon roe as "frozen roe of salmon, including fillets, and 17) and 2006, when import volumes were coho, and 6) "other species of Pacific other fish", equating it to imports of salmon: whole/chunks (not canned). largest. In March 2006, the prices for 3 salmon". The following import statis "frozen salmon roe. Russian sockeye caught with drift nets in 2005 ranged between JPY680 (USD5.7) and JPY700 (USD5.9) per kg on the Tokyo wholesale market (data from Japanese customs statistics, Clarke, 2007). Sockeye salmon fished both in the eastern and western coastal areas of Kamchatka cost JPY510 (USD4.3) to JPY530 (USD4.5) per kg (Tsygir, 2007). Imports of other frozen Pacific salmon ranged between 5 277 and 8 3 Special import statistics exist for pollock and herring roe. Aside from the roe of these species, only salmon roe is imported from 394 tons; prices averaged JPY142 Figure 13. Dynamics of Japanese frozen salmon imports from Russia, exclud Russia as a frozen product. As no special records of imported frozen salmon roe are kept, the category "frozen roe of other fish" ing sockeye and coho salmon (According to Japanese customs statistics). includes salmon roe, and especially pink salmon roe, with regard to imports from Russia. (USD1.2) to JPY 355 (USD2.98) per kg. 22 23 Foreign Imports of Salmon from Russia
Protracted Russian Japanese con why any fish harvested (even illegal vessels also carried false documents 4.2.3. The supply of Russian salmon to Japan: sultations have been held on various ly) outside the Russian territorial identifying them as other, Russian Shipments direct from Russia and via the Republic of Korea levels, on the importance of the joint waters cannot be formally consid flagged drift net vessels. Russian struggle against poaching and ered "smuggled" goods, just as the documents were used in Russian Russian fishermen harvest salmon denotes transfer of the goods to shipping documents in Russian seafood smuggling. As a result of shipment of seafood to foreign ports waters; while calling at the Japanese in the coastal areas, at the river Japan from abroad (including ports. However, drift net studies of these consultations, along with cer without crossing the Russian border ports, the ships produced either mouths and in the rivers, using both seafood harvested by any foreign Pacific salmon for the purposes of tain political events that occurred in is not smuggling. Russian documents, or documents fixed gear and floating nets. Sockeye vessel on the open sea) and goods monitoring and strategic forecasting Japan in 2001 2002, Japanese Japanese authorities do not verify that permitted them to fly other is virtually the only product of approved for export from Japan, of the salmon approach nonetheless authorities began rejecting so called the authenticity of documents pro countries' flags. In some cases, such Russian coastal fishing in demand on having undergone the relevant cus have been conducted in the Russian "port clearances" from fishing ves duced by vessels delivering seafood, vessels were detained, both in open the Japanese market. Since 1993, toms procedures. The fundamental EEZ since 1993. sels flying the Russian flag, begin so the forgeries are very commonly waters by the US coastguard and in drift net fishing of Pacific salmon has criterion for "imports," with regard to Salmon harvested during Russian ning on 1 April 2002. Russian owners used. Until 2002, Japanese ports the Russian EEZ by the Russian been conducted in Russia with the seafood, is that they be harvested by drift net monitoring studies are sold of these fishing vessels were harbored many vessels conducting Federal Frontier Guards (e.g., the twin aims of monitoring and strategic a foreign vessel. If seafood is har in Japan. According to Russian legis unaware of the forthcoming changes illegal fishing in Russian waters. The Albatros 101 case7). forecasting of the salmon's approach vested by a Japanese vessel, even in lation, these vessels are not required in early 2002. The problem was overwhelming majority of Russian The 1982 UN Convention on to the coasts. Teams of Russian drift the open sea, it is considered "local to call at any Russian port prior to solved promptly: false port clear crab fishing vessels were supplied, Maritime Law (Article 92, p. 2) reads: net vessels are implementing the sci goods" and its transfer to Japan is delivery of their products to Japan or ances were replaced with false cargo repaired, and refitted in Japanese "A ship which sails under the flags of entific programs of fisheries not considered an "import". Thus, any other foreign country. It is declarations. Moreover, in the ports, and avoid calling at Russian two or more States, using them research institutions. Salmon caught salmon harvested by Japanese ves enough to simply fill in the Ship Japanese interpretation, the agree ports for years on end. Many vessels according to convenience, may not during these marine investigations sels outside of Japanese waters and Cargo Declaration. However, this ment does not affect transport ves were even unable to call at Russian claim any of the nationalities in ques are of very high quality; most of them subsequently shipped to Japan are document is not recognized by sels that have no fishing equipment ports, because they no longer met tion with respect to any State, and are subsequently exported to Japan. not considered imported products. Japanese authorities. According to on board. Such vessels have been the standards for registration. The may be equated to a ship without Products of Russian coastal fishing In NPAFC and FAO statistics, salmon Japanese legislation (the Law on used in recent years to ship seafood, ship owners were reluctant to incur nationality". supplied to Japan, as well as these harvested by Japanese drift net ves Regulation of Fishing by the Foreign including salmon products from additional expenses by calling at This provision is no longer prac yields of Russian drift net studies, sels in the Russian EEZ are recorded Persons, No.60, 14 July 1967), the Russian drift net fishing, from Russian ports. ticed. This is in part, because are recorded in Japanese customs as part of the Japanese catch. import of seafood from foreign fish Russian to Japanese ports. In the late 1990s and in 2000, Japanese authorities no longer sup statistics as imports from Russia. At present, Russian fishermen har ing vessels directly from the fishing The term "smuggling" was used in Hokkaido also harbored several drift port such vessels, since Japanese In addition to salmon harvested by vest Russia's salmon both in the ter areas is prohibited. A document con the Russian Japanese consultations net vessels, which harvested salmon support for those conducting illegal Russians, salmon of Russian origin ritorial and inner waters of the firming shipping from a foreign port mentioned above, because illegal in the Russian EEZ, as well as in the drift net fishing was made public. caught by Japanese fishermen are Russian Federation (within the cus is required for customs registration shipment of seafood to foreign ports open waters of the Pacific Ocean Additionally, these waters are also delivered to Japan. The latter toms territory), and in the EEZ, which of imported seafood in Japan. is often referred to as such. However, (the NPAFC Convention area). patrolled by NPAFC parties (on the are harvested either in the 200 mile is outside the customs territory. In Hence, Russian vessels delivering the term "smuggling"6 implies the Harvested salmon were delivered to open seas) and the Russian Federal zone of Japanese territorial waters, compliance with Russian legislation, seafood to Japan need to attain such crossing of state or customs bor Japan. Those vessels carried docu Frontier Guards (in Russian territorial or in Russia's EEZ. In Japanese salmon may be harvested in Russian a document, either in a Russian port, ders. With regard to marine areas, ments that allowed them to fly the waters). waters, Japanese fishermen catch waters only with permits, and within or in the port of another country (e.g. this corresponds to the 12 mile zone flags of third party countries. To salmon of Russian origin with drift allocated quotas. Fishing products The Republic of Korea). Call at a port of Russian territorial waters. That is conceal their illegal activities, such nets, in compliance with the are shipped outside the customs ter requires additional money for fuel, Intergovernmental Agreement on ritory by means of customs declara paperwork (filling out immigration, Cooperation in Fisheries signed in tions, drawn up at customs offices. customs, and other relevant docu 19854. Japan pays compensation to Products may be shipped from ments), and time. Because of this, Russia for such activities. A certain Russian ports to Japanese ones by salmon fished by Russian drift nets amount of Russian salmon is also vessels flying the Russian flag or the have been delivered and are still fished in Japanese coastal areas. flag of any other country. As it is delivered to Japan directly from fish After the Convention for the impossible to verify the legality of all ing areas, either by the drift net fish Conservation of Anadromous Stocks salmon products at customs offices, ing vessels, or by cargo ships. in the North Pacific Ocean was a certain amount of illegally harvest Up until 1 April 2002, Russian fish signed in 1992, Japanese fishermen ed salmon is inevitably certified. This ing vessels produced false port ceased to fish for salmon on the may be either salmon harvested over clearances (PC) confirming ship open sea. They do, however, catch the permitted limits, or poached ment through a foreign5 port, as salmon in the Russian EEZ on a com salmon (harvested without any per required by Japanese customs. mercial scale, in accordance with the mit). False documents were manufactured 1985 agreement mentioned above. With regard to coastal salmon fish either on board the vessels them According to the Customs Law of ing, there should be no problems selves, or in Japanese ports. 6 Smuggling 1) concealed transportation of prohibited or declarable goods across state borders; 2) smuggled goods commodities and certifying products and receiving goods transported in this way (Efremova, 2001). According to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Article 188, Part 1), smuggling is Japan (Custom Law, 1954), "import" the transportation of commodities and other articles across the Russian Federation's state border, avoiding customs control or concealing goods from it. 4 Before, fisherman engaged in long line fishing as well. 7 Sem' Dney [Seven Days] , 24 February 2001 (http://www.segodnya.ru/w3s.nsf/Archive/2001_43_news_text_lenc1.html); 5 With regard to Japan. newsru.com, 22 Febryary 2001 (http://www.newsru.com/arch/russia/22feb2001/albatros2.html). 24 25 Foreign Imports of Salmon from Russia
