The Darkling Beetle (Alphitobius Diaperinus) – a Health Hazard for Broiler Chicken Production

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Darkling Beetle (Alphitobius Diaperinus) – a Health Hazard for Broiler Chicken Production Trakia Journal of Sciences, No 1, pp 1-4, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN 1313-7050 (print) ISSN 1313-3551 (online) Review THE DARKLING BEETLE (ALPHITOBIUS DIAPERINUS) – A HEALTH HAZARD FOR BROILER CHICKEN PRODUCTION Iv. Dinev* Dept. of General & Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria ABSTRACT The purpose of this publication was to review the available literature on one of emerging and largely unknown problems related to broiler chicken production. The literature review provides data about both the life cycle of the darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Pancer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the potential health risks of its presence in poultry premises. Alphitobius diaperinus is an acknowledged vector of a number of bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens. It is also possibly involved in the hypoglycaemia spiking mortality syndrome in broilers. Analysis of author's own data is also included. Key words: Alphitobius diaperinus, broiler chickens, risk for the health, economic importance The darkling beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus in various parts of the world, including Texas (Pancer, 1797) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is and Kenya (5). It is acknowledged that larvae the most encountered beetle in the litter of feed on bat's guano, soil, sick or dead bats, poultry facilities (1). It is also called darkening chickens and pigeons (5). They could also feed or night due to its highest activity at dusk. on animal body parts, such as bird feathers or Alphitobius diaperinus usually infests flour and smaller beetles (cannibalism). other cereals, especially in poorly maintained grain storehouses (2). It has been associated with wheat, barley, rice, oat, soybean, pea, and The female darkling beetle could lay over 2,000 peanuts. It is also reported in connection with eggs (200 to 400 in average). Adults lay eggs in linseed, cottonseed, oilseeds, tobacco etc. (3). cracks or gaps of poultry facilities, in the manure Due to its tropical origins, the beetle prefers or the litter, in grain husks, and under the feed warm and humid environments. and water lines. During the duration of their life (from 3 to 12 months), they produce eggs at 1- to According to some researchers, poultry manure 5-day intervals. is rich in both adult beetles and larvae (1), while others affirm that larvae are always more Hatching of larvae takes 4 to 7 days, and the numerous than adults (4). development into adults occurs after 40 to 100 days depending on the ambient temperature and Populations of hundreds and thousands of the quality of available food. The development beetles spread by bats are found to inhabit caves requires 30-33 oС and about 90% air humidity. A ____________________________ number of studies were performed on the insect's *Correspondence to: Ivan Dinev,PhD,DVM, Dept of development conditions (3, 6, 7).The life cycle General & Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary (from egg to adult) was reported to be 89 days at Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, 22 oС and 26 days at 31 oС (6). Therefore, the Bulgaria, tel.:+359 42 699 679, temperatures in poultry facilities (between 25 E-mail:[email protected] Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 11, № 1, 2013 1 DINEV IV. and 30 oС) are ideal for the development of the transmit protozoa as Eimeria spp. (3, 19); fungi beetle, and the fattening period of broilers (20, 21); and helminths as the nematode (approx. 50 days) corresponds to the completion Subulura brumpti Lopes-Neira (22); avian of the full life cycle of the beetle (8, 9). cestodes (23). Both adults and larvae of A. diaperinus could provoke intestinal obstruction Larvae feed on spilled feed, manure, sometimes (23). on dead or sick birds and cracked eggs. Mature larvae spread in all directions to find isolated Alphitobius diaperinus is possibly involved in sites for the pupal stage, often by making tunnels the etiology of the hypoglycaemia spiking into the thermal insulation of the building. mortality syndrome in broilers. The disease was Tunnels are further expanded when adult beetles successfully reproduced through beetles start looking for food. Both stages (larval and collected from the manure in the poultry facility adult) are nocturnal, and are most active at dusk. (24). They are very energetic, making holes in the litter when dispersing. Adults live for a long Recent studies relate Alphitobius diaperinus with time, normally persisting for more than a year, the occurrence of the so-called viral poult but under experimental conditions, they could enteritis complex “Runting Stunting Syndrome” live for more than 2 years (5). (25). It affects chickens 5 to 12 days of age, but older birds could be also affected. The syndrome The controlled temperature in poultry facilities, is more severe in the offspring of young breeder the constant accumulation of manure and the flocks. It is more frequent when the litter is used adequate humidity level provide