DOCSLIB.ORG

A Multi-Objective Ant Colony Optimisation-Based Routing Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks Incorporating Trust

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Multi-Objective Ant Colony Optimisation-Based Routing Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks Incorporating Trust Georg-August-Universit¨at G¨ottingen Institute of Computer Science A Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation-based Routing Approach for Wireless Sensor Networks Incorporating Trust Dissertation zur Erlangung des mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades \Doctor rerum naturalium" der Georg-August-Universit¨atG¨ottingen vorgelegt von Ansgar Kellner aus Hannover G¨ottingen2012 Referent: Prof. Dr. Dieter Hogrefe Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Xiaoming Fu Tag der m¨undlichenPr¨ufung: 21. Juni 2012 Abstract In the near future, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are expected to play an im- portant role for sensing applications, in the civilian as well as in the military sector. WSNs are autonomous, distributed, self-organised networks consisting of multiple sen- sor nodes. Usually, the limited radio range of the nodes, arising from energy constrains, is overcome by the cooperation of nodes. As the Combinatorial Optimisation Problem (COP) of routing is computationally hard, often approximation algorithms are preferred, which are capable of finding near optimal solutions within polynomial time. A simple but robust way of solving the routing COP is the application of Ant Colony Optimisation (ACO)-based routing algorithms. When multiple (conflicting) objectives should be considered, ACO algorithms can be extended to Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation (MOACO) algorithms that are capable of considering multiple objectives at the same time within the optimisation process. Normally, the routing in WSNs is susceptible to adversaries due to their deployment in unattended or in hostile environments. Particularly, attacks from compromised nodes (insider attacks) are a severe problem in WSNs. As insider attacks cannot be alleviated by classical security measures, often soft security measures (trust and reputation) are applied to mitigate the impact of these attacks. In this thesis, the idea of using trust as security measure against insider attacks is seized and interweaved with an MOACO-based routing approach. The Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation Routing Framework for WSNs (MARFWSN) is developed, a routing framework for WSNs that provides an interface for the docking of MOACO- based algorithms that can be used for the routing. Different MOACO-based algo- rithms { including ASMOACO, MMASMOACO, ACSMOACO and SRMOACO { are implemented and tested, considering multiple objectives incorporating trust. In the first step, several pre-experiments are conducted to find the best input parameters for the MOACO-based WSN routing algorithms. Subsequently, further experiments aim for comparing the MOACO-based routing algorithms to the well-known Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol regarding several performance criteria. Different topologies and traffic pat- terns are taken into account to obtain heterogeneous results, depending on the specific application area of the tested routing algorithms. The simulation results show that the MOACO-based routing algorithms perform sim- ilarly compared to the DSR-based protocol, implicating the possibility for their util- isation in WSNs. The additional benefit of the mitigation of insider attacks for the MOACO-based algorithms, though result in a slightly higher routing overhead and end-to-end delay. Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Research Question......................4 1.2 Thesis Contributions.....................5 1.3 Thesis Scope.........................5 2 Theoretical Foundations9 2.1 Wireless Sensor Networks..................9 2.1.1 Application Areas of WSNs............. 10 2.1.2 Sensor Node Hardware Components........ 12 2.1.3 Network Architecture of WSNs........... 13 2.1.4 Difference between MANETs and WSNs...... 15 2.1.5 Unique Constraints and Challenges of WSNs... 16 2.1.6 Security in WSNs.................. 19 2.2 Trust and Reputation.................... 22 2.2.1 Hard vs. Soft Security................ 22 2.2.2 Notion of Trust and Reputation........... 23 2.2.3 Classes of Trust.................... 27 2.2.4 Trust in WSNs.................... 27 2.3 COPs Fundamentals..................... 29 2.3.1 Global Optimisation................. 29 2.3.2 Combinatorial Optimisation Problems....... 32 2.3.3 Multi-objective Combinatorial Optimisation Prob- lems.......................... 39 2.3.4 Decision Making................... 43 2.4 Ant Colony Optimisation.................. 51 vii viii CONTENTS 2.4.1 Biologically-inspired Algorithms for Optimisation Problems....................... 51 2.4.2 Ant Colony Optimisation.............. 54 2.4.3 From Real Ants to Artificial Ants......... 59 2.4.4 Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithms........ 