Table 2. Comparison of sockeye and coho salmon imports from Russia in 1998 through 4.2.4. Imports of Russian Pacific salmon by the Republic of Korea 2006 with catch data, in tons The Republic of Korea imports does not mean that the item has not are recorded in Japanese customs Import from Product Catch in Russia small amounts of frozen Pacific passed through South Korean ports. statistics as imports from the Year Russia salmon from Russia. Statistics have For example, if seafood is shipped in Republic of Korea. used the categories "frozen Pacific containers from Russian ports to According to Japanese import sta salmon" (through 2001, with no Japan, it is transferred through Korea. tistics, negligible volumes of salmon species indicated), "frozen sockeye If seafood from the Russian EEZ is products are imported from Korea. salmon" (recorded separately since delivered to Korea by cargo ships or There is no need to ship products raw fish PRC Japan
2002), and "other frozen Pacific fishing vessels en route to Japan, they from the Russian EEZ, and destined Centre) Coastal Overall import of salmon" (since 2002). The greatest are transferred in South Korean ports for the Japanese market, through drift studies the recorded catch the recorded (after TINRO Total recorded Total Russian marine volumes of Pacific salmon were (usually in Pusan) without any cus South Korea. As mentioned above, Import, raw fish minus Sockeye salmon Republic of Korea imported in 2000 and 2001 (1.8 to 3.2 toms certification. In such cases, these products are delivered from the 33 thousands tons); prices averaged transit freight is omitted from Korean EEZ of Russia directly to Japanese 1998 (fresh/refrigerated) 25 USD 0.96 1.38 per kg. In subsequent customs statistics (Tsygir, 2007). ports by "transport" ships. Sockeye salmon 15 177 years, sockeye and other Pacific Russian products shipped to Japan All salmon products of coastal fish 1998 (frozen) 11 412 salmon were imported in small via the Republic of Korea, and not ing, as well as those harvested in the Sockeye salmon 15 211 2 596 amounts, for prices averaging USD certified by Korean customs, are EEZ and shipped to Japan, are 1998 (TOTAL) 11 437 10 135 2 480 12 615 3.16 3.69 per kg. No Pacific salmon recorded in Japan as imports from recorded there as "imports from Сoho salmon 1 677 512 were imported from Russia in 2005. Russia. If Russian products were to be Russia". 1998 (frozen) 1 261 1 697 492 2 189 The absence of a given seafood certified by Korean customs, and Sockeye salmon item in South Korean import statistics subsequently exported to Japan, they 16 207 1 144 1999 (frozen) 12 186 12 276 2 787 15 063 Сoho salmon 1 942 371 4.2.5. Imports of Russian Pacific salmon by the People's Republic of China 1999 (frozen) 1 460 1 348 223 1 571 The volume of Russian Pacific per kg in 2006 (compared to USD1.66 prices are lower than those of other Sockeye salmon 21 751 3 397 salmon imported by the People's per kg in 2005), which can be attrib Pacific salmon species. This may indi 2000 (frozen) 16 354 15 127 3 227 18 354 Republic of China has increased con uted to a greater proportion of chum cate that salmon of other species Сoho salmon 1 589 510 siderably in recent years. Most of the and coho salmon. Sockeye imports (e.g. coho salmon) were imported 2000 (frozen) 1 195 1 796 303 2 099 imported products are inexpensive, are recorded separately; China under the name "sockeye," or that the Sockeye salmon 4 such as frozen pink and chum salmon imported 600 tons of frozen sockeye products were of low quality. In terms 2001 (fresh/refrigeratd) 3 (proportions by species are unknown, products in 2005, and 860 tons in of raw weight (with a coefficient of Sockeye salmon as they are recorded together); 40.4 2006. China imports lower quality 1.33, see Methods), China imported 23 260 2001 (frozen) 17 489 thousand tons of frozen salmon were sockeye products than Japan. Prices around 54.5 thousand tons of Pacific Sockeye salmon imported in 2005, and around 49 for sockeye averaged USD1.87 per kg salmon from Russia in 2005, and 66.0 23 264 1 100 thousand tons were imported in 2006. in 2006, and USD1.49 per kg in 2005. thousand tons in 2006 (Tsygir, 2007). 2001 (TOTAL) 17 492 18 102 4 062 22 164 Сoho salmon Average prices increased to USD1.92 It should be noted, that sockeye 1 512 513 2001 (frozen) 1 137 1 776 249 2 025 Sockeye salmon 4.2.6. Exports of Russian sockeye salmon, compared to the total yield of 32 750 4 618 the species in Russia 2002 (frozen) 24 562 62 24 797 3 335 28 132 Сoho salmon 817 1133 The raw weight of Pacific salmon of sand tons in 2005. sockeye and coho salmon are com 2002 (frozen) 614 1 729 221 1 950 all species, processed into frozen Foreign import statistics suggest pared with the recorded coastal and Sockeye salmon 27 804 6 436 products for Japan, China, and volumes of sockeye significantly drift net catch in Table 2. 2003 (frozen) 20 892 13 17 692 3 676 21 368 South Korea, totaled around 107 larger that the recorded Russian Сoho salmon 1 428 321 thousand tons in 2006, and 97 thou sockeye catch. Foreign imports of 2003 (frozen) 1 074 1 364 385 1 749 Sockeye salmon 25 109 5 890 2004 (frozen) 18 827 52 16 342 2 877 19 219 Coho salmon 1 158 1075 2004 (frozen) 871 1 516 717 2 233 Sockeye salmon 33 729 9 744 2005 (frozen) 24 759 601 19 818 4 167 23 985 Coho salmon 2005 1 436 183 (frozen) 1 080 860 872 381 1 253 Sockeye salmon 29 218 33 927 4 709 2006 (frozen) 24 649 24 925 4 293 Coho salmon 1 705 841 864 2006 (frozen) 632 1 454 251 26 27 Evaluation Foreign Imports of Salmon from Russia 5 of the Domestic Market
In terms of total raw fish (assuming The fish market is likely the least close actual production and trade vol respondent groups appear to be con that 75% of this total are frozen see "transparent" of all Russian markets. umes, it is equally difficult to identify sistent. Most sockeye salmon are methods), the sockeye catch supplied Although a great variety of fish prod industry leaders. exported to Japan (70% and 75%, to Japan totaled 22 33 thousand tons ucts are available for purchase, no Considering all of the above, estimated by industry representatives per calendar year in the 2000s8 (table comprehensive investigations into assessment of the domestic market is and fishermen, respectively). South 2). The volume of Japanese raw fish trade volumes, stakeholders, supply an extremely difficult task. While col Korea accounts for 20% of sockeye imports alone (not including fish sup and demand, or proportions of lected data are often contradictory, imports and negligible amounts of plied to the Russian market) exceed imported vs. domestic products have they still characterize the general situ pink, coho, and chum salmon. The the total recorded coastal and drift net ever been conducted. ation and reflect the state and ten same volumes of those species are catch of Russia. In 2005, a record vol Russian fish companies are reluc dencies of the salmon market. supplied to China. Fishing industry ume of Russian sockeye (24.8 thou tant to disclose both production and During our sociological survey, fish representatives state that 10% of pink sand tons) was imported by Japan. trade volumes. No reliable data on the ing industry representatives and fish salmon and 35% of chinook salmon This amounts to at least 33 thousand number of fish companies operating ermen of Kamchatka (150 respon are exported to Japan. The fisher tons of raw fish. This exceeded the on the Russian fish market are avail dents in all) were asked about the men, on the other hand, are con 2002 total only slightly; nearly the able. The number of such companies countries that import salmon, and the vinced that all chinook salmon and same amount of fish was delivered to may reach hundreds or even thou percentage of salmon products that 99% of pink salmon enter the domes Japan in that year. However, the sands. Since companies do not dis remain in Russia. Answers from both tic market (see table 3). recorded sockeye catch in 2002 was 28.1 thousand tons, whereas only 24 Table 3. Results of the survey on the domestic and international distribution of Russian salmon products thousand tons (4.1 thousand tons Russian less) were harvested in 2005. Thus, the To which countries do your companies domestic Japan China South Korea amount by which Japanese sockeye distribute their products (by percent)? market imports exceeded the official catch Figure 14. Comparison of the volumes of Russian raw fish exports, raw fish was greatest in 2005, totaling 9.7 thou Industry representatives imports by East Asian countries, and the recorded catch of sockeye salmon sand excess tons. The actual sockeye (58 respondents) in the years for which the full data set is available. catch was even larger, as some sock Sockeye salmon eye products entered the Russian and the recorded sockeye catch (by 20 The volume of Japanese frozen coho 10 % 70 % 2% 20 % % on average). imports from Russia ranged between domestic market (see part 5). Pink salmon 85 % 10 % 1% 3% Figure 14 clearly illustrates that From 1995 to 20069, overall 600 and 1200 tons in the 2000s, and sockeye imports by Japan, China, and Japanese and Korean imports of sock prices averaged JPY207 276 Chum salmon 97 % 2% eye salmon from Russia, calculated in (USD1.7 2.3) per kg. In terms of raw South Korea (according to data provid Сoho salmon 99 % 1% ed by these countries) significantly terms of raw fish weight, exceed the fish, the amount of coho imported by exceed both the total Russian export of recorded catch of the species by more Japan exceeded the recorded catch in Сhinook salmon 55 % 35 % 10 % frozen sockeye (by 27 % on average) than 40 thousand tons (Table 2). 2005 and 1999. Fishermen (43 respondents) Sockeye salmon 5% 75 % 20 % Pink salmon 99 % 0,5 % 0,5 % Chum salmon 98 % 1,5 % 0,5 % Сoho salmon 100 % Сhinook salmon 100 %
Analyzing the answers of our (table 1, part 3) and the overall export The results of the audit showed that respondents (see table 3) and official of raw fish totaled around 90 thousand the monthly trade of salmon products catch statistics (see table 1), we can tons (part 4). In other words, no more in Moscow grocery chains amounted deduce the following figures: than 183 thousand tons of the Pacific to 1 647 tons (USD 22.3 million) (see According to results of the question salmon entered the domestic market. table 4), 52% of which were frozen fish naire and recorded catch figures, 219 In order to assess the salmon and (854 tons). Pacific salmon (pink, to 246 thousand tons of Pacific salmon roe trade in the Moscow market, the chum, sockeye, and coho) comprised must have entered the Russian RBTL Communication Group con 28% (470 tons) of this total. domestic market in 2006. At this point, ducted an audit of sales outlets (see it is worth mentioning that in 2006, the methods), under the auspices of this recorded catch was 273 thousand tons project.