favorable repeatedly and the premises remain free of birds conditions for development of darkling beetles for a shorter period. Astro- and reoviruses have all year round 10). The climate has an impact on been isolated from darkling beetle' larvae. With beetles when they are hide outdoor in the regard to rotaviruses, PCR was inconclusive. environment (11). The spatial distribution of Viral isolates, after being inoculated to 6-8-day adults benefits from the high humidity and low old chickens, succeeded to produce diarrhoea density of the soil, whereas larvae and pupae are and stunted growth (25). indifferent to humidity (9). We have also observed a high prevalence of Although the economic importance of A. adult beetles and its larvae in the litter of poultry diaperinus for grain production is minor, it is facilities in different regions of northeast, usually encountered in products, already northwest and south Bulgaria. These cases were damaged by other biological agents, mostly usually encountered with relation to diarrhoea molds. It is however essential for poultry during the first two weeks of age followed by industry as a vector of numerous avian diseases stunted growth in a large proportion of the and the related risk for the health of people, chicken population (over 15%). Parts of beetles which are in contact with the pest. Energy costs or larvae were occasionally discovered in the of buildings with thermal insulation damaged by intestinal content of some of affected chickens. the beetles are by 67% higher compared to intact premises. Darkling beetles could, however, be Another concern related to A. diaperinus is the useful in some ways. When they are active, they human health problems it could cause. Tenebroid aerate and drain the manure. beetles, including A. diaperinus, produce highly reactive benzoquinones for self-protection Diaperinus are important vectors of a number of against enemies (26). Quinones could be poultry pathogens and parasites. They spread the dangerous for human health and pose a hazard in viruses causing leukosis, Marek's disease, case of prolonged exposure to insects. Reports of Gumboro (5), turkey corona virus (12, 13), complaints related to A. diaperinus, include Newcastle disease and avian influenza viruses signs of asthma, headache, dermatitis, allergic (3). They could be vectors of bacteria such as angioedema, rhinitis, erythema (reddening) and Salmonella Typhimurium, E. coli, Aspergillus formation of papules (5, 27, 28). The exposure to spp., Staphylococcus spp. (14, 15, 16, 17), and quinone vapours could cause conjunctivites and Campylobacter spp. (18). They could also corneal ulcerations (5, 27). 2 Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 11, № 1, 2013 DINEV IV. Quinones produced by tenebroids are thought to stages of the Alphitobius diaperinus (Panz.) be carcinogenic. This way, quinone-producing (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Neotrop insects are hazardous to health at all stages of Entomol, 30: 365-368, 2001. production and distribution of foods (29; 30). 7. Calibeo-Hayes, D., Denning, S.S., Stringham, S.M. and Watson, D.W., Lesser CONCLUSIONS mealworm (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) The analysis of literature data confirms the emergence after mechanical incorporation existing risk of the presence of the darkling of poultry litter into field soils. J Econ beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Pancer, 1797) Entomol, 98: 229-235, 2005. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in poultry buildings 8. Erichsen, L.D. and Jespersen, J.B., for the health of birds. It is related to its role as Behaivior and population dynamics of litter vector of numerous bacterial, viral and parasitic beetles in broiler houses. Danish Pest agents, as well as to its direct effect on birds. Infestation Laboratory Annual Report, 71, Also, there is a certain risk for the health of In: Lambkin, T.A. (ed), Investigations into people in continuous contact with these insects. the management of darkling beetle, web: http//www.rirde.gov.au., 1997. The economic losses for the poultry industry are 9. Salin, C., Delettre, Y.R., Cannavacciuolo, also exacerbated by the harmful impact of M. and Veron, P., Spatial distribution of Alphitobius diaperinus on the quality of grain Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) used in fodder production and the higher energy (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the soil of a costs from the impaired thermal insulation of poultry house along a breeding cycle, Eur J poultry facilities. Soil Biol, 36: 107-115, 2000. REFFERENCES 10. Stafford, K.C. and Collison, C.H., Manure 1. Francisco, O. and do Prado A.P., pit temperatures and relative humidity of Characterization of the larval stages of Pennsylvania high-rise poultry houses and Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1797) their relationship to arthropod (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) using head populationdevelopment, Poultry Sci, 66: capsule width. Rev Bras Biol, 61 : 125-131, 1603-1611, 1987. 2001. 11. Pfeiffer, D.G. and Axtell, R.C., Coleoptera 2. Spilman, T.J., Darkling Beetles of poultry manure in caged-layer houses in (Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera). In: Gordan Nord Carolina. Environ.