62 2.4.5 Theoretical Works on Ant Colony Optimisation Al- gorithms........................ 73 2.4.6 Applications of Ant Colony Optimisation Algorithms 73 2.5 Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation......... 74 2.5.1 Taxonomy of Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimi- sation Algorithms.................. 75 2.5.2 Performance Metrics................. 79 2.6 Summary........................... 84 3 Application of ACO to Routing in WSNs 87 3.1 Routing in WSNs....................... 87 3.1.1 Characteristics of the Routing in WSNs...... 88 3.1.2 Taxonomy of WSN Routing Algorithms...... 89 3.1.3 WSN Routing Requirements............ 93 3.1.4 WSN Network Layer Attacks............ 94 3.2 Routing Based on Ant Colony Optimisation........ 96 3.2.1 Basic Idea of ACO-based Routing Algorithms in WSNs......................... 96 3.2.2 Wired Networks................... 99 3.2.3 Wireless Networks.................. 100 3.2.4 Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation Algo- rithms for Routing.................. 112 3.3 Summary........................... 113 CONTENTS ix 4 Implementation 117 4.1 Problem Definition...................... 117 4.2 Methodology......................... 118 4.2.1 Simulation Environments for WSNs........ 118 4.2.2 OMNeT++...................... 121 4.3 Implementation of App. and Netw. Layer......... 127 4.3.1 Application Layer.................. 127 4.3.2 Network Layer: Multi-objective Ant Colony Opti- misation Routing Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks....................... 132 4.3.3 Network Layer: Dynamic Source Routing..... 150 4.4 Summary........................... 158 5 Experiments and Evaluation 163 5.1 Experiment Settings..................... 163 5.1.1 Simulation Scenario Configuration......... 164 5.1.2 Sensor Node Configuration............. 168 5.2 Routing Algorithms..................... 172 5.2.1 MARFWSN-based Network Layer......... 172 5.2.2 DSR-based Network Layer.............. 176 5.2.3 Performance Metrics................. 177 5.3 Experiments and Evaluation................. 179 5.3.1 Pre-Experiments: Finding Optimal Parameters for MOACO Algorithms................. 179 5.3.2 Comparison of MARFWSN-based and DSR-based Routing Algorithms................. 186 5.3.3 Remarks........................ 255 x CONTENTS 5.3.4 Conclusions...................... 256 5.4 Summary........................... 260 6 Conclusions and Future Work 263 6.1 Contributions......................... 263 6.1.1 Foundations...................... 263 6.1.2 Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation Routing Framework for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) 264 6.1.3 Experiments and Evaluation............ 265 6.2 Future Work......................... 267 References 298 List of Figures 1.1 Scalability vs. determinism (cf. [1, p. 50]).........3 1.2 Overview of chapters of the thesis..............6 2.1 Components of a sensor node (cf. [2])............ 12 2.2 Architecture of a WSN.................... 13 2.3 Basic security requirements for WSNs........... 20 2.4 Trust transitivity....................... 25 2.5 Trust in WSNs (cf. [3]).................... 28 2.6 Local and global maxima and minima........... 30 2.7 The concept of mathematical optimisation: modelling and solving............................. 31 2.8 Mapping from decision space to objective space...... 33 2.9 Four cities Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP)...... 39 2.10 Mapping from decision space to objective space...... 41 2.11 Mapping from Pareto set in the decision space to Pareto front in the objective space................. 43 2.12 Finding the final solution.................. 44 2.13 Three approaches to incorporate the Decision Maker (DM) in the decision making process (cf. [4])........... 45 2.14 Taxonomy of biologically-inspired algorithms....... 51 2.15 Experimental setup of the diamond-shaped bridge experi- ment (cf. [5])......................... 56 2.16 Experimental setup of the bridge experiment with two modules in which each module has two branches of dif- ferent lengths (cf. [6]).................... 58 2.17 Example of hypervolume indicator............. 81 xiii xiv LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Basic idea of Multi-objective Ant Colony Optimisation (MOACO)-based routing algorithms............ 98 4.1 OMNeT++: simple and compound modules (cf. [7])... 122 4.2 OMNeT++ 4.0 IDE [8]................... 123 4.3 MiXiM: base node...................... 125 4.4 MiXiM: base network.................... 126 4.5 Application protocol message flow............. 128 4.6 Application messages..................... 129 4.7 Derived classes from GenericMOACO all implementing the IMOACO interface....................... 138 4.8 Flowchart of the route discovery with forward ants.... 145 4.9 Flowchart of transporting packets with backward ants.. 146 4.10 Overview of the main data structure for MOACO-based algorithms in an example.................. 147 4.11 Two phases of HELLO messages.............. 148 4.12 Basic idea of the application message queue........ 150 4.13 Flowchart of the application message queue.......