8 In recent years, there has been an increase in the output of gutted and headless frozen sockeye salmon, which constituted less than 75% of the total. However, the relative share of these products is unknown, so we made no changes to the conversion factor. Therefore, the actu al weight of raw fish used for processing exceeds data presented in Table 2. 9 Including 11 months of 2006. 28 29 Evaluation of the Domestic Market
Table 4. Retail sales of salmon in Moscow grocery chain in September 2007, based on market surveys. Table 5. Retail sales of salted and smoked salmon Table 6. Retail sales of frozen salmon products in In tons (net weight) products in Moscow grocery chains in September Moscow grocery chains in September 2007, 2007, and average prices per kg. and average prices per kg. Canned Refrigerated Species Frozen fish Salted fish Smoked fish TOTAL fish fish Amount, Price, Species tons RUR/kg Amount, Price, Species Pink salmon 158 72 – 6 11 247 tons RUR/kg Trout 77,5 697 Chum salmon 5 169 – 7 4 185 Farmed Atlantic salmon 348,5 330 Farmed Atlantic salmon 76,9 673 Sockeye salmon 27 8 – 2 1 37 Pink salmon 17,0 226 Trout 256,2 335 Сoho salmon 1 –2– 1 – Chum salmon 10,6 341 Chum salmon 169,4 206 Subtotal: Pacific salmon 191 249 16 15 470 Sockeye salmon 2,5 356 Pink salmon 71,7 182 Сoho salmon 0,8 277 Sockeye salmon 7,8 226 Pacific salmon, as a per Unidentified species Total 185,9 616 87 % 29 % 0% 11% 32 % 28 % 0,4 205 cent of the whole of Far Eastern salmon The monthly volume of canned salmon sold in Farmed Atlantic salmon – 349 209 61 16 633 Сhinook salmon 0,1 555 Moscow's grocery chains totaled 220 tons; prices aver Trout 29 256 180 62 16 543 Total 185,9 616 aged RUR 175 (USD 7) per kg (see table 7). Pink salmon accounted for 73% of the total (158 tons), and Total 220 854 389 139 46 1 647 The monthly volume of frozen salmon products sold the weighted mean price was RUR 129 (USD 5.2) per in Moscow's grocery chains totaled 853 tons; prices kg. The most valuable salmon species, such as sock Based on the estimate of RBTL (see If Pacific salmon constitute 28% of all Moscow market (135 thousand tons) averaged RUR 294 (USD 11.8) per kg (see table 6). eye and coho salmon, only constituted around 13% of assumptions and limitations of this esti salmon sold (see above), approximate yields a coefficient of 11. Making no Trout and farmed Atlantic salmon comprised 70% the canned fish market. mate below), the volume of the entire annual sales of Pacific salmon on the pretence for accurate calculations, we (604.7 tons) of this total, or 41 % and 30 %, respec Moscow salmon market was 103.5 Moscow market amount to 29 thou multiplied 29 by 11 and estimated the tively. Weighted mean prices were RUR 335 (USD 13.4) Table 7. Retail sales of canned fish in Moscow thousand tons (USD 1412 million) in sand tons. approximate annual volume of the per kg for trout and 330 RUR (USD 13.2) per kg for grocery chains in September 2007, and average 2007. This is likely an underestimate, as Russian Pacific salmon market at 319 farmed Atlantic salmon. Other salmon species (pink prices per kg. This estimate is based on the fol data provided by the statistics depart thousand tons. salmon, chum, sockeye, coho, and chinook salmon) lowing assumptions: ment indicate that 12 thousand tons of The volume of the Moscow salmon comprise no more than 29% of the market (249 tons). Monthly trade volumes remain sockeye salmon products entered roe market sold in chain stores Amount, Price, almost consistent throughout the year, Moscow's city and regional markets in amounted to 32 tons (USD 2.5 million), Species except for the peak season in 2005 (Anon., 2007), and sockeye with an average price of RUR 1923 tons RUR/kg December and January, when the trade salmon account for a much smaller (USD 76.9) per kg. volume is twice as large. share of the domestic market than pink The monthly volume of salted and Pink salmon 158 129 30% of salmon on the Moscow mar or chum salmon (see Table 4). smoked salmon products sold in gro Trout 29 337 ket was sold in chain groceries (this fig Using this figure of 29 thousand tons cery chains in the Moscow market ure comes from computer simulations, as the annual input to the Moscow mar totals 186 tons; prices average RUR Sockeye salmon 27 258 based on the data of the EIU, RSM, and ket, let us evaluate the Russian Pacific 616 (USD 24.6) per kg (see table 5). Chum salmon 5 250 "Norge Fish" consulting companies, salmon market. We failed to find any Trout and farmed Atlantic salmon as well as expert evaluation of the coefficient that could be used for such account for 84% (154.4 tons) of this Сoho salmon 1 165 salmon roe market based on data pro an extrapolation from published total, or 43 % and 41 %, respectively. Total 220 175 vided by "Russkoe More". sources, so these figures are based on Weighted mean prices were RUR 697 © WWF Russia / Aleksandra Filatkina Around 25% of all salmon sold is sold a survey of the Russian processed fish (USD 27.9) per kg of trout and RUR 673 at stands in the marketplace and in market, conducted by Agriconsult (USD 26.9) per kg of farmed Atlantic small stores, not affiliated with any Joint Stock Company, in cooperation salmon. Other salmon species (pink Shipping to Japan and the South transportation costs exceed 50% of According to RBTL data, Norwegian chain (this figure comes from mathe with the Regional Economic salmon, chum, sockeye, coho, and chi Korea by sea is almost three times the final values of the products". In salmon comprise more than 70% of matical modeling, based on expert Development Agency11. Dividing the nook salmon) comprise no more than cheaper than shipping by train to cen addition, Japanese and Korean com the Moscow fish market (see evi evaluation by the "Russkoe More" volume of the Russian market (1509 16% of the market (31.4 tons). tral Russia. According to a panies pay Russian fishermen in dence in tables 5 and 6). 12 Company10). thousand tons) by the volume of the Rosrybolovstvo representative , advance for fish that have yet to be The Russian Federation imported a transportation of fish products from harvested. total of 74 527 tons of frozen and refrig the Far East to European Russia is As a result, Russia's central and erated farmed Atlantic salmon and "too expensive for fishing companies; even far eastern regions import trout in 2006 (M_INFO data). This was Norwegian salmon, bred in captivity. 4% less than in 2005 (77 818 tons). 10 SmartMoney ; 09.07.2007 ; 25 ( 66 ), Small and big fish, grow [rasti rybka, bol'shaya i malenkaya] 11 A processed fish market (http://www.agricons.spb.ru/services/33 agroinform/fish market.htm) 12 Gudok; 21.09.2006, No more legal sturgeon caviar (http://www.gudok.ru/index.php/print/40073) 30 31 Violations of Fishing Legislation Evaluation of the Domestic Market 6 and Poaching in the Far East
According to calculations by and about 3 6 thousand tons are pro legally produced salmon roe was The Far East region is characterized Between January 1st and November 1st, 2006, the Department of Protection, ACNielsen Company and RBTL data, duced illegally, and processed with approximately 5.5 thousand tons in by large scale illegal fishing. Poaching Use, and Restoration of Aquatic Biological Resources and their Habitats the volume of the Russian market for non industrial methods. 2005. However, as shown below, has become commercial there, a kind revealed 4 711 violations and arrested 4 633 violators. salted and mildly cured salmon spe Rosrybolovstvo data indicate that these figures are likely underesti of "economy inside the economy", Fines totaling 3 185.2 thousand rubles were imposed and 2 102.2 thousand cialties was approximately 20 thou fish processing plants in Sakhalin, mates. governed by its own rules. Tens of rubles were collected, (66 % of all imposed fines). sand tons (USD 409 million) in 2006. Kamchatka, Primorskiy and Based on calculations from thousands of people are involved in Damages were assessed at 64 535.5 thousand rubles, and 487.9 thousand Russkoe More, АSТО, RОК 1, and Khabarovskiy krays, and Magadan ACNielsen Company, the volume of this business; enforcement agencies rubles were collected (0.7 % of the assessed damages). Severnaya Kompaniya are the leading oblast processed more than 26 thou Russian salmon roe retail ranged record thousands of violations, but The Department, in response to administrative malfeasance, confiscated companies in the Russian specialty sand tons of salmon roe in 200614. between 3.9 and 7.2 thousand tons only hundreds are taken to trial, and of 690.2 tons of aquatic biological resources in 2006, including 668.4 tons of fish salmon market. These data also suggest that more (USD 187 and 345 million, respective those only dozens receive actual sen products and 21.8 tons of salmon roe. (Anon., 2007). Based on various data, annual vol than 50% of this roe was exported, ly) in 2006. tences. Even if the violators are caught umes of roe production, including ille mainly to Japan and South Korea. Roe production, if calculated from in the act, and investigations are con gal production, in the territory of the However, import statistics of these the estimated volume of the Russian ducted successfully, the poachers are Russian Federation reach 11 26 thou countries, as well as Russian export market and available export data, usually fined negligible sums, and the sand tons. According to NP statistics (M_INFO data), provide no should not exceed 10.3 thousand sentence suspended (see text box 1 Consulting13, the volume of roe pro evidence for this. Only one import to tons (see table 8), which contradicts and 2). duction is 11 to 18 thousand tons; 8 to Japan (1.3 thousand tons) was Rosrybolovstvo data. However, this Official sources name two main rea 12 thousand tons of which are pro recorded in 2006. figure matches other evaluations of sons for the inefficiency of efforts duced legally (6 8 tons are prepack According to Rosstat (Federal the roe market. against poaching. The first is poor aged and 2 3 tons are sold by weight) Statistics Service), the volume of logistics and insufficient funding of bodies engaged in fish protection; the second is overly permissive legislation. Table 8. Calculated production volumes of salmon The annual illegal catch of salmon in roe in the Russian Federation (data from ROSSTAT, Kamchatka averaged 55 thousand Rosrybolovstvo and RBTL) tons from 2002 2006 (Zaporozhets et Net weight, tons al., 2007, 2008). According to alterna tive data, up to 100 thousand tons15 of min max salmon are poached annually on Volume of the Russian Kamchatka, mostly with the aim of roe salmon roe market in 3 900 7 200 extraction (the rest of the fish is often 2006 discarded) (Zaporozhets et al., 2007). Environmentalists estimate illegal roe Roe exports from the production in Kamchatka in 2005 at Russian Federation to 3 100 16 Japan in 2005 2.5 thousand tons . According to Sergey Osipov, Vice Roe production in the Governor of Sakhalin Oblast, the situa Russian Federation 7 000 10 300 tion on Sakhalin is the same: an esti © WWF Russia (calculated) © WWF Russia / Vladimir Prizemlin mated 80 thousand tons17 of salmon are illegally fished there each year. The press service of the Far Eastern Division of the Russian Ministry of A kilogram of salmon roe, bought tons. During the fishing season, buy not require large refrigerating units, Internal Affairs reported, that 58.4 tons of salmon roe, valued at 24 million wholesale from the Far East, costs ers prefer to purchase salted roe, and are transported from Sakhalin rubles, and 445.3 tons of salmon, valued at 15.1 million rubles, were confiscat trading companies RUR 600 700. because if the roe is frozen in the and Kamchatka by air in thermos ed from illegal dealers on the territory of the Federal Okrug between May and Illegally produced roe costs RUR 500 ovaries, a large part of the product is bags. Such cargo can be "made October18 2005. This was a result of the "Putina 2005" campaign. per kg on the market. That said, wasted in processing. legal" much easier. The main task is to Since the beginning of "Putina 2006" campaign19, enforcement agency offi demand for roe in Russia is not only Those who partake in the roe mar transport the roe from the Far East. cers have confiscated more than 1092 tons of salmon and 105 tons of salmon stable, but constantly increasing ket regard it as anarchic and unregu The price for a kilogram of roe roe. In addition to this sum, agents confiscated a large shipment (18 tons20) of (Zaporozhets, Zaporozhets, 2007). lated. It is characterized by a great shipped to Moscow is not RUR 700 salmon roe on November 2nd, 2006. For the most part, trading companies number of middlemen. Resale of so (USD 28), but RUR 1 200 to 1 500 and processing firms in Siberia and called "red gold" (salmon roe) is a (USD 48 60). Moscow businessmen central Russia purchase the roe. It is very profitable business. Unlike fish, use the difficulty of shipment to justify usually sold in shipments of 1 20 relatively small shipments of roe do the twofold price increase. 15 Reuters , Category: Criminal. 28 June 2007 16 Chestnyi Detectiv. "Golden" Fish Eggs. 1 December 2005 17 ITAR TASS, 20.09.2005 18 Source: Russian Hunters' Newspaper; 26.10.2005 ; 44 (588) 13 Trade News and Technology (TorgRus.com); 05.03.2007, Prices for salmon caviar increased by 40% 19 Source: Regions.Ru / Russia. Regions; 11.10.2006 14 Gudok; 21.09.2006, No more legal sturgeon caviar (http://www.gudok.ru/index.php/print/40073) 20 Source: WebDigest.RU ; 02.11.2006 32 33 Violations of Fishing Legislation and Poaching in the Far East
