Handbook of Research on Social Interaction Technologies and Collaboration Software: Concepts and Trends

Tatyana Dumova Montclair State University, USA

Richard Fiordo University of North Dakota, USA

Volume II

InformatIon scIence reference Hershey • New York Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Senior Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely Assistant Managing Editor: Michael Brehm Publishing Assistant: Sean Woznicki Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference

Copyright © 2010 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of research on social interaction technologies and collaboration software : concepts and trends / Tatyana Dumova and Richard Fiordo, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "This book explores the origin, structure, purpose, and function of socially interactive technologies known as "--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-60566-368-5 (hbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-369-2 (ebook) 1. Information technology--Social aspects. 2. Online social networks. 3. Internet--Social aspects. 4. Groupware (Computer software)--Social aspects. I. Dumova, Tatyana, 1962- II. Fiordo, Richard, 1945- HM851.H3486 2009 303.48'33--dc22 2008054205

British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. 439

Chapter 39

Judith Gelernter Carnegie Mellon University, USA

ABSTRACT Neogeography refers to in the Web 2.0 style. The practice of neogeography shares the char- acteristics of other social interactive technologies as it represents a collaborative effort by the general public rather than professionals. Volunteer-supplied geographic tags may assume informational value beyond entertainment. Their potential is tempered by problems stemming from its novelty. For instance, neogeography-related websites provide different ways for people to contribute tags, photographs, lo- cations, and commentary. More serious concerns are whether data and commentary are accurate and whether photographs can be an invasion of privacy. Assuming we come to terms with these concerns and there is a future for neogeography, the next generation of applications might change in appearance, mode of access, and the sorts of layered geographical information that might be added above a map.

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND studied from many angles: namely, the identity of the active creators of the data, their “free time”, Neogeography refers to geography in the new, the nature of their data, and the identity of passive Web 2.0 style—a collaborative technology from users of that data. the public rather than from those in the profession. Neogeography might be considered a subset The practice of neogeography1 shares the character- of cybercartography or interactive, web-based istics of other social interactive web technologies: spatially referenced data. Interest in geographical a group of people (many unknown to one another) or geospatial websites as distinct from the page who volunteer to contribute data about a topic— websites has lead to the term Geospatial Web or the in this case, mapping. The phenomenon could be (Sharl & Tochtermann, 2007). Any sort of data that conveys place can qualify as geographical DOI: 10.4018/978-1-60566-368-5.ch039 data, including for example, zip codes, area codes,

Copyright © 2010, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. Neogeography

images of a place, census data or place names. A Mapping applications allow geo-coded data to be variety of technologies are used to integrate and uploaded and positioned above a map, and pre- display geospatial information. The Open Geo- existing websites, such as Flickr for photographs spatial Consortium is a group of several hundred that have added location-sensitive functionality to countries, universities and government agencies open geography to the enthusiast. working to create and advocate standard geospa- is one such application. Their chief technologist tial techniques and formats. One such format is reported that, as of October 2007, the basic free the XML format for geographic data known as version of Google Earth has been downloaded over GML (Geography Markup Language). The hope 250 million times (GeoWeb, 2007, p. 16). is that, by supporting certain technologies and A Global Positioning System (GPS) device formats over others, these will become the most lets the user determine location, which can then widespread, and so more systems can interoperate. be uploaded to a neogeography application. The The use of open source software also encourages GPS device triangulates measurements from interoperability. several earth-orbiting satellites to record a loca- The “real” geographic techniques referred to tion that is generally precise to within about 15 in the quote come from Geographic Information meters, barring weather and other conditions that Systems (GIS). The difference is that GIS provides hinder signal transmission. Those whose mobile a framework to capture and store data located by phones conform to the Global System for Mo- latitude and longitude coordinates, whereas in bile Communications (GSM) standard can pick neogeography, the coordinate grid of the base is up location WiFi. Those who own a GSM cell secondary to the annotations above. Some aca- phone may use GSM localization that measures demics call participant mapping projects GIS/2 the relative strength of signals from the broadcast (Miller, 2006, p. 191). Others see an overlap be- points. Some digital cameras also are equipped tween traditional geospatial and neogeography in to record location, which is then encoded in the terms of the raster or vector basemaps, geocoding, photographs. Unless the camera is close to the GeoRSS and KML file formats and visualization object of the image, however, the coordinates (Satyaprakash, 2008). of the image only approximate the coordinates A basemap may follow a raster or vector model. of the camera, making the image coordinates Raster models show the earth’s surface continu- imprecise. Location coordinates automatically ously as in an aerial photograph, satellite image, assigned to pictures makes it easy to add those or elevation surface. Vector models represent the pictures to maps. surface of the earth by means of discrete points, lines and polygons, and are useful for storing data that have discrete boundaries, such as streets and NeOGeOGRAphy TeChNOlOGIeS country borders. Raster models in 3D show the earth’s surface in relief, and vector models in 3D Different neogeography technologies allow people show a bird’s eye view. Hybrid models of either to contribute variously. There are companies that dimension show both a continuous surface and specialize in basemaps; others, such as Google overlay lines. and Microsoft, have ventured into the market Geography has been opened to the neo, new and financed their own large-scale topological geographer, that is, the non-expert, with the falling photographing efforts. Smaller companies spe- prices of instruments that measure latitude and cialize in the neogeography application only, longitude automatically and with the creation of asking for the addition of locations, photographs, easy-to-use, freely-accessible map applications. sound or video over their basemap. Complex