Recommended publications
  • Lesser Mealworm, Litter Beetle, Alphitobius Diaperinus (Panzer) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)1 James C
    EENY-367 Lesser Mealworm, Litter Beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)1 James C. Dunford and Phillip E. Kaufman2 Introduction encountered in stored products (Green 1980). The other known species in the United States, A. laevigatus (Fabricius) The lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is or black fungus beetle, is less commonly encountered and a cosmopolitan general stored products pest of particular may also vector pathogens and parasites and occasionally importance as a vector and competent reservoir of several cause damage to poultry housing. poultry pathogens and parasites. It can also cause damage to poultry housing and is suspected to be a health risk to humans in close contact with larvae and adults. Adults can become a nuisance when they move en masse toward artificial lights generated by residences near fields where beetle-infested manure has been spread (Axtell 1999). Alphitobius diaperinus inhabits poultry droppings and litter and is considered a significant pest in the poultry industry. Numerous studies have been conducted on lesser meal- worm biology, physiology, and management. Lambkin (2001) conducted a thorough review of relevant scientific literature in reference to A. diaperinus and provides a good understanding of the biology, ecology and bionomics of the pest. Bruvo et al. (1995) conducted molecular work to determine satellite DNA variants on the chromosomes of A. diaperinus. Alphitobius diaperinus is a member of the tenebrionid tribe Alphitobiini (Doyen 1989), which comprises four genera worldwide (Aalbu et al. 2002). Two genera occur Figure 1. Adult male lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). in the United States, of which there are two species in the This specimen taken from Henderson County, North Carolina.
    [Show full text]
  • Stored Grain Insects and Pea Weevil (Live)  Insects Large – Dead Or Alive
    To whom it may concern, Proposal for GTA Standards change regarding Cereal grains for categories: Stored Grain Insects and Pea Weevil (live) Insects Large – dead or alive Currently there is a lack of reference with insects of NIL tolerance applied by DA for export and that listed within GTA standards. This has the potential to cause contract disputes especially in the grower direct to port transactions. At present if a supplier delivers grain with live insects for example Small-eyed flour beetles and Black fungus beetles, there is no reference in the standards that declare such insects as NIL tolerance. If the buyer was loading a container direct for export this would pose a problem due to the NIL tolerance being applied by DA for export phytosanitary requirements. These insects are in the same category as Psocids which are listed in GTA receival standards. I would like to see the GTA "Stored Grain Insects and Pea Weevil (live)" & "Insects Large – dead or alive" reflect the Department of Agriculture PEOM 6a: Pests, Diseases and Contaminants of Grain and Plant Products (excluding horticulture) http://www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/aqis/exporting/plants-exports-operation-manual/vol6A.pdf I put forward the motion to have all major and minor injurious pests listed within PEOM 6a that apply to cereal grains to be of NIL tolerance within the GTA standards. 1) This would involve moving the Hairy Fungus Beetle Typhaea stercorea from “Insects Large – dead or alive” to the list of “Stored Grain Insects and Pea Weevil (live)”. Thus taking it from a tolerance level of 3 per half litre to NIL.