Table 9. Fishing of Pacific salmon in excess of the limits (% over the the Russian drift fleet, using drift nets During control operations under (5%). In the opinion of fishermen, ILLEGAL quota) (Expert estimates from 49 officers of the Fish Protection for scientific purposes. At first, less taken by the Kamchatka State Sea fishing in excess of the quotas is the COMMERCIAL Inspection of Kamchatka) than one thousand tons of salmon Inspection in the Petropavlovsk most serious threat to the salmon FISHING were caught for these purposes per population (73%). It is followed by Komandorskaya subzone on 9 July Species 2005 г. 2006 г. season21. In 2000, the scientific fishing in prohibited areas (59%) and At present, Russia is the only coun 2006, the cargo ship "Zolotistyi," quota had increased to 6.4 thousand fishing without permits (39%). try where drift net fishing is conduct belonging to the "UnichekI" compa Sockeye salmon 101 % 99 % tons. Russian drift net fishing for Inspectors shared these opinions. ed by vessels of a foreign state ny, was intercepted. It had around "monitoring" purposes has recently It is worth noting, that 66% of fisher Pink salmon 153 % 133 % (Japan). The reasons for this are as 79.3 tons of salmon products on become a large scale business; its men consider poaching a threat to the follows: On December 20th, 1991, board. According to daily ship logs Cherry salmon 2% 10 % yields considerably exceed those salmon population, 34% had difficult the UN General Assembly adopted and data from control devices, the required for scientific purposes answering, and nobody answered "no". Chum salmon 183 % 193 % resolution No.46/225, which banned products were transferred in the (Spiridonov, Nikolaeva, 2004). In the opinion of inspectors, the drift net fishing in open waters. On Petropavlovsk Komandorskaya and Сoho salmon 170 % 185 % As mentioned above, sockeye, chi percentages by which species were February 11th, 1992, Russia, the Karaginskaya subzones from the nook, and coho salmon are the most overfished were large in 2005 and Сhinook salmon 126 % 133 % USA, Canada, and Japan signed the ship "Algazeya," leased by the valuable targets of drift net fishing. 2006. This figure was largest for chum Convention for the Conservation of "National Fish Resources" Federal This is why both foreign and Russian (183% and 193% in 2005 and 2006, According to information provided by the Kamchatka State Fish Inspection Anadromous Stocks in the North Unitary Enterprise, and owned by fishing vessels often exceed quotas respectively), coho (170% and of the North East division of the coast guard, the following violations of fishing Pacific Ocean. After that, Japanese the "Tunaicha" Company Ltd. for those particular species and 185%), pink salmon (153% and regulations by fishery companies were discovered in the fishing periods of fishermen ceased to fish on the open Ministerial inquiries into the case record them as less expensive pink 133%), and chinook salmon (126% 2005 and 2006. In 2005, the catch of the "Okean Produkt" Co., Ltd exceeded sea, and began commercially har were carried out in accordance with and chum salmon. Although inspec and 133%). In 2006, the percentage the fishing quota for Pacific salmon by 10 tons; "Rybolovetskaya Artel" Co., vesting salmon of Russian origin only the Code of Administrative tors are always present on drift ves of cherry salmon in excess of the Ltd procured raw fish without weighing; and "Vostochnyi Bereg" Co., Ltd vio in the Russian EEZ, and in the 200 Infringements of the Russian sels, companies clearly have the quota noticeably increased from 2% lated the conditions of their allocated permit for fishing sockeye, exceeding mile zone of Japanese territorial Federation, Article 8.17, Part 2. The means to involve them in these activi to 10% (see table 9). the limits by 4.9 tons. In 2006, the catch of the "Alukinskoe" Co., Ltd exceed waters on a compensatory basis, damage inflicted on the aquatic ties, or divert their attention else The recent practice of keeping sev ed the commercial quota for fishing of chum and chinook salmon with fixed within quotas and other restrictions biological system was estimated at where. eral sets of documents aboard nets by 1.3 tons. Fines totaling 397 thousand rubles were imposed, and 233 (the number of the vessels, areas, 32 million rubles. However, It is no wonder, that the amount of Russian fishing vessels (different thousand rubles were collected. Thus, in 2005 and 2006, the Department did and fishing seasons). Such restric Rosrybolovstvo took no measures frozen sockeye imported by Japan names, ports of registration, ship not fully exercise its ability to rescind permits for Pacific salmon fishing in tions were established by a Russian to exclude "National Fish clearly exceeds the recorded catch of owners, etc.) has become wide cases of overfishing. delegation, during the annual ses Resources" Federal Unitary the species. spread. Such vessels are fishing in the sions of the Russian Japanese Joint Enterprise from planned research Naturally, not only sockeye salmon, Russian EEZ under various names Fishing is carried out by two vessels the interests of fisheries industry (i.e. Fishery Commission. Japan signed programs. but also other salmon species are and in various fishing areas. with the same names, board num fishermen), rather than on the state. the Convention, which granted them harvested in excess of allocated quo fish industry, one of the main reasons Registration of ships with forged bers, etc. Fisherman can be divided into honest a guarantee from Russia that com tas. According to questionnaire data is the "low legal incomes". documents in Russian ports is anoth The introduced system of ABR and dishonest camps. The former, mercial fishing in the Russian EEZ (with 43 fishermen participating), In the current circumstances in er widespread violation. Such vessels monitoring, and observation and con usually larger fishing companies, could continue. Japan took responsi fishermen caught 1.5 2.5 times their Kamchatka, the different respon acquire all the same rights and quotas trol over the activities of fishing ves operate in compliance with the law. bility for cooperation in restoring the quotas in 2005. A certain amount of dents understood the concept of for fishing of aquatic biological sels with GPS, could be considered They purchase the limits and pay salmon stock in the territory of the illegally harvested fish is salted, poaching in different ways. According resources as Russian vessels and effective with regard to most foreign taxes. The latter do nothing of the Russian Federation. smoked, and used for production of to the fish industry representatives their owners. The ships, however, are fishing vessels. However, this system sort. Poachers not only undermine It is noteworthy, that only the right canned fish, and in turn shipped by and fishermen, poaching is, first and managed by Japanese companies failed to produce positive results with the resource base, but also suppress to fish in the Russian EEZ is sold, not air, ground and sea. Extraction of roe foremost, fishing in excess of quotas and retain their legal obligation to be regard to actual Russian and the market by low balling prices, such the fish itself. This is much more prof from illegally harvested fish is the and in prohibited areas. More so than returned to their actual owners. Japanese poachers. that honest companies are forced to itable than harvesting and producing most profitable business, as roe is ten the fisherman, industry representa The use of twin ships by one and the Despite widely held opinion, poach patrol fishing areas, in addition to the a final product, as fishing, process times more valuable than fish. tives consider substitution of fish, same company is also practiced. ing inflicts the greatest damage on enforcement agencies. ing, and transportation costs are In our sociological survey, 68% of concealment of the catch, and mis avoided. Japanese vessels primarily fishermen and 76% of inspectors representation of yields in documents select the most valuable species of noted that the fish is harvested in serious issues. fish, such as sockeye, chinook, and excess of quotas. Inspectors identi 70% of fish industry representa coho. fied "corruption in controlling bod tives disapprove of fishing in excess It should be mentioned, that the ies", "increased demand from fish of quotas and in prohibited areas, Japanese quota for fishing in Russian processing companies", and "inade compared with 51% of fishermen. waters has been considerably quate punishment" as the main rea Fishermen demonstrated better reduced since 1999. However, the sons. The fishermen also consider understanding of these problems problem was not solved, due to a corruption the major cause. (24%), than industry representatives simultaneous increase in activity by According to representatives from the
21 The impact of fishing on the Pacific salmon population (http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/campaigns/660660/660700) 34 35 Assessment of the Scope Violations of Fishing Legislation and Poaching in the Far East 7 of IUU Fishing
salmon fisheries, August 27th, shipped in hand luggage and, in Knowing export and import vol Accordingly, the actual catch could organization of the scientific and POACHING 2006). part, via the cargo terminal, between umes of Russian salmon products, range between 326 and 426 thou technical center "Dalrybtechnika" ON THE RIVERS No precise evaluation of poaching June 2006 and July 2007. This and having assessed the domestic sand tons. These are our most con ("Dalrybtechnika", 2007), the vol on the rivers is available. The lack of means that about 200 thousand tons market as best as possible, as well servative estimates, not taking into ume of the illegal catch is at least such estimates, as well as a lack of of fish were harvested. Taking into as the character and scope of illegal account fish discarded on site after comparable to the recorded catch. Poachers inflict the greatest dam information on the socio economic consideration the volume of exports salmon fishing, let us attempt to roe extraction (about 55 thousand However, survey participants, offi age to salmon stocks during the role of poaching, are major reasons and of the recorded catch, these fig evaluate the actual catch. additional tons, see part 6 cials, and salmon experts on more approach to the spawning grounds. that the fight against poaching is ures considerably exceed the TAC. As mentioned above, overall (Zaporozhets et al., 2007, 2008)). than one occasion estimated the Salmon roe is virtually the only prod ineffective. Unfortunately, confronting poach imports from Russia of all species of The recorded catch amounted to total yield at 3 times the recorded uct of this type of illegal fishing. The During the fishing season, virtually ing on the rivers is a difficult task. On Pacific salmon by Japan, PRC, and 273 thousand tons in 2006 (part 3), one. fundamental reasons behind this every Kamchatka settlement turns one hand, effective control over the the Republic of Korea amounted to which suggests excess fishing of at Thus, various estimates indicate type of poaching is deep economic into a poachers' camp. Both special spawning grounds requires a well 107 thousand tons in 2006 (see part least 53 to 153 thousand tons, or the actual catch as being between depression in most of the regions ly organized groups and locals are equipped and corruption resistant 4.2.6). Our rough estimate of the vol 1.2 1.6 times official numbers. 1.5 and 3 times larger than officially where it is practiced, a lack of jobs, involved. The roe is procured on site inspection apparatus; on the other ume of the domestic market is 219 to According to other expert esti recorded. and the marginalization of local pop by visiting dealers. For example, a hand, illegal salmon roe is effective 319 thousand tons (part 5). mates by the autonomous non profit ulations. Greenpeace helicopter survey in ly the main source of income for the The degree of poaching in spawn 2005 counted 21 teams of poachers local population. As such, the prob ing areas has considerably along the Vorovskaya River (data of lem of poaching should be solved increased compared to the 1950 Greenpeace). Such illegal fishing is not only through prohibitive meas 1970s, due to enhanced economic oriented first and foremost towards ures, but also by changing social incentives, greater access to the the extraction of roe, as it is the most and economic policy in the villages. spawning grounds, fewer restric expensive product. The fish carcass tions on the trade of salmon prod es are usually discarded. Poaching ucts, and frequent restructuring of inflicts the greatest damage on the fish protection agencies, which salmon populations of the decreases their effectiveness. Even Kamchatka, Bolshaya, and Avacha if the officially recorded number of river basins. These areas are the breeders is equal to that recorded in closest to human settlements, and the 1950 1970s, the actual number easily accessible to roe poachers. of spawning fish is lower (Sinyakov, According to some experts, up to 2004). The scope of the illegal har 95% of breeders may be poached in vest of Kamchatka salmon (exclud those basins of Kamchatka's rivers ing pink salmon) has increased par and lakes, located near the roads. ticularly sharply over the last five Survey data indicate that the catch years, after strategic regulation of of salmon by legal users in the lower fishing was abandoned. This reaches of the rivers, and in coastal increase in poaching is mainly due to areas, may exceed allocated quotas fishing over the limits by authorized by a factor of 10 (Zaporozhets, users (Zaporozhets et al., 2007, Zaporozhets, 2007). 2008). The actual scale of poaching can The scale of poaching increased be assessed using volumes of after Rosselkhoznadzor (The shipped roe. According to official Federal Veterinary and data, 2980 tons of salmon roe were Phytosanitary Surveillance Service) shipped by plane from Kamchatka became responsible for the protec alone in 2001. Since the mass of the tion of rivers in 2005 (see the chart in roe constitutes about 4% of the Appendix 3). Effectively, nobody is fish's total weight, it can be assumed presently dealing with the issue of that at least 74.5 thousand tons of river protection. As it turns out, 270 fish were harvested to extract this thousand tons of fish were harvested roe22. legally, while no less than 150 thou Monitoring at the Elizovo Airport, sand tons were poached (as noted in conducted under the auspices of a Federal Fisheries Agency intercom this project, showed that at least conference devoted to Pacific eight thousand tons of roe were © WWF Russia
