Overview of the Electrical Grid
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Eastern Interconnection Regional Reliability Organizations Sign New Agreement
Eastern Interconnection Regional Reliability Organizations Sign New Agreement Executive Committee Meeting September 7, 2006 Agenda Item #EC-8b. August 15, 2006 The six regional councils of the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) that form the Eastern Interconnection have signed an agreement to form the Eastern Interconnection Reliability Assessment Group (ERAG). The Florida Reliability Coordinating Council (FRCC), Midwest Reliability Organization (MRO), Northeast Power Coordinating Council, Inc. (NPCC), ReliabilityFirst Corporation (RFC), SERC Reliability Corporation (SERC), and Southwest Power Pool (SPP) created ERAG to enhance reliability of the international bulk power system through reviews of generation and transmission expansion programs and forecasted system conditions within the boundaries of the Eastern Interconnection. “A reliability assessment agreement that spans the entire Eastern Interconnection, including portions of Canada, is unprecedented, “ commented Bill Reinke, Chairman of the Regional Managers Committee that designed the agreement. “The agreement demonstrates our continued commitment to reliability, and provides opportunities to study the system from a much broader perspective.” All six regions in the Eastern Interconnection are working with NERC to achieve delegated authority as regional entities for the purpose of proposing reliability standards and enforcing reliability standards consistent with FERC Order 672. These delegated authority agreements will be submitted to FERC for approval. Once granted, the regional entities are expected to create common approaches to compliance and enforcement administration. The new ERAG agreement is one example of how the regions will use common methods to promote compliance with the reliability standards and in turn enhance reliability. ” This agreement reflects the commitment of the regions to work together and with NERC to ensure the reliability of the nation’s bulk power system,” stated Rick Sergel, President and CEO of NERC. -
Introduction to Power Quality
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter reviews the power quality definition, standards, causes and effects of harmonic distortion in a power system. 1.2 DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC POWER QUALITY In recent years, there has been an increased emphasis and concern for the quality of power delivered to factories, commercial establishments, and residences. This is due to the increasing usage of harmonic-creating non linear loads such as adjustable-speed drives, switched mode power supplies, arc furnaces, electronic fluorescent lamp ballasts etc.[1]. Power quality loosely defined, as the study of powering and grounding electronic systems so as to maintain the integrity of the power supplied to the system. IEEE Standard 1159 defines power quality as [2]: The concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment in a manner that is suitable for the operation of that equipment. In the IEEE 100 Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standard Terms, Power quality is defined as ([1], p. 855): The concept of powering and grounding electronic equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment and compatible with the premise wiring system and other connected equipment. Good power quality, however, is not easy to define because what is good power quality to a refrigerator motor may not be good enough for today‟s personal computers and other sensitive loads. 1.3 DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME POOR POWER QUALITY EVENTS The following are some examples and descriptions of poor power quality “events.” Fig. 1.1 Typical power disturbances [2]. ■ A voltage sag/dip is a brief decrease in the r.m.s line-voltage of 10 to 90 percent of the nominal line-voltage. -
Advanced Transmission Technologies
Advanced Transmission Technologies December 2020 United States Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 Executive Summary The high-voltage transmission electric grid is a complex, interconnected, and interdependent system that is responsible for providing safe, reliable, and cost-effective electricity to customers. In the United States, the transmission system is comprised of three distinct power grids, or “interconnections”: the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and a smaller grid containing most of Texas. The three systems have weak ties between them to act as power transfers, but they largely rely on independent systems to remain stable and reliable. Along with aged assets, primarily from the 1960s and 1970s, the electric power system is evolving, from consisting of predominantly reliable, dependable, and variable-output generation sources (e.g., coal, natural gas, and hydroelectric) to increasing percentages of climate- and weather- dependent intermittent power generation sources (e.g., wind and solar). All of these generation sources rely heavily on high-voltage transmission lines, substations, and the distribution grid to bring electric power to the customers. The original vertically-integrated system design was simple, following the path of generation to transmission to distribution to customer. The centralized control paradigm in which generation is dispatched to serve variable customer demands is being challenged with greater deployment of distributed energy resources (at both the transmission and distribution level), which may not follow the traditional path mentioned above. This means an electricity customer today could be a generation source tomorrow if wind or solar assets were on their privately-owned property. The fact that customers can now be power sources means that they do not have to wholly rely on their utility to serve their needs and they could sell power back to the utility. -
2020 State of Reliability an Assessment of 2019 Bulk Power System Performance
