US 2016.000.0709A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2016/0000709 A1 MORTON (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 7, 2016

(54) DRY POWDER INHALER FORMULATIONS A613 L/55 (2006.01) COMPRISING SURFACE-MODIFIED A6M I5/00 (2006.01) KS WITH ANT-ADHERENT A613 L/473 (2006.01) A613 L/35 (2006.01) (71) Applicant: VECTURA LIMITED, CHIPPENHAM A647/26 (2006.01) (GB) A647/12 (2006.01) 469/14 (2006.01) 72) Inventor: DAVID MORTON CHIPPENHAM (72) Inventor (GB) s A613 L/522 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (21) Appl. No.: 14/823,484 CPC ...... A61K 9/0075 (2013.01); A6IK 9/145 (2013.01); A61 K3I/58 (2013.01); A61 K3I/55 (22) Filed: Aug. 11, 2015 (2013.01); A61 K3I/522 (2013.01); A61 K Related U.S. Application Data 31/473 (2013.01); A61K 31/135 (2013.01); (63) Continuation of application No. 13/085,200, filed on A61K4726 (2013.01); A61K 47/12 (2013.01); Apr. 12, 2011, which is a continuation of application A61M 15/0028 (2013.01); A61M 2202/064 No. 1 1/791,385, filed on Jul. 5, 2007, now abandoned, (2013.01) filed as application No. PCT/GB05/50211 on Nov. 23, 2005. (57) ABSTRACT (30) Foreign Application Priority Data The present invention is concerned with a refinement of the processing of particles that are to form a dry powder formu Nov. 23, 2004 (GB) ...... O425758.0 lation which is to be administered to the lung using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) device. In particular, the present inven Publication Classification tion provides the processing of particles of active material and (51) Int. Cl. particles of carrier material in the presence of additive mate A6 IK9/00 (2006.01) rial to provide a powder composition which exhibits excellent A6 IK3I/58 (2006.01) powder properties and which is economical to produce. Patent Application Publication Jan. 7, 2016 Sheet 1 of 7 US 2016/0000709 A1

Microporosity of lactose

100 80 s -- SOrbolaC 9.3. 60 -A-MF SOrbolac 40 ... Sorb/MgSt 98/2 -- Sorb/MgSt 95/5 20 O O 20 40 60 80 100 pore diameter (nm)

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DRY POWDER INHALER FORMULATIONS 0008 FIG. 3, also noted as Table 2, shows the Hosokawa COMPRISING SURFACE-MODIFIED Powder Tester Results for Extra Fine Lactose. PARTICLES WITH ANT-ADHERENT 0009 FIG. 4, also noted as Table 3, shows the Hosokawa ADDITIVES Powder Tester Results for Sorbolac 400 (Cyclomixed). 0010 FIG. 5, also noted as Table 4, shows the Hosokawa RELATED APPLICATIONS Powder Tester Results for Micronised Lactose (Model Drug). 0001. This application is a continuation of U.S. applica 0011 FIG. 6, also noted as Table 5, shows the Hosokawa tion Ser. No. 13/085,200 filed Apr. 12, 2011, which is a Powder Tester Results for SU003 (Conventional “Large” Car continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 1 1/791,385 filed Jul. rier). 5, 2007, now abandoned which is a United States national 0012 FIG. 7 shows the Zeta potential of Lactose. Lactose/ stage of International Application No. PCT/GB2005/0502.11, Magnesium Stearate that has been Turbula-blended and Lac filed Nov. 23, 2005, which was published as International tose/Magnesium Stearate that has been mechanofused. Publication No. WO 2006/056812, and which claims benefit of United Kingdom Application No. 0425758.0 filed, Nov. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 23, 2004, the entire contents of which are hereby expressly 0013 The drug particles or particles of pharmaceutically incorporated herein by reference thereto. active material (also referred to herein as “active' particles) in the resuspended powder must aerosolise into an ultra-fine FIELD OF THE INVENTION aerosol so that they can be transported to the appropriate target area within the lung. Typically, for lung deposition, the 0002 The present invention is concerned with a refine active particles have a diameter of less than 10 Jums, fre ment of the processing of particles that are to form a dry quently 0.1 to 7 um, 0.1 to 5um, or 0.5 to 5 um. powder formulation which is to be administered to the lung, 0014 For formulations to reach the deep lung or the blood for example using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) device. In stream via inhalation, the active agent in the formulation must particular, the present invention provides the processing of be in the form of very fine particles, for example, having a particles of active material and particles of carrier material in mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of less than 10 the presence of additive material to provide a powder com um. It is well established that particles having an MMAD of position which exhibits excellent powder properties and greater than 10 um are likely to impact on the walls of the which is economical to produce. throat and generally do not reach the lung. Particles having an MMAD in the region of 5 to 2 um will generally be deposited BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION in the respiratory bronchioles whereas particles having an 0003. Inhalation represents a very attractive, rapid and MMAD in the range of 3 to 0.05um are likely to be deposited patient-friendly route for the delivery of systemically acting in the alveoli and to be absorbed into the bloodstream. drugs, as well as for drugs that are designed to act locally on (0015 Preferably, for delivery to the lower respiratory tract the lungs themselves. It is particularly desirable and advan or deep lung, the MMAD of the active particles is not more tageous to develop technologies for delivering drugs to the than 10 um, and preferably not more than more preferably not lungs in a predictable and reproducible manner. more than 3 Jum, and may be less than 2 Jum, less than 1.5um 0004. The key features which make inhalation an exciting or less than 1 Jum. Especially for deep lung or systemic deliv drug delivery route are: rapid speed of onset; improved ery, the active particles may have a size of 0.1 to 3 um or 0.1 patient acceptance and compliance for a non-invasive sys to 2 Jum. temic route; reduction of side effects; product life cycle 0016. Ideally, at least 90% by weight of the active particles extension; improved consistency of delivery; access to new in a dry powder formulation should have an aerodynamic forms of therapy, including higher doses, greater efficiency diameter of not more than 10 um, preferably not more than 5 and accuracy of targeting; and direct targeting of the site of um, more preferably not more than 3 um, not more than 2.5 action for locally administered drugs, such as those used to um, not more than 2.0 um, not more than 1.5um, or even not treat lung diseases such as asthma, COPD, CF or lung infec more than 1.0 um. tions. 0017. When dry powders are produced using conventional 0005. However, the powder technology behind successful processes, the active particles will vary in size, and often this dry powders and DPI products remains a significant technical variation can be considerable. This can make it difficult to hurdle to those wishing to succeed with this route of admin ensure that a high enough proportion of the active particles istration and to exploit the significant product opportunities. are of the appropriate size for administration to the correct Any formulation must have suitable flow properties, not only site. It is therefore desirable to have a dry powderformulation to assist in the manufacture and metering of the powders, but wherein the size distribution of the active particles is as nar also to provide reliable and predictable resuspension and row as possible. For example, the geometric standard devia fluidisation, and to avoid excessive retention of the powder tion of the active particle aerodynamic or Volumetric size within the dispensing device. distribution (Og), is preferably not more than 2, more prefer ably not more than 1.8, not more than 1.6, not more than 1.5, not more than 1.4, or even not more than 1.2. This will BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS improve dose efficiency and reproducibility. 0006 FIG. 1 shows the microporosity of various types of 0018 Fine particles, that is, those with an MMAD of less lactose particles as measured using the Cooker SA 3100 BET than 101. Lum and Smaller, tend to be increasingly thermody system as defined by pore diameter (nm) versus cumulative namically unstable as their surface area to Volume ratio percentage. increases, which provides an increasing Surface free energy 0007 FIG. 2, also noted as Table 1, shows the Hosokawa with this decreasing particle size, and consequently increases Powder Tester Results for Sorbolac 400 (Mechanofused). the tendency of particles to agglomerate and the strength of US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

the agglomerate. In the inhaler, agglomeration of fine par collisions it employs. Such variations can lead to increased ticles and adherence of such particles to the walls of the Surface energy and increased cohesiveness and adhesiveness. inhaler are problems that result in the fine particles leaving the 0024. Even in highly regular, crystalline powders, the inhaler as large, stable agglomerates, or being unable to leave short range van der Waals forces (which include fixed dipole the inhaler and remaining adhered to the interior of the and similar fixed charge related forces and which depend on inhaler, or even clogging or blocking the inhaler. the chemistry of the functional groups exposed on the Surface 0019. The uncertainty as to the extent of formation of of the particles) can lead to highly cohesive and adhesive stable agglomerates of the particles between each actuation of powders. the inhaler, and also between different inhalers and different 0025 Solutions to some of the problems touched upon batches of particles, leads to poor dose reproducibility. Fur above are already known. For example, flow problems asso thermore, the formation of agglomerates means that the ciated with larger amounts of fine material (for example, in MMAD of the active particles can be vastly increased, with powder formulations including relatively high proportions agglomerates of the active particles not reaching the required (such as up to from 5 to 20% by total weight of the formula part of the lung. tion) offine lactose or drug and fine lactose) may be overcome 0020. These micron to submicron particle sizes required by use of a large fissured lactose as carrier particles, as dis for deep lung or systemic delivery lead to the problem that the cussed in earlier patent applications published as WO respirable active particles tend to be highly cohesive, which 01/78694, WO 01/78695 and WO 01/78696. means they generally exhibit poor flowability and poor aero 0026. In order to improve the properties of powderformu Solisation. lations, and in particular to improve the flowability and dis persibility of the formulation, dry powder formulations often 0021. To overcome the highly cohesive nature of such include additive materials which are intended to reduce the respirable active particles, formulators have, in the past, cohesion between the fine particles in the dry powder formu included larger carrier particles of an inert excipient in pow lation. It is thought that the additive material interferes with der formulations, in order to aid both flowability and drug the weak bonding forces between the Small particles, helping aerosolisation. Relatively large carrier particles have a ben to keep the particles separated and reducing the adhesion of eficial effect on the powderformulations because, rather than Such particles to one another, to other particles in the formu Sticking to one another, the fine active particles tend to adhere lation if present and to the internal surfaces of the inhaler to the surfaces of the larger carrier particles whilst in the device. Where agglomerates of particles are formed, the addi inhaler device. The active particles are Supposed to release tion of particles of additive material decreases the stability of from the carrier particle Surfaces and become dispersed upon those agglomerates so that they are more likely to break up in actuation of the dispensing device, to give a fine Suspension the turbulent air stream created on actuation of the inhaler which may be inhaled into the respiratory tract. In general, it device, where upon the particles are expelled from the device has been considered that the carrier particles should prefer and inhaled. ably have a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0027. In the prior art, dry powder formulations are dis at least about 90 um, and in general terms should preferably cussed which include additive material (for example in the have a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of form of distinct particles of a size comparable to that of the greater than 40 um, and not less than 20 Jum. fine active particles). In some embodiments, the additive 0022. However, whilst the addition of relatively large car material may be applied to and form a coating, generally a rier particles does tend to improve the powder properties, it discontinuous coating, on the active particles or on any carrier also has the effect of diluting the drug, usually to such an particles. extent that 95% or more by total weight of the formulation is 0028 Preferably, the additive material is an anti-adherent carrier. Relatively large amounts of carrier are required in material and it will tend to reduce the cohesion between order to have the desired effect on the powder properties particles and will also prevent fine particles becoming because the majority of the fine or ultra-fine active particles attached to surfaces within the inhaler device. Advanta need to adhere to the surfaces of the carrier particles, other geously, the additive material is an anti-friction agent or wise the cohesive nature of the active particles still dominates glidant and will give the powder formulation better flow the powder and results in poor flowability. The surface area of properties in the inhaler. The additive materials used in this the carrier particles available for the fine particles to adhere to way may not necessarily be usually referred to as anti-adher decreases with increasing diameter of the carrier particles. ents or anti-friction agents, but they will have the effect of However, the flow properties tend to become worse with decreasing the cohesion between the particles or improving decreasing diameter. Hence, there is a need to find a suitable the flow of the powder. As such, the additive materials are balance in order to obtain a satisfactory carrier powder. An sometimes referred to as force control agents (FCAs) and they additional consideration is that one can get segregation if too usually lead to better dose reproducibility and higher fine few carrier particles are included, which is extremely unde particle fractions (FPFs). sirable. 0029. Therefore, an additive material or FCA, as used 0023. An additional major problem experienced by for herein, is a material whose presence on the Surface of a mulators is the variability in Surface properties of drug and particle can modify the adhesive and cohesive Surface forces excipient particles. Each active agent powder has its own experienced by that particle, in the presence of other particles unique inherent Stickiness or Surface energy, which can range and in relation to the Surfaces that the particles are exposed to. tremendously from compound to compound. Further, the In general, its function is to reduce both the adhesive and nature of the Surface energies can change for a given com cohesive forces. pound depending upon how it is processed. For example, jet 0030 The reduced tendency of the particles to bond milling is notorious for generating significant variations in strongly, either to each other or to the device itself, not only Surface properties because of the aggressive nature of the reduces powder cohesion and adhesion, but can also promote US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