22 Poaching is the main threat to the Pacific salmon population (http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/campaigns/660660/660736) © WWF Russia / Sergey Zolotukhin 36 37 Methods of Resolving 8 the IUU Fishing Problem
Authorities have proposed a system Poachers' means of transport and Not all fishermen are pleased with promote the development of Russian inspectors". The smallest number of gy, whereas the other respondents of rights based use for fishing areas, fishing equipment need to be confis the introduction of mandatory decla ports and the construction of fish pro respondents chose the following put corruption on top of the list. with the aim of mitigating the effects cated. However, the true owners of ration, and for good reason: Russian cessing enterprises. answers: "allocation of fishing areas However, respondents from the other of poaching. When we began the fishing vessels are often difficult to ports, at present, are not equipped for It is important to realize that without according to the 'one body of water two groups preferred to combat preparation of this report, such a sys identify. Vessels are rented by outside this. The filing and checking proce proper declaration procedures, one user' principle" and "manage poaching through state inspections, tem was being was discussed, and at companies and carry out fishing dures are cumbersome, and many Russia will neither have the legal ment by means of regulating the fish rather than by regulating the fishing present the administrative reform of under those companies' names, while ports have their own administrative grounds to confront countries that ing haul". No fundamental differences haul or allocating fishing areas. fishing rights is already underway. their true owners remain on the side apparatuses that levy taxes (in addi accept illegal products, nor be able to between the groups of respondents At the same time, many industry Fishing areas could be allocated for lines, not technically involved in crim tion to state taxes), so the entire reduce illegal fishing in the exclusive were revealed, though certain ten representatives assume that fisheries long term use in accordance with the inal activities. process requires both time and economic zone or control the ship dencies were noted. For instance, management is inefficient and must "one body of water one user" princi Unfortunately, amending and money. Given these circumstances, ment of raw fish from it. fishermen chose the answer "regular be improved. In their opinion, the ple. In this approach, the users them strengthening existing legislation alone foreign ports that can service ship in a According to amendments to the verification of vessels accepting major problems are corruption among selves are supposed use their own would be insufficient. For many rea few hours are very attractive to Law "On Fishing", beginning on the salmon by the Kamchatka inspectors" decision makers, inaccurate fore means to protect the spawning areas sons, the entire system of control is Russian fishermen. It is much easier 1st of January 2009, all fish harvested more often than industry representa casts of the salmon's approach to the from poaching. This concept has both inefficient in confronting poaching. for them to ship raw fish directly to a in the exclusive economic zone of the tives. Inspectors mentioned "the use coast, and complications in assigning its advocates and opponents. On one Reasons for this include poor logistics, foreign port or transfer it on the open Russian Federation must be delivered of aircraft to protect spawning areas", fishing areas. An overwhelming hand, such reform may incite con corruption, and other factors. Even a sea, receive payment in cash, and to Russian customs, i.e. transferred "management by means of regulating majority of respondents from this flicts, both among potential users and two or three fold increase in funding for avoid taxes. through Russian ports. Beginning that the fishing haul", and "allocation of group consider that administrative between the users and the local pop fisheries enforcement would hardly It is undeniable, that declaring same year, all fish products delivered fishing areas" more often than the problems could be solved if a fishing ulations, which may in turn provoke yield positive results, at least in the Far products in Russian ports will to the ports can be sold only via the other respondents. council were to be established. The additional poaching pressure at the East. Interception of poachers at sea inevitably increases expenses for the Russian Fish Exchange. Divisions of It should be noted, that attitudes council's main tasks would be the spawning grounds as a form of social requires both great effort and great fishing companies. However, the state the Fish Exchange will open in towards the major issues of salmon strategic regulation of fishing, the cre protest. On the other hand, regional expenses. The only effective strategy could minimize those expenses by Moscow, Saint Petersburg, protection appeared to be similar ation of regional fisheries policy, and authorities could solve this problem would be to ship all harvested aquatic means of simplifying administrative Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Vladivostok, among all three groups. The differ the distribution of fishing areas. by selecting only those users who can resources to Russian ports, and intro procedures. For example, special and Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy. Trial ences are connected with the social It should be mentioned, that virtual prove their ability to cooperate with duce obligatory declaration. customs zones could immediately be auctions were held in December and professional status of the respon ly all of the fishing industry represen local people, and ensure their This convention is widely practiced established in Russian port, in which 2007, and the exchange is due to dents, which in turn make for differ tatives are aware of the fishermen's employment and financial security. through the world: everything harvest ships would technically remain out begin trading at full capacity in the ences in interests, the degree open unions (and may even be involved in Criminal codes should also be ed at sea is unloaded in ports, counted, side of the country. second half of 200823. ness, and, sometimes, general their activities), and consider them an updated to enhance the efficiency of checked, declared, and only then The paradox is, that when the sup In our sociological survey, we asked awareness. Thus, inspectors are more influential force in regional fisheries poaching control. Not only the cap loaded onto cargo ships and transport ply of illegally harvested raw fish to respondents of three groups (inspec dogmatic in their evaluation of poach politics. tains of the fishing vessels, but also ed elsewhere. In Russia, most biologi foreign ports decreases, market tors, fishermen, and fishing industry ing and more technocratic in their According to survey data, voluntary the chief managers (owners) of the cal resources harvested in the exclu prices will rise, and fishermen will not representatives) to identify methods choice of poaching control methods. ecological certification of fishing fishing companies need to be held sive economic zone are immediately only compensate for their expenses, for settling the poaching problem. They mentioned administrative meas (e.g., in compliance with the system responsible for illegal salmon fishing. shipped abroad. but also turn profits. This, in turn, will Generally speaking, respondents ures less frequently than fishing used by the Marine Stewardship from all groups were unanimous in industry representatives, and often Council see Spiridonov, Zgurovskiy, their choice. Most checked the fol chose methods connected with their 2007) remains the business of man lowing measures: "control over air own activities, for example, "the use agers, who consider it a means of transportation of roe"; "the use of air of aircraft to protect spawning areas". access to the international market. craft to protect spawning areas"; and As administrative problems are con The fishermen employed by the com "regular verification of vessels cerned, inspectors first and foremost panies know little or nothing about the accepting salmon by Kamchatka blamed problems of regulation strate certification process.
© WWF Russia / Nikolay Pavlov 23 Koltunova O., 2008. Under the Sign of the Fish ( http://www.ko.ru/document.php?id=18198) 38 39 Socio Economic Importance 9 of Salmon Fishing Recommendations
About two thirds of Russia's total and mid size companies, registered Eastern fishing ports are currently in RECOMMENDATIONS FOR evaluate the efficiency of the new while simultaneously increasing aquatic biological resources come in local municipalities and paying very poor condition GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES salmon fisheries management sys accountability for activities inconsis from the Far East. Hence, the fishing taxes to local budgets, are engaged in ("Dalrybtechnika", 2007). tem, and hold public forums on the tent with the role of a state inspector. industry is one of the Far East's coastal fishing. Incidentally, this is Fish plays an important role in the CONCERNING COMMER topic every four years (two cycles for The state must provide a means for largest employers. Over the past 16 one of the latent shortcomings of the diet of Kamchatka's indigenous peo CIAL FISHING IN EXCESS pink salmon and approximately one regional and municipal administra years, the productivity of the average long term "one body of water one ples. On one hand, this stems from OF QUOTAS, cycle for other salmon species) fol tions, as well as concerned parties in fishing industry employee has user" principle of fishing area alloca the unavailability other foods (often, it lowing implementation of the stan the fishing industry, to pay bonuses to declined by 60 % in monetary terms, tion. As the administrative resources is impossible to cultivate anything WE RECOMMEND THAT dards set forth in Article 29.1 of these inspectors for successful inter and by 25 30% in the terms their of large scale businesses are immea else in the region, or people lack THE GOVERNMENT Federal Law No. 333, "On fishing and ception of poachers; catch ("Norge Fish" Co., Ltd., 2006). surably greater than those of small farming experience). On the other conservation of aquatic biological establish an internal affairs depart improve the system of state moni On one hand, this stems from a phys business, the new changes may result hand, they cannot afford to purchase resources" (in the version passed ment in every surveillance body that toring, using satellites to track vessels ical deterioration of production facili in the expulsion of local enterprises, other food, because of unemploy December 6th, 2007). will conduct internal investigations involved in open sea salmon fishing ties; on the other, it shows a desire which currently pay taxes to municipal ment, chronic non payment of and fight corruption; (http://www.fishcom.ru/page.php?r= within individual enterprises to main budgets for fishing rights. In 2006, salaries, and very low incomes. CONCERNING THE ELIMI encourage the development of 40). Satellite tracking data should be tain high levels of employment in the the fishing industry in Kamchatka Additionally, the consumption of fish teams of inspectors from local com used to compile a "black list" of those NATION OF INCENTIVES fishing industry. It is well known that Kray employed around 16 thousand is a long running tradition. As such, munities (including from the indige vessels harvesting and transferring FOR POACHING ON THE the industry, in some regions the workers, or more than a half of all the needs of the indigenous peoples nous population), and environmental illegal products, and to inform the RIVERS, backbone of the urban population, is employees of industrial enterprises. of Kamchatka, as