440 Neogeography

data analyses, once the domain of GIS experts, add photos and/or brief descriptions. Loc.alize. now are performed also by plotting events such us allows photographs to be set on raster, vector, as criminal disturbances over maps. “What if” or hybrid basemap. GeoCommons uses a raster visualizations for urban planning, for example, base, and Mapufacture, a vector base, each along have been uploaded for general comment in what with a choice of data sources, so that users can is called Public Participatory GIS (PPGIS). An create an end product mashup from two or more overview of basemaps and the different sorts sources. of neogeography contributions follow a list of neogeo-related websites at the end of this chapter. Adding Descriptive Information Those looking for a discussion of neogeography applications might consult Turner (2006). Users may add descriptive keyword and latitude and longitude via geotags. A common theme of Basemaps neogeography projects is to invite different users to geotag the same map. Casual users may explore Basemaps are the maps showing the earth’s surface Platial2 maps, but a login in needed for full access or boundaries above which other sorts of thematic to site features. Figure 1 displays a map of shark information can be plotted. Digital maps typically attacks that had been viewed over 400,000 times. adopt a few standard scales that are derived from This neogeography website gives users the code older printed maps. The high resolution of the and the permission to publish this map elsewhere basemaps and pan and zoom functionality allows on the web. The detail screen gives an overview scale flexibility. In piecing together the photo- of the map (see Figure 1). Each marked place is graphs comprising the basemap for Google Earth, shown in a list corresponding to a marker (as in it has been suggested that “Google has created a Figure 2)—this map has 146 places marked. An- new datum, or horizontal reference system that notation consists of either text or photographs or is substantially different from the current North both (as in Figure 3). American datum, but which is widely accepted ClipGlobe too offers users a basemap and in- because of the authority of Google” (Goodchild, vites users to points of interest. The GeoSpatial 2007, p. 219). Media Organizer combines social networking with Geobrowsers are used to view basemaps and GPS to allow users to publish locations from their the above data. Most geobrowsers can scan in any hikes or vacations and share it privately or with direction, and pan in and zoom out to change scale. communities. It is compatible with any Garmin Some such as Google Earth with 3D imagery allow or Magellan handheld GPS device. Wikimapia the horizon line to be tilted so that the map can be encircles political boundaries, or zooms to build- seen from directly above, at ¾ or bird’s eye view, ings or sites with bounding boxes that indicates or horizontally such as at street level. NASA’s annotations are available. Click on a bounding WorldWind and Microsoft’s Virtual Earth also box, and a text box appears with a description allow viewing in 3D. Microsoft’s Virtual Earth of the place and sometimes a hyperlink to find adds to its basemap 3D models of cities derived more information. Geotags may be added to audio from photographs, while the Google SketchUp content in the FreeSound Project or to video in program allows users to create 3D modeling of VlogMap. buildings fairly easily. Platial, Jpgearth, and Wikimapia provide raster rather than vector renderings of the earth with pan and zoom functionality and allow users to

441 Neogeography

Figure 1. Shark attack map overview (© Platial.com. Used with permission).