better flow characteristics. This leads to improvements in the their powder properties are optimised and the powder prepa dose reproducibility because it reduces the variation in the ration is simple and economical. amount of powder metered out for each dose and improves the 0036. It is also an object of the present invention to permit release of the powder from the device. It also increases the an increased percentage of ultra-fine drug to be used in a likelihood that the active material which does leave the device formulation, optionally with a fine carrier component, whilst will reach the lower lung of the patient. still providing a powderformulation which exhibits improved 0031. It is favourable for unstable agglomerates of par flow, and improved aerosolisation due to the individually ticles to be present in the powder when it is in the inhaler tailored surface conditioning of the respective drug and car device. For a powder to leave an inhaler device efficiently and rier particles. reproducibly, it is generally accepted that the particles should 0037. It has been found that the most advantageous pow ideally be large, preferably larger than about 40 um. Such a der system incorporates one or more additives or force control powder may be in the form of either individual particles agents on the Surface of the both the drug particles and the having a size of about 40 um or larger and/or agglomerates of carrier particles, in order to maximise the potential for flow finer particles, the agglomerates having a size of about 40 um and aerosolisation. or larger. The agglomerates formed can have a size of as much 0038. In the prior art, it is generally not suggested to attach as about 1000 um and, with the addition of the additive the additive to both the active particles and carrier or excipient material, those agglomerates are more likely to be broken particles to obtain the advantages outlined here. down efficiently in the turbulent airstream created on inhala 0039. The minimum amount of the additive or FCA nec tion. Therefore, the formation of unstable or “soft' agglom essary to improve powder properties is preferably used, for erates of particles in the powder may be favoured compared toxicology and dosing reasons. What is more, the ideal incor with a powder in which there is substantially no agglomera poration of the additive is in the form of at least an approxi tion. Such unstable agglomerates are retained whilst the pow mate single minimum layer of additive material as a coating der is inside the device but are then disrupted and broken up around each powder component, that is around both the active when the powder is dispensed. particles and any carrier particles present. As the drug par 0032. The use of additive materials in this manner is dis ticles are generally smaller (i.e. less than 5um), they will have closed in two earlier patent applications, published as WO a correspondingly higher Surface area to Volume ratio than the 96/23485 and WO97/03649. generally larger (>5um) carrier particles. 0033. It is also known that intensive co-milling of micro 0040. According to a first aspect of the present invention, nised drug particles with additive material may be carried out a method of preparing a powder formulation is provided, the in order to produce composite particles. This co-micronisa method comprising co-milling active particles with an addi tion can improve dispersibility, as disclosed in the earlier tive material, separately co-milling carrier particles with an patent application published as WO 02/43701. In addition, additive material, and then combining the co-milled active the earlier application published as WO 02/00197 discloses and carrier particles. the intensive co-milling of fine particles of excipient material 0041. The co-milling steps preferably produce composite with additive material, to create composite excipient particles particles of active and additive material or carrier and additive to which fine active particles and, optionally, coarse carrier material. particles may be added. This co-micronisation of fine excipi 0042. The powder formulations prepared according to the ent particles and additive material has also been shown to methods of the present invention exhibit excellent powder improve dispersibility. properties that may be tailored to the active agent, the dis 0034. Whilst the various disclosures in the prior art of the pensing device to be used and/or various other factors. In use of additive materials as force control agents do indicate particular, the co-milling of active and carrier particles in improvements in powderproperties (such as the dispersibility separate steps allows different types of additive material and and flow) as a result of the addition of the additive material, different quantities of additive material to be milled with the the known powders and processing methods fail to provide active and carrier particles. Consequently, the additive mate the maximum effect possible with the optimum combination rial can be selected to match its desired function, and the of Small carrier and drug, and do not provide the maximum minimum amount of additive material can be used to match effect possible from the least necessary amount of additive the relative surface area of the particles to which it is being material. The optimisation of the use of the additive material applied. is important for several reasons. Firstly, it is clearly desirable 0043. In one embodiment, the active particles and the car to provide a dry powder formulation with the best possible rier particles are both co-milled with the same additive mate powder properties in order to ensure efficient, reliable and rial or additive materials. In an alternative embodiment, the accurate dosing. Secondly, it is also desirable to minimise the active and carrier particles are co-milled with different addi amount of the additive material (or indeed of any material) tive materials. administered to the lung. This will reduce the risk of adverse 0044. In one embodiment of the invention, active particles effects that may be caused by the material. Thirdly, it is of less than about 5 um diameter are co-milled with an appro desirable to be able to deliver the maximum dose with opti priate amount of an additive or force control agent, whilst mum efficiency from a minimum powderpayload, especially carrier particles with a median diameter in the range of about for high dose drugs. Finally, the use of as little additive mate 3um to about 40 um are separately co-milled with an appro rial as possible will also be more economical. These features priate amount of an additive. will also help to keep the device size small, maximise number 0045 Generally, the amount of additive co-milled with the of doses per device and reduce device complexity. carrier particles will be less, by weight, than that co-milled 0035. The present invention seeks to improve upon the with the active particles. Nevertheless, the amount of additive powder formulations provided in the prior art, to ensure that used is kept to a minimum whilst being Sufficient to have the US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016 desired effect on the powder properties. The treated drug and Sugar, for example mannitol, dextrose or lactose. Preferably, carrier particles are then combined to provide a formulation the carrier particles are composed of lactose. with the desired features. 0.052 Advantageously, the additive material or FCA 0046. The additive material is preferably in the form of a includes one or more compounds selected from amino acids coating on the Surfaces of the active and carrier particles. The and derivatives thereof, and peptides and derivatives thereof. coating may be a discontinuous coating. In another embodi Amino acids, peptides and derivatives of peptides are physi ment, the additive material may be in the form of particles ologically acceptable and give acceptable release of the active adhering to the Surfaces of the active and carrier particles. particles on inhalation. Preferably, the additive material actually becomes fused to 0053. It is particularly advantageous for the additive to the surfaces of the active and carrier particles comprise an amino acid. The additive may comprise one or 0047. It is advantageous for carrier particles to be used in more of any of the following amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, the size range having a median diameter of about 3 to about 40 lysine, Valine, methionine, and phenylalanine. The additive um, preferably about 5 to about 30 um, more preferably about may be a salt or a derivative of an amino acid, for example 5 to about 20 um, and most preferably about 5 to about 15um. aspartame oracesulfame K. Preferably, the additive consists Such particles, if untreated with an additive are unable to Substantially of an amino acid, more preferably of leucine, provide suitable flow properties when incorporated in a pow advantageously L-leucine. The D-and DL-forms may also be der formulation comprising ultra-fine active particles. used. As indicated above, leucine has been found to give Indeed, previously, particles in these size ranges would not particularly efficient dispersal of the active particles on inha have been regarded as Suitable for use as carrier particles, and lation. instead would have been added in Small quantities as a fine 0054 The additive may include one or more water soluble component. Such fine components are known to increase the substances. This helps absorption of the additive by the body aerosolisation properties of formulations containing a drug if it reaches the lower lung. The additive may include dipolar and a larger carrier, typically with median diameter 40 um to ions, which may be Zwitterions. It is also advantageous to 100 um or greater. However, the amount of the fine compo include a spreading agent as an additive, to assist with the nents that may be included in Such formulations is limited, dispersal of the composition in the lungs. Suitable spreading and formulations including more than about 10% fines tend to agents include Surfactants such as known lung Surfactants exhibit poor properties unless special carrier particles are (e.g. ALECTM) which comprise phospholipids, for example, included, such as the large fissured lactose carrier particles mixtures of DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) and PG mentioned above. (phosphatidylglycerol). Other suitable surfactants include, 0048 Alternatively, compositions of micronised drug and for example, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), micronised lactose are known, but only where this blend has dipalmitoyl phosphatidylinositol (DPPI). Subsequently been Successfully compressed and granulated 0055. The additive may comprise a metal stearate, or a into pellets. This process is generally very difficult to control derivative thereof, for example, sodium stearyl fumarate or and pellets are prone to destruction, resulting in powders with Sodium Stearyl lactylate. Advantageously, it comprises a poor flow properties. metal Stearate, for example, Zinc Stearate, magnesium Stear 0049. However, following treatment with additive materi ate, calcium Stearate, Sodium Stearate or lithium Stearate. als, Substantial changes in the powder characteristics of our Preferably, the additive material comprises magnesium Stear fine carrier powders are seen. Powder density is increased, ate, for example vegetable magnesium Stearate, or any form even doubled, for example from 0.3 g/cc to over 0.5 g/cc. of commercially available metal stearate, which may be of Other powder characteristics are changed, for example, the Vegetable or animal origin and may also contain other fatty angle of repose is reduced and contact angle increased. acid components such as palmitates or oleates. 0050 Carrierparticles having a median diameter of 3 to 40 0056. The additive may include or consist of one or more um are advantageous as their relatively small size means that Surface active materials, in particular materials that are Sur they have a reduced tendency to segregate from the drug face active in the solid state, which may be water soluble or component, even when they have been treated with an addi water dispersible, for example lecithin, in particular Soya tive, which will reduce cohesion. This is because the size lecithin, or substantially water insoluble, for example solid differential between the carrier and drug is relatively small state fatty acids such as oleic acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, compared to that in conventional formulations which include Stearic acid, erucic acid, behenic acid, or derivatives (such as ultra-fine active particles and much lager carrier particles. esters and salts) thereof Such as glyceryl behenate. Specific The surface area to volume ratio presented by the fine carrier examples of Such materials are phosphatidylcholines, phos particles is correspondingly greater than that of conventional phatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylglycerols and other large carrier particles. This higher surface area, allows the examples of natural and synthetic lung Surfactants; lauric acid carrier to be successfully associated with higher levels of drug and its salts, for example, sodium lauryl Sulphate, magnesium than for conventional larger carrier particles. lauryl Sulphate; triglycerides Such as Dynsan 118 and Cutina 0051 Carrier particles may be of any acceptable inert HR; and Sugar esters in general. Alternatively, the additive excipient material or combination of materials. For example, may be cholesterol. carrier particles frequently used in the prior art may be com 0057. Other possible additive materials include sodium posed of one or more materials selected from Sugar alcohols, benzoate, hydrogenated oils which are solid at room tempera polyols and crystalline Sugars. Other Suitable carriers include ture, talc, titanium dioxide, aluminium dioxide, silicon diox inorganic salts such as Sodium chloride and calcium carbon ide and starch. Also useful as additives are film-forming ate, organic salts such as sodium lactate and other organic agents, fatty acids and their derivatives, as well as lipids and compounds such as polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. lipid-like materials. Advantageously, the carrier particles comprise a polyol. In 0058. In one embodiment of the invention, the additive particular, the carrier particles may be particles of crystalline comprises an amino acid, a derivative of an amino acid, a US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016 metal stearate or a phospholipid. Preferably, the additive ide, fentanyl, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, phenaZo comprises one or more of L-, D- or DL-forms of leucine, cine, pethidine, tramadol and combinations thereof with an isoleucine, lysine, Valine, methionine, phenylalanine, or anti-emetic; AerocineTM, lecithin or magnesium stearate. In another 0073) 13) analgesics such as aspirin and other salicylates, embodiment, the additive comprises leucine and preferably paracetamol, clonidine, codine, coproxamol, ergotamine, L-leucine. gabapentin, pregabalin, Sumatriptan, and non-steroidal anti 0059. In some embodiments, a plurality of different addi inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including celecoxib, etodolac, tive materials can be used. etoricoxib and meloxicam, 0060. The present invention can be carried out with any 0074. 14) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as done pharmaceutically active agent. The terms “active particles' pezil, galantamine and rivastigmine; and “particles of active material and the like are used inter 0075) 15) immunomodulators such as interferon (e.g. changeably herein. The active particles comprise one or more interferon beta-la and interferon beta-1b) and glatiramer; pharmaceutically active agents. The preferred active agents 0076 16) NMDA receptor antagonists such as memen include: tine; 0061 1) steroid drugs such as alcometasone, beclometha 0077. 17) hypoglycaemics such as sulphonylureas includ Sone, beclomethasone dipropionate, betamethasone, budes ing glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimepiride, glipizide and onide, ciclesonide, clobetasol, deflazacort, diflucortolone, gliquidone, biguanides including metformin, thiazolidinedi desoxymethasone, dexamethasone, fludrocortisone, ones including pioglitaZone, rosiglitaZone, nateglinide, repa flunisolide, fluocinolone, fluometholone, fluticasone, flutica glinide and acarbose; Sone proprionate, hydrocortisone, triamcinolone, nandrolone 0078. 18) narcotic agonists and opiate antidotes such as decanoate, neomycin Sulphate, rimexolone, methylpredniso naloxone, and pentazocine; lone and prednisolone; 0079. 19) phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as non-spe 0062. 2) bronchodilators such as B2-agonists including cific phosphodiesterase inhibitors including theophylline, salbutamol, formoterol, salmeterol, fenoterol, bambuterol, theobromine, IBMX, pentoxifylline and papaverine; phos bitolterol, Sibenadet, metaproterenol, epinephrine, isoproter phodiesterase type 3 inhibitors including bipyridines such as enol, pirbuterol, procaterol, terbutaline and isoetharine anti milrinone, amrinone and olprinone; imidazolones Such as muscarinics including ipratropium and tiotropium, and Xan piroXimone and enoXimone; imidazolines such as imaZodan thines including aminophylline and theophylline; and 5-methyl-imaZodan; imidazo-quinoxalines; and dihydro 0063. 3) nitrates such as isosorbide mononitrate, isosor pyridaZinones such as indolidan and LY 181512 (5-(6-oxo-1, bide dinitrate and glyceryl trinitrate; 4.5,6-tetrahydro-pyridazin-3-yl)-1,3-dihydro-indo1-2-one); dihydroquinolinone compounds such as cilostamide, cilosta 0064. 4) antihistamines such as azelastine, chlorphe Zol, and Vesnarinone; phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitors niramine, astemizole, cetirizine, cinnarizine, desloratadine, Such as cilomilast, etazolate, rolipram, roflumilast and Zard loratadine, hydroxyZine, diphenhydramine, fexofenadine, averine, and including quinazolinediones such as nitradua ketotifen, promethazine, trimeprazine and terfenadine; Zone and nitraduaZone analogs; Xanthine derivatives such as 0065 5) anti-inflammatory agents such as piroxicam, denbufylline and arofylline; tetrahydropyrimidones such as nedocromil, benzydamine, diclofenac sodium, ketoprofen, atizoram; and oxime carbamates such as filaminast; and phos ibuprofen, heparinoid, cromoglycate, fasafungine, iodoxam phodiesterase type 5 inhibitors including sildenafil. Zaprinast, ide and p38 MAP kinase inhibitors; Vardenafil, tadalafil, dipyridamole, and the compounds 0.066 6) anticholinergic agents such as atropine, benzat described in WO 01/19802, particularly (S)-2-(2-hydroxym ropine, biperiden, cyclopentolate, Oxybutinin, orphenadine, ethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)-4-(3-chloro-4-methoxy-benzylamino)- glycopyrronium, glycopyrrolate, procyclidine, propanthe 5-N (2-pyrimidinylmethyl)carbamoylpyrimidine, 2-(5,6, line, propiverine, tiotropium, trihexyphenidyl, tropicamide, 7,8-tetrahydro-1, 7-naphthyridin 7-yl)-4-(3-chloro-4- trospium, ipratropium bromide and oxitroprium bromide; methoxybenzylamino)-5-N-(2-morpholinoethyl) 0067 7) leukotriene receptor antagonists such as mon carbamoyl-pyrimidine, and (S)-2-(2-hydroxymethyl-1- telukast and Zafirlukast; pyrrolidinyl)-4-(3-chloro-4-methoxybenzylamino)-5N 0068 8) anti-allergics Such as ketotifen; (1,3,5-trimethyl-4-pyrazolyl)carbamoyl-pyrimidine); 0080. 20) antidepressants such as tricyclic and tetracyclic 0069 9) anti-emetics such as bestahistine, dolasetron, antidepressants including amineptine, amitriptyline, amox nabilone, prochlorperazine, ondansetron, trifluoperazine, tro apine, butriptyline, cianopramine, clomipramine, do Sulepin, pisetron, domperidone, hyoscine, cinnarizine, metoclopra doxepin, trimipramine, clomipramine, lofepramine, nortrip mide, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate and promethazine; tyline, tricyclic and tetracyclic amitryptiline, amoxapine, 0070 10) hormonal drugs (including hormone analogues) butriptyline, clomipramine, demexiptiline, desipramine, Such as lanreotide, octreotide, insulin, pegvisomant, protire dibenzepin, dimetacrine, dothiepin, doxepin, imipramine, lin, thyroXine, Salcotonin, Somatropin, tetracosactide, Vaso iprindole, levoprotiline, lofepramine, maprotiline, meli pressin and desmopressin; tracen, metapramine, mianserin, mirtazapine, nortryptiline, 0071. 11) sympathomimetic drugs such as adrenaline, opipramol, propizepine, protriptyline, quinupramine, Setip noradrenaline, dexamfetamine, dipirefin, dobutamine, tiline, tianeptine and trimipramine; selective serotonin and dopexamine, phenylephrine, isoprenaline, dopamine, pseu noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) including clovox doephedrine, tramaZoline and Xylometazoline; amine, duloxetine, milnacipran and Venlafaxine; selective 0072 12) opioids, preferably for pain management, such serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) including citalopram, as buprenorphine, dextromoramide, dextropropoxypene, escitalopram, femoxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, ifoxetine, diamorphine, codeine, dextropropoxyphene, dihydroco milnacipran, nomifensine, oxaprotiline, paroxetine, Sertra deine, hydromorphone, papaveretum, pholcodeine, loperam line, Sibutramine, Venlafaxine, vidualine and Zimeldine; US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NARIS) includ Zolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, medazepam, midazolam, ing demexiptiline, desipramine, oxaprotiline and reboxetine; nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quaZepam, noradrenaline and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors temazepam and triazolam; (NASSAS) including mirtazapine; monoamine oxidase I0087. 27) mucolytic agents such as N-acetylcysteine, inhibitors (MAOIs) including amiflamine, brofaromine, clo recombinant human DNase, amiloride, dextrans, heparin, rgyline, O-ethyltryptamine, etoperidone, iproclozide, iproni desulphated heparin and low molecular weight heparin; azid, isocarboxazid, mebanazine, medifoxamine, moclobe I0088. 28) antibiotic and antibacterial agents such as met mide, nialamide, pargyline, phenelzine, pheniprazine, ronidazole, Sulphadiazine, triclosan, neomycin, amoxicillin, pirlindole, procarbazine, rasagiline, Safrazine, selegiline, amphotericin, clindamycin, aclarubicin, dactinomycin, nys toloxatone and tranylcypromine; muscarinic antagonists tatin, mupirocin and chlorhexidine; including benactyzine and dibenzepin; azaspirones including I0089. 29) anti-fungal drugs such as caspofungin, Vori buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone and tiaspirone; conazole, polyene antibiotics including amphotericin, and and other antidepressants including ameSergide, amineptine, nystatin, imidazoles and triazoles including clotrimazole, benactyzine, bupropion, carbamazepine, fezolamine, flupen econazole nitrate, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, tiXol, levoprotiline, maprotiline, medifoxamine, meth terbinafine and miconazole; ylphenidate, minaprine, nefazodone, nomifensine, oxafloZ 0090. 30) antivirals such as oseltamivir, Zanamivir, aman ane, oxitriptan, rolipram, Sibutramine, teniloxazine, tadine, inosine pranobex and palivizumab, DNA polymerase tianeptine, tofenacin, traZadone, tryptophan, Viloxazine, and inhibitors including aciclovir, adefovir and Valaciclovir, lithium salts; nucleoside analogues including famiciclovir, penciclovir and 0081. 21) serotonin agonists such as 2-methyl serotonin, idoxuridine and interferons; buspirone, ipsaperone, tiaspirone, gepirone, lysergic acid (0091 31) vaccines: diethylamide, ergot alkaloids, 8-hydroxy-(2-N,N-dipropy 0092. 32) immunoglobulins; lamino)-tetraline, 1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-ami 0093. 33) local anaesthetics such as amethocaine, bupiv nopropane, cisapride, Sumatriptan, m-chlorophenylpipera acaine, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prilocaine, Zine, traZodone, Zacopride and meZacopride; proxymetacaine, ropivacaine, tyrothricin, benzocaine and 0082 22) serotonin antagonists including ondansetron, lignocaine; granisetron, metoclopramide, tropisetron, dolasetron, tri 0094 34) anticonvulsants such as sodium valproate, car methobenzamide, methysergide, risperidone, ketanserin, bamazepine, oXcarbazepine, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, diaz ritanserin, clozapine, amitryptiline, R(+)-O-(2,3-dimethox epam, lorazepam, clonazepam, clobazam, primidone, lamot yphenyl)-12-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl-4-piperidine-methanol, rigine, levetiracetam, topiramate, gabapentin, pregabalin, aZatadine, cyproheptadine, fenclonine, dexfenfluramine, fen vigabatrin, tiagabine, acetazolamide, ethoSuximide and fluramine, chlorpromazine and mianserin; piracetam; 0083. 23) adrenergic agonists including methoxamine, 0.095 35) angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such methpentermine, metaraminol, mitodrine, clonidine, apra as captopril, cilaZapril, enalapril, fosinopril, imidapril hydro clonidine, guanfacine, guanabenZ, methyldopa, amphet chloride, lisinopril, moexipril hydrochloride, perindopril, amine, methamphetamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, eth quinapril, ramipril and trandolapril; ylnorepinephrine, phenylephrine, ephedrine, pseudo 0096 36) angiotension II receptor blockers, such as can ephedrine, methylphenidate, pemoline, naphazoline, desartan, cilexetil, eprosartan, irbesartan, losartan, olm tetrahydrozoline, oxymetazoline, Xylometazoline, phenyl esartan medoxomil, telmisartan and Valsartan; propanolamine, phenylethylamine, dopamine, dobutamine, 0097. 37) calcium channel blockers such as amlodipine, colterol, isoproterenol, isotharine, metaproterenol, terbuta bepridil, diltiazem, felodipine, flunarizine, isradipine, lacid line, metaraminol, tyramine, hydroxyamphetamine, rito ipine, lercanidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nimodipine and drine, prenalterol, albuterol, isoetharine, pirbuterol, Verapamil; bitolterol, fenoterol, formoterol, procaterol, salmeterol, 0098. 38) alpha-blockers such as indoramin, doxazosin, mephenterine and propylhexedrine; prazosin, teraZosin and moxisylate; 0099 39) antiarrhythmics such as adenosine, pro 0084. 24) adrenergic antagonists such as phenoxyben pafenone, amidodarone, flecainide acetate, quinidine, Zamine, phentolamine, tolaZoline, prazosin, teraZosin, dox lidocaine hydrochloride, mexiletine, procainamide and dis aZosin, trimaZosin, yohimbine, ergot alkaloids, labetalol, ket opyramide; anserin, urapidil, alfuZosin, bunaZosin, tamsulosin, 0100 40) anti-clotting agents such as aspirin, heparin and chlorpromazine, haloperidol, phenothiazines, butyrophe low molecular weight heparin, epoprostenol, dipyridamole, nones, propranolol, nadolol, timolol, pindolol, metoprolol. clopidogrel, alteplase, reteplase, Streptokinase, tenecteplase, atenolol, esmolol, acebutolol, bopindolol, carteolol, Oxpre certoparin, heparin calcium, enoxaparin, dalteparin, danap nolol, penbutolol, carvedilol, medroxalol, naftopidil, bucin aroid, fondaparin, lepirudin, bivalirudin, abciximab, eptifi dolol, levobunolol, metipranolol, bisoprolol, nebivolol, batide, tirofiban, tinzaparin, warfarin, lepirudin, phenindione betaxolol, carteolol, celiprolol, Sotalol, propafenone and and acenocoumarol; indoramin; 0101 41) potassium channel modulators such as nic 0085 25) adrenergic neurone blockers such as bethani orandil, cromakalim, diaZoxide, glibenclamide, levcro dine, debrisoquine, guabenXan, guanadrel, guanaZodine, makalim, minoxidil and pinacidil; guanethidine, guanoclor and guanoxan, 0102) 42) cholesterol-lowering drugs such as colestipol, I0086 26) benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, bro colestyramine, bezafibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, ciprofi mazepam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clon brate, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, azepam, cloraZepate, demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, pravastatin, eZetimibe, ispaghula, nictotinic acid, acipimox flunitrazepam, flurazepam, halazepam, ketazolam, lopra and omega-3 triglycerides; US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