    [Show full text]
  • FALL 2007 Center for Biological Diversity FALL 2007 1 Advocacy Spotlight Michael J
    Endangered INSIDE THIS ISSUE earth l Long Way Home The jaguar—despite a wild Unsafe Harbor population just 130 miles south of Arizona’s border with Court blocks Shell Oil plan to drill in Mexico—faces a much longer road back to the U.S. ...page 2 Beaufort Sea offshore of Arctic Refuge he Beaufort Sea off the north temporary reprieve Aug. 15, when l Program News coast of Alaska is a seasonally the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Penguins march toward Tfrozen home to threatened and issued an injunction blocking Shell’s protection, we say no to endangered animals such as bowhead dangerous designs. snagging sea turtles, beach whales, polar bears, and spectacled The rapidly shrinking sea ice in mice trump Gulf Coast resorts eiders. Unfortunately, it is also severely the Beaufort Sea threatens to drive again, and more. ...page 4 threatened by the intertwined forces polar bears to extinction by mid- of global warming and oil development— century or sooner. If the species is to most recently, by Shell Oil’s plans to have any hope of survival, we must not l D.C. Update: Inside the Beltway drill exploratory wells in waters only drastically reduce greenhouse gas Every dodo gets its day in just offshore of the Arctic National emissions to slow the warming of the an administration hostile to Wildlife Refuge. Arctic, but also protect the bear’s critical science and endangered But thanks to the efforts of the habitat from industrial developments. species. ...page 7 Center and our allies, the Beaufort Shell’s exploration plan—recently Sea and its imperiled denizens won a approved by the Bush administration— l In Remembrance Two longtime supporters leave lasting legacies to plants and wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A
    Darkling Beetles and Mealworms Theresa A. Dellinger and Eric R. Day, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech Description Darkling beetles belong in the beetle family Tenebrionidae, which consists of more than 20,000 species of beetles. Adult darkling beetles widely range in shape and size, with most measuring from 2 – 19 mm (0.13” – 0.75”). Adults are usually a reddish-brown to brownish-black in color and can be shiny or dull. The elytra (the wing covers) can be smooth, grooved, or otherwise sculptured. Most do not have colorful patterns on their wing covers. Adults are most active at night and tend to avoid bright lights. Darkling beetle larvae are often referred to as mealworms or false wireworms. They are long, hard-bodied grubs with a cylindrical shape and are shiny yellow-brown to darKer brown in color. They are active crawlers. Yellow mealworm larva, top. Dark mealworm larva, bottom. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Adult yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Clemson University-USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. Life Cycle Darkling beetles have a complete life cycle with egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Most species of darkling beetles have a slow rate of development and may live for a year as an adult. Species living on grains or other stored products may develop faster. Habitat/Distribution Darkling beetles are found throughout the world except for places with very cold climates. They are scavengers and omnivores, feeding on decomposing plant material, dead insects, fungi, and stored products. Only a handful of darkling beetles are considered pests; the vast majority of them live in the wild and pose no harm.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FLOUR BEETLES of the GENUS TRIBOLIUM by NEWELL E
    .-;. , I~ 1I111~1a!;! ,I~, ,MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST ;CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART "NATlqNALBl!REAU PF.STANDARDS-1963-A 'NATIDNALBUREAU .OF STANDARD.S-.l963-A ':s, .' ...... ~~,~~ Technical BuIIetilL No. 498 '~: March: 1936 UNITED STATES DEPARThIENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C; THE FLOUR BEETLES OF THE GENUS TRIBOLIUM By NEWELL E. GOOD AssiStant ent()mo{:ofli~t, DiV;-8;.on of Cereal (lnd' Forage 11I_~eot In,l7estigatlo1ts; Bureau: 01 EntomolO!l1f and- Plu.nt Qua.ra-11ti;ne 1 CONTENTS Page lntrodu<:tfol1--___________ 1 .Li.f-e Jjjstory of TribfJli:/I.lIIi c(l-,tanellm SYll()nsm.!es and teennrcu.! descrtptkln;t !lnd T. c'mfu<.tlln'-_____________ 2.1 The egg______________________ 23 ofcles' the of Tribolitlmeconomjeal1y___________ important ~pe-_ The- lu.rviL____________-'__ 25 The- jl:enllB T,:ibolill.ln :lfucLclIY___ Thepnpa____________________ !