2020 State of Reliability An Assessment of 2019 Bulk Power System Performance July 2020 Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................... iv About This Report ........................................................................................................................................................... v Development Process .................................................................................................................................................. v Primary Data Sources .................................................................................................................................................. v Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic .................................................................................................................................. v Reading this Report .................................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... viii Key Findings ................................................................................................................................................................ ix Recommendations...................................................................................................................................................... -
Eastern Interconnection Demand Response Potential
ORNL/TM-2012/303 Eastern Interconnection Demand Response Potential November 2012 Prepared by Youngsun Baek1 Stanton W. Hadley1 Rocío Uría-Martínez2 Gbadebo Oladosu2 Alexander M. Smith1 Fangxing Li1 Paul N. Leiby2 Russell Lee2 1 Power and Energy Systems Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2 Energy Analysis Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally available free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge. Web site http://www.osti.gov/bridge Reports produced before January 1, 1996, may be purchased by members of the public from the following source. National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 Telephone 703-605-6000 (1-800-553-6847) TDD 703-487-4639 Fax 703-605-6900 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.ntis.gov/support/ordernowabout.htm Reports are available to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone 865-576-8401 Fax 865-576-5728 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.osti.gov/contact.html This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
How to Select an AC Power Supply by Grady Keeton
858.458.0223 | www.programmablepower.com White Paper How to Select an AC Power Supply By Grady Keeton Today’s electronic products must work under all types of The response of the AC power source to inrush current is conditions, not just ideal ones. That being the case, AC sources dependent on the method that the source uses for current- used in test applications must not only supply a stable source of limiting. AC power sources are designed to protect themselves AC, they must also simulate power-line disturbances and other from excessive loads current by either folding back the voltage non-ideal situations. (current limiting) or shutting down the output (current-limiting shutdown) and in many cases, this is user selectable. Fortunately, today’s switching AC power sources are up to the task. They offer great specifications and powerful waveform- In some instances, it may not be practical to have an AC source generation capabilities that allow users to more easily that can supply the full inrush current demanded by the load. If generate complex harmonic waveforms, transient waveforms, the test does not require the stress test from this current, it may and arbitrary waveforms than ever before. Some can even be possible to use the current-limiting foldback technique for provide both AC and DC outputs simultaneously and make these tests. AC motors can draw up to seven times the normal measurements as well as provide power. This level of flexibility operating current when first started. How long the motor will is making it easier to ensure that electronic products will work draw this current depends on the mechanical load and the under adverse conditions. -
Causes, Effects and Solutions for Poor Electrical Quality of Supply in Power Systems
QualityEskom of supply The means to safe, reliable and sustainable operations Causes, effects and solutions for poor electrical quality of supply in power systems Provision of electricity supply These effects via the network can, in turn, cause severe disturbances within businesses and other neighbouring electricity customers. Most renewable energy sources, process equipment and electro-technologies have elements of instant or In today’s global society the importance and necessity of electricity as part of continuous uncontrollability at various levels, which influence the quality of the everyday life can’t be underestimated. Electricity is the driving force behind power supply if not addressed via technical solutions or by means of responsible various fields of human activity: engineering, communication and transport, connection methods. entertainment, health and more importantly it fuels technological development and transformation. It is almost impossible to imagine life without electricity. What is quality of supply It is therefore important to have a look at electricity power quality. Wikipedia describes electric power quality as follows: “Electric power quality, or simply power The misconception is that good power quality means a perfect wave form and/ quality, involves voltage, frequency, and waveform. Good power quality can be or uninterruptable power supply. defined as a steady supply voltage that stays within the prescribed range, steady AC frequency close to the rated value, and smooth voltage curve waveform Both of these are desirable, but only accounts for two dimensions of the (resembles a pure sine wave). Without the proper power, an electrical device (or power supply. A power supply performance as defined in the aforementioned load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all“. -
Eastern Interconnection
1/31/2020 Eastern Interconnection - Wikipedia Eastern Interconnection The Eastern Interconnection is one of the two major alternating-current (AC) electrical grids in the continental U.S. power transmission grid. The other major interconnection is the Western Interconnection. The three minor interconnections are the Quebec, Alaska, and Texas interconnections. All of the electric utilities in the Eastern Interconnection are electrically tied together during normal system conditions and operate at a synchronized frequency at an average of 60 Hz. The Eastern Interconnection reaches from Central Canada The two major and three minor NERC eastward to the Atlantic coast (excluding Quebec), interconnections, and the nine NERC Regional south to Florida, and back west to the foot of the Reliability Councils. Rockies (excluding most of Texas). Interconnections can be tied to each other via high-voltage direct current power transmission lines (DC ties), or with variable-frequency transformers (VFTs), which permit a controlled flow of energy while also functionally isolating the independent AC frequencies of each side. The Eastern Interconnection is tied to the Western Interconnection with six DC ties, to the Texas Interconnection with two DC ties, and to the Quebec Interconnection with four DC ties and a VFT. The electric power transmission grid of the contiguous United States consists of In 2016, National Renewable Energy Laboratory simulated a 120,000 miles (190,000 km) of lines year with 30% renewable energy (wind and solar power) in 5- operated -