0103. 43) diuretics such as bumetanide, furosemide, inner element and a vessel wall, and in that they are based on torasemide, Spironolactone, amiloride, bendroflumethiazide, providing energy by a controlled and Substantial compressive chlortalidone, metolaZone, indapamide and cyclopenthiaz force. ide; 0115 The fine active particles and the additive particles 0104 44) Smoking cessation drugs such as nicotine and are fed into the Mechanofusion driven vessel (such as a bupropion; Mechanofusion system (Hosokawa Micron Ltd)), where they 0105. 45) bisphosphonates such as alendronate sodium, are Subject to a centrifugal force which presses them against Sodium clodronate, etidronate disodium, ibandronic acid, the vessel inner wall. The inner wall and a curved inner pamidronate disodium, isedronate sodium, tiludronic acid element together form a gap or nip in which the particles are and Zoledronic acid; pressed together. The powder is compressed between the fixed clearance of the drum wall and a curved inner element 0106 46) dopamine agonists such as amantadine, bro with high relative speed between drum and element. As a mocriptine, pergolide, cabergoline, lisuride, ropinerole, result, the particles experience very high shear forces and pramipexole and apomorphine; very strong compressive stresses as they are trapped between 0107 47) nucleic-acid medicines such as oligonucle the inner drum wall and the inner element (which has a greater otides, decoy nucleotides, antisense nucleotides and other curvature than the inner drum wall). The particles are pressed gene-based medicine molecules; against each other with enough energy to locally heat and 0108 48) antipsychotics such as: dopamine antagonists soften, break, distort, flatten and wrap the additive particles including chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, fluphenazine, around the active particles to form coatings. The energy is trifluoperazine and thioridazine; phenothiazines including generally sufficient to break up agglomerates and some aliphatic compounds, piperidines and piperazines; thioxan degree of size reduction of both components may occur. thenes, butyrophenones and Substituted benzamides; atypical Whilst the coating may not be complete, the deagglomeration antipsychotics including clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, of the particles during the process ensures that the coating quetiapine, Ziprasidone, Zotepine, amisulpride and aripipra may be substantially complete, covering the majority of the Zole; and Surfaces of the particles. 0109 49) pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives 0116. These Mechanofusion and Cyclomix processes of any of the foregoing. apply a high enough degree of force to separate the individual 0110. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, particles of active material and to break up tightly bound the active agent is heparin (fractionated and unfractionated), agglomerates of the active particles such that effective mixing apomorphine, clobazam, clomipramine or glycopyrrolate. and effective application of the additive material to the sur 0111. In addition, the active agents used in the present faces of those particles is achieved. invention may be small molecules, proteins, carbohydrates or 0117. An especially desirable aspect of the described co mixtures thereof. milling processes is that the additive material becomes deformed during the milling and may be Smeared over or 0112 The term co-milling is used hereinto refer to a range fused to the surfaces of the active particles. However, in of methods, including co-micronising methods, some practice, this compression process produces little or no size examples of which are outlined below. In the prior art, co reduction of the drug particles, especially where they are milling or co-micronising active agents or excipients with already in a micronised form (i.e. <10ELm). The only physical additive materials has been suggested. change which may be observed is a plastic deformation of the 0113. It is stated that milling can be used to substantially particles to a rounder shape. decrease the size of particles of active agent. However, if the 0118. However the most preferred milling techniques particles of active agent are already fine, for example have a include those described in R. Pfeffer et al. “Synthesis of MMAD of less than 20 um prior to the milling step, the size engineered particulates with tailored properties using dig of those particles may not be significantly reduced where the particle coating', Powder Technology 117 (2001) 40-67. milling of these active particles takes place in the presence of These include processes using the MechanoFusion(R) an additive material. Rather, milling of fine active particles machine, the Hybidizer R) machine, the Theta Composer R, with additive particles using the methods described in the magnetically assisted impaction processes and rotating flui prior art (for example, in the earlier patent application pub dised bed coaters. Cyclomix methods may also be used. lished as WO 02/43701) will result in the additive material 0119 Preferably, the technique employed to apply the becoming deformed and being Smeared over or fused to the required mechanical energy involves the compression of a Surfaces of the active particles. The resultant composite active mixture of particles of the dispersing agent and particles of particles have been found to be less cohesive following the the pharmaceutically active agent in a nip formed between milling treatment. two portions of a milling machine, as is the case in the Mecha 0114. The prior art mentions two types of processes in the noFusion(R) and Cyclomix devices. Some preferred milling context of co-milling or co-micronising active and additive methods will now be described in greater detail: particles. First, there is the compressive type process, such as Mechanofusion and the Cyclomix and related methods such MechanoFusion(R): as the Hybridiser or the Nobilta. As the name suggests, Mechanofusion is a dry coating process designed to mechani 0.120. As the name Suggests, this dry coating process is cally fuse a first material onto a second material. The first designed to mechanically fuse a first material onto a second material is generally smaller and/or softer than the second. material. The first material is generally smaller and/or softer The principles behind the Mechanofusion and Cyclomix pro than the second. The MechanoFusion and Cyclomix working cesses are distinct from those of alternative milling tech principles are distinct from alternative milling techniques in niques in that they have a particular interaction between an having a particular interaction between inner element and US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