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sustainable Urban Logistics
    Sustainable Urban Logistics Series Editor Jean-Paul Bourrières Sustainable Urban Logistics Planning and Evaluation Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu First published 2018 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030 UK USA www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2018 The rights of Jesus Gonzalez-Feliu to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2017962517 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-179-6 Contents Preface .......................................... ix Chapter 1. Where Are We After 20 Years of Urban Logistics?.................................... 1 1.1. Introduction .................................... 1 1.2. The valorization of research in urban logistics: French and international approaches ........................ 7 1.3. From research to practice: a plethora of projects, initiatives and their practical application ....................
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the United States 2000
    United States Department Forest Insect and Of Agriculture Forest Service Disease Conditions Forest Health Protection in the United States March 2002 2000 Healthy Forests Make A World of Difference United States Department Of Agriculture Forest Insect and Forest Service Disease Conditions Forest Health Protection in the United States March 2002 2000 PREFACE This is the 50th annual report prepared by the U.S. • seed orchard insects and diseases; Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USDA • nursery insects and diseases; and Forest Service) of the insect and disease conditions of • abiotic damage. the Nation's forests. This report responds to direction in the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978, as These categories are listed in the table of contents; amended, to conduct surveys and report annually on there is no index. insect and disease conditions of major national significance. Insect and disease conditions of local The information in this report is provided by the Forest importance are reported in regional and State reports. Health Protection Program of the USDA Forest Service. This program serves all Federal lands, The report describes the extent and nature of insect- including the National Forest System and the lands and disease-caused damage of national significance in administered by the Departments of Defense and 2000. As in the past, selected insect and disease Interior. Service is also provided to tribal lands. The conditions are highlighted in the front section of the program provides assistance to private landowners report. Maps are provided for some pests showing through the State foresters. A key part of the program affected counties in the East and affected areas in the is detecting and reporting insect and disease epidemics West.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Hazardous Chemical Road Transportation Route Optimization Based on the New Ant Colony Algorithm
    1375 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 62, 2017 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Fei Song, Haibo Wang, Fang He Copyright © 2017, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608- 60-0; ISSN 2283-9216 DOI: 10.3303/CET1762230 Research on Hazardous Chemical Road Transportation Route Optimization Based on the New Ant Colony Algorithm Duan Zheng Xi’an International University, Xi’an 710077, China [email protected] With the acceleration of industrialization in China, the output and transportation volume of hazardous chemical have increased dramatically. On the one hand, chemical has injected new vitality into the social and economic development. On the other hand, the safety of hazardous chemical has also been highlighted. According to statistics, hazardous chemical accidents in transportation links accounted for 35% of hazardous chemical accidents. Hazardous chemical transportation accident belongs to the low probability and serious consequence event. Once hazardous chemical accident occurs, it will cause great losses to people's lives, property and ecological environment. The hazardous chemical road transportation security question becomes the question which the people pay close attention to. In order to reduce hazardous chemical transportation accidents, we study the hazardous chemical transportation route optimization. In this paper, we propose an improved ant colony algorithm. The improved ant colony algorithm not only considers the transportation time and transportation risk, but also improves its algorithm settings. The improved algorithm is more suitable for optimizing the path of hazardous chemical. The experiments in this paper also verify the effectiveness and reliability of the improved algorithm.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization for Sinkhole Detection in WSN