well as those of protection teams (including stu authorities of Japan, Korea, and WE RECOMMEND THAT of great social and geopolitical impor ("Dalrybtechnika", 2007). other residents of the coastal areas, dents); China about the assumed illegal ori tance to the country. This is particu Salmon fishing on Kamchatka is an need to be considered when quotas THE GOVERNMENT when reforming fishing area use gin of delivered products; larly true for coastal regions, where up extremely important source of eco are allocated. along the principles of "one body of establish an efficient system of to 70% of the industry's production is nomic stability and external income It is important to remember that expand development plans for the water one user," ensure that the fol control, based on the permanent concentrated ("Norge Fish" Co., Ltd., (4 5 billion rubles), exceeding Russian salmon are ecologically pure, regions and municipalities (e.g. lowing conditions are met: New long presence of qualified and financially 2006). incomes from the nonferrous metals as they are caught in the wild instead development of legal fish processing term users must pay a portion of their independent inspectors on open sea Fishing in Kamchatka Kray is of industry by a factor of 1.7. With of bred in captivity. The global and tourism) that offer Kamchatka's revenues in taxes towards the local salmon fishing vessels; great social importance, as it ensures regard to the overall Japanese catch demand for wild salmon is very large, inhabitants alternatives to the illegal budget, guarantee employment of the make changes to legislation that employment for the local population, in Russian waters (as per the and it is priced well above farmed harvest of biological resources. The local populations, and observe the allow for more severe punishment for particularly in the coastal areas (Ust Intergovernmental Agreement of May varieties In Russia, wild salmon are plans should define the procedures of rights of the indigenous people; illegal salmon fishing, including their implementation, and contain Kamchatskiy, Ust Bolsheretskiy, 12th, 198524) , Kamchatka salmon not a limited resource, so they can in order to control the export of imprisonment for up to five years and provisions for education and training Sobolevskiy, Aleutskiy, Milkovskiy, make up 60% of the total monetary and must be priced more competi poached products by means of air confiscation of vessels and fishing of the public. and Elizovskiy districts). In these dis value. tively. The promotion of Russian wild craft, mandate the printing of state gear. Not only the captains of the fish tricts listed above, fishing is the major While other provinces flourish off of salmon harvested in accordance with registration numbers on the under ing vessels, but also the chief man CONCERNING THE source of income for the locals and, in Russia's resources, the population of legal regulations, in both domestic sides of helicopters. Control over air agers (owners) of the fishing compa STRENGTHENING OF part, funds local budgets for the Kamchatka is declining; numbers and international markets, is a guar craft and their routes is essential in nies need to be held responsible for development of social infrastructure. have fallen by more than 100 000 antee of stability and wellbeing for the CONTROL OVER THE salmon fishing regions. illegal salmon fishing; It is also significant that many small people over the past 15 years. 16 Far residents of Kamchatka. SPAWNING GROUNDS, involve fishing industry associa WE RECOMMEND THAT CONCERNING CONTROL tions, regional fishing councils, ENFORCEMENT BODIES OVER THE DEVELOP municipalities, and environmental agencies in the process of adjusting MENT OF INFRASTRUC create, finance and supply mobile, Pacific salmon fishing regulations and TURE, WE RECOMMEND interdepartmental anti poaching improving their efficiency; THAT THE GOVERNMENT teams, engaging both fishing industry make amendments to Article 56 of representatives and the public; the Federal Law "On the Animal use aircraft (helicopters) to locate and develop efficient mechanisms to World" No. 52 FЗ (April 24th, 1995) apprehend large teams of poachers; monitor the impact of infrastructure that correct overlap in the control and increase the efficiency of operating components (e.g., road construction) surveillance functions of different surveillance bodies, by conducting on poaching. The results of the moni governmental institutions; regular training courses and providing toring should be used in the environ accelerate the introduction of the them with necessary information and ment impact assessment and in public governmental resolution "On the equipment; hearings on industrial projects; export of harvested and processed amend legislation, in order to sim develop a system to ensure that aquatic biological resources from the plify the procedures for apprehending compensation from operators of com Russian exclusive economic zone and persons suspected of illegal fishing mercial projects for damage inflicted the Russian continental shelf outside and stiffen punishments for poaching; on aquatic biological resources goes of the exclusive economic zone and raise wages and improve social towards improvement of equipment the continental shelf" to the govern security for lower and mid level and informational support for state 24 ment of the Russian Federation; RESOLUTION of the Conference of Kamchatka fishermen and their unions, "The Role of Fisheries in the Economy of the Kamchatka employees of the surveillance bodies, environmental agencies. Oblast", Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy, December 21st 2006 (http://www.fish seafood.ru/news/detail.php?ID=1509) 40 41 Recommendations References
for the purpose of stock protection Anon., (2007): BULLETIN of the Accounting Bureau of Kurmazov A.A., Tsygir V.V. (2006). Legal regulation of CONCERNING MARKET Recommendations for and economically efficient exploita the Russian Federation No. 6(114), 2007 drift net fishing of Pacific salmon. Maritime Law and MECHANISMS FOR fish processing and tion of Pacific salmon; http://www.ach.gov.ru/bulletins/2007/6 3.php Practice, No. 3, p. 11 26. REDUCING THE ILLEGAL trade companies in the that they cooperate with the state Bugaev V.F. (2004). Multispecies salmon fishing in the Makoedov A.N., Antonov N.P., Kumantsov M.I., TURNOVER OF SALMON agencies in activities aimed at pro Kamchatka River basin // Conservation of biodiversity of Pogodaev E.G. (2006). Theory and practice of salmon PRODUCTS, Russian Federation, tecting spawning areas; Kamchatka and the adjacent seas: Proc. of the 5th fishing in the Far East // Voprosy Rybolovstva, vol. 7, N WE RECOMMEND THAT as well as in the major that they monitor the salmon mar Scientific Conference (Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy, 22 24 1(25) THE GOVERNMENT ket and develop educational pro November 2004). Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy, http://www.npacific.ru/fishkam/science/content.phtml?d importing countries grams, which inform consumers on Kamchatpress. P. 168 172. =7&autor=7&content=0001 introduce mandatory labeling and sustainability issues and the environ that they encourage legislative and branding for salmon products. Public mental impact of certain kinds of fish Chestnyi Detectiv. "Golden" Fish Eggs. 1 December The processed fish product market ( http://www.agri administrative measures aimed at education should form a lasting asso ing and aquiculture; 2005 cons.spb.ru/services/33 agroinform/fish market.htm) improving the salmon products market; ciation between legal fishing methods that they encourage dialogue that they develop branding and label Convention on the Conservation of Anadromous Fish in Trade News and Technologies (TorgRus.com); and high quality roe or other salmon among representatives from state ing for salmon products. Russian the Northern Pacific Ocean (1992). Moscow 05.03.2007, Prices for salmon roe increased by 40%. products. Consumers should also agencies, municipalities, and the sci brands should be built on a reputation associate Russian brands with high entific and business communities, Clarke S. (2007). Trading tails: Russian Salmon fish newsru.com, 22 Febryary 2001 for high quality products and legal fish quality and legal fishing methods; towards the development of econom eries and East Asian markets. TRAFFIC East Asia (http://www.newsru.com/arch/russia/22feb2001/alba ing methods; develop a public Russian Fish ic mechanisms for sustainable use of tros2.html that they include ecological certifica Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, 13.06.1996 Exchange that will make available Pacific salmon. tion of fishing products, in accordance No. 63 F3 (Federal Laws, 1998 2006): On line. Norge Fish Ltd. Company, "Analysis of the current "guilt free" salmon products to the with the MSC system, in any plans to http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/ (accessed state and tendencies of fisheries and fish market devel public; additionally, it should help to expand their companies. December 2006). opment in Russia (catch, export, import, production, and create new economic incentives, consumption (including Moscow supermarket chains and attract investors, and introduce Customs Law. (1954) (Last amended by Law No. 26 of Recommendations for НоReCa) of fresh, refrigerated, frozen, processed, and Russian fisheries to the market of March 1998). On line. http://www.mof.go.jp/english/tar finished fish and seafood from 2000 2005". Moscow. domestic and foreign borrowings. environmental NGOs iff/tar001n.pdf (accessed December 2006). Orlov V.P. (2007). Mineral resources in the development and other concerned "Dalrybotechnika" (Autonomous Non profitable CONCERNING CONTROL of the North (with Kamchatka Kray as an example). Organization Scientific and Technical Centre), 2007. OVER THE TRADE OF organizations in the Mineral Resources of Russia. Economics and Studies of the production and economic indices of the SALMON PRODUCTS, Russian Federation, Management, vol. 5, p. 39 48. WE RECOMMEND THAT fisheries complex in the regions of the Far East for the as well as in the major 12 month period of 2006. Vol. 1, Vladivostok, 112 p. Red Data Book of Kamchatka, vol. 1, Animals, Fish. THE GOVERNMENT http://www.kamchatsky Efremova T.F. (2001). New Dictionary of the Russian importing countries krai.ru/red_book_kamchatka/fish/14_sima_1.htm, adopt appropriate legislation that Language. Explanatory and educational dictionary. provides for control over the trade of that they work with relevant state Moscow, "Russkiy Yazyk". Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Animals), salmon products on both the regional agencies to enhance incentives and (2001). Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On state regu (Kamchatka Oblast) and the federal motivation to carry out the measures Federation, Russian Academy of Sciences, AST, Astrel, lation of foreign trade activities" (ammended on 8 July levels; proposed in this document; 273 p. develop regulatory and economic that they continue monitoring the 1997, No. 96 ФЗ) Rossijskaya Gazeta, No.133, mechanisms that would grant prefer domestic market and IUU fishing of 12.07.1997. Regions.Ru / Russia. Regions; 11.10.2006 ence to those who supply salmon Pacific salmon, and distribute collect The impact of fishing on the Pacific salmon population RESOLUTION of the Conference of Kamchatka fisher products directly to the domestic ed information among relevant state (http://www.greenpeace.org/russia/ru/cam men and their unions, "The Role of Fisheries in the market through Russian ports. bodies and other interested parties paigns/660660/660700) Economy of the Kamchatka Oblast", Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy, December 21st 2006 (http://www.fish Glubokovskiy M.K. (1995). Evolutionary biology of seafood.ru/news/detail.php?ID=1509) salmons. Moscow, Nauka. 342 p. Reuters , Category: Criminal. 28 June 2007 Gudok; 21.09.2006, No more legal sturgeon caviar (http://www.gudok.ru/index.php/print/40073) Russian Hunters' Newspaper; 26.10.2005 ; 44 (588) ITAR TASS, 20.09.2005 Sem' Dney [Seven Days] , 24 February 2001 (http://www.segodnya.ru/w3s.nsf/Archive/2001_43_new Koltunova O., (2008). Under the Sign of Fish s_text_lenc1.html); (http://www.ko.ru/document.php?id=18198) Seredkin I.V., Pachkovskiy D.Zh. (2006). The feeding of Kotenev B.N., Gritsenko O.F., Klovach N.V. (2006). On brown bears on Pacific salmon at the Kronotskaya River, the organization of Pacific salmon fishing // Aquatic bio Kamchatka // The Brown Bear of Kamchatka: Ecology, logical resources, their state and use. Review informa conservation, and sustainable use. Vladivostok, tion, All Russia Institute of Fisheries Economics. – "Dalnauka", p. 78 84. Moscow, vol. 1, 28 p. 42 43 APPENDICES
Methodology of Assessment of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Salmon 1 Fishing V.A. Spiridonov (WWF Russia)