vessel wall, and are based on providing energy by a controlled vessel, and is re-circulated within the vessel. The active and and Substantial compressive force. additive particles collide with each other. Typical speeds of 0121 The fine active particles and the particles of dispers rotation are in the range of 5,000 to 20,000 rpm. The relatively ing agent are fed into the MechanoFusion driven vessel, Soft fine particles of dispersing agent experience Sufficient where they are Subject to a centrifugal force and are pressed impact force to soften, break, distort, flatten and wrap around against the vessel inner wall. The powder is compressed the active particle to form a coating. There may also be some between the fixed clearance of the drum wall and a curved degree of embedding into the Surface of the active particles. inner element with high relative speed between drum and 0.124. The second of the types of processes mentioned in element. The inner wall and the curved element togetherform the prior art is the impact milling processes. Such impact a gap or nip in which the particles are pressed together. As a milling is involved, for example, in ball milling, jet milling result the particles experience very high shear forces and very and the use of a homogeniser. strong compressive stresses as they are trapped between the 0.125 Ball milling is a milling method used in many of the inner drum wall and the inner element (which has a greater prior art co-milling processes. Centrifugal and planetary ball curvature than the inner drum wall). The particles violently milling are especially preferred methods. collide against each other with enough energy to locally heat and soften, break, distort, flatten and wrap the particles of 0.126 Jet mills are capable of reducing solids to particle dispersing agent around the core particle to form a coating. sizes in the low-micron to Submicron range. The grinding The energy is generally sufficient to break up agglomerates energy is created by gas streams from horizontal grinding air and some degree of size reduction of both components may nozzles. Particles in the fluidised bed created by the gas occur. Embedding and fusion of additive particles of dispers streams are accelerated towards the centre of the mill, collid ing agent onto the active particles may occur, and may be ing with slower moving particles. The gas streams and the facilitated by the relative differences inhardness (and option particles carried in them create a violent turbulence and, as the ally size) of the two components. Either the outer vessel or the particles collide with one another, they are pulverized. inner element may rotate to provide the relative movement. I0127 High pressure homogenisers involve a fluid contain The gap between these Surfaces is relatively small, and is ing the particles being forced through a valve at high pressure, typically less than 10 mm and is preferably less than 5 mm. producing conditions of high shear and turbulence. Suitable more preferably less than 3 mm. This gap is fixed, and con homogenisers include EmulsiFlex high pressure homogenis sequently leads to a better control of the compressive energy ers which are capable of pressures up to 4000 bar, Niro Soavi than is provided in some other forms of mill such as ball and high pressure homogenisers (capable of pressures up to 2000 media mills. Also, in general, no impaction of milling media bar) and Micro fluidics Microfluidisers (maximum pressure Surfaces is present so that wear and consequently contamina 2750 bar). tion are minimised. The speed of rotation may be in the range I0128 Milling may, alternatively, involve a high energy of 200 to 10,000 rpm. A scraper may also be present to break media mill or an agitator bead mill, for example, the Netzsch up any caked material building up on the vessel Surface. This high energy media mill, or the DYNO-mill (Willy A. is particularly advantageous when using fine cohesive start Bachofen AG, Switzerland). ing materials. The local temperature may be controlled by use I0129. All of these processes create high-energy impacts of a heating/cooling hacked built into the drum vessel walls. between media and particles or between particles. In practice, The powder may be re-circulated through the vessel. while these processes are good at making very small particles, it has been found that the ball mill, jet mill and the homog Cyclomix Method (Hosokawa Microm): enizer were not as effective in producing dispersion improve ments in resultant drug powders as the compressive type 0122 The cyclomix comprises a stationary conical vessel processes. It is believed that the impact processes discussed with a fast rotating shaft with paddles which move close to the above are not as effective in producing a coating of additive wall. Due to the high rotational speed of the paddles, the material on each particle as the compressive type processes. powder is propelled towards the wall, and as a result the mixture experiences very high shear forces and compressive 0.130 For the purposes of this invention, all forms of co stresses between wall and paddle. Such effects are similar to milling and co-micronisation are encompassed, including those in MechanoFusion as described above and may be methods that are similar or related to all of those methods sufficient to locally heat and soften, to break, distort, flatten described above. For example, methods similar to Mechano and wrap the particles of dispersing agent around the active fusion are encompassed, such as those utilizing one or more particles to form a coating. The energy is Sufficient to breakup very high-speed rotors (i.e. 2000 to 50000 rpm) with blades or agglomerates and some degree of size reduction of both com other elements Sweeping the internal Surfaces of the vessels ponents may also occur depending on the conditions and with small gaps between wall and blade (i.e. 0.1 mm to 20 upon the size and nature of the particles. mm). Conventional methods comprising co-milling active material with additive materials (as described in WO 02/43701) are also encompassed. These methods result in Hybridiser R. Method: composite active particles comprising ultra-fine active par 0123. This is a dry process which can be described as a ticles with an amount of the additive material on their sur product embedding or filming of one powder onto another. faces. The fine active particles and fine or ultra fine particles of I0131 Thus, the milling methods used in the present inven dispersing agent are fed into a conventional high shear mixer tion are simple and cheap compared to the complex previous pre-mix system to form an ordered mixture. This powder is attempts to engineer particles, providing practical as well as then fed into the Hybridiser. The powder is subjected to cost benefits. A further benefit associated with the present ultra-high speed impact, compression and shear as it is invention is that the powder processing steps do not have to impacted by blades on a high speed rotor inside a stator involve organic solvents. Such organic solvents are common US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016 to many of the known approaches to powder processing and better results than simply co-milling the active material and are known to be undesirable for a variety of reasons. additive material at a high grinding pressure. 0.132. In the past, jet milling has been considered less 0.141. The same type of two-step milling process can be attractive for co-milling active and additive particles in the carried out with the carrier particles, although these particles, preparation of powder formulations to be dispensed using as a rule, do not have to be milled to Such small particle sizes. passive devices, with compressive processes like or related to Mechanofusion and Cyclomixing being preferred. The colli 0142. In another embodiment of the present invention, the sions between the particles in a jet mill are somewhat uncon composite particles, which may optionally have been pro trolled and those skilled in the art, therefore, considered it duced using the two-step co-milling process discussed above, unlikely that this technique would be able to provide the subsequently undergo Mechanofusion. This final Mechano desired deposition of a coating of additive material on the fusion step may “polish the composite particles, further rub surface of the active particles. bing the additive material into the particles. This provides 0133. Moreover, it was believed that, unlike the situation beneficial properties afforded by Mechanofusion, in combi with compressive type processes Such as Mechanofusion and nation with the very small particles sizes made possible by the Cyclomixing, segregation of the powder constituents co jet milling. Such an additional Mechanofusion step is occurred in jet mills, such that the finer particles, that were particularly attractive for composite active particles, espe believed to be the most effective, could escape from the cially where they are very small. process. In contrast, it could be clearly envisaged how tech 0143. The reduction in particle size may be increased by niques such as Mechanofusion would result in the desired carrying out the co-jet milling at lower temperatures. Whilst coating. the co jet milling process may be carried out attemperatures 0134. However, more recently, jet milling has been shown between -20°C. and 40°C., the particles will tend to be more to be an attractive process for co-milling active and additive brittle at lower temperatures and they therefore fracture more particles, especially for preparing powder formulations that readily so that the milled particles tend to be even smaller. are to be used in active devices (see the disclosure in the Therefore, in another embodiment of the present invention, earlier patent application published as WO 2004/001628). the jet milling is carried out at temperatures below room 0135) It should also be noted that it was also previously temperature, preferably at a temperature below 10°C., more believed that the compressive or impact milling processes preferably at a temperature below 0°C. must be carried out in a closed system, in order to prevent 0144. The benefits of the methods according to the present segregation of the different particles. This has also been found invention are illustrated by the experimental data set out to be untrue and the co-milling processes used in the present below. invention do not need to be carried out in a closed system. In an open system, the co-jet milling has surprisingly been found COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES not to result in the loss of the Small particles, even when using leucine as the additive material. Leucine was previously con Example 1 sidered to present something of a problem when co-jet milled. 0.136 Further, co-jet milling at lower pressures can pro duce powders which perform well in passive devices whilst Mechanofused Budesonide with Magnesium Stearate powders milled at higher pressures may perform better in 0145 This example studied magnesium stearate pro active devices, such as AspirairTM. cessed with budesonide. The blends were prepared by 0.137 The co-milling processes can be specifically Mechanofusion using the Hosokawa AMS-MINI, with selected for the active and carrier particles. For example, the blending being carried out for 60 minutes at approximately active particles may be co-jet milled or homogenized with the 4000 rpm. additive, whilst the carrier particles may be mechanofused with the additive. 0146 The magnesium Stearate used was a standard grade 0.138. The co-milling processes according to the present supplied by Avocado Research Chemicals Ltd. The drug used invention may be carried out in two or more stages, to provide was micronised budesonide. The powder properties were beneficial effects. Various combinations of types of co-mill tested using the Miat Monohaler. ing and/or additive material may be used, in order to obtain 0147 Blends of budesonide and magnesium stearate were advantages. Within each step, multiple combinations of co prepared at different weight percentages of magnesium Stear milling and other processing steps may be used. ate. Blends of 5% w/w and 10% w/w, were prepared and then 0139 For example, milling at different pressures and/or tested. MSLIs and TSIs were carried out on the blends. The different types of milling or blending processes may be com results, which are Summarised below, indicate a high aero bined. The use of multiple steps allows one to tailor the solisation efficiency. However, this powder had poor flow properties of the milled particles to suit a particular inhaler properties, and was not easily handled, giving high device device, a particular drug and/or to target particular parts of the retention. lung.

