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Soil Climate and Pedology of the Transylvanian Plain, Romania

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Soil Climate and Pedology of the Transylvanian Plain, Romania Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2012 Soil climate and pedology of the Transylvanian Plain, Romania Beatrix Haggard Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Recommended Citation Haggard, Beatrix, "Soil climate and pedology of the Transylvanian Plain, Romania" (2012). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2145. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2145 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. SOIL CLIMATE AND PEDOLOGY OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN, ROMANIA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences by Beatrix Juarice Haggard B.S., Tarleton State University, 2008 May 2012 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my grandfather Clarence Lovell Haggard, you were my best friend and I miss you dearly. I would like to thank Dr. Weindorf for serving as my committee chair, guide, and friend throughout the process of graduate school. I would also like to thank my committee, Drs. Selim, Hiscox, Wang, and Rusu for their support and guidance throughout my research. I would like to extend gratitude to my Dean’s representative Ms. Emery McClure, my fellow graduate students, faculty and staff in the School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Science for their support. I am grateful for the wonderful collaborators, Drs. Cacovean, Paulette, Moraru, and Man in Romania for their help with collection of the soil temperature data and serving as wonderful hosts during our stays in Cluj-Napoca. I would like to thank the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – Cluj Napoca for allowing collaborative research with Louisiana State University. Without the support of my family I would not be where I am currently. I would like to thank Gehrig and Mayna for being loving parents, Marissa and Brett for being a wonderful sister and brother-in-law and Josh for not only being a loving husband but an amazing office mate. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION/LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................... 1 1.1 THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN, ROMANIA .................................................................. 1 1.2 HISTORY AND AGRICULTURE OF THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN, ROMANIA... 2 1.3 UNITED STATES AND ROMANIAN SOIL TAXONOMIES .......................................... 6 1.3.1 Soil Taxonomy in the United States ............................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Soil Taxonomy in Romania............................................................................................ 9 1.3.3 Soil Orders (USST) or Classes (RSST) ......................................................................... 10 1.4 SOIL TEMPERATURE...................................................................................................... 11 1.4.1 Soil Temperature Quantification .................................................................................. 15 1.4.2 Pedogenic Gains and Losses......................................................................................... 16 1.4.3 Effect on Crop Production............................................................................................ 18 1.5 ESTIMATING SOIL TEMPERATURE ............................................................................ 22 1.6 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 27 1.7 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 2. SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN PLAIN, ROMANIA.. 33 2.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 33 2.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 40 2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 41 2.4 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 50 2.5 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 3. GROWING DEGREE DAYS1 ............................................................................. 53 3.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 53 3.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 54 3.3 RESULTS............................................................................................................................ 57 3.4 DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 61 3.5 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 62 3.6 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 4. ESTIMATION OF MEAN ANNUAL SOIL TEMPERATURE USING LANDSAT 7 ETM+1.................................................................................................................... 64 4.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 64 4.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 68 4.2.1 Study Area .................................................................................................................... 68 4.2.2 Statistical Analysis ....................................................................................................... 70 4.2.3 Satellite Data................................................................................................................. 72 iii 4.2.4 MAST Calculation........................................................................................................ 73 4.2.5 MAST prediction using Multiple Regression............................................................... 73 4.2.6 Satellite Combinations.................................................................................................. 75 4.2.7 CORINE land cover...................................................................................................... 77 4.2.8 Aspect ........................................................................................................................... 77 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 78 4.4 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 86 4.5 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX A. SOIL TEMPERATURE DATA.......................................................................... 95 APPENDIX B. STATION DATA.............................................................................................. 116 APPENDIX C. PERMISSION TO REPRINT ........................................................................... 120 VITA........................................................................................................................................... 127 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Agriculture production for Mureş, Bistrita-Nasaud, and Cluj Counties in 2009 (Anuarul Statistic al Romaniei, 2009). ..................................................................................5 Table 1.2. Soil Orders (USST) or Classes (RSST)..........................................................................11 Table 1.3. Mean annual soil temperature class differences from 1951 to Present.........................14 Table 1.4. Growing degree days (GDD) based on 90 day corn for selected growth stages of corn (Zea Mays L.).................................................................................................................................22 Table 1.5. Thermal properties of soil constituents as determined
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