~4 Key to; the .apede..; of TY~1Jfllif"'''-_ The ailult__________________ 36 Synonymies and: descrlpfions___ Interrelation witll. ot.he~ ullimals___ 44 History and economIc impormncll' ·of ).!edicuJ I:npona1H!e__________• 44 the genu!! TrilloLium________ 12 :Enem!"s. of Tri.ool'i:u:m. ~t:!"",-___ 44. Common: nll:mes________ 12 7'ri1Jolitlnt as a predil.tor____46 PlllceDfstrrhutlOll' pf !,rlgino ________________ of the genu$____-__ 1,1,13 ControlmetlllDrP$_____________ 47 Control in .flOur milL~__________ 47 Historical notes'-..._______ J .. Contrut of donr beetles fn hou!!<',;_ 49 l!D.teriala Wel!ted_________ 20 Summaxy__________________ .49 :Llterat'lre ctted__-_____________ 51 INTRODUCTION Flour and other prepared products frequently become inlested with sma.ll. reddish-brown beetles known as flour beetles. The...o:e beetles~ although very similar in size and a.ppearance, belong to the different though related genera T?ibolium.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Invasive Species Action Plan
    Oregon Invasive Species Action Plan June 2005 Martin Nugent, Chair Wildlife Diversity Coordinator Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife PO Box 59 Portland, OR 97207 (503) 872-5260 x5346 FAX: (503) 872-5269 [email protected] Kev Alexanian Dan Hilburn Sam Chan Bill Reynolds Suzanne Cudd Eric Schwamberger Risa Demasi Mark Systma Chris Guntermann Mandy Tu Randy Henry 7/15/05 Table of Contents Chapter 1........................................................................................................................3 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 What’s Going On?........................................................................................................................................ 3 Oregon Examples......................................................................................................................................... 5 Goal............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Invasive Species Council................................................................................................................. 6 Statute ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 Functions .....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PESTS of STORED PRODUCTS a 'Pest of Stored Products' Can Refer To
    PESTS OF STORED PRODUCTS A ‘pest of stored products’ can refer to any organism that infests and damages stored food, books and documents, fabrics, leather, carpets, and any other dried or preserved item that is not used shortly after it is delivered to a location, or moved regularly. Technically, these pests can include microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria, arthropods such as insects and mites, and vertebrates such as rodents and birds. Stored product pests are responsible for the loss of millions of dollars every year in contaminated products, as well as destruction of important documents and heritage artifacts in homes, offices and museums. Many of these pests are brought indoors in items that were infested when purchased. Others originate indoors when susceptible items are stored under poor storage conditions, or when stray individual pests gain access to them. Storage pests often go unnoticed because they infest items that are not regularly used and they may be very small in size. Infestations are noticed when the pests emerge from storage, to disperse or sometimes as a result of crowding or after having exhausted a particular food source, and search for new sources of food and harborage. Unexplained occurrences of minute moths and beetles flying in large numbers near stored items, or crawling over countertops, walls and ceilings, powdery residues below and surrounding stored items, and stale odors in pantries and closets can all indicate a possible storage pest infestation. Infestations in stored whole grains or beans can also be detected when these are soaked in water, and hollowed out seeds rise to the surface, along with the adult stages of the pests, and other debris.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Pests of Home-Stored Foods Fact Sheet No