0140. In one embodiment of the present invention, the FPF FPD ED milling process is a two-step process comprising first jet Formulation (ED) (mg) (mg) Method milling the drug on its own at Suitable grinding pressure to obtain the required particle sizes. Next, the milled drug is Budesonide:magnesium 7396 1.32 1.84 MSLI stearate (5% wiw) co-milled with an additive material. Preferably, this second Budesonide:magnesium 80% 1.30 1.63 TSI step is carried out at a lower grinding pressure, so that the stearate (10% w/w) effect achieved is the coating of the small active particles with the additive material. This two-step process may produce US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

Example 2 Example 3 Mechanofused Budesonide with Fine Lactose and Mechanofused Salbutamol with Fine Lactose and Magnesium Stearate Magnesium Stearate 0148. A further study was conducted to look at the Mecha nofusion of a drug with both a force control agent and fine 0158. A further study was conducted to look at the Mecha lactose particles. The additive or force control agent used was nofusion of an alternative drug with both a force control agent magnesium Stearate (AVocado) and the fine lactose was Sor and fine lactose particles. The additive or force control agent bolac 400 (Meggle). The drug used was micronised budes used was magnesium Stearate and the fine lactose was Sor onide. bolac 400 (Meggle). The drug used was micronised salbuta 014.9 The blends were prepared by Mechanofusion of all mol sulphate. The blends were prepared by Mechanofusion three components together using the Hosokawa AMS-MINI, using the Hosokawa AMS-MINI, blending for 10 minutes at blending was carried out for 60 minutes at approximately approximately 4000 rpm. 4000 rpm. 0159 Formulations prepared were: 0150. Formulations were prepared using the following 0.160 20% w/w salbutamol, 5% w/w magnesium stear concentrations of budesonide, magnesium Stearate and Sor ate, 75% w/w Sorbolac 400; and bolac 400: 0.161 20% w/w salbutamol, 2% w/w magnesium stear 0151 5% w/w budesonide, 6% w/w magnesium stear ate, 78% w/w Sorbolac 400. ate, 89% w/w Sorbolac 400; and 0162 NGIs were performed on the blends and the results 0152 20% w/w budesonide, 6% w/w magnesium stear are set out below. Device and capsule retention were again ate, 74% w/w Sorbolac 400. low in these dispersion tests (<10%). 0153. TSIs and MSLIs were performed on the blends. The results, which are Summarised below, indicate that, as the amount of budesonide in the blends increased, the FPF results Formulation FPF (ED) FPF (ED) increased. Device and capsule retention were notably low in 20:5:75 80% 74% these dispersion tests (<5%), however a relatively large level 20:2:78 78% 70% of magnesium Stearate was used and this was applied over the entire composition. Example 4 FPF(ED) FPF(ED) Preparation of Mechanofused Formulation for Use in Formulation (TSI) (MSLI) a Passive Device 5:6:89 66.0% 70.1% 20:6:74 75.8% 0163. 20 g of a mix comprising 20% micronised clomi pramine, 78% Sorbolac 400 (fine lactose) and 2% magnesium stearate were weighed into the Hosokawa AMS-MINI 0154 As an extension to this work, different blending Mechanofusion system via a funnel attached to the largest methods of budesonide, magnesium Stearate and Sorbolac port in the lid with the equipment running at 3.5%. The port 400 were investigated further. Two formulations were pre was sealed and the cooling water Switched on. The equipment pared in the Glen Creston Grindomix. This mixer is a con was run at 20% for 5 minutes followed by 80% for 10 min ventional food-processor style bladed mixer, with 2 parallel utes. The equipment was Switched off dismantled and the blades. resulting formulation recovered mechanically. O155 The first of these formulations was a 5% w/w budes 0164. 20 mg of the collected powder formulation was onide, 6% w/w magnesium stearate, 89% w/w Sorbolac 400 filled into size 3 capsules and fired from a Miat Monohaler blend prepared by mixing all components together at 2000 into an NGI. The FPF measured was good, being greater than rpm for 20 minutes. The formulation was tested by TSI and 70%. the results, when compared to those for the mechanofused 0.165. The data above Suggest that magnesium Stearate blends, showed the Grindomix blend to give lower FPF content in the region 5-20% yielded the greatest dispersibil results (see table below). ity. Above these levels, experience Suggests significant Stick 0156 The second formulation was a blend of 90% w/w of ing inside the device could occur, and the quantities used mechanofused magnesium stearate:Sorbolac 400 (5:95) pre became unnecessary for further performance improvement. blend and 10% w/w budesonide blended in the Grindomix for 0166 Fine particle fraction values were consistently 20 minutes. The formulation was tested by TSI and MSLI. obtained in the range 50 to 60%, and doubled in comparison O157. It was also observed that this formulation had nota with controls containing no magnesium Stearate. bly good flow properties for a material comprising such fine particles. This is believed to be associated with the Mecha EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION nofusion process. Example 5 FPF (ED) FPF Mechanofused Apomorphine and Mechanofused Formulation (TSI) (MSLI) Fine Lactose Grindomlix 5:6:89% 57.7 Grindomix 10% budesonide 65.9 69.1 0.167 Firstly, 15 g of micronised apomorphine and 0.75g (Mechanofused pre-blend) leucine are weighed into the Hosokawa AMS-MINI Mecha nofusion system via a funnel attached to the largest port in the lid with the equipment running at 3.5%. The port is sealed and US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

the cooling water switched on. The equipment is run at 20% (0174 Next, 20g of a mix comprising 99% Sorbolac 400 for 5 minutes followed by 80% for 10 minutes. The equip lactose and 1% magnesium Stearate are weighed into the ment is then switched off, dismantled and the resulting for Hosokawa AMS-MINI Mechanofusion system via a funnel mulation recovered mechanically. attached to the largest port in the lid with the equipment 0168 Next, 19 g of Sorbolac 400 lactose and 1 g leucine running at 3.5%. The port is sealed and the cooling water are weighed into the Hosokawa AMS-MINI Mechanofusion switched on. The equipment is run at 20% for 5 minutes system via a funnel attached to the largest port in the lid with followed by 80% for 10 minutes. The equipment is switched the equipment running at 3.5%. The port is sealed and the off, dismantled and the resulting formulation recovered cooling water switched on. The equipment is run at 20% for 5 mechanically. minutes followed by 80% for 10 minutes. The equipment is 0.175 4 g of the theophylline-based material and 16 g of switched off, dismantled and the resulting formulation recov the Sorbolac-based material are combined in a high shear ered mechanically. mixer for 10 minutes, to form the final formulation. 20 mg of 0169 4.2 g of the apomorphine-based material and 15.8 g. the powderformulation are filled into size 3 capsules and fired of the Sorbolac-based material are combined in a high shear from a Miat Monohaler into an NGI. mixer for 5 minutes, and the resulting powder is then passed 0176 The active agent used in this example, theophylline, through a 300 micron sieve to form the final formulation. 2 may be replaced by other phosphodiesterase inhibitors, mg of the powder formulation are filled into blisters and fired including phosphodiesterase type 3, 4 or 5 inhibitors, as well from an Aspirair device into an NGI. An FPF of over 50% was as other non-specific ones. obtained with MMAD 1.5 microns, illustrating this system gave a very good dispersion. The device retention was also Example 8 very low, with only—1% left in the device and 7% in the blister. Jet Milled Clomipramine and Mechanofused Fine Lactose Example 6 0177 20 g of a mix comprising 95% micronised clomi Mechanofused Clomipramine and Mechanofused pramine and 5% magnesium Stearate are co-jet milled in a Fine Lactose Hosokawa AS50 jet mill. (0178. 20 g of a mix comprising 99% Sorbolac 400 (fine 0170 Firstly, 20g of a mix comprising 95% micronised lactose) and 1% magnesium Stearate are weighed into the clomipramine and 5% magnesium stearate are weighed into Hosokawa AMS-MINI Mechanofusion system via a funnel the Hosokawa AMS-MINI Mechanofusion system via a fun attached to the largest port in the lid with the equipment nel attached to the largest port in the lid with the equipment running at 3.5%. The port is sealed and the cooling water running at 3.5%. The port is sealed and the cooling water switched on. The equipment is run at 20% for 5 minutes switched on. The equipment is run at 20% for 5 minutes followed by 80% for 10 minutes. The equipment is switched followed by 80% for 10 minutes. The equipment is then off, dismantled and the resulting formulation recovered switched off, dismantled and the resulting formulation recov mechanically. ered mechanically. (0171 Next, 20g of a mix comprising 99% Sorbolac 400 0179 4 g of the clomipramine-based material and 16 g of lactose and 1% magnesium Stearate are weighed into the the Sorbolac-based material are combined in a high shear Hosokawa AMS-MINI Mechanofusion system via a funnel mixer for 10 minutes, to form the final formulation. 20 mg of attached to the largest port in the lid with the equipment the powderformulation are filled into size 3 capsules and fired running at 3.5%. The port is sealed and the cooling water from a Miat Monohaler into an NGI. switched on. The equipment is run at 20% for 5 minutes 0180 A number of micronised drugs were co-jet milled followed by 80% for 10 minutes. The equipment is switched with magnesium Stearate for the purposes of replacing the off, dismantled and the resulting formulation recovered clomipramine in this example. These micronised drugs mechanically. included budesonide, formoterol, salbutamol, glycopyrro 0172 4 g of the clomipramine-based material and 16 g of late, heparin, insulin and clobazam. Further compounds are the Sorbolac-based material are combined in a high shear considered suitable, including the classes of active agents and mixer for 10 minutes, to form the final formulation. 20 mg of the specific examples listed above. the powderformulation are filled into size 3 capsules and fired from a Miat Monohaler into an NGI. Example 9 Example 7 Jet Milled Bronchodilator and Mechanofused Fine Lactose Mechanofused Theophylline and Mechanofused Fine 0181 20 g of a mix comprising 95% micronised bron Lactose chodilator drug and 5% magnesium Stearate are cojet milled 0173 Firstly, 20g of a mix comprising 95% micronised in a Hosokawa AS50 jet mill. theophylline and 5% magnesium Stearate are weighed into 0182 20 g of a mix comprising 99% Sorbolac 400 lactose the Hosokawa AMS-MINI Mechanofusion system via a fun and 1% magnesium Stearate are weighed into the Hosokawa nel attached to the largest port in the lid with the equipment AMS-MINI Mechanofusion system via a funnel attached to running at 3.5%. The port is sealed and the cooling water the largest port in the lid with the equipment running at 3.5%. switched on. The equipment is run at 20% for 5 minutes The port is sealed and the cooling water switched on. The followed by 80% for 10 minutes. The equipment is then equipment is run at 20% for 5 minutes followed by 80% for 10 switched off, dismantled and the resulting formulation recov minutes. The equipment is Switched off, dismantled and the ered mechanically. resulting formulation recovered mechanically. US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