Sinyakov S.A. (2004). The importance, problems, and fishing season), Vladivostok, 131 p. lated. However, one can imagine a sit As a result, the amount of the frozen prospects for preservation of the scale and biodiversity of Definitions and Terms uation in which certain administrative sockeye imported by Japan in the Tokranov A.M. (2002). The sixth salmon species // On natural salmon reproduction on Kamchatka and in the Far measures could affect change in the period 2002 2005 considerably the "scaleless beast" and other inhabitants of Illegal, unreported, and unregulated East // (http://www.npacific.ru/fishkam/science/con illegal and above limit subsistence exceeded the official catch of the Kamchatka's waters. Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy, fishing is often considered synony tent.phtml?d=2&autor=2&content=0002) catches. In this case, though retaining species. At the same time, frozen "Severnaya Pacifika" mous to poaching. However, these two its illegality, such kinds of fishing sockeye were supplied in great quan Sinyakov S.A. (2006). Fisheries and salmon fishing in http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/publikacii/tokra terms should be addressed separate appear to be regulated to a certain tity to the Russian domestic market. comparison with other industries in Far Eastern regions. nov/04.htm ly, in order to better understand the degree. Since 2002, Japanese authorities Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy: Kamchatpress, 64 p. actual situation with regard to aquatic Let us mention once again, that in Tsygir V.V. (2007). Salmon 2007 (Forecast for the fish biological resources. have required export declarations for the current state of the Russian fish SmartMoney ; 09.07.2007 ; 25 ( 66 ), Small and big ing season) // Review of fish markets // Foreign exports Illegal fishing denotes the harvest of imported fish products. This means eries, both illegal (above limit com fish, grow [rasti rybka, bolshaya i malenkaya] of salmon from Russia. Vladivostok: TINRO Centre, p. aquatic biological resources in viola that either some sockeye, fished mercial and poaching) fishing and 121 131. tion of national or international (out above the quotas, is registered with Spiridonov V.A. (2008). The launch of oil in the land of above limit subsistence fishing are side the country's jurisdiction) legisla out arousing suspicious, or some volcanoes. World Energetics, vol. 3, p. 39 40. UN Convention on Maritime Law. (1982). On line. unreported and unregulated. Different tion. From a legal standpoint, there is frozen sockeye and other valuable http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/lawsea.ht methods should be used for assess Spiridonov V.A., Zgurovsky K.A. (2007). Ecological cer no fundamental difference between salmon are exported to Japan using ml (accessed December 2006) ment of each of these in order to tification of sea fishing, or information for fishermen who fishing over quotas by authorized fake documents. record, correct, or at least learn to reg want fish to remain for their children and grandchildren, WebDigest.RU ; 02.11.2006 commercial fisheries and individuals, Above limit commercial fishing of 2nd edition, Vladivostok, 28 p. ulate them. sockeye, chinook, and coho could be Zaporozhets O.M., Zaporozhets G.V. (2005). Poaching and fishing by those who have no right to commercially fish in a particular assessed by comparing the official Spiridonov V.A., Nikolaeva N.G. (eds.) (2004). as a threat to Pacific salmon on Kamchatka // Evaluation of commercial fishing data, export data, the amount Commercial drift net fishing of Pacific salmon, and its Conservation of biological diversity of Kamchatka and the place, or at all. However, the root fishing of sockeye, chi causes of these kinds of illegal fishing of fish supplied to the domestic mar effect on the marine ecosystem. Moscow, 64 p. adjacent seas. Proc. of the 6th Scientific Conference nook, and coho salmon ket, and import data from Japan and (Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy, 29 30 November 2005). are different. Thus, we will first speak The Law on Regulation of Fishing by the Foreign to commercial fishing over the limits, in excess of quotas the USA. Persons (14.07.1967, Law No. 60, Article 4) (in Zaporozhets O.M., Zaporozhets G.V. (2007). Illegal and then address poaching. Sockeye, chinook, and coho salmon Japanese). salmon fishing in the waters of Kamchatka: survey and Catch data From a legal standpoint, fishing in are the most valuable target species of ecological consequences. Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy: Data on fishing in Russia, by statis TINRO Centre (2000). Salmon 2000 (Forecast for the excess of quotas by local people drift net fishing in the EEZ. That is why Kamchatpress, 60 p. tical regions specified by the Food fishing season), Vladivostok, 86 p. (including indigenous people) for per teams of both Japanese and Russian and Agriculture Organization of the Zaporozhets O.M., Shevlyakov E.A., Zaporozhets G.V., sonal consumption should also be fishing vessels often exceed quotas for TINRO Centre (2001). Salmon 2001 (Forecast for the United Nations (FAO), are summa Antonov N.P. (2007). Possibilities for the use of data on considered illegal fishing. At the same these species, and record them in log fishing season), Vladivostok, 88 p. rized by the Department of illegal Pacific salmon fishing towards estimating the actu time, the illegal nature of such over books as pink and chum salmon. When International Commercial Fisheries al stock // Voprosy Rybolovstva, vol. 8, N 3(31), p. 471 fishing is questionable, because in this caught, pink salmon are often discard TINRO Centre (2002). Salmon 2002 (Forecast for the Statistics of the All Russian Institute 483. case fishing limits are set voluntarily in ed. These illegal fish products (mostly fishing season), Vladivostok, 88 p. of Marine Fisheries and documents not registered with the sockeye) do not enter the Russian Oceanography (VNIRO). The data are TINRO Centre (2003). Salmon 2003 (Forecast for the Zaporozhets O.M., Shevlyakov E.A., Zaporozhets G.V. Ministry of Justice and, unlike the market; they are delivered to Japan then delivered to the FAO database of fishing season), Vladivostok, 100 p. (2007). Analysis of population dynamics of Kamchatka TAC's, are not grounded in science. and sold there at prices approaching fisheries statistics salmon in the 20th and 21st centuries, taking into However, given the current condi tens of dollars per kilogram. Observers TINRO Centre (2004). Salmon 2004 (Forecast for the (http://www.fao.org/fi/statist/FISOFT account legal and illegal fishing, and an assessment of tions in Russia, this kind of fishing (we from the marine inspection agencies of fishing season), Vladivostok, 112 p. /FISHPLUS.asp). Data on the Russian economic losses // Bulletin of the implementation of the will call it subsistence fishing in excess the Russian Border Guard and/or fish catch of the sockeye, chinook, and TINRO Centre (2005). Salmon 2005 (Forecast for the "Concept of the Far Eastern Basin Program of Pacific of quotas) contributes to the unreport eries research institutions are usually coho salmon in the northwest Pacific fishing season), Vladivostok, 96 p. Salmon Research". No. 2, p. 160 168. ed catch, along with above limit com present on board drift net fishing ves (FAO statistical region 61) encompass mercial fishing and poaching. sels. We do not claim that all of them TINRO Centre (2006). Salmon 2006 (Forecast for the Zaporozhets O.M., Shevlyakov E.A., Zaporozhets G.V. the yields of drift net fishing (so Even if a part of the above limit and are corrupt; at the same time, repre fishing season), Vladivostok, 112 p. 2008. Population dynamics of Kamchatka salmon, taking called control fishing), fishing with poaching catch could be more or less sentatives from fish companies are into account legal and illegal fishing // Izvestia TINRO. fixed nets, and fishing on the rivers. TINRO Centre (2007). Salmon 2007 (Forecast for the accurately estimated, it would be diffi obviously able to divert their attention, Vol. 153, p. 109 134. In addition, data on the commercial cult to assess the share of that catch if not outright bribe them. salmon catch, organized by species due to above limit (commercial and The most valuable salmon species and months, enumerated both in tons subsistence) fishing and poaching, are also overfished using fixed nets at and the number of fish, as well as data versus the share from unreported sea. In this case, the fresh fish is deliv on the average weight of the fish of a fishing. ered to refrigerator trawlers and particular species, can be found in the In general, above limit fishing and shipped to Japan and, to a lesser annual reports of the North Pacific poaching can also be called unregu extent, the USA.
44 45 Anadromous Fish Commission such data to assess the domestic mar goods can be approximated by cus products from the total yield Japan, information on the unloading Y = I + Dkkch (6) (NPAFC) (http://www.npafc.org/ ket should be investigated. However, toms experts). However, customs Kf – the subset of frozen fish prod of particular kinds of fish products The above limit catch is then new/pub_statistics.html). A separate even if production indices for different certification can be complicated by ucts from the total yield (fish trunks from ships can be found on the web IUU1 = Y – Ctot (7) table contains data on the salmon species were available, they would no "regrading," when a shipment of and fillets are considered separately sites of Korean ports. As with prod ucts supplied to the domestic market, catch by indigenous communities. doubt be underestimated. sockeye salmon is declared as a as Kf 1 and Kf2) Calculation of the actual Data on salmon fishing by foreign Data collected by the Economic and shipment of pink salmon. Customs certain difficulties are caused by the Ds – total amount of salted fish catch of Chum and Pink (Japanese) vessels in the Russian Fisheries Departments of regional experts are able to analyze such delay of the annual import cycle in products Salmon, excluding poach EEZ are also available. Unlike the FAO administrations appear to be more cases, and propose a correction fac relation to the annual fishing cycle. D – total amount of smoked fish ing on the rivers statistics, NPAFC materials are regu precise. tor in order to assess the true sm That is why monthly analysis of products larly updated, but often released with Information from fishing industry amounts of frozen sockeye, chinook, imports statistics, as well as appraisal While the greatest part of the D – total amount of canned fish great delay. In June 2006, the annual associations on the volume of pro and coho exported to the Asian c of the 'production' years of the inter above limit catch of sockeye and, report from 2001 was available on the duction by their individual members is Pacific Region and the USA via the products national market (just as with the possibly, chinook can be deduced NPAFC website. yet another source of data. However, regional customs. F – total amount of frozen fish prod domestic market), are required. from Japanese imports statistics, The NPAFC is supplied with data by the associations do not encompass all There is another, even more serious ucts (can be split into F1 and F2, fish Another problem stems from the chum and pink salmon fished in the Pacific Research Centre of production enterprises, so it is neces problem in estimating the share of the trunks and fillets, respectively) impossibility of determining the par Russian waters are shipped to the Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO sary to compile a list of the fishing and catch that enters the domestic mar Ef – total amount of frozen fish ticular region of origin for products in Japanese market only in small Centre), which annually publishes fish processing enterprises of the ket. Products accounted for annually products produced by the coastal imports statistics. This complicates amounts. Most chum and pink salmon forecasts for the fishing season. region (e.g., the Kamchatka Oblast by certain statistical systems may be enterprises and having undergone assessment of the above limit catch products are destined for the domes These forecasts also contain data on and Koryakia), and collect production products of the previous year catch, customs certification of coho salmon, as it is harvested tic market. Seeing as official data on the salmon catch in particular regions data by species from those enterpris while the most reliable fisheries sta along virtually the entire eastern coast Df – total amount of frozen fish the processing of these species are and some river basins, as well as data es not affiliated with any associations. tistics correspond to calendar years. products supplied to the domestic of Russia. Neverthless, import data underestimated, the relative bias in on the catches of the Russian and Naturally, they will provide only the To overcome this issue, one can refer market; and can yield fairly reliable results on the the calculations of domestic market Japanese drift net fleets. official data presented to state control to monthly statistics and analyze L – correction factor for recording catch of sockeye and chinook salmon volumes with formula (2) will be high Data on the yields of various bodies. long term production dynamics in the fish under the wrong names in cus harvested commercially on er than it is for more valuable salmon species of salmon, with more detailed Therefore, all evaluations based on region. It may help to define when the toms documents. Kamchatka and in Koryakia. species. The calculation procedure indication of regions and fishing gear, fish production statistics are likely to extraction of raw products of the past Therefore, the minimum amount of may be geared towards selecting are available at the regional