Adding photographs events, and travel photos of monuments, build- ings or scenery. Loc.alize.us provides about Jpgearth and Loc.alize.us provide basemaps over as many features as any, thanks in part to its which users are invited to add photographs with partners--address search is provided by Google descriptions. Jpgearth allows users to add photo- and Geonames, photos are shared via Flickr, and graphs of whatever they like; and browsing over satellite imagery via . Loc.alize.us current content shows that they like portraits of allows photographs to be uploaded with short people or pets in daily living settings, at special descriptions and tag terms for indexing. Once

Figure 2. Shark attack item list (© Platial.com. Used with permission)

442 Neogeography

Figure 3. Shark attack map example of annotation (© Platial.com. Used with permission)

a Loc.alize.us map is customized, anyone may (Balram & Dragićević, 2007). Participatory strate- employ the provided code to embed that map in gies include , community a personal website. review of data, collaborative data gathering, and community conflict resolution (Elwood, 200, Adding Dynamic locations p.199). Subsets of collaborative GIS are participa- tory GIS (PGIS) and public participatory GIS (PP- Another kind of neogeography-related applica- GIS). Both PGIS and PPGIS provide information tion tracks locations that are temporary. There about places for decision-making. The distinction are websites in which people can point out spots between the two seems to be that PGIS attempts on a map where they have seen celebrities. Those to integrate widely held opinions about places unconcerned with celebrities might be content with expert knowledge, whereas PPGIS focuses to share their location and stay connected with on widely held public opinions (Hawthorne et al., friends on websites similar to Plazes.com through 2007, 46, 47). Level of involvement allowed by the stationary or mobile devices with Internet ca- technology in PPGIS projects varies. Creating an pabilities.3 Geoportail is a comparable site for efficient PPGIS project requires background about French-speaking areas of the world.4 Finally, the probable users and their level of interest or Location Based Services can register whereabouts participation; otherwise, services will be provided of mobile phone callers in an emergency or track that the public will ignore (Dunn, 2007). the location supply shippers. value of Neogeography Techniques Adding Commentary for Decision-making The value of community-contributed data to au- thoritative GIS data could be enormous. World Collaborative or cooperative Geographic Infor- mapping has been declining, owing in some mea- mation Systems (GIS) integrate technologies that sure to mapping costs, and what there is has not encourage participation in spatial decision making invariably been kept current (Goodchild, 2007).

443 Neogeography

Neogeography could help fill in the blanks left pages graphically for a browser, and Geography by official mapping agencies. Markup Language (GML) is the XML grammar Other types of map mashups could be valuable used to describe geographic features. GeoRSS is as well. ChicagoCrime.org created by Adrain Ho- an extension of RSS used for notification; it is a lovaty mashes code from Google Maps API with primary way location data is shared and aggre- data from the Chicago police department’s self- gated. KML keyhole is the format used to display published crime statistics (Miller, 2006, p.192). spatial data in a browser such as Google Earth or The site is read-only and non-participatory. The Google Maps, with KMZ being the compressed Canadian Century Research Infrastructure has a version. The Open Geospatial Consortium recently project to build early 20th-century datasets onto endorsed the KML format. Presently it is neces- maps that show changes in the fabric of Canadian sary to convert GeoRSS to KML or vice versa. society (St-Hilaire et al., 2007). Scientists are The hidden controversy seems to be whether the attempting to use cancer records to show cancer GeoRSS or KML will dominate. outbreaks according to demographics and envi- ronment (Rushton et al., 2006). ExplorOurPlan. Accuracy net mashes images and data on climate change. United States consumer projects include Zillow. Good data is carefully measured and current. One com that mashes Microsoft’s Virtual Earth with hope for the online community is that contributors data to show home prices across the country, will be interested in spotting others’ mistakes. If and Gasbuddy.com that does the same for local not, an editorial staff per web application might gas prices. Citizens may contribute data to help dictate what should appear and what ought to be monitor the environment, as in project PEOPLE altered. (Population Exposure to Air Pollutants in Europe) that monitors city environments through the use Privacy of contour maps depicting air quality.5 Google’s street level imagery challenges accepted notions of privacy. However, changes often are CONTROveRIeS AND ISSUeS made for security reasons and some image details IN NeOGeOGRAphy are blurred to forestall lawsuits. Furthermore, photographs tend to be between six months and Problems stem from factors that hinder the ex- three years old, which is intended to limit their pansion and popularity of neogeography and the usefulness to malefactors. sharing of related data. Controversies singled out Knowledge of people’s whereabouts could save for comment are aspects of the annotations added lives, and this is the original purpose of requiring by neogeographers, and how the neogeography many U.S. cell phones to be location-compliant. products might be displayed and discovered. To prevent the invasion of our personal privacy, our signals could be blocked or obfuscated so that Annotations our location remains hidden (Drummond, João, Standards & Billen, 2007). Who owns the data? Copyright is a possible Location is stored in many geographic data concern. If one person owns data and another formats. GPS uses the GPS exchange format. adds geotags, it is unclear whether the data has Microformats adr and geo are used within Hy- assumed a new form. It is one thing to create a pertext Markup Language (HTML) to show web temporary map; to re-use the map can be more