0183 4 g of the drug based material and 16 g of the -continued Sorbolac based material are combined in a high shear mixer for 10 minutes, to form the final formulation. Total pore volume 0184 20 mg of the powder formulation is filled into size 3 Sample (ml/g) capsules and fired from a Miat Monohaler into an NGI. Mechanofused Sorbolac and magnesium O.OOS2 0185. The results of these experiments are expected to stearate (95:5) (60 mins) show that the powderformulations prepared using the method according to the present invention exhibit further improved properties such as FPD, FPF, as well as good flow and reduced 0193 The microporosity of the lactose particles is also device retention and throat deposition. shown in the graph of FIG. 1. Whilst the total pore volume 0186. In accordance with the present invention, the '% w/w does increase significantly upon processing, insufficient dif of additive material will typically vary. Firstly, when the ferences are seen in the different pore sizes to use porosity additive material is added to the drug, the amount used is testing as a measure of the process. Therefore, Malvern par preferably in the range of 0.1% to 50%, more preferably 1% ticle sizing of a wet powder dispersion was also conducted. to 20%, more preferably 2% to 10%, and most preferably 3 to The results are summarised below. 8%. Secondly, when the additive material is added to the carrier particles, the amount used is preferably in the range of Surface Malvern 0.01% to 30%, more preferably of 0.1% to 10%, preferably Sample Area (m’ g) diso (gm) 0.2% to 5%, and most preferably 0.5% to 2%. The amount of Sorbolac 1.023 8.760 additive material preferably used in connection with the car Magnesium Stearate 13.404 9.145 rier particles will be heavily dependant upon the size and Mechanofused Sorbolac (60 mins) 1.1.89 7.525 hence Surface area of these particles. Mechanofused Sorbolac and magnesium 1.562 8.191 stearate (98:2) (O mins) Example 10 Mechanofused Sorbolac and magnesium 1.496 9.112 stearate (98:2) (60 mins) Mechanofused Sorbolac and magnesium 2.028 8.281 Lactose Study stearate (95:5) (O mins) Mechanofused Sorbolac and magnesium O.961 8.551 0187. A study was conducted to characterize the changes stearate (95:5) (60 mins) in the properties offine carrier particles, and of ultra-fine drug Extra fine lactose O.798 16.523 particles, when they are co-milled with an additive material. Mechanofused Extra fine lactose (60 mins) O.714 18.139 0188 Micronised ultra-fine lactose was selected as a Mechanofused Extra fine lactose and 195 17.703 magnesium stearate (98:2) (60 mins) model for a drug, as it is readily available in a micronised form Cyclomixed Sorbolac (60 mins) 629 7.894 and it carries a reduced hazard compared to handling phar Cyclomixed Sorbolac and magnesium Stearate 617 maceutically active Substances. Ultra-fine lactose is also (98:2) (0 mins) regarded as a particularly cohesive material, hence improving Cyclomixed Sorbolac and magnesium Stearate 473 (98:2) (5 mins) its dispersibility represents a severe challenge. Cyclomixed Sorbolac and magnesium Stearate .442 0189 Meggle Sorbolac 400 and Meggle Extra Fine were (98:2) (10 mins) selected as the fine carrier grades, as these are readily avail Cyclomixed Sorbolac and magnesium Stearate 383 (98:2) (20 mins) able. However other lactose grades can be used. Such as those Cyclomixed Sorbolac and magnesium Stearate .404 produced by DMV. Borculo, Foremost and other suppliers, or (98:2) (40 mins) a grade custom-made for the purpose, as long as it conforms Cyclomixed Sorbolac and magnesium Stearate 425 to the size range indicated. (98:2) (60 mins) 0190. The literature reveals various possible types of tests, Cyclomixed Sorbolac and magnesium Stearate 779 including measuring powder flow, powder cohesion, powder (95:5) (O mins) shear and powder dustiness. 0191 In the first instance, several basic powder character 0194 Whilst the surface area does decrease as the process istics were tested. These were porosity and Surface area using ing time increased, this can probably be explained as being the Coulter SA 3100 BET system, and particle size, which due to the magnesium Stearate becoming Smeared over the was measured using a Mastersizer 2000, manufactured by Surface. Malvern Instruments, Ltd. (Malvern, UK). This was followed by examining several standard powder properties using the Hosokawa Powder Tester Hosokawa Powder Tester. 0.195. This system measures several different parameters, Porosity including: angle of repose; aerated bulk density; packed bulk density; angle of spatula before and after impact; angle of fall; 0.192 The powder porosity was measured using the and dispersibility. Coulter SA 3100 BET system, with the following results. 0196. The system then calculates further parameters/indi ces, including: angle of difference (repose-fall); compress ibility (Cans index); average angle of spatula; and uniformity Total pore volume Sample (ml/g) (based on do and do). 0.197 Various powders were tested using this system and Sorbolac O.OO27 Mechanofused Sorbolac (60 mins) O.OO44 the resulting data are summarised in Tables 1 to 5, shown in Mechanofused Sorbolac and magnesium O.OOS6 FIGS. 2 to 6 respectively. stearate (98:2) (60 mins) 0198 As can be seen from the data, on processing with magnesium Stearate (Mg St), virtually all of the powders US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016 showed a tendency to decrease the angle of repose and the and recovering this by a validated quantitative wet chemical angle of fall, and to increase in bulk density and dispersibility. assay (a gravimetric method is possible, but this is less pre (0199 For the Sorbolac 400 and the ultra-fine lactose, cise). which are within the size range considered suitable for use as (0206. The fine particle dose (FPD) is the total mass of the carrier according to the present invention, the powders active agent which is emitted from the device following mechnofused with magnesium Stearate show very consider actuation which is present in an aerodynamic particle size able drops in the angle of repose and the angle of fall, as well smaller than a defined limit. This limit is generally taken to be as increases in aerated bulk, compared to the raw material (see 5um if not expressly stated to be an alternative limit, such as Tables 1 and 2). Where the powder is mixed using a low shear 3 um, 2 um or 1 um, etc. The FPD is measured using an mix, in this study a Turbula mixer was used, none of these impactor or impinger, such as a twin stage impinger (TSI), changes are observed (see Table 1). multi-stage impinger (MSI), Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) or a Next Generation Impactor (NGI). Each impactor 0200 Table 3 shows Sorbolac 400 Cyclomixed with mag or impinger has a pre-determined aerodynamic particle size nesium Stearate. In these examples, considerable drops in the collection cut points for each stage. The FPD value is angle of repose and the angle of fall are observed, as well as obtained by interpretation of the stage-by-stage active agent increases in aerated bulk density. However, these changes are recovery quantified by a validated quantitative wet chemical generally slightly less than those observed when the Sorbolac assay (a gravimetric method is possible, but this is less pre 400 and magnesium Stearate are mechanofused. This is con cise) where either a simple stage cut is used to determine FPD sistent with the increasing intensity of the processing meth or a more complex mathematical interpolation of the stage ods producing increasing levels of effect. by-stage deposition is used. 0201 Table 4 shows micronised lactose, which in these tests is used to represent a model micronised drug. Unfortu 0207. The fine particle fraction (FPF) is normally defined nately, the variability of the results was higher and the data as the FPD divided by the ED and expressed as a percentage. provided, especially for the angle of repose, the angle of fall Herein, the FPF of ED is referred to as FPF(ED) and is for the raw material, was regarded as unreliable. The density calculated as FPF(ED)=(FPD/ED)x100%. increased but was still relatively low. These powders were (0208. The fine particle fraction (FPF) may also be defined observed as being highly cohesive. Even after Mechanofu as the FPD divided by the MD and expressed as a percentage. sion only slight improvements were seen, in contrast to the Herein, the FPF of MD is referred to as FPF(MD), and is dramatic visible powder changes for Sorbolac 400 and the calculated as FPF(MD)=(FPD/MD)x100%. ultra-fine lactose. (0202 Table 5 shows SV003, a traditional large lactose Flodex Measurement carrier material. In this case, the powder mechanofused with 0209. A means of assessing powder flow is to use the magnesium Stearate shows Smaller drops in the angle of FlodexTM powder tester (Hansen Research). repose and no change in the angle of fall (where it remains at an already low level in its original state). Similarly, the aer 0210. The Flodex provides an index, over a scale of 4 to 40 ated bulk density increased slightly, but from an already high mm, of flowability of powders. The analysis may be con level. ducted by placing 50 g of a formulation into the holding chamber of the Flodex via a funnel, allowing the formulation 0203 Thus, the results indicate that the co-milled carrier to stand for 1 minutes, and then releasing the trap door of the particles within the preferred size range for the present inven Flodex to open an orifice at the base of the holding chamber. tion and co-milled model drug particles showed a tendency to Orifice diameters of 4 to 34 mm can be used to measure the decrease in angle of repose, to increase in bulk density and to index of flowability. The flowability of a given formulation is increase in dispersibility. These properties would be antici determined as the smallest orifice diameter through which pated in conjunction with reduced cohesion. This improve flow of the formulation is smooth. ment was observed to increase with increasing intensity of the co-milling methods and with increasing levels of additive material (magnesium Stearate). The result is an improvement Carr's Index in performance of a formulation containing this carrier in an 0211 A formulation may be characterised by its density/ inhaler, in terms of improved emitted dose and in terms of flowability parameters and uniformity of distribution of the improved fine particle dose, especially the fine particle dose active ingredient. The apparent Volume and apparent density of metered dose. can be tested according to the method described in the Euro 0204 The metered dose (MD) of a dry powder formula pean Pharmacopoeia (Eur. Ph.). tion is the total mass of active agent present in the metered 0212 Powder mixtures (100 g) are poured into a glass form presented by the inhaler device in question. For graduated cylinder and the unsettled apparent Volume Vo is example, the MD might be the mass of active agent present in read; the apparent density before settling (dv) was calculated a capsule for a CyclohalerTM, or in a foil blister in a Gyro dividing the weight of the sample by the volume Vo. After halerTM device. 1250 taps with the described apparatus, the apparent volume 0205 The emitted dose (ED) is the total mass of the active after settling (Viso) is read and the apparent density after agent emitted from the device following actuation. It does not settling (ds) was calculated. The flowability properties were include the material left on the internal or external surfaces of tested according to the method described in the Eur. Ph. the device, or in the metering system including, for example, 0213 Powder mixtures (about 110 g) are then poured into the capsule or blister. The ED is measured by collecting the a dry funnel equipped with an orifice of suitable diameter that total emitted mass from the device in an apparatus frequently is blocked by suitable means. The bottom opening of the identified as a dose uniformity sampling apparatus (DUSA), funnel is unblocked and the time needed for the entire sample US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