    Insect Pests of Home-Stored Foods Fact Sheet No. 5.501 Insect Series|Home and Garden by W.S. Cranshaw and F.B. Peairs* Several insects commonly infest home- Quick Facts stored foods in Colorado, such as grains, flour, nuts, spices, packaged herbs and • Indian meal moth, flour dried fruit. If infestations are prolonged, beetles, sawtoothed grain foods may be seriously damaged and may beetles and carpet beetles need to be discarded. Many people will (dermestids) are common discard food products that are even lightly pests of food items in infested by insects. These insects typically Colorado homes. pose little health hazard, although some species (notably carpet beetles) can produce • When insects that infest irritation or allergic reactions. food are first detected, try Indian meal moth, flour beetles and to identify all sources of Figure 1: Flour beetle. sawtoothed grain beetles are particularly infestation. common in Colorado homes and are found throughout most of the world. • To control infestations, Sometimes insects that infest food, such as use sanitary measures carpet beetles, enter homes through natural that remove food for the migrations. More often, insects enter homes developing insects. on food already infested during storage • Cold treatments can kill or transportation. insects in food items. Description • When using insecticides in and around food storage Flour Beetles areas, never allow chemicals Flour most commonly is infested by to directly contact the food. either of two closely related beetles: the Figure 2: Saw-toothed grain beetle. confused flour beetle and the red flour beetle (Tribolium, Figure 1). Small pieces of cracked grains also may be sources of flour Sawtoothed Grain Beetle beetle infestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Control of the Alphitobius Diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with Entomopathogenic Fungi
    Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola ISSN 1516-635X Apr - Jun 2009 / v.11 / n.2 / 121 - 127 Control of the Alphitobius Diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) with Entomopathogenic Fungi Author(s) ABSTRACT Rezende SRF1 Curvello FA2 The beetle Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), considered a worldwide Fraga ME3 Reis RCS2 pest in the poultry industry, is difficult to control and it is a vector for Castilho AMC4 pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biological Agostinho TSP5 control of the lesser mealworm, by strains of fungi Beauveria bassiana, 1 M.Sc. student in Animal Science of Cladosporium sp. and Trichoderma sp. Larvae and adults of the A. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. diaperinus were inoculated with suspensions of conidia in the 2 Professor, Instituto de Zootecnia of concentration of 107 conídia.mL-1. The B. bassiana isolate caused higher Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. 3 Professor, Instituto de Veterinária of insect mortality as compared to Cladosporium sp. and Trichoderma sp. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; isolates, with the larvae being more susceptible than adults. The 4 Biologist MS. Agrobio - Alternative pesticides. entomopathogenicity of B. bassiana was further evaluated with 200 5 M.Sc student in Zootecnia of Universidade larvae and 200 adults of A. diaperinus inoculated with suspensions 106, Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. 107, and 108 conidia.mL-1, and observed for ten days. Larvae mortality started at the fourth day at the lowest concentration, and the adult mortality was only observed on the sixth day at the concentration of 108 conidia.mL-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Methods for Rearing Soil Beetles (Coleoptera)
    ZOOLOGICA Bolesław Burakowski Laboratory methods for rearing soil beetles (Coleoptera) Polska Akademia Nauk Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Warszawa 1993 http://rcin.org.pl POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII MEMORABILIA ZOOLOGICA 46 Bolesław Burakowski Laboratory methods for rearing soil beetles (Coleopter a) WARSZAWA 1993 http://rcin.org.pl MEMORABILIA ZOOLOGICA, 46, 1993 World-list abbreviation: Memorabilia Zool. EDITORIAL STAFF Editor — in — chief — Bohdan Pisarski Asistant editor — Wojciech Czechowski Secretary — Katarzyna Cholewicka-Wiśniewska Editor of the volume — Wojciech Czechowski Publisher Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN ul. Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa PL ISSN 0076-6372 ISBN 83-85192-12-3 © Copyright by Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN Warszawa 1993 Nakład 1000 egz. Ark. wyd. 5,5. Ark. druk 4 Druk: Zakład Poligraficzno-Wydawniczy „StangraF’ http://rcin.org.pl Bolesław Bu r a k o w sk i Laboratory methods for rearing soil beetles ( Coleoptera) INTRODUCTION Beetles are the most numerous group of insects; nearly 300,000 species have been described up till now, and about 6,000 of these occur in Poland. The morphological variability and different modes of life result from beetle ability to adapt to all kinds of habitats. Terrestrial and soil living forms dominate. Beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis and most species live in soil during at least one of the stages. They include predators, herbivores, parasites and sapro- phagans, playing a fairly significant role in nature and in man’s economy. Our knowledge of beetles, even of the common species, is insufficient. In spite of the fact that the beetle fauna of Central Europe has been studied relatively well, the knowledge accumulated is generally limited to the adults, while the immature stages have not been adequately studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Beetles in a Suburban Environment: a New Zealand Case Study. The
    tl n brbn nvrnnt: lnd td tl n brbn nvrnnt: lnd td h Idntt nd tt f Clptr n th ntrl nd dfd hbtt f nfld Alnd (4-8 GKhl . : rh At SI lnt rttn Mnt Albrt rh Cntr rvt Alnd lnd • SI lnt rttn prt • EW EAA EAME O SCIEIIC A IUSIA ESEAC 199 O Ο Ν Ε W Ε Ν ttr Grnt rd Τ Ε Ρ Ο Ι Ο Τ ie wi e suo o a oey Sciece eseac Ga om e ew eaa oey Gas oa is suo is gaeuy ackowege Ρ EW EAA SI ' EAME O lnt SCIEIIC A rttn IUSIA Wāhn ESEAC Mn p Makig Sciece Wok o ew eaa KUSCE G eees i a suua eiome a ew eaa case suy e ieiy a saus o Coeoea i e aua a moiie aias o yie Aucka (197-199 / G Kusce — Aucka SI 199 (SI a oecio eo ISS 11-1 ; o3 IS -77-59- I ie II Seies UC 5957(93111 © Cow Coyig uise y SI a oecio M Ae eseac Cee iae ag Aucka ew eaa eceme 199 ie y Geea iig Seices eso ew eaa Etiam pristina in aua Asο i a aua seig summa securitas et futura sweet tranquility and nature ., OISIECE e oe-eeig emoyci eee ioycus uuus (ou o is aie ooca os kaikaea (acycaus acyioies om e yie eee suey aea Aucka ew eaa e wie gaues o e eee ae oe cuses a ass ees is eee as a eic saus o uike a o e uaaa (Seoo as ossi eiece sows a e weei gou was iig i uassic imes way ack i e ea o e iosaus a gymosems moe a 1 miio yeas ago OEWO As a small boy in the 1930s I used to collect butterflies on the South Downs in southern England.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Evaluation of Beauveria Bassiana (986) As a Biological
    Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ISSN: 1678-0345 [email protected] Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Brasil Gazoni, Fábio Luiz; Flores, Fernanda; Silveira, Flávio; Steffen, Renata; Reginatto, Andressa; Soares, Cláudia; Lovato, Maristela Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (986) as a Biological Control of Alphitobius diaperinus in Poultry Bed of Wood Shavings Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, vol. 40, núm. 1, 2012, pp. 1-4 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=289021814007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative F.L. Gazoni, F. Flores, F. Silveira, et al. 2012. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (986) as a Biological Control of Alphitobius diaperinus in Poultry Bed of Wood Shavings. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 40(1): 1016. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2012. 40(1): 1016. SHORT COMMUNICATION ISSN 1679-9216 (Online) Pub. 1016 Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (986) as a Biological Control of Alphitobius diaperinus in Poultry Bed of Wood Shavings Fábio Luiz Gazoni1, Fernanda Flores1, Flávio Silveira1, Renata Steffen2, Andressa Reginatto2, Cláudia Soares2 & Maristela Lovato1 ABSTRACT Background: Alphitobius diaperinus, lesser mealworm, represents one of the most important pests in the poultry farming industry worldwide. This insect serves as a mechanical host of pathogenic micro-organisms to birds and causes injuries in their digestive tract affecting the feed conversion. Both larvae and adult insects grow in the avian bed, over the soil of sheds and especially near the feeders, where there is a greater availability of food and water.
    [Show full text]