444 Neogeography

complicated. But “there can be little use of geo- category, when the categories included activity, information for democratization if widespread adult, arts and humanities, shopping, computer, access to data is not a reality” (Bodum & Jaegly, education, healthcare, people, and science (Sand- 2007, p. 235). erson and Han, 2007). Mashups and other products of neogeography would surely satisfy some of Applications these location queries. But are people finding what they are looking for? Some software is distributed as open source, mean- ing that the source code is available for anyone to Finding Geographic Information copy or modify to create new applications. Some of the excitement conveyed in popular Geoweb Until recently, geographic indexing and access writings (e.g., GeoWeb, 2007) comes from the has relied on place names, often depending on untapped potential of how such content could be the Library of Congress Subject Headings and used. It is the map application developers and map Name Authorities. Many places share the same makers themselves that will direct progress. We name. Often the names of people and organiza- would be better able to predict what sites would tions include place names, so irrelevant documents become popular if we could define the participat- are commonly retrieved. The task of determining ing community. But in general, we do not know which place is meant by an address or a region any contributors, less so from their screen is known as grounding or localization, or, to use names. The variety of blog sites and softwares a phrase coined by Leidner, toponym resolution splinter the users. (Leidner, 2007, p..34). Geographic indexing more recently has been map Users supplied by geotags. These might be supplied by Interface Parameters to Find neogeography enthusiasts, or they can be made Geographic Information automatically (Pyalling, Maslov, & Braslavski, 2006) from information taken from zip codes Some geographic search systems allow users to and telephone area codes, for example. Research query by region size, whether semantically by currently is being conducted on how to detect name of state, city or country, for example, or geographic locations from web pages (Wang by visualization allowing the user to alter the et al., 2005). This involves determining which size of a footprint by re-sizing the borders of a names are geographic and which are not: and then bounding box. Users may prefer results to display from among the geographic names, which place in order of geographic proximity nearest to the is indicated. Some of these problems have been query term, rather than in terms of frequency of solved by commercial products such as Metacarta. occurrence of the location that appears in the Community Coder 9.0 by ESRI and GeocodeCD document or map. 2.5 can take standard street addresses with zip codes and assign geotags. ESRI has purchased the Looking for Geographic Information current release of Community Coder that assigns to an address latitude and longitude. We know that users want geographic information. Analysis of a four week sample from a million queries collected in 2004 from logs of a large search engine showed that geography words contributed the largest percentage of any query