to flow out of the funnel recorded. The flowability is efficiency or other routes of administration. In particular, it expressed in seconds and tenths of seconds related to 100 g of allows one to target specific dosing windows wherein the sample. therapeutic effect is maximised whilst causing the minimum 0214. The flowability can also be evaluated from the side effects. Carr's index calculated according to the following formula: 0224. According to a second aspect of the present inven Carr's index (%)=((ds-dv)/ds)x100 tion, formulations which are obtainable by the methods 0215. A Carr index of less than 25 is usually considered according to the first aspect of the invention are provided. indicative of good flowability characteristics. 0225. In powder compositions of the present invention, at 0216. The uniformity of distribution of the active ingredi least some of the composite particles may be in the form of ent may be evaluated by withdrawing 10 samples, each agglomerates, preferably unstable agglomerates. However, equivalent to about a single dose, from different parts of the when the composite active particles are included in a phar blend. The amount of active ingredient of each sample can be maceutical composition, the additive material promotes the determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography dispersal of the composite active particles on administration (HPLC). of that composition to a patient, via actuation of an inhaler. In the turbulence created upon actuation of the inhaler device, Determination of the Aerosol Performances the agglomerates break up, releasing the composite particles 0217. An amount of powder for inhalation may be tested of respirable size. by loading it into a dry powder inhaler and firing the dose into 0226. The powderparticles according to the present inven an impactor or impinger, using the methods as defined in the tion, which may be prepared as described herein, are not “low European or US Pharmacopoeias. density' particles, as tend to be favoured in the prior art. Such low density particles can be difficult and expensive to prepare. SEM Indeed, previously, those skilled in the art have only reported high performance in connection with powder particles that 0218. This is a potentially useful method which may be have been prepared using fancy processing techniques such used to identify powders exhibiting low cohesion, large mag as complex spray drying, which result in low density par nesium Stearate agglomerates, and changes in Surface mor ticles. In contrast, the particles of the present invention are phology following processing and/or segregation. made using very simple and economical processes. 0227. In contrast to the Suggestion in the prior art, it may Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) & Inverse Gas be advantageous not to produce severely dimpled or wrinkled Chromatography (IGC) particles as these can yield low density powders, with very 0219. These techniques may be useful for quantifying the high voidage between particles. Such powders have been Surface energy and production of amorphous material during reported as having good flow and dispersion characteristics, the processing of the powderparticles. Amorphous material is but they occupy a large Volume relative to their mass as a regarded as potentially harmful to the long-term stability of consequence of their shape and can result in packaging prob powderformulations, making them prone to recrystallisation. lems, i.e. require much larger blisters or capsules to hold a 0220 Powder characterisation parameters such as given mass of powder. flowability indices or forms of surface characterisation have 0228. In one embodiment of the present invention, the been considered. The Hosokawa Powder Tester provided a powders have a tapped density of at least 0.1 g/cc, at least 0.2 good test to qualify changes in powder properties. The g/cc, at least 0.3 g/cc, at least 0.4 g/cc or at least 0.5 g/cc. mechanofused powders showed a tendency to decrease in angle of repose, increase in bulk density and increase in Example 11 dispersibility. However, as the particles approach the micron size, these Hosokawa Powder Tester tests were less equivo Surface Chemical Analysis of Powders cal. Also, these parameters may not be directly linked to performance during aerosolisation. 0229. The aim of the analysis is to identify the presence of 0221. As well as characterizing the drug and fine carrier magnesium Stearate on the Surface of a model co-micronised component powders, these Hosokawa Powder Tester tests are powder. The model powders were processed in two different also helpful in characterizing the final combined formulation, ways, with one representing a conventional pharmaceutical where the final formulation properties are advantageously blending process, and the other being the intensive Mecha similar to the properties of the co-milled fine carrier. Conse nofusion process which is the subject of the invention. The quently, the combined formulation will have good flow prop aim was to show the contrast in Surface coating efficiency. In erties and provide low device retention. this case the model material was micronised lactose, which 0222 Further, the good dispersibility of the drug compo could represent a micronised drug or a fine carrier. nent is retained, providing high levels of fine particle fraction 0230. The powders have been analyzed using both TOF and fine particle dose, as measured by standard in vitro tests. SIMS and XPS. TOF-SIMS provides a mass spectrum of the Such improvements are also consistent, providing less vari outermost 1 nm of the Surface, and is used here to assess ability in the test results obtained than for traditional formu whether the magnesium Stearate coverage of the lactose is lation approaches. complete or in patches. XPS provides a spectrum representa 0223) Another very important advantage of the system of tive of the outermost 10 nm of the surface of the sample and the present invention is the consistency of the high perfor is used here in comparison to the TOF-SIMS data to assess the mance. One of the many benefits of consistency is that it can depth of coverage of the magnesium Stearate on the lactose also lead to reduction in adverse side effects experienced, as Surface. it will allow one to administer a smaller total dose than is 0231. In addition, the powders were studied using the possible when relying upon conventional levels of inhaler Zetasizer 3000HS instrument (Malvern Instruments Ltd, US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016

UK.) Each sample was tested in cyclohexane, and Zeta poten tial measurements were obtained. Relative Atomic Percentage 0232. The following powder samples were prepared for Composition (%) testing: 0233 Lactose; Sample C O Mg 0234 Lactose/Magnesium Stearate 1971 mixed by Tur bula mixer, and Lactose 0235 Lactose/Magnesium Stearate 1971 mixed by Mechanofusion. Measurement 1 S447 45.43 Nd: Measurement 2 55.29 44.71 Nd: Mean S4.9 45.1 <0.1 TOF-SIMS Lactose/Magnesium 0236 SIMS is a qualitative surface analytical technique Stearate (Turbula) that is capable of producing a high-resolution mass spectrum of the outermost 1 nm of a surface. Measurement 1 61.23 38.00 0.44 0237. In brief, the SIMS process involves bombarding the Measurement 2 60.40 39.02 O.SO sample surface with a beam of primary ions (for example Mean 60.8 38.5 O.S caesium or gallium). Collision of these ions with atoms and Lactose/Magnesium molecules in the Surface results in the transfer of energy to Stearate (Mechanofusion) them, causing their emission from the Surface. The types of particles emitted from the Surface include positive and nega Measurement 1 81.39 17.07 1.51 tive ions (termed secondary ions), neutral species and elec Measurement 2 80.72 17.8O 1.49 trons. Only secondary ions are measured in SIMS. Depending Mean 81.1 17.4 1.5 on the type of bias applied to the sample, either positive or negative ions are directed towards a mass spectrometer. These *Nd= not detected (<0.1 atomic %) ions are then analysed in terms of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/) yielding a positive or negative ion mass spectrum of 0242 XPS analysis of the Lactose/Magnesium Stearate counts detected versus m/. Different fragments will be diag 1971 sample mixed by Turbula revealed the presence of mag nostic of different components of the surface. TOF-SIMS is nesium on the Surface of the lactose indicating the presence of an advanced technique that has increased sensitivity (

device used to dispense it, which means that the perceived Area 90 of C 1 s Spectral Envelope disadvantages of passive devices where high performance is sought may be overcome. Sample C C C- O O. C- O O. C=O 0253) According to a third aspect of the present invention, Lactose a dry powder device is provided, the device comprising a powder formulation according to the second aspect of the Measurement 1 6.4 70.9 18.0 4.7 invention. Measurement 2 4.4 57.8 22.O 12.8 Mean 5.5 64.3 2O.O 8.7 0254. In one embodiment of the invention, the inhaler Lactose/Magnesium device is an active device, in which a source of compressed Stearate (Turbula) gas or alternative energy source is used. Examples of suitable Measurement 1 25.8 57.5 14.7 2.1 active devices include AspirairTM (Vectura Ltd) and the active Measurement 2 24.7 58.8 1S.O 1.6 inhaler device produced by Nektar Therapeutics (as covered Mean 25.2 S8.1 14.8 1.8 by U.S. Pat. No. 6,257,233). Lactose/Magnesium 0255 Inan alternative embodiment, the inhaler device is a Stearate (Mechanofusion) passive device, in which the patient’s breath is the only source Measurement 1 75.7 16.1 3.9 4.3 of gas which provides a motive force in the device. Examples Measurement 2 73.9 17.2 4.5 4.5 of “passive' dry powder inhaler devices include the Mean 74.8 16.6 4.2 4.4 RotahalerTM and DiskhalerTM (GlaxoSmithKline) and the TurbohalerTM (Astra-Draco) and NovolizerTM (Viatris 0246. In conclusion both mixed samples demonstrate an GmbH). incomplete coverage of magnesium Stearate, but with about 0256 The size of the doses can vary from micrograms to three times more magnesium Stearate present on the Mecha tens of milligrams. The fact that dense particles may be used, nofusion mixed sample than the Turbula sample in the top 10 in contrast to conventional thinking, means that larger doses nm of the surface. can be administered without needing to administer large Vol umes of powder and the problems associated therewith. Zeta Potential 0257 The dry powder formulations may be pre-metered 0247 Zetasizer measures the Zeta potential. This is a mea and kept in foil blisters which offer chemical and physical Sure of the electric potential on a particle in Suspension in the protection whilst not being detrimental to the overall perfor hydrodynamic plane of shear. The results are summarized as mance. Indeed, the formulations thus packaged tend to be follows: stable over long periods of time, which is very beneficial, especially from a commercial and economic point of view. 0258 According to a fourth aspect of the present inven Zeta tion, a receptacle is provided, holding a single dose of a Sample Potential (mV) powder according to the second aspect of the present inven tion. Lactose 35.5 Lactose/Magnesium Stearate 4.8 0259. The receptacle may be a capsule or blister, prefer (1971) (Turbula) ably a foil blister. Lactose/Magnesium Stearate -34.8 (1971) (Mechanofusion) 1-21. (canceled) 22. A powder formulation comprising an active, magne 0248. Each result is an average of 10 measurements. The sium Stearate and lactose, wherein the powder formulation data are presented in FIG. 7. This technique shows a clear incorporates magnesium Stearate on the Surface of both the difference in the Zeta potential measurements, as a function of active particles and the lactose particles, and wherein when Surface coating process, where the improved covering of the magnesium Stearate is added to the lactose, the amount magnesium Stearate is indicated by an increasingly negative used is from 0.5 to 2% w/w. Zeta potential. 23. A powder formulation according to claim 22, the for 0249. These results demonstrate that applying the additive mulation being obtainable by co-milling of active particles material to fine or ultra-fine carrier or active particles by with magnesium Stearate, separately co-milling lactose par conventional mixing or blending, for example using a low ticles with magnesium Stearate, and combining the co-milled shear mixer like a Turbula mixer, does not provide the same active and co-milled lactose particles. improvement in powder performance as the use of the co 24. A powder formulation according to claim 22 wherein milling process according to the present invention. The latter magnesium Stearate forms a discontinuous coating on the processes appear to literally fuse the additive material to the Surfaces of the active and lactose particles. Surfaces of the active or carrier particles. 25. A powder formulation according to claim 23 wherein 0250. The powders of the present invention are extremely magnesium Stearate forms a discontinuous coating on the flexible and therefore have a wide number of applications, for Surfaces of the active and lactose particles. both local application of drugs in the lungs and for systemic 26. A powder formulation according to claim 22 wherein delivery of drugs via the lungs. the powder formulation has a tapped density of at least 0.1 0251. The present invention is also applicable to nasal g/cc. delivery, and powder formulations intended for this alterna 27. A powder formulation according to claim 25 wherein tive mode of administration to the nasal mucosa. the powder formulation has a tapped density of at least 0.1 0252. The formulations according to the present invention g/cc. may be administered using active or passive devices, as it has 28. A powder formulation according to claim 22 wherein now been identified how one may tailor the formulation to the the active is a bronchodilator, Such as a Bagonist. US 2016/0000709 A1 Jan. 7, 2016 17

29. A powder formulation according to claim 22 which is a passive device powder formulation. 30. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claim 22 wherein the device is a passive device. 31. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claim 23 wherein the device is a passive device. 32. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claim 24 wherein the device is a passive device. 33. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claim 25 wherein the device is a passive device. 34. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claims 26 wherein the device is a passive device. 35. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claim 27 wherein the device is a passive device. 36. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claim 28 wherein the device is a passive device. 37. A dry powder inhaler device comprising a powder formulation according to claim 29 wherein the device is a passive device.