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 06 | June 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization for Sinkhole Detection in WSN Madhu Nagaraj1, Rampur Srinath2 1PG Student, Dept. of Information Science and Engineering, NIE, Mysore, India 2Associate Professor, Dept. of Information Science and Engineering, NIE, Mysore, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - In a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), grouping is organization, causing routine operations to be hampered. among the most important tasks, in which one of the hubs And reduced energy proficiency [13] can also have an impact from a group of hubs is chosen to be the group head, as well as on group preparation. the group head is liable for both standard activities and the administration of other hubs within the group. Malicious hub 2. SINKHOLE ATTACK finding is also essential in the wireless sensor network (WSN), with the purpose of preventing the malicious hub from WSNs are vulnerable to a variety of risks, including sinkhole becoming the group head. Furthermore, as the malicious hubs attacks, which have been regarded as one of the most grow, so does the likelihood of becoming a malicious hub as a bunch head increases. A Hybrid Ant Colony based pernicious significant. A rogue node advertises itself as the best possible hub location and bunch head choosing approach is presented path to the base station in this form of attack, deceiving its to identify harmful hub as well as to choose a relatively high neighbors into using the route more frequently. As a result, hub for the center point.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Ant-Based Algorithms for Gene Expression Data Analysis
    Exploring Ant-Based Algorithms for Gene Expression Data Analysis Yulan Hea,∗, Siu Cheung Huib aSchool of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK bSchool of Computer Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798 Summary Objective: Recently, much research has been proposed using nature inspired al- gorithms to perform complex machine learning tasks. Ant colony optimization (ACO) is one such algorithm based on swarm intelligence and is derived from a model inspired by the collective foraging behavior of ants. Taking advantage of the ACO in traits such as self-organization and robustness, this paper investi- gates ant-based algorithms for gene expression data clustering and associative classification. Methods and Material: An ant-based clustering (Ant-C) and an ant-based as- sociation rule mining (Ant-ARM) algorithms are proposed for gene expression data analysis. The proposed algorithms make use of the natural behavior of ants such as cooperation and adaptation to allow for a flexible robust search for a good candidate solution. ∗Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 1392 263591; Fax: +44 1392 264067. Email addresses: [email protected] (Yulan He), [email protected] (Siu Cheung Hui) Preprint submitted to Elsevier January 25, 2013 Results: Ant-C has been tested on the three datasets selected from the Stanford Genomic Resource Database and achieved relatively high accuracy compared to other classical clustering methods. Ant-ARM has been tested on the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) / acute myeloid leukemia (AML) dataset and generated about 30 classification rules with high accuracy. Conclusions: Ant-C can generate optimal number of clusters without incor- porating any other algorithms such as K-means or agglomerative hierarchical clustering.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ant-Colony As an Organism 309
    THE XNT-COLONY -4s AX ORGANISM’ As a zoologist, reared among what are now rapidly coming to be regarded as antiquated ideals, I confess to a feeling of great diffidence in addressing an audience so thoroughly versed in the very latest as well as the very oldest biological facts, methods and hypotheses. I feel, indeed, like some village potter who is bring- ing to the market of the metropolis a pitiable sample of his craft, a pot of some old-fashioned design, possibly with a concealed crack which may prevent it from ringing true. Although in what I have to say, I shall strenuously endeavor to be modern, I can only beg you, if I fail to come within hailing distance of the advance guard of present day zoologists, to remember that the range of adaptability in all organisms, even in zoologists, is very limited. Under the circumstances, my only hope lies in appealing to our permanent common biological interests and these, I take it, must always center in the organism. But the point of view from which we study this most extraordinary of nature’s manifestations, is continually shifting. Twenty years ago we were captivated by the morphology of the organism, now its behavior occupies the foreground of our attention. Once we thought we were seriously studying biology when we were scrutinizing paraffine sections of animals and plants or dried specimens mounted on pins or pressed between layers of blotting paper; now we are sure that we were studying merely the exuviae of organisms, the effete residua of the life-process.