445 Neogeography

fUTURe TReNDS how Geo-Information will look

All search queries in the coming GeoWeb might Driving directions might continue to be preferred become location-targeted so that retrieved web- as flat plans, but other sorts of geo-information sites might be displayed over a map. John Hanke, probably will be preferred in volumetric form. Director of Google Earth and Google Maps, Browsers will need to accommodate 2.5D tilted pointed to two specific trends that might shape and 3D volumetric views. Monitors will need fine the face of neogeography: the development of resolution, as will screens of mobile devices. Sys- basemaps and annotations. Financial returns fol- tems created on a 3D model will be entirely new, low the trends, and we might see more investment rather than adaptations of present two-dimensional in the basemaps, as well as acknowledgement of systems, in that 3D uses entirely different spatial location-targeted advertising, and mergers and referencing (Kolar, 2006, p. 210). Computers acquisitions of companies in this domain (Hanke will need large caches so that pages load fast. & Seefeld, 2007). Also we might see an annotation Bandwidth will need to be wide enough to ac- explosion as social technologies become more commodate information flow increases. popular and data collects. Hypothetical questions that may be raised of “Pull” Technology any social interactive web technology would ap- ply equally to neogeography. What engendered Geographic search in most current forms requires the social climate of the early 21st century that effort, entering a search term for example. This attracts people to have their say on the web? effort required to pull results from the system What types of people spend their free time on explains the idea of “pull” technology. We should the social interaction instead of entertainment not need to go to geo-sites for geo-information, on the web? When, how much, and why do they however. Data sets increasingly might combine contribute? If everyone’s opinion matters, is the heterogeneous forms of data, and search interfaces “expert” passé? What brings them to one social might add features to search by or view results that technology website rather than another? Turning are spatial. Results listings should accommodate to data generation raises another set of questions. a simultaneous display of different information How could we encourage data sharing that is free, forms, just as today’s television includes text or at least fair? Should there be an incentive to crawl below video. How to determine relevance encourage contributions of higher quality? And of different forms of information retrieved by a if so, should the motivation be primarily social query term is an unsolved question. (wider acknowledgement or just at the website) or economic (such as revenue sharing)? Should “Push” Technology data quality be monitored, and if so, who would set the standards? How could that data be used by Relevant information could be sent to us during others? Perhaps participation on a range of sites the day. This will come about as our GPS, mobile is diffusing effort from what could be an army of phones, cars and other devices automatically sense volunteers accomplishing a few important projects where we are and send us information that cor- cooperatively. If the effort were channeled, which responds to our whereabouts. The system pushes projects would merit collective attention? The us information without effort on our behalf. answers should be given by the new map makers and users and the practice of neogeography.

446 Neogeography

New Ways to Use the New maps people to make adjustments to major systems such as Google Maps and Google Earth. The adoption Community-made maps reveal as much about of standards will encourage data sharing among the community as about its land. Giaccari and applications. Fogli propose the term affective to Volunteer-supplied geographic tags may as- describe how place is represented subjectively. sume informational value beyond entertainment. A collectively-made map may show individual Their potential is tempered by problems stemming or collective perception, interpretations, and ex- from its novelty. For example, neogeography -re- pectations about that mapped location (Giaccari lated websites provide different ways for people and Fogli, 2008). Participation in the mapping, to contribute tags, photographs, locations, and in its own way, can inspire community interest commentary. More serious concerns are whether in its environment. data and commentary are accurate, and whether photographs can be an invasion of privacy. As- suming we come to terms with these concerns CONClUSION and there is a future for neogeography, the next generation of applications might change in ap- The practice of neogeography resembles that of pearance, mode of access, and the sorts of layers other social interactive technologies in terms of of geographical information that might be added the people who create it (web enthusiasts), their above a map. time (offered freely), the data (if user-generated), and the product (a combined effort in which many contribute to a whole). It differs from other social RefeReNCeS interactive technologies in the character and or- ganization of data. The character of location data Balram, S., & Dragićević, S. (2007). Collab- is as likely to be impersonal as personal, and the orative geographic information systems: Origins, organization of the data is likely to be in layers. boundaries, and structures. In S. Balram & S. Neogeographers’ contributions have the po- Dragićević (Eds.), Collaborative geographic in- tential to add significantly to official information formation systems (pp. 1-22). Hershey, PA: Idea created on behalf of governments or other public Group Publishing. or professional organizations, many of which Bogum, L., & Jaegly, M. (2006). The democratiz- cannot afford to fund expensive mapping surveys ing potential of geographic exploration systems routinely. Neogeography applications in the future (GES) through the example of GRIFINOR. In A. may see changes in their basemaps, annotations, Abdul-Rahman, S. Zlatanova, & V. Coors (Eds.), and file standards. In terms of the basemap, invest- Innovations in 3D geo information systems (pp. ments will be made in accurate data. Annotations 235-244). Berlin, Germany: Springer. will take the form of photographs, sound or video and labels for points of interest over the basemaps. Drummond, J., João, E., & Billen, R. (2007). Cur- Expanding annotation layers might be a new trend rent and future trends in dynamic and mobile GIS. in web development, with the number and kinds of In J. Drummond, R. Billen, E. João, & D. Forrest layers constrained only by bandwidth and by the (Eds), Dynamic and mobile GIS: Investigating imagination. Rather than a continuous stream of changes in space and time (pp. 289-300). Boca applications being created, Application Program Raton, FL: CRC Press. Interfaces (APIs) that allow one program to run within another are becoming available; they allow

