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Sustainable Urban Logistics

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Sustainable Urban Logistics Sustainable Urban Logistics Series Editor Jean-Paul Bourrières Sustainable Urban Logistics Planning and Evaluation Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2018 The rights of Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017962517 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-179-6 Contents Preface .......................................... ix Chapter 1. Where Are We After 20 Years of Urban Logistics?.................................... 1 1.1. Introduction .................................... 1 1.2. The valorization of research in urban logistics: French and international approaches ........................ 7 1.3. From research to practice: a plethora of projects, initiatives and their practical application ..................... 14 1.3.1. France ..................................... 23 1.3.2. Italy ...................................... 25 1.3.3. Southern Europe (Spain, Greece, Portugal and other countries of Mediterranean Europe) ................. 27 1.3.4. Germany ................................... 30 1.3.5. Belgium and the Netherlands ....................... 32 1.3.6. The United Kingdom ............................ 33 1.3.7. Northern Europe (Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark) ............................... 33 1.3.8. North America ............................... 34 1.3.9. Asia-Pacific Region ............................ 35 1.3.10. South America ............................... 36 1.3.11. Other regions of the world ........................ 37 1.4. Key questions in the quantitative and qualitative identification of urban logistics ........................... 38 vi Sustainable Urban Logistics Chapter 2. A Unified Definition of Sustainable Urban Logistics ........................... 43 2.1. The components of sustainability ....................... 43 2.2. The flows considered in urban freight transport .............. 49 2.3. The stakeholders involved and their interests ................ 52 2.3.1. Introduction ................................. 52 2.3.2. The urban logistics interests of these two categories of stakeholders ............................. 54 2.4. Visions for sustainable urban logistics .................... 56 2.4.1. The main definitions of urban logistics ................. 56 2.4.2. Vision of collective utility versus individual profitability ............................... 58 2.5. A unified definition of sustainable urban logistics ............. 60 Chapter 3. The Evaluation, Assessment and Analysis of Scenarios as Decision-Making Tools .................... 65 3.1. Assessment and evaluation in urban logistics: a body of work with little unification? ....................... 65 3.2. The role of scenario construction in assessments and evaluations ............................ 71 3.3. Before–after assessments ............................ 73 3.4. Proposal of a methodological framework for the assessment and evaluation of the impacts of sustainable urban logistics ....................... 76 Chapter 4. Estimating Inter-establishment Flows ............. 83 4.1. Data collection and modeling: close links but not homogeneous ............................. 83 4.2. Methodological proposal ............................ 94 4.3. Demand generation ............................... 96 4.4. Demand distribution models .......................... 101 4.5. The construction of routes and distances .................. 106 Chapter 5. The Estimation of Other Urban Freight Transport Flows .............................. 121 5.1. Estimating end consumer and urban management flows: a topic less studied, but nevertheless more standardized ........................ 121 5.2. Estimating household purchasing activities ................. 125 5.2.1. Some general information on household purchasing activities ................................ 125 Contents vii 5.2.2. Proposed methodology ........................... 132 5.2.3. Shopping trip generation.......................... 133 5.2.4. Distribution of purchase trips: the gravity model .................................. 137 5.2.5. Construction of shopping trip chains .................. 139 5.3. Estimating delivery routes to households and delivery depots .................................. 143 5.4. Estimation of urban management flows ................... 145 Chapter 6. Estimating and Modeling Change in Urban Logistics ................................... 147 6.1. Aims, goals and principles of modeling change in urban logistics ............................... 147 6.2. Examples of assessments and analyses using change modeling ................................ 151 6.2.1. Modeling the changes induced by the introduction of the SimplyCité UCC to Saint-Étienne .................... 151 6.2.2. Modeling the change(s) brought about by restricting access to the city center ...................... 154 6.2.3. Modeling the change brought about by new forms of e-commerce ............................ 156 6.3. Generalizing the examples of overall change modeling framework ............................ 157 6.4. The importance of solution probleming in change analysis ................................... 159 Chapter 7. Indicators and Dashboards for the Evaluation of Sustainable Urban Logistics ................. 165 7.1. The need to evaluate sustainable urban logistics for the definition of dashboards ..................... 165 7.2. Methodological proposals ........................... 168 7.2.1. The “expert network” method ...................... 171 7.2.2. The co-constructive consensus method ................. 173 7.3. Examples of use ................................. 177 7.4. Inputs and limitations of the proposed methodology ........... 182 Chapter 8. Estimating the Impact of Sustainable Urban Logistics .................................... 185 8.1. Introduction .................................... 185 8.2. Economic evaluation .............................. 186 viii Sustainable Urban Logistics 8.2.1. Estimating the direct costs of transportation and storage ............................. 187 8.2.2. Analysis of margin on variable costs .................. 189 8.2.3. Cost–benefit analysis ............................ 193 8.2.4. Example uses of economic valuation methods ............. 198 8.3. Methods for estimating environmental impacts ............... 205 8.3.1. Main methods for estimating environmental impacts ............................... 205 8.3.2. Introduction to life cycle analysis .................... 207 8.4. Spatial indicators: centrality, inequality, attractiveness and accessibility ........................... 213 8.4.1. Service level indicators .......................... 214 8.4.2. Distance and cost indicators........................ 216 8.4.3. Gravitational indicators .......................... 217 8.5. Practical considerations of indicator estimation methods .................................. 220 Conclusion ........................................ 225 Bibliography ....................................... 231 Index ............................................ 279 Preface Nowadays, urban logistics is a topical subject. This is evidenced by the large quantity of articles (both scientific and specialized press), events, as well as the various actions at play to support training and mentoring (there are four training and research Chairs1 in France, two VREF centers of excellence and an international platform, the Urban Freight Platform, which together advance this subject, assembling more than 300 researchers and practitioners for this subject). Nevertheless, the subject remains difficult to address due to a lack of a consensus on the proposed definitions and methods, and by continuation, those components which make it so rich: the wide diversity of stakeholders and the multidisciplinarity of available methods and techniques. The subject of urban logistics is not new: it was already a consideration for the leaders of ancient Rome (as shown by several of the writings of Julius Caesar, but also during the early Empire), and has continued to evolve throughout history, both in terms of governance and organization. Many of the actions that are nowadays considered “innovative”, such as off-hour deliveries, inland river transport or urban consolidation centers (UCCs), were already deployed and operating throughout several historical eras. The same can be said for aspects pertaining to the governance and regulation of urban logistics: under Imperial Rome, public action was strong and was responsible for the procurement planning of major cities; in the 1 The FRELON Chair in Paris, the LUGM Chair and the HORREA young researchers’ initiative in Lyon and
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