    [Show full text]
  • State of the Art Review of Ant Colony Optimization Applications in Water Resource Management
    Water Resour Manage (2015) 29:3891–3904 DOI 10.1007/s11269-015-1016-9 State of the Art Review of Ant Colony Optimization Applications in Water Resource Management Abbas Afshar 1,2 & Fariborz Massoumi1 & Amin Afshar 3 & Miquel A. Mariño4 Received: 4 April 2014 /Accepted: 17 April 2015 / Published online: 1 July 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Abstract Among the emerged metaheuristic optimization techniques, ant colony optimization (ACO) has received considerable attentions in water resources and environmental planning and management during last decade. Different versions of ACO have proved to be flexible and powerful in solving number of spatially and temporally complex water resources problems in discrete and continuous domains with single and/or multiple objectives. Reviewing large number of peer reviewed journal papers and few valuable conference papers, we intend to touch the characteristics of ant algorithms and critically review their state-of- the-art applications in water resources and environmental management problems, both in discrete and continuous domains. The paper seeks to promote Opportunities, advantages and disadvantages of the algorithm as applied to different areas of water resources problems both in research and practice. It also intends to identify and present the major and seminal contributions of ant algorithms and their findings in organized areas of reservoir operation and surface water management, water distribution systems, urban drainage and sewer systems, groundwater managements, environmental and watershed management. Current trends and challenges in ACO algorithms are discussed and called for increased attempts to carry out convergence analysis as an active area of interest. Keywords Antcolonyoptimization.Review.Waterresources.Watermanagement.Algorithm.
    [Show full text]
  • Story Spinners. the 1993 Iowa Summer Library Program. INSTITUTION Iowa State Library, Des Moines
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 385 263 IR 055 537 AUTHOR Irving, Jan; And Others TITLE Story Spinners. The 1993 Iowa Summer Library Program. INSTITUTION Iowa State Library, Des Moines. SPONS AGENCY Department of Educatior, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 93 NOTE 166p.; Partially funded by the Library Services and Construction Act. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) Reference Materials Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Elementary Education; *Elementary School Students; *Folk Culture; Library Planning; *Library Services; Preschool Children; Preschool Education; *Reading Programs; Recreational Programs; Resources; State Libraries; Story Reading; *Summer Programs IDENTIFIERS Clip Art; *Iowa; Spiders ABSTRACT This manual for the 1993 Iowa Summer Library Program includes programs and activities about spiders and insects, stories from different parts of the world, and activities and materials related to the web of life and the "story spinner" theme. The summer library program presents a comprehensive approach, targeting not only the child who already reads, but those who are not yet reading on their own and for children who have difficulty reading. Program registration and design are handled in different ways in different libraries. Suggestions for planning and promotion are presented and reading logs are provided. The manual also discusses serving children with special needs. Programs, crafts, and games that fit the story spinner theme are suggested. A section lists resources for program planners, and another includes clip
    [Show full text]
  • Swarm Intelligence Technique for Sinkhole Attack Detection in Wireless Sensor Network Using Abc Algorthm
    Vol-3 Issue-4 2017 IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396 SWARM INTELLIGENCE TECHNIQUE FOR SINKHOLE ATTACK DETECTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK USING ABC ALGORTHM 1 2 Dharshini Y N , Chinnaswamy C N 1PG student, Department of ISE,NIE college,Mysuru,Karnataka,India 2Associate Professor, Department of ISE,NIE college,Mysuru,Karnataka,India Abstract Data sensing, processing and communicating is an inevitable requirement in monitoring environment or physical conditions. The rudiment of WSN satisfies this stipulation of monitoring systems in different areas and is widely favored in numerous sensitive systems. Security concerns is a fervently discussed topic by the research community as the probability of vulnerable attacks is more in WSN. This research work focuses on enhancing the security of WSN by efficiently detecting sinkhole attack. Sinkhole attack is more intense as it results in bringing in other varieties of intrusions. Detection schemes depend on computational intelligence and Swarm Optimization is a commonly preferred approach. In our work, existing intrusion detection algorithm using Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) was compared with a proposed Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) technique. The proposed ABC approach yielded improvement in terms of Detection rate, False Alarm rate, Packet delivery ration, Message drop and Average delay. These results promise a better intrusion detection scheme than the existing EPSO technique. Keywords: EPSO,ABC,Sinkhole,WSN’s 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is one of the most extensively experimenting and widely adopting technology in contemporary scientific world, as information gathering and processing in real time has turned an inevitable desideratum. In such a scenario, the significance of studying the security and possible threats related to WSN seeks great demand.