447 Neogeography

Dunn, C. E. (2007). Participatory GIS—a people’s Leidner, J. L. (2007). Toponym resolution in GIS? Progress in Human Geography, 31(5), text: Annotation, evaluation and applications of 616–637. doi:10.1177/0309132507081493 spatial grounding of place names. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh, Elwood, S. (2006). Negotiating knowledge pro- UK. Retrieved January 8, 2008, from http://hdl. duction: The everyday inclusions, exclusions, handle.net/1842/1849 and contradictions of participatory GIS research. The Professional Geographer, 58(2), 197–208. Mateos, P., & Fisher, P. F. (2007). Spatiotemporal doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2006.00526.x accuracy in mobile phone location: Assessing the new cellular geography. In J. Drummond, R. GeoWeb: The world on your desktop. (2007, Billen, E. João, & D. Forrest (Eds.), Dynamic September 6). The Economist. and mobile GIS: Investigating changes in space Giaccardi, E., & Fogli, D. (2008, May). Affective and time (pp. 189-212). Boca Raton, FL: CRC geographies: Toward a richer cartographic seman- Press. tics for the geospatial Web. In Proceedings of the Miller, C. C. (2006). A beast in the field: The International Working Conference on Advanced Google maps mashup as GIS/2. Cartographica, Visual Interfaces, Napoli, Italy (pp. 173-180). 41(3), 187–199. Goodchild, M. F. (2007). Citizens as sensors: The Pyalling, A., Maslov, M., & Braslavski, P. (2006, world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal, 69, May). Automatic of Russian Web sites. 211–221. doi:10.1007/s10708-007-9111-y In Proceedings of the 15th International World Wide Hanke, J., & Seefeld, B. (2007, May 29). The Web Conference (pp. 965-966). Edinburgh, UK. evolution of the Geoweb (O’Reilly Where 2.0 Rushton, G., Armstrong, M. P., Gittler, J., Conference Address). San Jose, CA. Retrieved Greene, B. R., Pavlik, C. E., West, M. M., & June 30, 2008, from http://blip.tv/file/338542 Zimmerman, D. L. (2006). Geocoding in cancer Hawthorne., et al. (2007). Beyond the public meet- research: A review. American Journal of Pre- ing: Building a field-based participatory GIS for ventive Medicine, 30, S16–S24. doi:10.1016/j. land use planning in Monangalia Country, WV. amepre.2005.09.011 In S. Balram & S. Dragićević (Eds.) Collabora- Sanderson, M., & Han, Y. (2007, November). tive geographic information systems (pp. 43-65). Search words and geography. In Proceedings of the Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing. 4th ACM Workshop on Geographical Information Hill, L. (2006). Georeferencing: The geographic Systems, Lisbon, Portugal (pp. 13-14). associations of information. Cambridge, MA: Satyaprakash (2008). Neogeography: Goodbye MIT Press. to GIS? GIS Development. Retrieved January 8, Kolář, J. (2006). On the road to 3D geographic 2008, from http://www.gisdevelopment.net/ezine/ systems: Important aspects of global model- global/pdf/feb08/70-71.pdf mapping technology. In A. Abdul-Rahman, S. Scharl, A., & Tochtermann, K. (2007). The geo- Zlatanova, & V. Coors (Eds.), Innovations in 3D spatial Web: How geobrowsers, social software geo information systems (pp. 207-223). Berlin, and the Web 2.0 are shaping the network society Germany: Springer. (Advanced Information and Knowledge Process- ing Series). London: Springer.