depart be underestimates. If any discrepan year ends, and when the start of pro salmon of a certain species supplied Let us introduce the following coefficients to account for conceal ments of the Federal Fisheries cies are revealed between data cessing begins during the new sea to the domestic market by the enter notations: ment of products by enterprises. Agency. These data are not accessi obtained from the regional statistics son. Products that enter the market prises of a particular region would be Ij – imports of frozen salmon (in A different approach may be ble to the public, but can be obtained departments, Economic and Fisheries in the "production" year should be equal to tons) by Japan over the 'production' applied to such regions as by request to state organizations. Departments of regional govern compared with the catch of the calen D = 1/K D + 1/K Ds + year Kamchatka, from which fish products Materials from regional statistics ments, and the fishing and fish pro dar year. reg i s s sm m +1/K D + 1/K D (2) Ius – imports of frozen salmon of are shipped by processing trawlers departments, based on the reports of cessing enterprises, one should ori When discussing the amounts of c c f f and by air. The lowest estimate of the where D = L (F – E ) (3) certain species (in tons) by the USA enteprises, can serve as be an addi ent themselves towards the highest the sockeye, chinook, and coho f f over the 'production' year; and amount of fish caught with fixed nets tional source of data. values. salmon supplied to the domestic and transferred to cargo ships is avail Ik imports of frozen salmon of cer All available sources of data on the One could assume that all fish prod market as a yield of both legal and The overall volume of a salmon able through the Rybolovstvo infor tain species (in tons) by South Korea official catch should be used to ucts, except for fast frozen ones, are above limit commercial fishing, we product of a certain species supplied mation system. The amount of frozen over the 'production' year. assess the above limit catch. If such supplied for the most part to the assumed that the fish carcasses, to the domestic market would amount fish (first and foremost chum and pink If fish trunks and fillets are import data are contradictory, priority should domestic market or to the CIS and being more valuable than the car to salmon) shipped by plane could be ed, the estimate will be more accurate be given to the NPAFC data for gener Baltic countries (though this is irrele casses of chum and pink salmon, are approximated with records of cargo if imports of these products are con al estimates, and the data of the vant to this analysis, because such always processed, rather than dis D = D where i (1;n), n the flights to the mainland, if such records reg i sidered separately, e.g., I , I . TINRO Centre and regional depart products are exported from the region carded after extraction of the roe. number of the regions. (4) j1 j2 are available. ments of the Federal Fisheries to esti via intermediaries in Russia). This This may not always be the case, but I the overall catch imported over The actual catch also includes the mate the catch by regions. As such, assumption should be verified using it is very difficult to evaluate this par Supply to the the 'production' year subsistence catch by residents of the the recorded annual catch of a partic customs export statistics. On ticular factor. Expert estimates of the international market I = 1/Kf (Ij+Ius+Ik) (5) region, or fish harvested: ular salmon species in a particular Kamchatka, such data can be frequency of such cases could be If frozen products are divided into in accordance with quotas of all Assessment of the volume of supply region, including the yield of the drift obtained on request from the regional obtained from interviews with the fish trunks and fillets, calculations are types; to the international market is based net fishing in the EEZ (С ) and the customs department and checked staff of fish protection agencies, performed separately with the use of in excess of quotas by commercial reg i on the assumption that most Russian overall catch in Russia (С ) could be against data obtained on request from police, prosecution agencies, and the factors Kf 1 (trunks) and Kf2 (fillets). fishing teams; tot. fish products are imported by Japan. Far Eastern Customs. It is safe to media. If even a certain number of in excess of quotas by the com estimated. Japanese statistics are well presented assume, that even if salted, smoked, their estimates confirm such a prac munities of indigenous minorities; Сtot=СregI (1) in the reports of the Japanese Marine Calculation of the and canned sockeye, chinook, and tice, an additional factor (W) that in licensed sport fishing; Products Importers' Association; coho are exported to the countries of accounts for such products should be above limit catch by local people for personal con Supply to the these reports are regularly studied by the Asian Pacific Region and the USA, considered. sumption, without permits, at the river domestic market the TINRO Centre experts and fish the volume of the export is not very We propose the following method for mouths and at sea; and market analysts. In addition, certain large, and export data recorded by Let us introduce the following calculating the above limit catch of sock by teams of poachers at the river Products of the most valuable amounts of frozen sockeye, chinook, customs more or less reflect the actu notations: eye salmon. Assuming that most sockeye mouths and at sea. Pacific salmon species enter the and coho are shipped to the United al volume. D – amount of fish (in tons) sup are harvested by commercial fisheries of Consumption of salmon products domestic market as frozen, refrigerat reg i States. Information on these ship With regard to the distribution of plied to the domestic market during the Kamchatka Oblast, Koryakia, and the could be assessed by interviewing rep ed, salted, smoked, and canned fish. ments can be found in official cus products frozen on shore between the the 'production' year Chukotka Autonomous Area, let us calcu resentative samples of various popula Data from regional statistics depart toms statistics. A certain amounts of domestic and international markets, K – the subset of salted fish prod late the yearly catch of sockeye supplied tion groups. Such a survey should yield ments may list production indices for s frozen salmon is also exported to the situation is more complicated. to the domestic market (Dkkch) accord an assessment of the annual con various types of products; however, ucts from the total yield South Korea, either for re export to These products cannot be exported ing to formula (4). sumption of various species of fish by different salmon species are not Ksm – the subset of smoked fish Japan or for local consumption. without customs certification (or in The overall actual catch, as estimated the entire population. always itemized separately. products from the total yield Although it is harder to obtain cus Nonetheless, the possibility of using any case, the amount of smuggled from the product yield amounts to Kc – the subset of canned fish toms statistics from Korea than from
46 47 The estimate of the actual chum Roq – the amount of roe procured ous sizes exported from the region for and pink salmon catch on Kamchatka, through commercial fishing in excess sale. excluding the poaching catch on the of the quotas (according to esti One more assumption is that the rivers, will be the sum of the estimates mates); residents of Kamchatka and visitors of the amount of frozen fish shipped purchasing roe for their own con Rlic – the amount of roe procured by by processing trawlers, fish products local people within the quotas allocat sumption usually buy roe by weight, shipped by air, and products con ed for indigenous minorities and rather that canned products. We also Russian Codes of the Foreign Economic Activity sumed locally. licensed fishing (calculated based on assume that unreported shipments of the officially recorded catch); and roe exported for sale are usually Commodity Classification Referring to the Pacific Assessment of poaching R – the amount of roe procured by transported in large packages rather p than in cans. The assumptions men Salmon Products on the rivers poachers, mostly on the rivers. 2 tioned above should be verified We rely on the assumption that the through anonymous questioning of air Assessing the scale of poaching on overall amount of roe produced in passengers, as well as consultations the rivers is one of the most difficult such a region as Kamchatka could be with experts from law enforcement tasks in evaluating illegal, unreported, estimated from 0301 Live fish: agencies, journalists, and former air and unregulated salmon fishing. This the amount of officially produced line employees. kind of poaching is aimed exclusively canned roe (statistical data are avail 0301991100 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, The same methods could be used towards roe extraction. However, roe able); Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, to assess roe consumption by local is a product of all legal and illegal the amount of roe shipped by pas Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic salmon residents and by visitors to types of fishing. Thus, the major task senger and cargo flights; (Salmo salar) and Danube trout (Hucho hucho) Kamchatka. is to assess the overall amount of roe the amount of fresh (not canned) Consultations with experts are nec produced in the region, shipped from roe shipped by sea; and essary to assess the sizes of large, 0302 Fresh and chilled fish, except for the fish fillet and other 0304 fish products: it, and consumed on site. Let us call the amount of roe consumed by packaged roe shipments exported by this amount R and introduce some residents of the region. air and by sea for sale. In this case, more notation: The amount of roe shipped by air is 0302120000 former wholesale dealers should be Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Rl – the amount of legally procured comprised, in turn, from the amount also consulted. Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, roe, extracted from salmon harvested of roe taken by visitors for their own Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo in accordance with the quotas; consumption and shipments of vari salar) and Danube trout (Hucho hucho)
0302700000 Fresh and refrigerated fish liver, roe, and soft roe
0303 Frozen fish, except for the fish fillet and other 0304 fish products:
0303110000 Red, or Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
0303190000 Other salmons
0304 Fresh, chilled, and frozen filleted and other fish, including mince:
0304101300 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Danube trout (Hucho hucho)
0304 20 Frozen fillet
0304201300 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Danube trout (Hucho hucho)
0305 Dried and salted fish; fish in brine; hot and cold smoked fish; fish meal, powder, and pellets for human consumption:
0305 30 Dried and salted fish fillet and fish fillet in brine, but not smoked:
0305303000 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Danube trout (Hucho hucho)
48 49 Smoked fish including fillet:
0305410000 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Danube trout (Hucho hucho)
Salted, but not dried and smoked, fish and fish in brine:
0305695000 Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus masou and Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Danube trout (Hucho hucho)
1604 Ready to eat and canned fish; sturgeon (black) caviar and roe substitutes produced from the other fish eggs:
1604110000 Ready to eat salmon products and canned salmon (whole or chopped, but not minced fish)
1604191000 Ready to eat and canned products of Salmonids, except for salmons (whole or chopped, but not minced fish) 160420 Other ready to eat and canned fish:
1604 201000 Ready to eat salmon products and canned salmon
1604203000 Ready to eat and canned products of Salmonids, except for salmons
1604309010 Ready to eat and canned salmon (red) roe
Structure of the federal institutions involved in marine fishery management institutions involved in of the federal Structure in Russia and enforcement 3 50 51 Natalia Dronova, Vassily Spiridonov. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Pacific Salmon Fishing in Kamchatka. – WWF Russia / TRAFFIC Europe, 2008. – 52 pages.
This brochure presents an analysis of different forms of poaching, figures on illegal, unreport ed and unregulated (IUU) salmon catch and proposed measures to decrease IUU catch. Useful information on Kamchatka salmon catch, its main producers and buyers, and fish products chain of custody is provided.
ISBN 978 5 87317 522 2 Design, layout: © WWF Russia / Julia Kalinicheva Translated by: Anastasya Popovkina Editor: Joseph Kellner Photo on the 1st cover: © WWF Russia / Dmitry Shpilenok Map of Kamchatka and Far East: © WWF Russia / Anton Makarov Printed by: KMK Circulation: 500 October 2008, WWF Russia / TRAFFIC Europe, Moscow Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must mention WWF Russia and TRAFFIC Europe. Use of photographs from this publication is prohibited without written permission of WWF Russia. © text 2008 WWF Russia / TRAFFIC Europe. All rights reserved.
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