MATTERS Inside This Issue CEO MESSAGE
AUGUST 2020 “The secret of change is to focus all your energy not on fighting the old, but on building the new.” -Socrates MIDWEST RELIABILITY MATTERS Inside This Issue CEO MESSAGE 3 CEO Message 6 Corporate Values 8 Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Program 22 Registration, Certification and Standards 25 Bulk Power System Reliability 26 Tips and Lessons Learned 31 Security Corner 36 MRO Interviews the E-ISAC 43 Strategic Update 45 Industry News and Events Midwest Reliability Matters - August 2020 CEO MESSAGE Leading in Uncertain Times What it means to be fearless MRO has undoubtedly undergone a transformation over the past couple of years. We expanded our footprint and doubled the number of registered entities in our region, increased staff such that more than 50 percent have been with the company two years or less, and made several governance changes, including reworking our organizational group structure and increasing the size of our board (notably 14 of 23 directors joined in 2019 or 2020). On top of all of these changes, we (like many others in the industry) transitioned to fully remote work for much longer than anyone would have predicted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. All of these changes have happened in my short tenure as President and CEO. Late June marked my two year anniversary serving in this role, and as I reflect back on all that has happened during this time, I find myself wondering, “What does it mean to be a fearless leader?” In considering this question, I happened upon the website www.leadfearlessly.com, which describes fearless leaders as those that embrace change, influence and motivate others to become more fearless, to be open to change, and to grow and adapt. -
Transmission Planning Process and Opportunities for Utility-Scale Solar Engagement Within the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC)
Transmission Planning Process and Opportunities for Utility-Scale Solar Engagement within the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Jeff Hein, David Hurlbut, Michael Milligan, Lynn Coles, and Bruce Green NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-51279 November 2011 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Transmission Planning Process and Opportunities for Utility-Scale Solar Engagement within the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) Jeff Hein, David Hurlbut, Michael Milligan, Lynn Coles, and Bruce Green Prepared under Task No. SS10.1420 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report 1617 Cole Boulevard NREL/TP-5500-51279 Golden, Colorado 80401 November 2011 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Power Quality Standards
Pacific Gas and Electric Company Power Quality Standards IEEE Standard 141-1993, Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants, aka the Red Book. A thorough analysis of basic electrical-system considerations is presented. Guidance is provided in design, construction, and continuity of an overall system to achieve safety of life and preservation of property; reliability; simplicity of operation; voltage regulation in the utilization of equipment within the tolerance limits under all load conditions; care and maintenance; and flexibility to permit development and expansion. IEEE Standard 142-1991, Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, aka the Green Book. Presents a thorough investigation of the problems of grounding and the methods for solving these problems. There is a separate chapter for grounding sensitive equipment. IEEE Standard 242-1986, Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, aka the Buff Book. Deals with the proper selection, application, and coordination of the components which constitute system protection for industrial plants and commercial buildings. IEEE Standard 446-1987, Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Applications, aka the Orange Book. Recommended engineering practices for the selection and application of emergency and standby power systems. It provides facility designers, operators and owners with guidelines for assuring uninterrupted power, virtually free of frequency excursions and voltage dips, surges, and transients. IEEE Standard 493-1997, Recommended Practice for Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, aka the Gold Book. The fundamentals of reliability analysis as it applies to the planning and design of industrial and commercial electric power distribution systems are presented. -
Power Flow on AC Transmission Lines
Basics of Electricity Power Flow on AC Transmission Lines PJM State & Member Training Dept. PJM©2014 7/11/2013 Objectives • Describe the basic make-up and theory of an AC transmission line • Given the formula for real power and information, calculate real power flow on an AC transmission facility • Given the formula for reactive power and information, calculate reactive power flow on an AC transmission facility • Given voltage magnitudes and phase angle information between 2 busses, determine how real and reactive power will flow PJM©2014 7/11/2013 Introduction • Transmission lines are used to connect electric power sources to electric power loads. In general, transmission lines connect the system’s generators to it’s distribution substations. Transmission lines are also used to interconnect neighboring power systems. Since transmission power losses are proportional to the square of the load current, high voltages, from 115kV to 765kV, are used to minimize losses PJM©2014 7/11/2013 AC Power Flow Overview PJM©2014 7/11/2013 AC Power Flow Overview R XL VS VR 1/2X 1/2XC C • Different lines have different values for R, XL, and XC, depending on: • Length • Conductor spacing • Conductor cross-sectional area • XC is equally distributed along the line PJM©2014 7/11/2013 Resistance in AC Circuits • Resistance (R) is the property of a material that opposes current flow causing real power or watt losses due to I2R heating • Line resistance is dependent on: • Conductor material • Conductor cross-sectional area • Conductor length • In a purely resistive