448 Neogeography

St-Hilaire, M., Moldofsky, B., Richard, L., & http://mapstraction.com - Resources to create a Beaudry, M. (2007). Geocoding and mapping his- common interface for various mapping provid- torical census data: The geographical component ers of the Canadian Century Research Infrastructure. http://mapufacture.com - Allows to build your Historical Methods, 40(2), 76–91. doi:10.3200/ own maps HMTS.40.2.76-91 http://photrax.com – Allows to create a global Turner, A. J. (2006). Introduction to neogeogra- travel guide phy. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly. http://pininthemap.com - A placemark sharing Wade, T., & Somer, S. (Eds.). (2006). A to Z GIS: website An illustrated dictionary of geographic informa- tion systems. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press. http://planetgs.com - Aggregates geospatial Wang, C., Xing, X., Wang, L., Lu, Y., & Ma, W.-Y. (2005, November). Detecting geographic http://platial.com - Allows to create maps locations from Web resources. In Proceedings of http://QuikMaps.com - Allows to draw on a map the 2005 workshop on geographic information and show it in Google Earth retrieval, Bremen, Germany (pp. 17-24). http://veryspatial.com/about.php - Geography- related blog and NeOGeOGRAphy- http://wikimapia.org - Combines blogs with a RelATeD WeBSITeS map http://bluweb.com/us/chuset/gmapez - Allows to http://woophy.com- - Allows to upload photos build maps to the map http://ClipGlobe - Allows to embed video clips http://www.geocommons.com - Allows to visual- in a map ize data sets on raster map base http://earth.google.com - Allows to add text and http://www.jpgearth.com - Sharing, discovering, photos to a map and browsing geotagged pictures on the web http://earth.google.com - Allows to upload photos http://www.mapbuilder.net - Allows to build to the map maps http://gutenkarte.org - Generates maps by extract- http://www.mapsalive.com - Combines maps, ing places from classical literature markers, photos, and text http://labs.metacarta.com/GeoParser/documenta- http://www.OpenSourceGIS.org - A list of soft- tion.html - A tool to geo-parse personal documents ware tools for a variety of applications including or websites mapping http://loc.alize.us - Combines addresses, photos http://www.tagzania.com - Allows to add a place and satellite map tag and description to a map

449 Neogeography

Key TeRmS AND DefINITIONS Raster Map: Shows the earth’s surface con- tinuously as in an aerial photograph, satellite Basemap: The map with background informa- image, or elevation surface. tion that can be used as a reference for thematic Vector Map: Represents the surface of the information. earth by means of discrete points, lines and poly- Cybercartography: applica- gons, and are useful for storing data that have tions. discrete boundaries such as streets and country Geocoding (or Geotagging): A form of borders. location-related metadata such as geographic coordinates added to a map, website, photograph, etc. eNDNOTeS Geographic Data Formats: File formats for computer storage and manipulation of geographic 1 Neogeography should not be confused with data (GPS exchange, GML, and XML). “New Geography.” New Geography of the Geospatial Web (Geoweb): Web-based 21st century has been defined as a mobile geographically-related data and services. geography, where personal location is know- Neogeography: A blend of personal, non- able with GPS or other location-sensitive expert input and scientifically accurate non- devices (Mateos & Fisher, 2007). geographic practices. 2 http://platial.com (as of June 30, 2008). Participatory GIS (PGIS) and Public Par- 3 http://plazes.com (as of June 30, 2008). ticipatory GIS: (PPGIS): Both PGIS and PPGIS 4 http://www.geoportail.fr (as of June 30, provide information about places for decision- 2008). making. PGIS attempts to integrate widely held 5 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/97.html (as of opinions about places with expert knowledge, June 30, 2008). whereas PPGIS focuses on widely held public opinions.

450