    [Show full text]
  • Detecting Sinkhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network Using Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization Technique
    International Journal of Security and Its Applications Vol. 10, No. 3 (2016), pp.41-54 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijsia.2016.10.3.05 Detecting Sinkhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network using Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization Technique 1G. Keerthana, 2 G. Padmavathi 1Research Scholar, 2Professor and Head 1,2Department of Computer Science, 1,2Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, 1,2Coimbatore, India [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of tiny sensor nodes capable of sensing and processing the data. These sensors are used to collect the information from the environment and pass it on to the base station. A WSN is more vulnerable to various attacks. Among the different types of attacks, sinkhole attack is more vulnerable because it leads to a variety of attacks further in the network. Intrusion detection techniques are applied to handle sinkhole attacks. One of effective approach of intrusion detection mechanism is using Swarm Intelligence techniques (SI). Particle Swarm Optimization is one of the important swarm intelligence techniques. This research work enhances the existing Particle Swarm Optimization technique and the proposed technique is tested in a simulated environment for performance. It is observed that the proposed Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) technique performs better in terms of Detection rate, False Alarm rate, Packet delivery ration, Message drop and Average delay when compared to the existing swarm intelligence techniques namely, Ant Colony Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Sinkhole Attack, Swarm Intelligence, Ant Colony Optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Earth and Beyond in Tumultous Times: a Critical Atlas of the Anthropocene
    Gál, Löffler (Eds.) Earth and Beyond in Tumultous Times EARTH BEYOND GÁL LÖFFLER Earth and Beyond in Tumultuous Times Future Ecologies Series Edited by Petra Löffler, Claudia Mareis and Florian Sprenger Earth and Beyond in Tumultuous Times: A Critical Atlas of the Anthropocene edited by Réka Patrícia Gál and Petra Löffler Bibliographical Information of the German National Library The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie (German National Bibliography); detailed bibliographic information is available online at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Published in 2021 by meson press, Lüneburg, Germany www.meson.press Design concept: Torsten Köchlin, Silke Krieg Cover image: Mashup of photos by Edgar Chaparro on Unsplash and johndal on Flickr Copy editing: Selena Class The print edition of this book is printed by Lightning Source, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom. ISBN (Print): 978-3-95796-189-1 ISBN (PDF): 978-3-95796-190-7 ISBN (EPUB): 978-3-95796-191-4 DOI: 10.14619/1891 The digital editions of this publication can be downloaded freely at: www.meson.press. This Publication is licensed under the CC-BY-SA 4.0 International. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. Contents Series Foreword: Future Ecologies 9 Caucho 13 Mátyás Sirokai [ 1 ] Introduction 15 Réka Patrícia Gál and Petra Löffler Plant-time 45 Kornélia Deres [ 2 ] Memory Regimes and the Anthropocene: Tracing Causes and Responsibilities under Flood Risk Scenarios in Ancash, Peru 47 Tomás J. Usón Archipalego 73
    [Show full text]
  • Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms to Solve Nonlinear Network Flow Problems
    Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms to solve Nonlinear Network Flow Problems por Marta Sofia Rodrigues Monteiro Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Empresariais Orientada por: Prof. Doutora Dalila B. M. M. Fontes Prof. Doutor Fernando A. C. C. Fontes 2012 Biography Note Marta Monteiro was born and raised in Porto. In 1998 she finishes her graduation in Applied Mathematics to Technology in the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto. After a brief incursion in a business job, in 2001 she decides to apply to a research grant in Image Processing at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto. This experience was so rewarding that in 2002 she decides to improve her scientific knowledge by attending a two years Masters Degree in Data Analysis and Decision Sup- port Systems at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Porto. Meanwhile she also teaches during two years at the University of Minho, at the Math- ematics for Science and Technology Department. Having finished her Master’s Degree she applies and is accepted to a Doctoral Pro- gramme in Business and Management Studies at the Faculty of Economics of the Univer- sity of Porto. She has been a full time data analyst at “Confidencial Imobiliário” for the last four years and, at the same time, a teacher at the Portuguese School of Bank Management. i Acknowledgements When we think about all the years that have passed by while we were walking this long road, we come to the conclusion that almost everyone that surrounded us was a helping vehicle for this long journey.
    [Show full text]